Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases
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Item The art of Power(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Champensri Suriyawipada; Bureau of the Vector - borne DiseasesAbstract not availableItem Assessment of a Real-Time PCR for the Efficacy Monitoring of Antimalarial Treatment(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-05) Rujira Lerdprom; The Vector - borne Diseases Training Center Phrabuddabat, Saraburi Province; Kanungnit Congpuong; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases; Wanna Srisajjarak; The Vector - borne Diseases Training Center Phrabuddabat, Saraburi Province; Kallaya Tunjan; Vector Borne Disease Control Center 9.3 Mae Sot District, Tak ProvinceThe objective of this study was to assess a Real-Time PCR for the efficacy monitoringof antimalarial treatment. The assay compared microscopy with Real-Time PCR forassessing the efficacy of artesunate-mefloquine combination in the treatment of falciparum malaria patients. Thirty six patients with uncomplicated falciparum were selected from fifty patients. Thick peripheral blood smears were taken on day 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28. The ratio of male and female was 4:1. The ratio of Thai and Burmist was 2:7.The results showed that all thick blood films of 36 patients were positive while theReal-Time PCR showed 33 positive for falciparum (Tm73-74๐C) and 3 positive for vivax(Tm76-77๐C). The thick blood film of 165 samples from 33 patients was negative. 16.33 % of these samples were positive when testing with Real-Time PCR. The thick blood film sample of 6 patients from 36 patients was negative on day 3, 7, 14 and 28 after treatment while the results of Real-Time PCR were P. falciparum on day 3 and 28 in 3 and 1 patients respectively. The real-time PCR showed positive P.vivax on day 7 in 2 patients. The results showed that thick blood film had a lower sensitivity than the Real-Time PCR method. However, microscopic detection remains the most reliable standard. In this result we classified every negative thick smear corresponding to a positive Real-Time PCR results as a false negative. Furthermore, the important finding in this study is that 16.67 % of treatment failure were detected by the Real-Time PCR method while, 5.56 % of treatment failure were detected by thick blood film. The Real-Time PCR method is useful for in vivo drug efficacy studies. It is important to detect resistant malaria parasites before they reach high resistance level. \ KEY Words : Real-Time PCR, Efficacy Monitoring, Antimalarial Treatment\Item Asymtomatic Plasmodium vivax carriers in Thai and Foreigners living in Tak Province, Thailand(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-24) Thanyalak Vajang; Vector borne Diseases training center, Prabuddabat, Saraburi Provonce; Wanna Srisajjarak; Vector borne Diseases training center, Prabuddabat, Saraburi ProvonceAbstract not availableItem Behavior risk to Dengue hemorrhagic fever of hte people living in Bangkok Metropolis(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-24) Kitti Promathpol; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases; Duangporn Pinsuwan; Bureau of the Vector - borne DiseasesBehavior risk to Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) of the 2005 people living in Bangkok Metropolis was studies by cross – sectional. Samples were randomly recruited in the studies and interviewed by questionnaire. The results revealed that most of the studied samples (83.5%) had moderate knowledge on DHF prevention. More than half of the samples had inadequacy in the correct preventive behavior to DHF. Only 47% had complete and appropriate behavior in the getting rid of Aedes mosquito vector, 77.9% received information on the DHF prevention via television. It was also shown in this study that propagation on the DHF prevention through various kinds of media in the past had not much impact on the preventive behavior of the people living in Bangkok Metropolis. Effective media should be considered in the future propagation.Item Biting time of Aedes albopictus in the rubber plantation and the orchard, The Southernmost of Thailand(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Suwich Thammapalo; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease Control; Wirat Wonghiranrat; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease Control; Sopawadee Moonmek; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease Control; Wasinee Sriplong; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease ControlThe objective of this study was to describe the biting time of Aedes albopictus in the rubber plantations and the orchards. It was performed in epidemic areas of Chikungunya of Songkhla and Satun Province in June and August 2009. Mosquitoes were induced by human bait. Two volunteers collected mosquitoes by sweep nets during 06.00 am to 06.00 pm. then caught mosquitoes were kept for species identification. The results revealed that 110 female mosquitoes with rate of 4.58 per man-hour were caught in the rubber plantation while 172 female mosquitoes with rate of 7.17 per man-hour were caught in the orchard. The biting rate of Ae. albopictus in the rubber plantation showed 2 peaks, the first peak was at the sun rise and the second main peak was at before sun set while in the orchard, the biting rate was high and reached the peak during 06.00-11.00 am. The biting rates in the rubber plantation and in the orchard were the lowest during 12.00-01.00 pm. However, biting behavior of female mosquitoes may be influenced by daily human activities and also temperature in their environment.Key words : Biting time, Aedes albopictus, Rubber Plantations, OrchardsItem Breeding sites of