Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases

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The Effective of Social Marketing on Agriculturist for Malaria Prevention.
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-03) Bussabong Chaotanont; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases; Piyaporn Wangroongsarb; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases; Srisucha Caaoprom; Disease Control office no.10 Chaingmai; Thawat Gantasri; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases; Anu Buafuengklin; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases; Charoenpong Choonoot; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases
The quasi–experimental research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the modified social marketing for Malaria Prevention among agriculturist. The specific objectives were to identify the perception to the risk of having malaria, the virulence of the malaria, the advantages of self prevention the malaria preventive behavior, the correlation among the awareness and the preventivebehavior, and the correlation among age sex education and experience in developing the malaria fever. The samples was Agriculturist in Chiangdao District, Chiangmai Province with divided into two groups and consisted of 90 each, the experimental group (Ban Na – wai) and the control group (BanThung Khao Puang). The data was collected by using questionnaire and interview structure before the experiment, immediately after the experiment and one month later. The data collection was perfomed from November 2005 to September 2006. The study consistented the social marketingprocess to develop a data collection tool. Perecentage, mean, and standard deviation were used in describing and independent sample t – test, paired t – test, and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation were employed to test hypotheses. The study found that there was no difference in the mean scores of all the categories of health awareness before the experiment, immediately after the experiment and one month after the experiment. Regarding the behavior, on malaria fever preventive behavior, significant difference at the 0.05 level was found between the control group the and the experimental group in this variable when the mean scores of the data collected immediately after the experiment were compared. However the mean scores of perception of the risk malaria and the advantages of preventing oneself from the malaria in experimental group between before, immediately after the experiment and month after the experiment were found to be significant difference at the 0.05 level. Before experiment the mean scores of the malaria preventing behavior between experiment and control group, there was no difference in the mean scores but immediately after the experiment and one month after the experiment were to be significant difference at the 0.05 level. One month after the experiment the perception of risk malaria and the advantages of preventing oneself from the malaria had relationship with the malaria feverpreventing behavior at the 0.05 level except the virulence of the malaria had no relationship. When the hypotheses were tested to find out the relationship between the background variables, i., e., age, sex, education and experience in developing the malaria with all the categories of health awareness, it was found out that age, sex, education and experience in developing had no relationship with all the categories of health awareness. It was recommended that a local network for cooperation in control and prevention of VectorBorne Disease should be clearly established. If the social marketing procedures are to applied in the campaign, it is necessary to spend time studying the target group before implementing the campaign plan. If there is lack of information about the context and the people’s way of living which is related to their desirable behavior, it is difficult to change their behavior.
West Nile Virus Surveillance Project in Thailand
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-03) Suwich Thammapalo; Office of prevention and Control 12, Songkla; Kobkan Kanjanopas; Bureau of Vector - borne Diseases; Narong Nitatpatana; Sciences and Technology for research and Development Institute; Kasama Krataithong; Office of prevention and Control 2, Saraburi; Anusorn Pawapotanon; Office of prevention and Control 4, Ratchaburi; Dachathorn Vonghirun; Office of prevention and Control 5, Nakornratchasima; Chartchai Chareonseing; Vector - borne Disease Control Center 8.2 Nakhon Sawan
Study on the effect of red lime solution on the oviposition of Aedes aegypti L.
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-03) Ubonrat Nilsang; Office of Diseases Prevention \& Control,12 Songkhla; Wasinee Sriplong; Office of Diseases Prevention \& Control,12 Songkhla.
