International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/150279

Editor: Farha Hashmi

ISSN: 2277-3657

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.ijpras.com/index.html/

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Modern Approaches and Strategies for Prevention and Therapeutic Influence of Alzheimer's Disease
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Tsvetkova, D.; Obreshkova, D.
Alzheimer's disease is a chronic progressive polypathogenic neurodegenerative disease in which the combination of variousmechanisms and risk factors and the appearance of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles cause anatomic, cellularand molecular changes, leading to a disorder of cortical functions, memory deficits, behavioral and functional disorders andtotal disintegration of intellectual and psychic activities.The up-to-date necessity of application of new effective drugs hasbeen associated with an increase of the rate of the disease, a large number of risk factors and a variety of pathogenicmechanisms of neuronal degeneration. The therapeutic trends for Alzheimer's disease have been related to the symptomaticresponse and prevention of delay in the neuronal degeneration by the use of cholinergic, antiamyloid, antineurofibrillary,antiinflammatory, antioxidant, neurotrophic, neuroprotective and vasoactive agents.The classic therapeutic approach hasbeen a compensatory therapy by the application of reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. New trends have beenconnected to the elimination of amyloid plaques, formed by the action of γ-secretase enzyme. A perspective therapeutictrend is a multitarget therapy through compounds with potential properties for a simultaneous response to the pathogeneticmechanisms of the disease. In this regard, Galantamine and products with properties to inhibit acetylcholinesterase and γsecretase and to possess radical-scavenging activity have been of interest. One of the most promising approaches toalternative prevention has been the antioxidant therapy with phytocompounds with antioxidant, antiamyloidogenic,antiinflammatory and antiapoptotic properties.The more effective trend for therapy of Alzheimer's disease is the combinedtherapy, involving both pathological mechanisms. The studies to increase the pharmacological effect by using thecombination of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with potential synergists have been ongoing.
The Use of Micro-Computed Tomography for Evaluation of Internal Adaptation of Dental Restorative Materials in Primary Molars: An In-Vitro Study
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Eman, A. El Ashiry; Najlaa, M. Alamoudi; Farsi, Najat M.; Amani, A. Al Tuwirqi; Moaz, H.Attar; Hanan, K. Alag; Alaa, A. Basalim; Mohamed, K. Al Ashiry
Aim: To evaluate the internal adaptation of some dental adhesive restorative material (Nano-composite resin /Biodentine,Nanocomposite resin / Nano- resin-modified glass ionomer and Nano-composite resin) to the primary dentinal surface usingmicro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) Materials and methods: Forty-five extracted primary molars, due to caries ororthodontic reasons, were collected provided that it has an intact buccal/ lingual surface(s) and one half to two-thirds ofroot length. The selected teeth were disinfected and stored in normal saline at room temperature. The teeth were randomlyassigned to one of the three experimental restorative groups according to the restoration type (15 per group): group A:Nanocomposite resin / Biodentine, group B: Nanocomposite resin / Nano-resin-modified glass ionomer and group C:restored totally with Nanocomposite resin. A high- resolution desktop micro-CT (Model 1172, Skyscan, Belgium) was usedto image the samples. Results: The mean rank of volumetric dimension values of the total gap at the restorative material –dentine interface demonstrated significant difference among the three groups (P= 0.003). Moreover, there was a significantdifference in the mean rank of the ratio of total gap volume/cavity volume among the three restorative groups (P=0.015).The data demonstrate that group A showed the lowest in total gap volume and mean ratio of total gap volume /cavity volumewhile group C recorded the highest value. Conclusion: Biodentine exhibited a higher internal adaptation to a dentinalsurface which is comparable to Nano resin-modified glass ionomer. The study results potentiate the importance of usingBiodentine liners under Nano-composite (sandwich technique) in terms of excellent internal adaptation, in addition to itshigh biocompatibility and easy handling as well.
