Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases
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Item The study on the effectiveness of impregnated shirt with Bifenthrin 2% EC to prevent mosquito biting in the rubber plantation(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Suwich Thammapalo; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease Control; Wirat Monghiranrat; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease Control; Sopawadee Moonmek; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease Control; Wasinee Sriplong; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease ControlThis study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of impregnated shirt with Bifenthrin 2% EC to prevent mosquito biting in the rubber plantation. The three kinds of shirts included shirt worn on daily basis, shirt with dry latex, and shirt with impregnated Bifenthrin 2% EC. These shirt were worn by 6 people and rotate to wear these shirts one by one during 07.00-08.30 am. Mosquitoes will be collected for 4 days during the research period. The result is the mosquitoes (Aedes albopictus) landing-biting people who wore all three kinds of shirts. The mosquito landing-biting rates of wearing shirt without Bifenthrin 2% EC, shirt with dry latex, and shirt with dry latex and impregnated Bifenthrin 2% EC were 18, 8.89, and 2 mosquitoes/person/hour, respectively which had statistical significant difference. (p-valueItem Breeding sites of Aedes albopictus in epidemic area of Chikungunya(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Suwich Thammapalo; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease Control; Wirat Wonghiranrat; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease Control; Sopawadee Moonmek; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease Control; Wasinee Sriplong; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease ControlThe present study aimed to delineate the key containers, breeding sites of Aedes mosquitoes in suburban and rural areas where Chikungunya outbreak occurred. The survey was carried out at Ampur Muang and Hui-Yod, Trang Province during July-August 2009. Both containers with and without water were surveyed, mosquito larva index were calculated and all the larvae were identified to species. The results revealed the house index of 73 and 75 were obtained from 26 and 12 surveyed houses of suburban area and rural area, respectively. The key containers in houses were cement tanks in toilet (CI = 24.1) and all collected larvae were Aedes aegypti. The key containers in areas surrounding houses were coconut shells, plastic bottles, plant saucers and discarded tyres while in rubber plantations were broken rubber pots, coconut shells and coconut rubber pots. All the collected larvae in these areas were Aedes albopictus. The breeding sites found in areas surrounding houses had density more than one and in rubber plantations around 5.4 times. This study suggests that we should control the key breeding sites of Aedes mosquitoes such as discarded containers by big cleaning campaign. The activities should emphasize on in house and area surrounding house and followed by in rubber plantation.Key words : breeding sites, Aedes albopictus, ChikungunyaItem Editorial(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Wichai Satimai; Bureau of the Vector - borne DiseasesAbstract not availableItem ระบาดบันลือโลก(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Khawuth KhuPhasundhiae; Office of the Secretary, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public HealthAbstract not availableItem Chikungunya vaccine development : progress, problem and opportunity(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Assoc. Prof. Sutee Yoksan; Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, ThailandChikungunya (CHIKV) is an arboviral disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. The recent resurgence of CHIKV in Thailand is a matter of great public health concern. Despite the fact that CHIKV resurgence is associated with epidemic, no approved licensed vaccine is currently available. A formalin inactivated CHIKV vaccine revealed absence of untoward reactions or side effects and the acceptable immunogenic response in volunteers attested to the safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine. An attenuated CHIKV virus clone was developed for production of a live vaccine for human use. Vaccine (pilot lot production) elicited safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine in phase I and II studies in healthy adult volunteers. This live vaccine was safe, produced well tolerated side effects, and was highly immunogenic. Among the various vaccine approached, an attenuated live virus to be chosen should contain the gene for a broadly cross reacting protective antigen.Item Assessment of a Real-Time PCR for the Efficacy Monitoring of Antimalarial Treatment(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-05) Rujira Lerdprom; The Vector - borne Diseases Training Center Phrabuddabat, Saraburi Province; Kanungnit Congpuong; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases; Wanna Srisajjarak; The Vector - borne Diseases Training Center Phrabuddabat, Saraburi Province; Kallaya Tunjan; Vector Borne Disease Control Center 9.3 Mae Sot District, Tak ProvinceThe objective of this study was to assess a Real-Time PCR for the efficacy monitoringof antimalarial treatment. The assay compared microscopy with Real-Time PCR forassessing the efficacy of artesunate-mefloquine combination in the treatment of falciparum malaria patients. Thirty six patients with uncomplicated falciparum were selected from fifty patients. Thick peripheral blood smears were taken on day 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28. The ratio of male and female was 4:1. The ratio of Thai and Burmist was 2:7.The results showed that all thick blood films of 36 patients were positive while theReal-Time PCR showed 33 positive for falciparum (Tm73-74๐C) and 3 positive for vivax(Tm76-77๐C). The thick blood film of 165 samples from 33 patients was negative. 