The study on the effect of red lime solution on the oviposition of Aedes aegypti L. was conducted using 4-day old, blood-fed Aedes aegypti L. females. Twenty mosquitoes were kept in each of 10 rearing cages. Four cups containing filter papers along with three concentrations (w/v) of red lime solution, namely, 0.06%, 0.6%, and 6.0%, and pure water, as control, were provided in each rearing cage for oviposition sites. The result revealed that Aedes aegypti L. females were able to lay eggs on all filter papers. A total of 1340, 372, 87 and 2881 eggs were laid in the cups containing 0.06%, 0.6%, 6.0% red lime solution and pure water, respectively. There was no significant difference in number of eggs between the concentration of 0.6% and 6.0% (P\>0.01). On the other hand, there were highly significant differences among other concentrations of red lime solution ( P
Cost of Quality Assurance of Malaria Microscopy: The Philippines and Thailand
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-03) Valaikanya Plasai; Bureau of vector - borne Diseases; Kaemthong Indaratna; Chulalongkorn University
For a disease like Malaria which affects people with low socio economic status, quality service promotes equity in health (Wirth et al, 2006). Prompt treatment, one of the four pillars of Roll Back Malaria (RBM), relies heavily on the accurate and timely diagnosis of malaria. This is increasingly apparent as the WHO moves to promote the global use of costly malaria treatments and especially artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACTS). While rapid diagnostic tools (RDT) are in the process of being finessed, malaria microscopy seems to hold its place in malaria diagnosis. Microscopy has been practised as the predominant malaria diagnostic system in Thailand for several decades, since the inception of the program (Malaria Division, 1980). However, the continued viability of microscopy is threatened by the large scale exit of trained microscopists due to retirement. This problem is exasperated by the historical ‘batch’ training of microscopists and their subsequent homogenous age. Conversely, the Philippines has only recently invested in microscopy (AusAID-DOHRBM/WHO, 2004) and while retirement is not currently a constraint, high attrition rates prompted bylow salaries, few career opportunities and migration towards overseas work, has increased microscopy costs. In recognition of these factors, it is imperative that reliable quality assurance (QA) of microscopy is maintained, whereby QA refers to the quality monitoring of slide examination to ensure the correct diagnosis of malarial parasitic infection in blood cells and the types of malaria parasites present. The costs of maintaining a QA scheme must be explicitly recognised and budgeted for not only in Thailand and the Philippines, but also in other regional countries which are contemplating different malaria diagnostic approaches such as Laos and Cambodia.
Receiving information on Mass Drug Administration of Lymphatic Filariasis and the drug compliance among population in Narathiwat Province in 2007
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-04) Dasseema Muwanasin; Filariasis Section Bureau of Vector-Borne Disease Department of Disease Control; Chuvevan Jiraamonnimit; Filariasis Section Bureau of Vector-Borne Disease Department of Disease Control; Ubon Ratannasombon; Filariasis Section Bureau of Vector-Borne Disease Department of Disease Control
The objective of this study was to know about mass drug administration (MDA) coverage rate, receiving information coverage rate and information channel of the people who lived in transmission area (TA) at Narathiwat province. This was done by using questionaires completed by population of 425 people. Between 4-15 June 2007 and after the MDA campaign. The result of this study showed that the MDA coverage rate was 86.4 % and information coverage rate was 79.3 %. The most information channel received by the target group were health volunteers (60.9 %) and communities radio (43.3 %) respective. When the relationship between channel and drug taking was studied, it was found that only communities radio was significant (p = .001). In the same way, the significant factors of the population data that relates with radio (p \< .05) were age, education and residential area. In conclusion; MDA coverage rate in this study (≥ 85 %) was higher than the expectation, event there were political crisis in this province effecting the disease control, the radio is an effective information transfer channel. However, it could not cover all transmission areas of the province. It is necessary, to further study other population characteristics and lifestyle that may affect the selection of information receiving channel. Key Word : Receiving information, Filariasis, Mass Drug Administration
Effcacy of Temephos on Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae.