Biopolymer Nanoparticles: A Review of Prospects for Application as Carrier for Therapeutics and Diagnostics
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Almutairi, Fahad M.
Biopolymer nanoparticles are molecules of interest in the direction of generation of new pre-diagnostic and treatmentstrategies with improved efficacy and specificity. Several methods have been developed to produce biopolymernanoparticles. These biopolymer nanoparticles had distinct properties such as size and charge according to the productionmethod affecting their targeting and drug encapsulation abilities. The present review highlighted the progress in thedevelopment of theronostic nanoparticles. The surface of the nanoparticles may be subjected to modification and be hiddenfrom the immune system, so that they can stay in blood circulation for a long time to achieve their intended outcome. Thesafety and efficacy of most of the generated nanoparticles systems were not tested in humans in details. The synthesizablenanoparticles that are generated using biodegradable and/or biocompatible building blocks have been easy to be consideredas important candidates for the usage in treatment and diagnostic evaluation plan. In-depth understanding and researchmust be achieved for better understanding of the mechanism of theranostic nanoparticles metabolism and their excretion outof the human body. An attempt to summarize the recent research studies in the field of therapeutics and diagnostics based onthe biopolymers was achieved in this review article
Evaluation of Serum RANKL and OPG Concentrations in Patients with Periodontitis in Saudi Arabia
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Aldahlawi, Salwa
Objective: To investigate RANKL and OPG serum concentrations and the RANKL/OPG ratio in patients diagnosed withchronic periodontitis and attending dental school clinics in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Methods : Patients seeking dentaltreatment at the Faculty of Dentistry Clinic, Umm Al Qura University were divided into periodontitis and control groupsbased on their clinical findings. Periodontitis was diagnosed in patients with a PD >4mm or CAL >3mm at more than 30%of the examined sites, and the radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss was > 30% of teeth. RANKL and OPG serumconcentrations (pg/ml) and RANKL/OPG ratio were determined. Results: Forty-three patients, including 32 females and 11males with a mean age of 30 +/_ 8.48, were studied. Thirty patients were diagnosed with periodontitis, and 13 were in thecontrol group. The patients with periodontitis had significantly higher RANKL (31.8 +/_ 27.5 vs. 18.7 +/_ 14.2 pg/ml,p=0.04) and OPG concentrations (58.0 +/_ 23.2 vs. 45.3 +/_ 10.0 pg/ml, p=0.03) than the control patients. The patients withperiodontitis that smoked had significantly lower serum RANKL concentrations than those that did not smoke (37.8 +/_ 10.0vs. 14.8 +/_ 10.0, p=0.0057 pg/ml). The RANKL/OPG serum ratio was higher in non-smokers than in smokers (0.6 vs. 0.3,p=0.017). The patients with generalized advanced periodontitis had significantly higher serum RANKL concentrations thanthose with the localized disease (56.8 +/_ 42.0 vs. 22.0 +/_ 12.8 pg/ml, p=0.03). Serum RANKL/OPG ratio was increased inpatients with generalized disease (0.96 vs. 0.39, p=0.036). Serum RANKL/OPG ratio was also correlated with the amount ofCAL (r = 0.459, p=0.04). Conclusions: Serum RANKL concentrations were increased in patients with periodontitis, in nonsmokers, and in patients with the generalized advanced disease.