Aedes albopictus in epidemic area of Chikungunya(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Suwich Thammapalo; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease Control; Wirat Wonghiranrat; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease Control; Sopawadee Moonmek; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease Control; Wasinee Sriplong; The Office of Disease Prevention and Control 12, Songkhla, Department of Disease ControlThe present study aimed to delineate the key containers, breeding sites of Aedes mosquitoes in suburban and rural areas where Chikungunya outbreak occurred. The survey was carried out at Ampur Muang and Hui-Yod, Trang Province during July-August 2009. Both containers with and without water were surveyed, mosquito larva index were calculated and all the larvae were identified to species. The results revealed the house index of 73 and 75 were obtained from 26 and 12 surveyed houses of suburban area and rural area, respectively. The key containers in houses were cement tanks in toilet (CI = 24.1) and all collected larvae were Aedes aegypti. The key containers in areas surrounding houses were coconut shells, plastic bottles, plant saucers and discarded tyres while in rubber plantations were broken rubber pots, coconut shells and coconut rubber pots. All the collected larvae in these areas were Aedes albopictus. The breeding sites found in areas surrounding houses had density more than one and in rubber plantations around 5.4 times. This study suggests that we should control the key breeding sites of Aedes mosquitoes such as discarded containers by big cleaning campaign. The activities should emphasize on in house and area surrounding house and followed by in rubber plantation.Key words : breeding sites, Aedes albopictus, ChikungunyaItem Chikungunya vaccine development : progress, problem and opportunity(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Assoc. Prof. Sutee Yoksan; Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, ThailandChikungunya (CHIKV) is an arboviral disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. The recent resurgence of CHIKV in Thailand is a matter of great public health concern. Despite the fact that CHIKV resurgence is associated with epidemic, no approved licensed vaccine is currently available. A formalin inactivated CHIKV vaccine revealed absence of untoward reactions or side effects and the acceptable immunogenic response in volunteers attested to the safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine. An attenuated CHIKV virus clone was developed for production of a live vaccine for human use. Vaccine (pilot lot production) elicited safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine in phase I and II studies in healthy adult volunteers. This live vaccine was safe, produced well tolerated side effects, and was highly immunogenic. Among the various vaccine approached, an attenuated live virus to be chosen should contain the gene for a broadly cross reacting protective antigen.Item A comparative study on residual effects of Cyfluthrin 5% EW and Permethrin 10% EC on impregnated bed nets against An. Minimus(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-05) Kattaliya Ploiwong; The Vector - borne Diseases Training Center, Phrabuddhabat, Saraburi; Veeraphol Phothijitti; The Vector - borne Diseases Training Center, Phrabuddhabat, Saraburi; Sombat Khumdown; The Vector - borne Diseases Training Center, Phrabuddhabat, SaraburiThis study was carried out to compare the residual effects of Cyfluthrin5% EW and Permethrin 10% EC on impregnated bed nets against Anophelesminimus, a main vector of malaria. Two dosages of Cyfluthrin 5% EW (25 and 30mg/m2) and one dosage of Permethrin 10% EC (300 mg/m2) were tested.Contact Bioassay Tests were carried out in a village of Lopburi Provinceduring a period of 6 months. We found that dosages of Cyfluthrin 5% EWshowed slightly longer killing effectiveness than that of Permethrin 10% EC.By the end of this study (6th month), bed nets applied with Cyfluthrin 5% EW,either 25 or 30 mg/m2, resulted in 100% mortality of mosquitoes. Whereas bednets applied with 300 mg/m2 of Permethrin 10% EC resulted in 100% mortalityof mosquitoes only up to the 3rd months post application. After that, mortality ofmosquitoes gradually declined to 97.5%. Key words : Residual effect, Cyfluthrin, Permethrin, Impregnated bed nets,An. minimusItem Cost of Quality Assurance of Malaria Microscopy: The Philippines and Thailand(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-03) Valaikanya Plasai; Bureau of vector - borne Diseases; Kaemthong Indaratna; Chulalongkorn UniversityFor a disease like Malaria which affects people with low socio economic status, quality service promotes equity in health (Wirth et al, 2006). Prompt treatment, one of the four pillars of Roll Back Malaria (RBM), relies heavily on the accurate and timely diagnosis of malaria. This is increasingly apparent as the WHO moves to promote the global use of costly malaria treatments and especially artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACTS). While rapid diagnostic tools (RDT) are in the process of being finessed, malaria microscopy seems to hold its place in malaria diagnosis. Microscopy has been practised as the predominant malaria diagnostic system in Thailand for several decades, since the inception of the program (Malaria Division, 1980). However, the continued viability of microscopy is threatened by the large scale exit of trained microscopists due to retirement. This problem is exasperated by the historical ‘batch’ training of microscopists and their subsequent homogenous age. Conversely, the Philippines has only recently invested in microscopy (AusAID-DOHRBM/WHO, 2004) and while retirement is