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-04) Wasinee Sriplong; Office of Diseases Prevention \& Control, 12 Songkhla; Ubonrat Nilsang; Office of Diseases Prevention \& Control, 12 Songkhla; Wirat Wonghiranrat; Office of Diseases Prevention \& Control, 12 Songkhla
The study was aimed to compare efficacy of 1 ppm Temephos solution on Aedesaegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae. In the same area, ovitraps for collection both mosquitoes eggs were prepared, collected and carried to the laboratory. Eggs were immersed in water to induce larvae hatching. After hatching, laboratory generation of F1 stage 4 mosquitoes were used in this assay. Sixty paper cups were contain 100 ml of 1 ppm temephos solution each cup consisted of 10 larvae in 100 ml temephos solution : 30 paper cups with 10 Ae. aegypti larvae/cup and other 30 paper cups with 10 Ae. albopictus larvae/cup. Check the time beginning of the test and the time to take the larvae died. The results reveal that the first larvae of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were died at 32 and 37 minute and last larvae died at 81 and 91 minute respectively. The death time averages of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti larvae were 49.203 ± 7.863 and 54.95 ± 9.636, respectively. (significant with p\< 0.05). The death time that most of Ae. albopictus larvae, n=30, died within 46 minutes and most of Ae. aegypti larvae, n=65, died within 56 minutes. Keywords : Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Temephos 2% w/w
Participation of local authorities in controlling dengue hemorrhagic fever in Udonthani Province B.E. 2549
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-04) Panupong Pudthasa; Udonthani Provincial Health Office; Jeerapa Watanakul; The Office of Udonthani Educational Area; Nimnuan Pudthasa; The Office of Udonthani Educational Area
Dengue hemorrhagic fever is the public health disease worldwide, especially in South East Asia countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, Myanmar ect. Udonthani Province has usually faced such problems for many years. Under the act of legislation plan and step of decentralization of local authorities B.E. 2542. Many duties in the catchments’ area will be responsible under local authorities, including prevention and control of dengue hemorrhagic fever. The objectives of this survey research are to study the participations of local authorities in prevention and control of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Udonthani Province B.E.2549. The questionnaire constructed by the researcher has been used to collected data. The data are collected by health center personnel during December 15, 2006 to March 15, 2007. The 179 local authorities are interviewed but 155 or 86.59 % qualify questionnaires only are selected. The data had been analyzed by mean, median and standard deviation. The results show that nearly four-fifth of them used to buy fogging machines for 1-2 machines and financial support of less than 50,000 Baht per year. Majorities of them have good knowledge in dengue fever control but only one- fourth has good practice; especially in planning and buying of insecticidal solutions, Temephos sand granules. Moreover; they have dengue hemorrhagic fever control projects and most of them had good participation with the related institutes. Beside; public relations and evaluations are moderately level while training supported is low level.The outcomes of the study as good knowledge but some only has good practice in denguefever control, majority of them has focus on buying of insecticidal solutions and Temephos sand granules, good participation with the related institutes, while other importance activities are given in low prioritization. The outcomes are similar to many researchers’ findings. The explanations are that many local authorities have not the health personnel to take care of these duties. Besides; buying things is quite easy and convenient. So that if dengue control will be responsible under local authorities in future, other duties should be equally improved. Key Words: Dengue hemorrhagic fever, Participation, Local authority
A Study on factors affecting DHF prevention and control in secondary school
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-04) Kitti Pramathphol; Bureau of vector - borne Diseases; Sornpat Maharmart; Bureau of Vector - borne Diseases; Tuangporn Srisawad; Bureau of Vector - borne Diseases; Jirapat Ketkaew; Bureau of Vector - borne Diseases; Noparat Mongkalangoon; Bureau of Vector - borne Diseases
The objectives of this study were to identify the factors affecting DHF prevention and control in secondary schools. The questionnaires were designed for directors, health teachers and students in secondary schools. The questionnaires were sent to 731 schools but only 438 schools (60%) responded to send back. The results showed that the attitude of directors and health teachers to DHF prevention and control in schools was very good (79.1 % and 90.4 %, respectively). The factors include, education level, duration of working at school, duration of working as a health teacher, perception and attitude to DHF prevention, highly affect to success in DHF prevention and control in schools. In conclusion, dengue prevention programme by School base approach is an advantage implementation because of the implantation of health behavior since childhood years , and still effective in practice in both of household and the school level. The important strategy for the success is the activity creation for the school executive and experienced school health teacher to be a heir and will be supported necessary equipment supply, such as , the media education about the prevention and disease control which the students can apply to use in their life.