16.33 % of these samples were positive when testing with Real-Time PCR. The thick blood film sample of 6 patients from 36 patients was negative on day 3, 7, 14 and 28 after treatment while the results of Real-Time PCR were P. falciparum on day 3 and 28 in 3 and 1 patients respectively. The real-time PCR showed positive P.vivax on day 7 in 2 patients. The results showed that thick blood film had a lower sensitivity than the Real-Time PCR method. However, microscopic detection remains the most reliable standard. In this result we classified every negative thick smear corresponding to a positive Real-Time PCR results as a false negative. Furthermore, the important finding in this study is that 16.67 % of treatment failure were detected by the Real-Time PCR method while, 5.56 % of treatment failure were detected by thick blood film. The Real-Time PCR method is useful for in vivo drug efficacy studies. It is important to detect resistant malaria parasites before they reach high resistance level. \ KEY Words : Real-Time PCR, Efficacy Monitoring, Antimalarial Treatment\Item Receiving information on Mass Drug Administration of Lymphatic Filariasis and the drug compliance among population in Narathiwat Province in 2007(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-04) Dasseema Muwanasin; Filariasis Section Bureau of Vector-Borne Disease Department of Disease Control; Chuvevan Jiraamonnimit; Filariasis Section Bureau of Vector-Borne Disease Department of Disease Control; Ubon Ratannasombon; Filariasis Section Bureau of Vector-Borne Disease Department of Disease ControlThe objective of this study was to know about mass drug administration (MDA) coverage rate, receiving information coverage rate and information channel of the people who lived in transmission area (TA) at Narathiwat province. This was done by using questionaires completed by population of 425 people. Between 4-15 June 2007 and after the MDA campaign. The result of this study showed that the MDA coverage rate was 86.4 % and information coverage rate was 79.3 %. The most information channel received by the target group were health volunteers (60.9 %) and communities radio (43.3 %) respective. When the relationship between channel and drug taking was studied, it was found that only communities radio was significant (p = .001). In the same way, the significant factors of the population data that relates with radio (p \< .05) were age, education and residential area. In conclusion; MDA coverage rate in this study (≥ 85 %) was higher than the expectation, event there were political crisis in this province effecting the disease control, the radio is an effective information transfer channel. However, it could not cover all transmission areas of the province. It is necessary, to further study other population characteristics and lifestyle that may affect the selection of information receiving channel. Key Word : Receiving information, Filariasis, Mass Drug AdministrationItem Effcacy of Temephos on Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae.(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-04) Wasinee Sriplong; Office of Diseases Prevention \& Control, 12 Songkhla; Ubonrat Nilsang; Office of Diseases Prevention \& Control, 12 Songkhla; Wirat Wonghiranrat; Office of Diseases Prevention \& Control, 12 SongkhlaThe study was aimed to compare efficacy of 1 ppm Temephos solution on Aedesaegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae. In the same area, ovitraps for collection both mosquitoes eggs were prepared, collected and carried to the laboratory. Eggs were immersed in water to induce larvae hatching. After hatching, laboratory generation of F1 stage 4 mosquitoes were used in this assay. Sixty paper cups were contain 100 ml of 1 ppm temephos solution each cup consisted of 10 larvae in 100 ml temephos solution : 30 paper cups with 10 Ae. aegypti larvae/cup and other 30 paper cups with 10 Ae. albopictus larvae/cup. Check the time beginning of the test and the time to take the larvae died. The results reveal that the first larvae of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were died at 32 and 37 minute and last larvae died at 81 and 91 minute respectively. The death time averages of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti larvae were 49.203 ± 7.863 and 54.95 ± 9.636, respectively. (significant with p\< 0.05). The death time that most of Ae. albopictus larvae, n=30, died within 46 minutes and most of Ae. aegypti larvae, n=65, died within 56 minutes. Keywords : Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Temephos 2% w/wItem Biting time of Aedes albopictus in the rubber plantation and the orchard, The Southernmost of Thailand(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Suwich Thammapalo; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease Control; Wirat Wonghiranrat; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease Control; Sopawadee Moonmek; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease Control; Wasinee