Biologically Active Complex for the Functional Support of the Connective Tissues: Scientific Rationale, Clinical Evidence
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Tokhiriyon, Boisjon; Poznyakovsky, Valeriy; Beliaev, Nikolay
The prescription composition and the technology of a new type of specialized product - biologically active additive BAAhave been scientifically grounded. The pharmacological properties and functional orientation of the active principles of theformulation components of the dietary supplements were studied, which made it possible to determine the quantitative andqualitative composition of the formulation which has a synergistic effect on metabolic processes in the presence ofdeforming osteoarthrosis: bamboo extract, glucosamine and chondroitin, aloe vera extracts, leaves and grape seeds, vitaminand mineral composition with green tea extract, and the antioxidant complex "Cifrol-5". A production technology providinghigh consumer performance for the developed product was approved. Clinical trials involving two groups of women aged44-49 with deforming osteoarthritis of the knee joints confirmed the functional properties of the complex. The first groupreceived the BAA, the second was a control group. Changes in the control indicators were registered after dietary therapyor in clinically significant periods of patient recovery. The control indicators were joint soreness, skin, hair, and nailcondition, and the recovery time of postoperative sutures. The complex application of diet therapy and the basic treatmentfor dystrophic joint diseases and the rehabilitation measures of the postoperative period were shown to be effective. Inpatients, joint pain and pain index decreased, the fragility of nails and hair was reduced, the microcirculation of the nail bedimproved, and the healing time of the surgical sutures decreased. The consistency of quality indicators and consumerperformance was ensured by production certifications for the developed products within the requirements of internationalstandards of the ISO 9001 and 22000 series and GMP rules.
++Diagnostic Usefulness of HOMA-β and HOMA-IR in Diabetes Mellitus –A Review
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Swaminathan, .S; Elanthendral; King, David Edward.T; Abiram, M.J
Homeostatic model of assessment (HOMA) is a statistical method for assessing pancreatic β – cell function (HOMA - β) andinsulin resistance (HOMA – IR). Both are calculated using fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and insulin but with differentformulae. A modified form of HOMA is emerging using Connective Peptide (C - Peptide) concentration, but studies based onthis have been very limited. More than 500 research papers have been published about the use of HOMA to assess DiabetesMellitus (DM) and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), but the main area of its application is in the field of DM. HOMA – IRhas been diagnostically more useful in all types of DM and obesity, in assessing prediabetes and detecting DM in theelderly. It has also been found to be useful during the gestational period. HOMA indices have been widely used along withGlycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c), but good standardization is very important for better clinical use of HOMA. This reviewarticle has given condensed highlights on the clinical usefulness of HOMA in monitoring the control of DM at various stagesusing simple formulae to calculate HOMA indices. The parameters used were FPG and insulin. HOMA indices were alsocompared with other parameters such as HbA1c and two emerging parameters Obstatin and Visfatin, but very few studieshave been reported about their clinical usefulness. The contents of this review articles can be very useful for futureresearchers to expand the application of HOMA indices to the other diseases induced by the uncontrolled DM
Preparation and Characterization of Macroporous Hydrogels from Copolymers Networks
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Dib, Nihel; Sebba, Fatima Zohra; Sebti1, Houari; Kada, Seghier Ould
New hydrogels based on (MAA) and (NVP) copolymers crosslinked with (BAA), were prepared by free radical cross-linkingcopolymerization, with a NVP percent molar composition of 10, 47.5 and 85. These hydrogels have been characterized by(FTIR), (SEM), (TGA /DSC) coupling. The results show four steps of degradation. The degradation rate is inverselyproportional to the mole percent of NVP, and SEM shows that the hydrogels have a pore size between 7.14 to 13.33 μm.
Awareness Among Senior Medical Students at Taif University Regarding Patients' Rights
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Alghumuy; Khalaf, Helal Q.; Algarni; S, Ali Ghihan
Background: The increased recognition of patients' rights has been related to using fitness care offerings. Professionals,including future physicians, have been predicted to respect patients’ rights, however they have not been acquainted with thecontents of the bills of rights or what they suggest. Objectives: To assess the awareness among senior medical students atTaif University regarding patients' rights. Subjects and methods: a cross-sectional study was established at the faculty ofMedicine, Taif University, KSA. It included all the fifth and sixth -year medical students (200 males and 131 females)enrolled throughout the academic year 1439 H. A valid and reliable questionnaire that comprised of two sections wasutilized. These two sections were socio-demographic variables and the awareness regarding the patients’ rights (30statements). Results: Collectively, on a scale ranged between 0 and 30, the patients’ right score ranged between 14 and 30(21.7±4.1). Among the studied factors, the only significant one was the academic performance of the students as the highestlevel of knowledge regarding the patients` rights was observed among the students with the excellent performance (meanrank was 246), p<0.001. Conclusion: The knowledge of the senior medical students at Taif University regarding thepatients` rights was generally acceptable. A further educational intervention was recommended.