Susceptibility to Deltamethrin of Aedes aegypti L. from 13 provinces in Thailand
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-05) Manid Narksuwan; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Boonserm Aumauang; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Sutheera Poolthin; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health
The objective of this study was to determine the susceptibility to an insecticide, deltamethrin, used for dengue vector control. Larvae of Aedes aegypti were collected from 13 provinces of Thailand. F1 and F2 Aedes aegypti adults were tested with 0.05% deltamethrin by laboratory based method according to WHO standard method. The results showed that the susceptibility of Aedes aegypti in different studied areas to deltamethrin varied (susceptible, tolerant and resistant). WHO Test tubes standing method showed that the percent mortality of Aedes aegypti adults in vertical line was less than horizontal linein almost all areas. Key words : Aedes aegypti, Susceptibility test, Insecticide resistance
Field efficacy and persistence of Long Lasting Insecticide treated mosquito Nets (LLINs) in comparison with conventional Insecticide Treated mosquito Nets (ITN) against malaria vector in Thailand
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-05) Suchart Patipong; Bureau of the Vector-borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control; Siriporn Yongchaitrakul; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control
In Thailand, the conventional Insecticide Treated mosquito Nets or ITN have been usedover the years by the villagers. These mosquito nets are treated with permethrin 10%w/w EC manually as under the guidance of the health workers. These treated nets have efficacy for 6 months and need re-treated again. Long Lasting Insecticide treated mosquito Nets or LLINs, which can retain persistence for at least 3 years, are being considered to replace the conventional ITN. This study is intended to monitor the bioefficacy of two products of LLINs under field conditions in Thailand. These nets are PermaNet and OlysetNet The study was carried out in a malaria endemic area of Kanchanaburi province. PermeNet, OlysetNet and conventional ITN were distributed to the households in Baan-Su-Phan hamlet of village no.5, Loom-Soom subdistrict of Sai-Yok district and the households were allowed to use the bed nets. The nets were washed at every 6 months intervals and only conventional ITN were re-treated after washings. WHO standard procedures for cone bioassay tests were conducted with the bed net samples collected from the households that were using the nets and laboratory rearedAnopheles minimus. The mosquitoes were exposed to the mosquito net samples for 3 minutes and the mortality rates were measured after 24 hours recovery period. Bioassays were carried out every month continuously for 3 years. The community acceptance of LLINs was studied by informal interview of the net users. Results of the study showed that both LLINs (PermaNet and OlysetNet) offered \> 80% mortality on Anopheles minimus over the entire 3 years period of field evaluation. The conventional ITN performed similar to LLINs except the fact that ITN were re-treated at 6 monthsintervals. Interestingly the ITN offered only 15% mortality after 6 months use and were washed without re-treatment. The qualitative data on community acceptance of LLINs revealed that the majority of the households prefer PermaNet due to its soft nature of net material, easy to wash and pack after use. \ Key words :conventional insecticide treated mosquito nets, \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ long lasting insecticide treated mosquito nets, \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ bioefficiency, bioassay test, Anopheles minimus 7
The study of pattern \& procedure on prevention and control of DHF in School
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-05) Tuangporn Srisawad; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Noparat Mongkalangoon; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Sornpet Maharmart; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Jirapat Ketkaew; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health
This is a qualitative study. It was conducted at the exceptional prevention andcontrol measure school at Amphure Level in four Region, from November 2004 – September 2005, 9 schools. The study aimed to determine the design of prevention and control procedure and attitude of teachers, student and parent in school. The data collected by in dept interview, focus group, observation and other report in the school at the Amphure Level in four Region. The result show that the school have the appropriate prevention and control measurement in local area comprise of a school executive emphasize and support the procedure. There appoint the responsible performer for measurement. There was an continue activities around the year. The participation of teachers, student, parent and community by health officer supportation to be built. Furthermore, Teacher, student and parent have a good attitude and harmonious