not currently a constraint, high attrition rates prompted bylow salaries, few career opportunities and migration towards overseas work, has increased microscopy costs. In recognition of these factors, it is imperative that reliable quality assurance (QA) of microscopy is maintained, whereby QA refers to the quality monitoring of slide examination to ensure the correct diagnosis of malarial parasitic infection in blood cells and the types of malaria parasites present. The costs of maintaining a QA scheme must be explicitly recognised and budgeted for not only in Thailand and the Philippines, but also in other regional countries which are contemplating different malaria diagnostic approaches such as Laos and Cambodia.Item Dengue case management: experience in the changing world(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Chinical Prof. Siripen Kalayanarooj; Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child HealthAbstarct not availableItem Dengue Vaccine Introduction into Thai Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Charung Muangchana; National Vaccine Committee Office, Department of Disease ControlDengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a significant public health problem, especially among countries in South-east Asia. An effective dengue vaccine is expected to be made available in the market in a few years. This report was aimed to propose appropriate strategies for dengue vaccine introduction into Thai EPI. Reviewing available documents as well as personal communications with related persons were applied to determine the existing decision making process of new vaccine introduction into the program as well as experiences of immunization services of the program. The appropriate strategies were proposed according to analysis results of the reviews and communications. From the reviews and communications, it was found that Thai EPI was ready for new vaccine introduction, if required, and very successful in the program implementation. It had strong immunization policy and decision making processes for new vaccine introduction. For the appropriate immunization strategies, youngest age group who could generate protective immunity from dengue vaccination should be identified as a target group for a regular immunization program, while a catch-up program for other age group should be ordered as lower priority. An appropriate dengue immunization schedule should be made compatible with the existing schedule as much as possible. From the start, dengue vaccine may be used in a private sector, while the governmental sector should start the program with conducting an immunization pilot program and gradually expanded to cover the target groups nationwide. In addition, an adverse events following immunization surveillance system should be conducted to follow vaccines with long enough period of time, while disease surveillance should be included both clinical and laboratory aspects.Item Editorial(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Wichai Satimai; Bureau of the Vector - borne DiseasesAbstract not availableItem Editorial(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-25) Wichai Satimai; Bureau of the Vector - borne DiseasesAbstract not availableItem Effcacy of Temephos on Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae.(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-04) Wasinee Sriplong; Office of Diseases Prevention \& Control, 12 Songkhla; Ubonrat Nilsang; Office of Diseases Prevention \& Control, 12 Songkhla; Wirat Wonghiranrat; Office of Diseases Prevention \& Control, 12 SongkhlaThe study was aimed to compare efficacy of 1 ppm Temephos solution on Aedesaegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae. In the same area, ovitraps for collection both mosquitoes eggs were prepared, collected and carried to the laboratory. Eggs were immersed in water to induce larvae hatching. After hatching, laboratory generation of F1 stage 4 mosquitoes were used in this assay. Sixty paper cups were contain 100 ml of 1 ppm temephos solution each cup consisted of 10 larvae in 100 ml temephos solution : 30 paper cups with 10 Ae. aegypti larvae/cup and other 30 paper cups with 10 Ae. albopictus larvae/cup. Check the time beginning of the test and the time to take the larvae died. The results reveal that the first larvae of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were died at 32 and 37 minute and last larvae died at 81 and 91 minute respectively. The death time averages of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti larvae were 49.203 ± 7.863 and 54.95 ± 9.636, respectively. (significant with p\< 0.05). The death time that most of Ae. albopictus larvae, n=30, died within 46 minutes and most of Ae. aegypti larvae, n=65, died within 56 minutes. Keywords : Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Temephos 2% w/wItem The Effective of Social Marketing on Agriculturist for Malaria Prevention.