High Levels of Inflammatory Adipokines and C-reactive protein, and Minimal Changes in Immune Cells in Overweight and Obese Saudi Female University Students
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Sawsan, Hassan Mahassni; Bashanfar, Noor Omar
Increased body weight affects the whole body including the immune response, and leads to a state of non-specificinflammation, which leads to increased incidence of inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to determine therelationship between adiposity and the hematological profile, and serum concentrations of glucose, C-reactive protein(CRP), some pro-inflammatory [leptin, resistin, interlukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)] and antiinflammatory (adiponectin) adipokines in 112 healthy Saudi female university students. Adiposity was determined using thebody mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist circumference (WC). The results showed that the mean totalwhite blood cell counts were significantly higher for the high risk WHR group, and the mean platelet and red blood cellcounts were higher for the obese/morbidly obese BMI group compared to the respective controls. The white blood cell typesand hemoglobin did not show any significant differences. Mean serum CRP, leptin, resistin, and IL-6 concentrations weresignificantly higher for the obese/morbidly obese BMI and high risk WC subjects compared to the healthy weight subjects.The only significant difference for the WHR groups was a significantly higher mean resistin level for the moderate riskgroup compared to the control. Mean glucose, TNF-α and adiponectin concentrations were not significantly different amongthe groups. Thus, it may be concluded that the immune system cells and the hematological profile in subjects with highadiposity were minimally affected compared to the healthy weight subjects. They also had higher platelet counts, and CRP,leptin, resistin, and IL-6 concentrations, which are inflammatory effectors/markers, thus confirming that obese subjects hadheightened inflammation and a higher risk for inflammatory diseases.
Seasonal Study of Cu, Zn and Pb Accumulation and Distribution in Sediments and PhragmitesAustralisplanted in A Constructed Wetland "Lake Manzala Engineered Wetland Project", (LMEWP), Egypt
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Ali, Hind A.H.Y; Ahmed, A. Rashed; Kheder, Fawzy G.
Lake Manzala Engineered Wetland project (LMEWP) is a constructed wetland that has been designed for treating drainagewater coming from Bahr El-Baqar drain. In this study, the concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Zn and Pb) in water, sedimentand different organs of Phragmitesaustralis collected from LMEWP seasonally. The aim of this study was to determine thedynamics of distribution of metals in different parts of phragmitesaustralis, and to determined the bioaccumulation factor(BCF) in different organs of plant phragmitesaustralis and Translocation Factor (TA), particularly to determine the time ofmaximum accumulation in the above-ground tissues and to assess removal capacity of phragmitesaustralis in LMEWP.Results revealed a high significant correlation between heavy metals concentrations in phragmitesaustralis with its locationin LMEWP vegetation cell; start cell> end cell. The highest concentration of metals is mostly found in phragmitesaustralisroot. All metals were accumulated in root over time until the end of the growing season after eight months. On the otherside, metal concentrations in stem and leaves increased even after the growing season of the plant. Overall, the resultssuggest to harvestphragmitesaustralis before six months IN the growing season in order to improve the accumulativeefficiency of phragmitesaustralis in LMEWP project.