goal for prevention and control procedure to decrease the incidence of dengue cases. The activities of the procedure consist in; to established; committee from school or another,prevention and control program, to integrate knowledge of dengue fever with current course. Then, it should be administer auxiliary teaching in class room. By mean of, invitation the expert from health sector to give a knowledge about dengue fever. Public relations by commune radio. Assign the student responsible for accommodate a campaign in school. There should be search the volunteer to look out for the larvae of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti). The school make a brooch for the good volunteer. Therefore the operation of health in school is succeed when There should be promote a school executive emphasize and teacher to have a good attitude. Besides, It creates cooperation in all levels. Key words : pattern \& procedure, prevention and control, DHF
Assessment of a Real-Time PCR for the Efficacy Monitoring of Antimalarial Treatment
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-05) Rujira Lerdprom; The Vector - borne Diseases Training Center Phrabuddabat, Saraburi Province; Kanungnit Congpuong; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases; Wanna Srisajjarak; The Vector - borne Diseases Training Center Phrabuddabat, Saraburi Province; Kallaya Tunjan; Vector Borne Disease Control Center 9.3 Mae Sot District, Tak Province
The objective of this study was to assess a Real-Time PCR for the efficacy monitoringof antimalarial treatment. The assay compared microscopy with Real-Time PCR forassessing the efficacy of artesunate-mefloquine combination in the treatment of falciparum malaria patients. Thirty six patients with uncomplicated falciparum were selected from fifty patients. Thick peripheral blood smears were taken on day 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28. The ratio of male and female was 4:1. The ratio of Thai and Burmist was 2:7.The results showed that all thick blood films of 36 patients were positive while theReal-Time PCR showed 33 positive for falciparum (Tm73-74๐C) and 3 positive for vivax(Tm76-77๐C). The thick blood film of 165 samples from 33 patients was negative. 16.33 % of these samples were positive when testing with Real-Time PCR. The thick blood film sample of 6 patients from 36 patients was negative on day 3, 7, 14 and 28 after treatment while the results of Real-Time PCR were P. falciparum on day 3 and 28 in 3 and 1 patients respectively. The real-time PCR showed positive P.vivax on day 7 in 2 patients. The results showed that thick blood film had a lower sensitivity than the Real-Time PCR method. However, microscopic detection remains the most reliable standard. In this result we classified every negative thick smear corresponding to a positive Real-Time PCR results as a false negative. Furthermore, the important finding in this study is that 16.67 % of treatment failure were detected by the Real-Time PCR method while, 5.56 % of treatment failure were detected by thick blood film. The Real-Time PCR method is useful for in vivo drug efficacy studies. It is important to detect resistant malaria parasites before they reach high resistance level. \ KEY Words : Real-Time PCR, Efficacy Monitoring, Antimalarial Treatment\
A comparative study on residual effects of Cyfluthrin 5% EW and Permethrin 10% EC on impregnated bed nets against An. Minimus
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-05) Kattaliya Ploiwong; The Vector - borne Diseases Training Center, Phrabuddhabat, Saraburi; Veeraphol Phothijitti; The Vector - borne Diseases Training Center, Phrabuddhabat, Saraburi; Sombat Khumdown; The Vector - borne Diseases Training Center, Phrabuddhabat, Saraburi
This study was carried out to compare the residual effects of Cyfluthrin5% EW and Permethrin 10% EC on impregnated bed nets against Anophelesminimus, a main vector of malaria. Two dosages of Cyfluthrin 5% EW (25 and 30mg/m2) and one dosage of Permethrin 10% EC (300 mg/m2) were tested.Contact Bioassay Tests were carried out in a village of Lopburi Provinceduring a period of 6 months. We found that dosages of Cyfluthrin 5% EWshowed slightly longer killing effectiveness than that of Permethrin 10% EC.By the end of this study (6th month), bed nets applied with Cyfluthrin 5% EW,either 25 or 30 mg/m2, resulted in 100% mortality of mosquitoes. Whereas bednets applied with 300 mg/m2 of Permethrin 10% EC resulted in 100% mortalityof mosquitoes only up to the 3rd months post application. After that, mortality ofmosquitoes gradually declined to 97.5%. Key words : Residual effect, Cyfluthrin, Permethrin, Impregnated bed nets,An. minimus
Outcome Assessment of Training Course on Microscopist in Malaria Clinic
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-05) Wanna Srisatjarak; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Kattaliya Ploiwong; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Rujira Lerdphrom; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Praneet Uttaraphinyo; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health