Sriplong; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease ControlThe objective of this study was to describe the biting time of Aedes albopictus in the rubber plantations and the orchards. It was performed in epidemic areas of Chikungunya of Songkhla and Satun Province in June and August 2009. Mosquitoes were induced by human bait. Two volunteers collected mosquitoes by sweep nets during 06.00 am to 06.00 pm. then caught mosquitoes were kept for species identification. The results revealed that 110 female mosquitoes with rate of 4.58 per man-hour were caught in the rubber plantation while 172 female mosquitoes with rate of 7.17 per man-hour were caught in the orchard. The biting rate of Ae. albopictus in the rubber plantation showed 2 peaks, the first peak was at the sun rise and the second main peak was at before sun set while in the orchard, the biting rate was high and reached the peak during 06.00-11.00 am. The biting rates in the rubber plantation and in the orchard were the lowest during 12.00-01.00 pm. However, biting behavior of female mosquitoes may be influenced by daily human activities and also temperature in their environment.Key words : Biting time, Aedes albopictus, Rubber Plantations, OrchardsItem Editorial(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Wichai Satimai; Bureau of the Vector - borne DiseasesAbstract not availableItem Study on the effect of red lime solution on the oviposition of Aedes aegypti L.(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-03) Ubonrat Nilsang; Office of Diseases Prevention \& Control,12 Songkhla; Wasinee Sriplong; Office of Diseases Prevention \& Control,12 Songkhla.The study on the effect of red lime solution on the oviposition of Aedes aegypti L. was conducted using 4-day old, blood-fed Aedes aegypti L. females. Twenty mosquitoes were kept in each of 10 rearing cages. Four cups containing filter papers along with three concentrations (w/v) of red lime solution, namely, 0.06%, 0.6%, and 6.0%, and pure water, as control, were provided in each rearing cage for oviposition sites. The result revealed that Aedes aegypti L. females were able to lay eggs on all filter papers. A total of 1340, 372, 87 and 2881 eggs were laid in the cups containing 0.06%, 0.6%, 6.0% red lime solution and pure water, respectively. There was no significant difference in number of eggs between the concentration of 0.6% and 6.0% (P\>0.01). On the other hand, there were highly significant differences among other concentrations of red lime solution ( PItem Participation of local authorities in controlling dengue hemorrhagic fever in Udonthani Province B.E. 2549(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-04) Panupong Pudthasa; Udonthani Provincial Health Office; Jeerapa Watanakul; The Office of Udonthani Educational Area; Nimnuan Pudthasa; The Office of Udonthani Educational AreaDengue hemorrhagic fever is the public health disease worldwide, especially in South East Asia countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, Myanmar ect. Udonthani Province has usually faced such problems for many years. Under the act of legislation plan and step of decentralization of local authorities B.E. 2542. Many duties in the catchments’ area will be responsible under local authorities, including prevention and control of dengue hemorrhagic fever. The objectives of this survey research are to study the participations of local authorities in prevention and control of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Udonthani Province B.E.2549. The questionnaire constructed by the researcher has been used to collected data. The data are collected by health center personnel during December 15, 2006 to March 15, 2007. The 179 local authorities are interviewed but 155 or 86.59 % qualify questionnaires only are selected. The data had been analyzed by mean, median and standard deviation. The results show that nearly four-fifth of them used to buy fogging machines for 1-2 machines and financial support of less than 50,000 Baht per year. Majorities of them have good knowledge in dengue fever control but only one- fourth has good practice; especially in planning and buying of insecticidal solutions, Temephos sand granules. Moreover; they have dengue hemorrhagic fever control projects and most of them had good participation with the related institutes. Beside; public relations and evaluations are moderately level while training supported is low level.The outcomes of the study as good knowledge but some only has good practice in denguefever control, majority of them has focus on buying of insecticidal solutions and Temephos sand granules, good participation with the related institutes, while other importance activities are given in low prioritization. The outcomes are similar to many researchers’ findings. The explanations are that many local authorities have not the health personnel to take care of these duties. Besides; buying things is quite easy and convenient. So that if dengue control will be responsible under local authorities in future, other duties should be equally improved. Key Words: Dengue hemorrhagic fever, Participation, Local authorityItem Interesting point in clinical of Chikungunya Fever(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Tharawit Ouppapong; Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public HealthAbstract not availableItem A Study on factors affecting DHF prevention and control in secondary school(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-04) Kitti Pramathphol; Bureau of vector - borne Diseases; Sornpat