Anaesthetic Management with Dexmedetomidine for Intraoperative Awake Test in Correction of Scoliosis; a Case Report
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Veterini, Anna Surgean; Subiantoro, Andri; Budi, Nugroho Setia; Abdurrahman; Brahmana, Mahisa Pribadi; Rehatta, Nancy Margarita; Illiandri, Oski
Damage to spinal cord and its subsequent neurological deficits have been recognized as the complications of scoliosisrepair surgery. Wake up test has been a safe, simple and reliable method to recognize such complications. Dexmedetomidineand Sevoflurane were the main anaesthetics for a 14 year old girl who underwent a scoliosis repair surgery with the intraoperative wake-up test and hemodynamic stability. The analgesic property of Dexmedetomidine was complemented by thecontinuous Fentanyl infusion. Dexmedetomidine, Sevoflurane and continuous Fentanyl infusions were administered toachieve the maintenance of the anesthesia. These anaesthetic regimens produced a satisfactory result for the intra operativehemodynamic stability and the wake-up test with the minimum complication. Here, a case of scoliotic repair surgery waspresented using Dexmetomidine, Sevoflurane and Fentanyl infusion as the safe anaesthetic regimens.
Public Awareness of Colon Cancer Symptoms, Risk Factor, and Screening at Madinah- KSA
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Alsayed, Mona Abdullah; Surrati, Amal Mohammed; Altaifi, Jana Abdullah; Alharbi, Afnan Hadeed; Alfouti, Rahma Othman; Alremaithi, Samar Majed
Colon cancer ranks as one of the most incidental and death malignancies worldwide representing 9% of all new cancer casesworldwide and affecting more than 1 million people every year. Colon cancer is the best-understood tumor from a geneticperspective. In Saudi Arabia, CRC is the second most prevalent kind of cancer, which has been ranked as the first among men(10.6%) and the third among women (8.9%). In 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported a mortality rate ofCRC in Saudi Arabia as 8.3%. Colon cancer screening has proven to be beneficial in terms of occurrence and reduction ofmortality in randomized controlled trials, and it has been recommended by medical organizations either in vulnerable groupsor in populations at risk because of their family background. Although population-based CRC screening has been suggestedemphatically in the average-risk population, compliance rates have not reached to the desirable rates, yet. In order toaccomplish the screening campaign successfully, the target population should be very compliant. There are various factorswhich affect the colorectal cancer screening uptake, including 'sociodemographic', provider and health care system factors,and also psychosocial factors. For increasing the screening participation rate, the target population should be aware of thebenefits of colorectal cancer screening. Information about this disease and the ways to prevent it, has been considered as ameasure of public awareness in several studies. In some examinations, a positive relationship has been found betweenknowledge about colorectal cancer, risk perception, and attitudes (advantages and disadvantages of screening) and thepopulation’s inclination to take part in the colorectal cancer screening campaign. The factors listed are therefore subject tointerference. In fact, intervention studies focusing on the average population have attempted to increase the risk of colorectalcancer absorption by improving general knowledge and adjusting attitudes. In this paper, the factors that influence thetargeting participants’ adherence to colorectal cancer screening and interventions in order to increase screening uptake, havebeen reviewed.
Taurine as a Drug for Protection of Liver and Kidney against Toxicity of Dinitrotoluene on Male Rats (Applicable Study)
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Elwy, Abd El-Hamid Mohamed; Ibrahim, M.A. El-Agousa; Azzazy, Ahmed E.