(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-03) Bussabong Chaotanont; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases; Piyaporn Wangroongsarb; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases; Srisucha Caaoprom; Disease Control office no.10 Chaingmai; Thawat Gantasri; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases; Anu Buafuengklin; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases; Charoenpong Choonoot; Bureau of the Vector - borne DiseasesThe quasi–experimental research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the modified social marketing for Malaria Prevention among agriculturist. The specific objectives were to identify the perception to the risk of having malaria, the virulence of the malaria, the advantages of self prevention the malaria preventive behavior, the correlation among the awareness and the preventivebehavior, and the correlation among age sex education and experience in developing the malaria fever. The samples was Agriculturist in Chiangdao District, Chiangmai Province with divided into two groups and consisted of 90 each, the experimental group (Ban Na – wai) and the control group (BanThung Khao Puang). The data was collected by using questionnaire and interview structure before the experiment, immediately after the experiment and one month later. The data collection was perfomed from November 2005 to September 2006. The study consistented the social marketingprocess to develop a data collection tool. Perecentage, mean, and standard deviation were used in describing and independent sample t – test, paired t – test, and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation were employed to test hypotheses. The study found that there was no difference in the mean scores of all the categories of health awareness before the experiment, immediately after the experiment and one month after the experiment. Regarding the behavior, on malaria fever preventive behavior, significant difference at the 0.05 level was found between the control group the and the experimental group in this variable when the mean scores of the data collected immediately after the experiment were compared. However the mean scores of perception of the risk malaria and the advantages of preventing oneself from the malaria in experimental group between before, immediately after the experiment and month after the experiment were found to be significant difference at the 0.05 level. Before experiment the mean scores of the malaria preventing behavior between experiment and control group, there was no difference in the mean scores but immediately after the experiment and one month after the experiment were to be significant difference at the 0.05 level. One month after the experiment the perception of risk malaria and the advantages of preventing oneself from the malaria had relationship with the malaria feverpreventing behavior at the 0.05 level except the virulence of the malaria had no relationship. When the hypotheses were tested to find out the relationship between the background variables, i., e., age, sex, education and experience in developing the malaria with all the categories of health awareness, it was found out that age, sex, education and experience in developing had no relationship with all the categories of health awareness. It was recommended that a local network for cooperation in control and prevention of VectorBorne Disease should be clearly established. If the social marketing procedures are to applied in the campaign, it is necessary to spend time studying the target group before implementing the campaign plan. If there is lack of information about the context and the people’s way of living which is related to their desirable behavior, it is difficult to change their behavior.Item Effectiveness of a socoal marketing intervantion on mass filariasis drug administration campaign in Kanchanaburi province(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-24) Supawadee Ratmanee; Vector borne Disease Control 4.1 Kanchanaburi; Chuvevan Jiraamornnimit; Bureau of the Vector borne Diseases; Malee Jansawang; Vector borne Disease Control 4.1 KanchanaburiAbstract not availableItem The effectiveness of Aedes aegypti larval control and DHF incidence in Pre-epidemic period(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-05) Tuangporn Srisawad; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Kitti Pramathphol; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Nilobol Teerasin; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Jirapat Ketkaew; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Jerdsuda Kanjanasuwan; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public HealthThe objective of this study is to identify the correlation between Aedes aegypti larval control and DHF incidence in Pre - epidemic period. Methodology: 2 variables as mentioned below. 1) The larval indices were collected from the systematic randomized larval survey which was conducted by 12 regional offices for Disease prevention and Control and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration in 72 provinces (4,139 communities) during March 2006 to April 2006. 2) The Dengue incidence was collected from 72 provinces. The statistical tools used in the study were chi square and correlation coefficient. Result: The Dengue incidence rate showed the moderate degree ofcorrelation with the percentage over 80% of the community larval survey HI \< 10(r = -0.4063 and alpha = 0.05 degree of freedom = 22) Conclusion: the dengue incidence rate showed the moderate degree correlation with the percentage of the communities that abundant larval survey HI ≤ 10 more than 80% by statistics significant that the correlation coefficient ( r ) = -0.4063 (α = 0.05 d.f. = 22). The negative relation value was corresponded to the dengue epidemic hypothesis, that a province with low percentage ofstandard larval control communities (HI ≤ 10 less than 80%) appear high tendency of disease occurrence. Altogether various statistics tools backup the assumption that provinces with rather poor larvae control have rather more incidence rate than those provinces have Aedes aegypti larvae low prevalence especially during first quarter. These results support the early prevention in the interval of golden period during dry season before Dengue hyper endemic in rainy season. Key words : Aedes aegypti Larval index, Dengue Haemorrhagic fever Incidence, Early preventionItem Efficacy and sustainable killing effect of Themephos 1% SG and Pyriproxyfen 0.5 % G against Aedes aegypti larva(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-24) Manasanun