Maharmart; Bureau of Vector - borne Diseases; Tuangporn Srisawad; Bureau of Vector - borne Diseases; Jirapat Ketkaew; Bureau of Vector - borne Diseases; Noparat Mongkalangoon; Bureau of Vector - borne DiseasesThe objectives of this study were to identify the factors affecting DHF prevention and control in secondary schools. The questionnaires were designed for directors, health teachers and students in secondary schools. The questionnaires were sent to 731 schools but only 438 schools (60%) responded to send back. The results showed that the attitude of directors and health teachers to DHF prevention and control in schools was very good (79.1 % and 90.4 %, respectively). The factors include, education level, duration of working at school, duration of working as a health teacher, perception and attitude to DHF prevention, highly affect to success in DHF prevention and control in schools. In conclusion, dengue prevention programme by School base approach is an advantage implementation because of the implantation of health behavior since childhood years , and still effective in practice in both of household and the school level. The important strategy for the success is the activity creation for the school executive and experienced school health teacher to be a heir and will be supported necessary equipment supply, such as , the media education about the prevention and disease control which the students can apply to use in their life.Item Cost of Quality Assurance of Malaria Microscopy: The Philippines and Thailand(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-03) Valaikanya Plasai; Bureau of vector - borne Diseases; Kaemthong Indaratna; Chulalongkorn UniversityFor a disease like Malaria which affects people with low socio economic status, quality service promotes equity in health (Wirth et al, 2006). Prompt treatment, one of the four pillars of Roll Back Malaria (RBM), relies heavily on the accurate and timely diagnosis of malaria. This is increasingly apparent as the WHO moves to promote the global use of costly malaria treatments and especially artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACTS). While rapid diagnostic tools (RDT) are in the process of being finessed, malaria microscopy seems to hold its place in malaria diagnosis. Microscopy has been practised as the predominant malaria diagnostic system in Thailand for several decades, since the inception of the program (Malaria Division, 1980). However, the continued viability of microscopy is threatened by the large scale exit of trained microscopists due to retirement. This problem is exasperated by the historical ‘batch’ training of microscopists and their subsequent homogenous age. Conversely, the Philippines has only recently invested in microscopy (AusAID-DOHRBM/WHO, 2004) and while retirement is not currently a constraint, high attrition rates prompted bylow salaries, few career opportunities and migration towards overseas work, has increased microscopy costs. In recognition of these factors, it is imperative that reliable quality assurance (QA) of microscopy is maintained, whereby QA refers to the quality monitoring of slide examination to ensure the correct diagnosis of malarial parasitic infection in blood cells and the types of malaria parasites present. The costs of maintaining a QA scheme must be explicitly recognised and budgeted for not only in Thailand and the Philippines, but also in other regional countries which are contemplating different malaria diagnostic approaches such as Laos and Cambodia.Item Mechanism of action of drug-resistant malaria and the development of new antimalarial drugs.(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-24) Kessara Na Bangchang; Mahidol University; Wanna Chaichareonkun; Mahidol University; Kanungnit Congpuong; Bureau of the Vector - borne DiseasesAbstract not availableItem The Effective of Social Marketing on Agriculturist for Malaria Prevention.(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-03) Bussabong Chaotanont; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases; Piyaporn Wangroongsarb; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases; Srisucha Caaoprom; Disease Control office no.10 Chaingmai; Thawat Gantasri; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases; Anu Buafuengklin; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases; Charoenpong Choonoot; Bureau of the Vector - borne DiseasesThe quasi–experimental research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the modified social marketing for Malaria Prevention among agriculturist. The specific objectives were to identify the perception to the risk of having malaria, the virulence of the malaria, the advantages of self prevention the malaria preventive behavior, the correlation among the awareness and the preventivebehavior, and the correlation among age sex education and experience in developing the malaria fever. The samples was Agriculturist in Chiangdao District, Chiangmai Province with divided into two groups and consisted of 90 each, the experimental group (Ban Na – wai) and the control group (BanThung Khao Puang). The data was collected by using questionnaire and interview structure before the experiment, immediately after the experiment and one month later. The data collection was perfomed from November 2005 to September 2006. The study consistented the social marketingprocess to develop a data collection tool. Perecentage, mean, and standard deviation were used in describing and independent sample t – test, paired t – test, and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation were employed to test hypotheses. The study found that there was no difference in the mean scores of all the categories of health awareness before the experiment, immediately after the experiment and one month after the experiment. Regarding the behavior, on malaria fever preventive behavior, significant difference at the 0.05 level was found between the control group the and the experimental group in this variable when the mean scores of the data collected immediately after the experiment were compared. However the mean scores of perception of the risk malaria and the advantages of preventing oneself from the malaria in experimental group between before, immediately after the experiment and month after the experiment were found to be significant difference at the 0.05 level. Before experiment the mean scores of the malaria preventing behavior between experiment and control group, there was no difference in the mean scores but immediately after the experiment and one month after the experiment were to be significant difference at the 0.05 level. One month after the experiment the perception of risk malaria and the advantages of preventing oneself from the malaria had relationship with the malaria feverpreventing behavior at the 0.05 level except the virulence of the malaria had no relationship. When the hypotheses were tested to find out the relationship between the background variables, i., e., age, sex, education and experience in developing the malaria with all the categories of health awareness, it was found out that age, sex, education and experience in developing had no relationship with all the categories of health awareness. It was recommended that a local network for cooperation in control and prevention of VectorBorne Disease should be clearly established. If the social marketing procedures are to applied in the campaign, it is necessary to spend time studying the target group before implementing the campaign plan. If there is lack of information about the context and the people’s way of living which is related to their desirable behavior, it is difficult to change their behavior.Item Effectiveness of a socoal marketing intervantion on mass filariasis drug administration campaign in Kanchanaburi province(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-24) Supawadee Ratmanee; Vector borne Disease Control 4.1 Kanchanaburi; Chuvevan Jiraamornnimit; Bureau of the Vector borne Diseases; Malee Jansawang; Vector borne Disease Control 4.1 KanchanaburiAbstract not availableItem Susceptibility to Deltamethrin of Aedes aegypti L. from 13 provinces in Thailand(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-05) Manid Narksuwan; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Boonserm Aumauang; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Sutheera Poolthin; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public HealthThe objective of this study was to determine the susceptibility to an insecticide, deltamethrin, used for dengue vector control. Larvae of Aedes aegypti were collected from 13 provinces of Thailand. F1 and F2 Aedes aegypti adults were tested with 0.05% deltamethrin by laboratory based method according to WHO standard method. The results showed that the susceptibility of Aedes aegypti in different studied areas to deltamethrin varied (susceptible, tolerant and resistant). WHO Test tubes standing method showed that the percent mortality of Aedes aegypti adults in vertical line was less than horizontal linein almost all areas. Key words : Aedes aegypti, Susceptibility test, Insecticide resistanceItem New thinking in dengue case classification : why change(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Prof. Siripen Kalayanarooj; Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child HealthThe DENCO, multi-countries study group had suggested new dengue classification to replace the current WHO dengue classification. The new classification simply divides patients into 2 categories; dengue (with/without warning signs) and severe dengue. They claimed that it is simple, friendly used and that the sensitivity and specificity to detect severe dengue cases is 95%. But when we look carefully we found that this new dengue classification is too non-specific, making over-diagnosis and need laboratory to confirm for dengue infections (except those with criteria of evidence of plasma leakage). This suggested new classification has no advantages over WHO criteria because it does not address the important hallmark of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), i.e. plasma leakage as in WHO case definition which contributed to the high specificity of WHO criteria for DHF. Current WHO classification (Dengue Fever, DHF and Dengue shock syndrome) has sensitivity of 62% and specificity of 92%. Some modification of current WHO classification by adding another category of unusual manifestations of dengue (or expanded dengue syndrome) in order to cover those severe/complicated dengue cases with multiple organs involvement is recommended. In addition, WHO case definition criteria are also proposed for modification in order to increase the sensitivity more as follows: Two major criteria (Fever and plasmaleakage) and one minor criterion (Tourniquet test positive or petechiae or thrombocytopenia) are required for the diagnosis of DHF/ DSS. To increase the sensitivity more, plasma leakage can be re-defined as hemoconcentration 15-20% in those who received IV fluid and thrombocytopenia can be re-defined as Platelet count \< 150,000 cells/cumm.