Technical grade dinitrotoluene (tg-DNT) [CH3C6H3 (NO2)2] nitroaromatic agents which are manufactured in theindustries and applied in both commercial and military in all over the world and Egypt. DNT causes malfunctions inkidneys, heart, liver, testes and mammary glands in animals and human beings, which may be considered as carcinogenic inexperimental animals and human. Moreover, taurine, a free β-amino acid with remarkable antioxidant activity, hasimportant beneficial effects on the human body; hepatoprotection, nephroprotection, cardiovascular protection,hypoglycemic impact and hypolipidemicaction. Currently, taurine level in the serum is used as early marker of breast,endometrial and colon cancers. The current research was aimed to explore the potential impacts of the antioxidantproperties of taurine as a protecting material on tg-DNT induced toxicity in the liver and kidney in male rats. 100apparently healthy male rats in 4 groups were included; the first is Frank control group, mouth feeding via gavage withdistilled water; the other groups were administered as following, taurine alone, tg-DNT alone (toxic group), taurine + tgDNT (protective group) in the second, third and fourth groups, respectively. In these groups, blood biochemistry and taurineconcentrations in serum were measured for all animals. Furthermore, histopathological examination studies for liver andkidney were done for all groups. The results showed that, the protective group has marked improvement in most biochemicalparameters than the toxic group. Histological studies revealed a significant marked disturbance in the histopathologicalarchitectures of the kidney and liver in all toxic rats. However, marked improvements in histological architectures wereobserved in protective group. The results support the ameliorative effect of taurine as a protective agent against tg-DNTtoxicity in experimental rats.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (-308 G/A) is a Predictor for Development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Pregnant Women
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Qusti, Safaa Y.; Linjawi, Sabah; Bakhashab, Sherin; Alghamdi, Aljohara; Balgoon, Maha; Alotaibi, Najat A.; Qusty, Naeem
Inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and also, it is one of the mostpopular pregnancy complications. The goal of the research was to study the association exists among common many formsin the stimulate area (-308G/A) of the TNF-alpha gene and increased danger for become better of GDM in Saudi pregnantwomen population.GDM and healthy subjects were genotyped with PCR- RFLP technique. No association was noticedamong the TNF-α -308 G/A in different and sensitivity to GDM disease in our Saudi cohort. There was a secondarycombination among TNF-α –308 G/A polymorphism in GDM (vs. normal control) (p = 0.605), which its triviality may becaused to survivor agent. The frequency of the -308 A allele (5) and genotype classification was in Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium (GG, n=54; GA, n=41; AA, n=5).The G-308A various, detected by PCR amplification and Nco-1 digestion,determines the lowest of a restriction site finding in a single band of 107 bp (the (A) allele). The (A) allele frequencies of the-308 (G/A) TNFα polymorphism were 26% in the GDM group and 29% in the depend subjects, with no significant differenceamong the two groups may be due to considerable variance in allele frequencies of the polymorphism by BMI quartiles (≥25kg/m2, for each quartile n=86) with -308G allele transporters had contains a higher BMI than A allele transporters(P=0.000**). Furthermore, considerable was found positively correlated with BMI, age, and children number.CONCLUSION: It could concluded that theTNF-α-308 G>A genotype frequency comparison among patients and controlwas not statistically significant in the Saudi women and also, the SNP in situation -308 (G/A) for the human. TNF- gene is adependent danger agent or a predictor for GDM.
Protective Impact of Curcumin against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Fadil, Hosny Abd El; Nagah Edress; Nadia Khorshid; Noha Amin
The present study was planned to investigate the protective impact of curcumin on hepatotoxicity of paracetamol in malealbino rats. Thirty-five male albino rats were allocated into seven equal groups, each of five rats, 1st group was kept ascontrol, 2nd group orally administered tween 80 (0.5 ml/200 g b. wt) for 15 days, 3rd group received silymarin (200 mg/kgb. wt) orally for 15 days, 4th group received curcumin (200 mg/kg b. wt) orally for 15 days, 5th group orally administeredparacetamol (500 mg/kg b. wt) for the last 5 days, 6th group was given silymarin and paracetamol, 7th group was givencurcumin and paracetamol. The hepatotoxicity of paracetamol in rats displayed a significant reduction in erythrocytic count(RBCs), concentration of hemoglobin (Hb), the values of packed cell volume (PCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobinconcentration (MCHC) with a critical elevation in mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelets (Plts), white blood cells(WBCs) and neutrophils count. Silymarin or curcumin administration with paracetamol in rats produced a significantincrease in RBCs, Hb, PCV and MCHC with a significant decrease in MCV, Plts, WBCs and neutrophils count. Liverenzymes (ALT and AST) and total bilirubin were significantly increased post administration of paracetamol whereasadministration of silymarin or curcumin with paracetamol significantly decreased the activities of liver enzymes and totalbilirubin. Paracetamol administration in rats produced a significant increase in tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) leveland lactate-dehydrogenase enzyme (LDH) activity. Silymarin or curcumin administration with paracetamol displayed acritical decrease in TNF-α and LDH activity. Paracetamol elicited a critical decrease in catalase (CAT), superoxidedismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities with a critical elevation in malondialdehyde (MDA)concentration. Silymarin or curcumin administration with paracetamol evoked a critical elevation in CAT, SOD and GPXactivities with a significant decrease in MDA concentration. Histopathological examination of paracetamol treated ratsdisplayed alterations in liver histoarchitecture with degenerative and necrotic changes in hepatic cells but restored to nearlynormal picture by pretreatment with silymarin and curcumin. Curcumin has a hepatoprotective effect on paracetamolinduced-hepatotoxicity in rats.