Limpawitthayakul; Office of Prevention and Control 7, Ubonratchathani; Wassana Sornpeng; Office of Prevention and Control 7, UbonratchathaniAbstract not availableItem Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda : Rhabditida) against(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-05) Wongdyan Pandii; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University; Sornpet Maharmart; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University; Supawadee Boonchuen; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University; Suthep Silapanuntakul; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University; Vacharee Somsook; Entomology and Zoology Division, Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operativeThe breeding sites of Culex gelidus, a secondary vector of Japanese Encephalitis,are close to agricultural areas and homes, such as temporary and semi-permanent freshground water from pig farms and rice fields. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are analternative bio-control for insects. Therefore, the application of EPN to control Cx. gelidus larvae was studied with the objectives of 1) determining the efficacy of EPN between 2 genera against 3rd\–4th instars larvae of Cx. gelidus under laboratory conditions and 2) determining the dosages of EPN effective against Cx. gelidus larvae. The experiment was carried out in the laboratory under room temperature of 29 \± 2๐C and relative humidity (RH) 70\–80 %. Results indicated that mortality rates of 3rd\–4th instars Cx. gelidus larvae caused by Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) EPN were greater than Heterorhabditis indica (Local Thai strain) 63% and 13%, respectively. The mortality of both control groups was 5%. Infection rates between the 2 genera were 14.5% and 2%, respectively. The thorax of dead Cx. gelidus larvae were the site where EPN were mostly found, more than other parts of their bodies. Comparing mean difference for mortality rates of Cx. gelidus larvae between 2 genera at 48 and 72 hours post exposure found significant difference by T-Test (p-value \< 0.05). S. carpocapsae (Weiser) kills more than 50% at dosage 2000 and 4000 IJs per larvae, but there was no significant difference in number of 3rd\–4th instars larvae Cx. gelidus killed at either dosage. There was significant interaction between the 2 genera at the various dosages (p-value \< 0.01, analysis by 2 way ANOVA). The results showed that under laboratory conditions, S. carpocapsae (Weiser) EPN have potential as a bio-control against 3rd\–4th instars Cx. gelidus larvae. Further study should involve water depth, temperature, pH of water and feeding behavior of target host prior to use in field trials.\ KEY WORDS :ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE / STEINERNEMA\ \ CARPOCAPSAE\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (WEISER) / HETERORHABDITIS INDICA (LOCAL THAI STRAIN) /\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ CULEX GELIDUS LARVAEItem Field efficacy and persistence of Long Lasting Insecticide treated mosquito Nets (LLINs) in comparison with conventional Insecticide Treated mosquito Nets (ITN) against malaria vector in Thailand(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-05) Suchart Patipong; Bureau of the Vector-borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control; Siriporn Yongchaitrakul; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease ControlIn Thailand, the conventional Insecticide Treated mosquito Nets or ITN have been usedover the years by the villagers. These mosquito nets are treated with permethrin 10%w/w EC manually as under the guidance of the health workers. These treated nets have efficacy for 6 months and need re-treated again. Long Lasting Insecticide treated mosquito Nets or LLINs, which can retain persistence for at least 3 years, are being considered to replace the conventional ITN. This study is intended to monitor the bioefficacy of two products of LLINs under field conditions in Thailand. These nets are PermaNet and OlysetNet The study was carried out in a malaria endemic area of Kanchanaburi province. PermeNet, OlysetNet and conventional ITN were distributed to the households in Baan-Su-Phan hamlet of village no.5, Loom-Soom subdistrict of Sai-Yok district and the households were allowed to use the bed nets. The nets were washed at every 6 months intervals and only conventional ITN were re-treated after washings. WHO standard procedures for cone bioassay tests were conducted with the bed net samples collected from the households that were using the nets and laboratory rearedAnopheles minimus. The mosquitoes were exposed to the mosquito net samples for 3 minutes and the mortality rates were measured after 24 hours recovery period. Bioassays were carried out every month continuously for 3 years. The community acceptance of LLINs was studied by informal interview of the net users. Results of the study showed that both LLINs (PermaNet and OlysetNet) offered \> 80% mortality on Anopheles minimus over the entire 3 years period of field evaluation. The conventional ITN performed similar to LLINs except the fact that ITN were re-treated at 6 monthsintervals. Interestingly the ITN offered only 15% mortality after 6 months use and were washed without re-treatment. The qualitative data on community acceptance of LLINs revealed that the majority of the households prefer PermaNet due to its soft nature of net material, easy to wash and pack after use. \ Key words :conventional insecticide treated mosquito nets, \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ long lasting insecticide treated mosquito nets, \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ bioefficiency, bioassay test, Anopheles minimus 7