Since “Microscopist in Malaria Clinic” course has conducted, the successful of thecourse has been evaluated only by end of course test. Trainee who passed standard criteria would get the certificate approval from the Disease Control Department for diagnosis and treatment malaria patient and operation in malaria clinic. However the after trained performance has never been assessed. The objective of this study is to extend scope of course outcome by follow-up the duty in microscopist of trainees and evaluate their performance. The evaluation including the operation in real workplace and factors related to passing criteria. Data was collected from 69 trainees who were trained in “Microscopist in Malaria Clinic” course during fiscal year 2004-2006. The questionnaire and blood slide created by researcher was sent to local office of each trainee. This survey assessment of, first, to survey the trainee who responsible for microscopist in malaria clinic and also evaluate malaria clinic management by using observation and check-list, second, evaluate efficiency of diagnosis malaria by reading unknown slide with microscope. Both evaluation types were controls by chief of each local office. Evaluation results would be sending back to researcher. The data has been analyzed by using descriptive statistic and Chi-square test. The result showed that 52% of trainees were microscopist in malaria clinic. However only 36% of this microscopist passed both evaluation types even it is their routine job. Factor affecting efficiency of diagnosis malaria in trainee attending slide reading test was being microscopist. But sex, age and education background did not relate to efficiency of diagnosis malaria. Moreover, experience 1-3 years in microscopist did not relate to efficiency of diagnosis malaria. Slide result read by trainee found the false negative 9.6%. If this finding occurs in real diagnosis, the patient would not be treated. In relation to patient life, Malaria control and training budget, the efficiency of trainee operation in their workplace should be more consideration by review in supervisory system, slide recheck system and ability of checker, in order to find out the right solution. For course conducting should haveeffective measure to screen the trainee and should review course curriculum to improvingefficiency and update course. Key words : Malaria Clinic, Microscopist, Outcome Assessment, Diagnosis
The effectiveness of Aedes aegypti larval control and DHF incidence in Pre-epidemic period
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-05) Tuangporn Srisawad; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Kitti Pramathphol; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Nilobol Teerasin; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Jirapat Ketkaew; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Jerdsuda Kanjanasuwan; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health
The objective of this study is to identify the correlation between Aedes aegypti larval control and DHF incidence in Pre - epidemic period. Methodology: 2 variables as mentioned below. 1) The larval indices were collected from the systematic randomized larval survey which was conducted by 12 regional offices for Disease prevention and Control and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration in 72 provinces (4,139 communities) during March 2006 to April 2006. 2) The Dengue incidence was collected from 72 provinces. The statistical tools used in the study were chi square and correlation coefficient. Result: The Dengue incidence rate showed the moderate degree ofcorrelation with the percentage over 80% of the community larval survey HI \< 10(r = -0.4063 and alpha = 0.05 degree of freedom = 22) Conclusion: the dengue incidence rate showed the moderate degree correlation with the percentage of the communities that abundant larval survey HI ≤ 10 more than 80% by statistics significant that the correlation coefficient ( r ) = -0.4063 (α = 0.05 d.f. = 22). The negative relation value was corresponded to the dengue epidemic hypothesis, that a province with low percentage ofstandard larval control communities (HI ≤ 10 less than 80%) appear high tendency of disease occurrence. Altogether various statistics tools backup the assumption that provinces with rather poor larvae control have rather more incidence rate than those provinces have Aedes aegypti larvae low prevalence especially during first quarter. These results support the early prevention in the interval of golden period during dry season before Dengue hyper endemic in rainy season. Key words : Aedes aegypti Larval index, Dengue Haemorrhagic fever Incidence, Early prevention
Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda : Rhabditida) against
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-05) Wongdyan Pandii; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University; Sornpet Maharmart; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University; Supawadee Boonchuen; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University; Suthep Silapanuntakul; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University; Vacharee Somsook; Entomology and Zoology Division, Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operative