Evaluation of Antidiabetic Potentiality of Truffles and Balanites Aegyptiaca among Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Mageed, Ahmad M. Abdel; Osman, Ahmed Kamal Eldin; Awad, Nabil S.; A.Abdein, Mohamed
The potential application of Truffle (Terfeziaceae) and Desert Date tree (Balanites aegyptiaca) for modulating the diabetesmellitus related symptoms has gained much interest. However, less firm evidence has come from data to increase theunderstanding of the mechanism by which Truffle and Balanites protect pancreatic β-cells. The present study aimed toevaluate the effect of methanolic extract of Truffle and Balanites aegyptiaca on the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level; thechanges in pancreatic histology as well as the changes in iNOS and IL-1β genes expression level among STZ induceddiabetic rats which might help in better clarification of possible mechanisms beside the beneficial effects of the studiedplants on diabetes. The elevation of the FBG level, pathological pancreatic changes and the level of both IL-1β and iNOSgene expressions in diabetic rats were observed in comparison with negative control rats. This increase was declinedsignificantly due to the administration of Truffle and Balanites extracts. All of the studied parameters did not completelyreverse to the normal levels as compared with negative control rats. The obtained results concluded that the beneficial effectof Truffle and Balanites aegyptiaca on STZ-induced diabetes was at least partly due to the reduction of IL-1β and iNOS geneover the expression which can have a protective effect on β cell.
Factors of Academic Success Among Undergraduate Medical Students in Taif University, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Shukri, Ahmed Khaled; Mubarak, Ali Safar
This cross-sectional research was carried out in the College of Medicine at the University of Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.It included a random sample of medical students in 4th, 5th and 6th years (males and females). Data were collected using asemi-structured, self-administered questionnaire, including comprehensive, anonymous demographic and socioeconomicdata, lifestyle factors, health related quality of life, social support, student’s academic motivation, the past year grade pointaverage (GPA). The study included 261 students. The age ranged between 21 and 27 years (22.8±1.1 years). Malesrepresented 55.9% of the participants. Moreover, non-smokers, membership in charity association, having higher score ofpsychological domain of quality of life, and higher learning strategies score were significantly associated with grade pointaverage (GPA) score and they are responsible for 21.5% variability of the score. From the results it could be concluded thatAcademic performance of senior medical students in Taif University, manifested by GPA score is influenced by many factors(multi-factorial) that are responsible for only 21.5% of variability in grade point average (GPA).