The breeding sites of Culex gelidus, a secondary vector of Japanese Encephalitis,are close to agricultural areas and homes, such as temporary and semi-permanent freshground water from pig farms and rice fields. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are analternative bio-control for insects. Therefore, the application of EPN to control Cx. gelidus larvae was studied with the objectives of 1) determining the efficacy of EPN between 2 genera against 3rd\–4th instars larvae of Cx. gelidus under laboratory conditions and 2) determining the dosages of EPN effective against Cx. gelidus larvae. The experiment was carried out in the laboratory under room temperature of 29 \± 2๐C and relative humidity (RH) 70\–80 %. Results indicated that mortality rates of 3rd\–4th instars Cx. gelidus larvae caused by Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) EPN were greater than Heterorhabditis indica (Local Thai strain) 63% and 13%, respectively. The mortality of both control groups was 5%. Infection rates between the 2 genera were 14.5% and 2%, respectively. The thorax of dead Cx. gelidus larvae were the site where EPN were mostly found, more than other parts of their bodies. Comparing mean difference for mortality rates of Cx. gelidus larvae between 2 genera at 48 and 72 hours post exposure found significant difference by T-Test (p-value \< 0.05). S. carpocapsae (Weiser) kills more than 50% at dosage 2000 and 4000 IJs per larvae, but there was no significant difference in number of 3rd\–4th instars larvae Cx. gelidus killed at either dosage. There was significant interaction between the 2 genera at the various dosages (p-value \< 0.01, analysis by 2 way ANOVA). The results showed that under laboratory conditions, S. carpocapsae (Weiser) EPN have potential as a bio-control against 3rd\–4th instars Cx. gelidus larvae. Further study should involve water depth, temperature, pH of water and feeding behavior of target host prior to use in field trials.\ KEY WORDS :ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE / STEINERNEMA\ \ CARPOCAPSAE\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (WEISER) / HETERORHABDITIS INDICA (LOCAL THAI STRAIN) /\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ CULEX GELIDUS LARVAE
Lessons - Learn to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Control in Thailand, 2006 – 2008
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2010-02-05) Nilobol Teerasin; Dengue Control Section, Bureau of the Vector – borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Noparat Mongkalangoon; Dengue Control Section, Bureau of the Vector – borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health; Jerdsuda Kanjanasuwan; Dengue Control Section, Bureau of the Vector – borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health
This study is documentary research, retrospective data between 2006 to 2008. The objective of this research was lesson to learn on Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Control by collecting data, review and recommend from the assess epidemiological situation, report of WAR ROOM meeting, documentary and research paper including strategic map of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Control. This result war found that among many variables lessons should to be appropriate done that is 1) develop mechanism of administrative of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Control at national policy level, 2) develop standardization of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever prevention and control in all levels 3) emphasize community participation 4) intense evaluation system 5) develop strategic mapping of cause of disease and 6) integrate larval surveillance system for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Chikungunya. Key words : Lessons - Learn, Disease Control, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
Mechanism of action of drug-resistant malaria and the development of new antimalarial drugs.
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-24) Kessara Na Bangchang; Mahidol University; Wanna Chaichareonkun; Mahidol University; Kanungnit Congpuong; Bureau of the Vector - borne Diseases
Abstract not available
Effectiveness of a socoal marketing intervantion on mass filariasis drug administration campaign in Kanchanaburi province
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-24) Supawadee Ratmanee; Vector borne Disease Control 4.1 Kanchanaburi; Chuvevan Jiraamornnimit; Bureau of the Vector borne Diseases; Malee Jansawang; Vector borne Disease Control 4.1 Kanchanaburi
Abstract not available
Asymtomatic Plasmodium vivax carriers in Thai and Foreigners living in Tak Province, Thailand
(Journal of the Vector - Borne Diseases, 2011-01-24) Thanyalak Vajang; Vector borne Diseases training center, Prabuddabat, Saraburi Provonce; Wanna Srisajjarak; Vector borne Diseases training center, Prabuddabat, Saraburi Provonce
Abstract not available

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