Osteoprotegerin Levels among Saudi Cardiovascular Patients
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Khalid, Zaki Al-Shali; Mohamed, Nabil Alama; Mohammed, Ali Ajabnoor; Fayeza, F. Al-Fayaz; Khadija, H. Balubaid
Background: Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are considered an overwhelming health burden in Saudi Arabia, greatlyaggravated with the increasing rates of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and obesity. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is one of the tumornecrosis factor receptors, commonly associated with coronary heart diseases. This study examines the possible correlationamong OPG with both DM and CVD. Methods: The study was conducted in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and included 201subjects. They were divided into four matched groups: group 1 were patients with CVD only; group 2 were patients with DMtype 2; group 3 were patients suffering from DM and CVD, and group 4 was normal control. All groups were divided intomale and female subgroups. The following parameters were measured; complete blood picture, lipid profile, insulin, fastingglucose and kidney function and also then relationship to OPG levels. Results: OPG was significantly elevated in males withCVD alone (8.31 ± 4.01 ng/ml), or in association with DM (6.54 ± 3.55 ng/ml). An increase was noted in female patients,but only in the DM and CVD groups (6.75 ± 3.3 ng/ml). A weak positive correlation was detected between OPGconcentrations with both fibrinogen and glucose levels in females, while in males OPG levels were positively correlated withwaist to hip ratios. Conclusion: OPG could be a valuable biomarker for early CVD appearance.
Why Childbearing-Age Women Switch Contraception Methods into LongActing Permanent Methods (LAPM) in West Nusa Tenggara?
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Salamiah, Dyah; Damayanti, Rita; Yudarini; Nisa, Hoirun
Background: The long-acting permanent method (LAPM) of contraception has been uncommonly by Indonesian women.However, few Indonesian women have switched their contraceptive methods into LAPMs, a cost effective method to limit thenumber of children with low odds of failure. The aim of this study was to explore the reasons of switching contraceptivemethods into LAPMs by currently married Indonesian women aged 15-49 years old. A cross-sectional study was performedusing a multistage cluster design. Results: Information was obtained from 6,341 women who were using or had recentlybeen using contraception in the middle of Lombok, north of Lombok, and Bima (West Nusa Tenggara). It was found that ahigh proportion (9.6%) of women were switching contraception methods from injection or pills to implants or intrauterinedevices (IUDs). The main reasons for switching were trying another method (42.6%) and the side effects of the currentlyused method (29,4%). Switching to LAPMs was significantly associated with age and knowledge about contraception (p <0.01). Women who chose to use LAPMs were more likely to continue using them after one year of use. Women aged > 35years were more likely to choose LAPMs because, at that age, there is a greater health risk for women if they becomepregnant. Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that women aged >35 years need to be intensivelyencouraged to use LAPMs.
Knowledge and Perceptions Toward Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Control in Saudi Arabia
(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2019-01) Abdul, Rahman Ali AlSogair; Abdullah, Abdulhadi Hammad Alharbi1; Ibrahim, A. Bin ahmed; Saleh, Hadi Alharbi; Ibrahim, A. Bin ahmed; Fahad, A. Alateeq; Abdulmalik, M. Aloriney; Ahmed, Hussain Gadelkarim
Background: CKD is prevalent in most parts of the world. CKD can be prevented and controlled by controlling its underlinecauses. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the knowledge and perception toward CKD preventionand control in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This was a prospective descriptive study which included 783 apparently healthySaudi volunteers, their ages ranged from 20 to 65 years with the mean age of 37 years. A purposeful questionnaire wasdesigned and used for obtaining data about the CKD. Results: Out of 783 contributors, 232(29.6%) were males and551(70.4%) were females, giving males' females' ratio of 1.00: 2.37. On asking the participants the question of “whethercontinuous doing renal function test for at risk individuals can reduce the burden of CKD,” about 85% agreed, and 15%disagreed. On asking the participants the question of “whether controlling HTN can reduce the burden of CKD,” about30.6% agreed and 69.3% disagreed. On asking the participants the question of “whether controlling DM can reduce theburden of CKD,” about 54.7% agreed and 45.3% disagreed. Conclusion: There was a relatively high positive attitude andknowledge toward CKD prevention and control among the educated Saudi population. Further efforts to promote healthknowledge, particularly among less educated section has been needed in order to increase the chances of CKD preventionand control.

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