International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences
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Editor: Farha Hashmi
ISSN: 2277-3657
Frequency: Quarterly
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://www.ijpras.com/index.html/
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Item Effect of Protein Supplementation plus Hyper-Caloric intake and Exercise on Hypertrophy, Hormones and Energy components among Underweight Males(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-03) Ibrahim, Syed; Al-Ameer, Abdulhameed; Hamed, Abu-Hilal; Allen, John; Watkins, PhillipThe purpose of the study was to examine the efficacy of 8 weeks of protein supplementation plus hyper-caloricintake and resistance training on hypertrophy, hormones, and energy components of underweight males. Onehundred sixty-seven underweight males from Dhahran region aged 18 to 20 years with BMI of less than 18.5Kg/m2 were divided into protein supplementation with hyper-caloric intake and resistance training group 1 (G1, n =21), the resistance training group 2 (G-2, n=48), protein supplementation group 3 (G-3, n=32) and acontrol group 4 (G-4, n=38). The subjects were measured before and after the training Physical Characteristics(PC) [body mass (BM), optimal body mass (OBM), height (H), body mass index (BMI), percent body fat (%BF),fat-free mass (FFM)], hormones [Triiodothyronine (FT3), Thyroxine (FT4), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),cortisol and testosterone], energy components, food intake (FI), energy needs (EN) and 1Resistance Maximum(1RM) tests [leg press (LP), chest press (CP) and abdomen press (ABDO)]. The resistance training (RT) was for8 weeks, twice per week 30 minutes per session for G-1 and G-2. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0software. Mean and the standard deviation was calculated for all subjects. One-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) was utilized to compare the mean differences between groups and the level was at P≤0.05. The resultsshowed that BM and FFM had main effects for time and interaction effects for a time by groups (P<0.05) but notfor groups (P>0.05). In 1RM strength tests for LP, CP, and ABDO there were main effects for the time, groups,and interaction effects for time for groups (P<0.05). FT3 and FT4 showed main effects for time only (P<0.05)but TSH, CORTI, and TESTO did show any changes. FI showed main effects for the time, groups, and interactioneffects for a time by groups (P<0.05). It was concluded that the intervention program helps in gaining bodyweightand increasing the fat-free mass. Besides, the resistance training aided to raise the strength, food intake with nochanges in the hormonesItem Immunohistochemical Overexpression of nNOS, S100 Protein, and α-Synuclein in Myenteric Plexus of AS/AGU Rats(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-03) Atteya, Muhammad; Aly, M.Ahmed; Mohammed, Raeesa A.; Musaad, A. Alfayez; Shimaa, A. Mohammed; Abdulaziz, Siyal; Tahani, A. Al-Matrafi; Amal, AlRabiah; Hamad, M. Alqahtani; Anthony, PayneObjective: There are four currently motor features characterizing Parkinson's disease (PD). These includerigidity of muscles, bradykinesia, tremors at rest, and instability of posture. Along the course of PD, theimpairment of motor functions is commonly preceded by nonmotor symptoms (NMS) such as olfactory deficit,difficult swallowing (dysphagia), drooling (sialorrhea), constipation, urinary bladder dysfunction, depression,and sleep disorder. It was suggested that the enteric nervous system could be the initial site for the pathologicalprocess leading to PD. Materials and Methods: Six male adult control AS rats (normal control) and six maleadults AS/AGU rats (model of PD) were sacrificed. A rectangular strip from the body of the stomach and across-section from the duodenum were dissected and processed for histological staining with hematoxylin andeosin, and immunohistochemical staining for detection of nNOS (neuronal NOS), S100 protein (astrocytemarker), and alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein). Results: The histological analysis of the stomach and duodenum ofAS/AGU rats demonstrated necrotic smooth muscle cells of muscularis externa. The immunohistochemicalanalysis of AS/AGU rats showed a statistically significant increase in the expression of nNOS, S100 protein, andα-synuclein expression of myenteric plexuses compared to the control strain AS rats. Conclusion:Gastroduodenal tract of AS/AGU rats showed marked histopathological changes and immunohistochemicaloverexpression of nNOS, S100, and α-synuclein.Item Evaluation of Metabolic Syndrome in Primary Health Care(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-01) Israa, M. Shoushou; Anwar, N. Melebari; Hayat, A. Alalawi; Thamer, A. Alghaith; Maryam, S. Alaithan; Mohammed, H. A. Albriman; Abdullah, S.F Alwthainani; Hadiyah, H.Alyami; Mohammed, J. Alali; Hassnah, H. HawsawiBackground: Metabolic syndrome includes atherogenic dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, andinsulin resistance. This complex of metabolic abnormalities is a risk factor for DM2, stroke, adverse cardiacevents, and hepatic necrosis. In the last few years, studies showed a significant high prevalence of this syndromeamong Saudi males. Central visceral adiposity is thought to be the primary trigger of most pathogenic eventsinvolved in the advent of the syndrome. Objectives: In this paper, our aim is to discuss metabolic syndrome, itsdefinitions, pathophysiology, diagnosis, screening, and the management done for such patients in general withspecial focus to primary healthcare. Methodology: PubMed database was used for articles selection. Conclusion:The syndrome is linked with significant impacts on the patient health; as a result, the health care providers shallbe alarmed on how to screen, diagnose and manage such disease. Prevention of childhood obesity is criticalthrough screening and early diagnosis to save major burden and prevent future complications. Thus, nowadays,the new trend is towards incorporating screening of this syndrome in primary health care centers.Item Sarcoid Heart Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-03) Shaer, Fayez EL; Al-Awad, Shahd; Alghamdi, Abdulmohsen; Amer, AlFaqih Hamdan Al Shehri; Mostafa, AlshimiriSarcoid Heart Disease (SHD), often misdiagnosed as tuberculosis is a potentially life-threatening condition.Cardiac manifestation of sarcoidosis is a challenging clinical condition as it is associated with pericarditis, heartblock, ventricular arrhythmias, valve dysfunction, ventricular aneurysm, sudden cardiac death, and heart failure.This study presents a case of a syncopal attack due to complete heart block, which is the first indication of SHD.The study has also presented a literature review on the various management options employed for therapeuticand effective management of SHD. The study has proposed treatment approaches, such as Cardiac MagneticResonance (CMR), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Insertion of an Implantable CardioverterDefibrillators (ICD) in patients with complete heart block to improve the quality of life and increase overallsurvival rates.Item Knowledge gaps about Oral Anticoagulant in Saudi Patients(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-03) Al-Shamiri, MostafaPatients with atrial fibrillation (AF) are at a higher risk of thrombotic stroke. Therefore treatment with an oralanticoagulant (OAC) has been proven to prevent stroke, however, the bleeding side effect of OAC is the concernfor both physicians and patients. Patients’ knowledge of the stroke and bleeding related to AF is lacking inSaudi Arabia. We conducted this study to assess the knowledge of patients on AF related to stroke and bleedingfrom OAC. Method: this is a cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care university center in Riyadh SaudiArabia. A validated questioner provided to patients or patients’ relatives who were diagnosed as permanent AFon OAC, 15 years of age or older who consented to participate in answering the questionnaire. Results: Of 229patients analyzed 46% were male and 54% were female; 58.8% in the age of 56-75 years. They were obese andhad a sedentary lifestyle. 42% knew AF symptoms, 28.9% knew AF can cause stroke, 39% knew bleeding sideeffect of OAC and there were no gender differences. Conclusion: This study revealed poor knowledge about AF,stroke, and bleeding side effects, and this mandate urgent strategy for patients’ education in Saudi Arabia.Item Assessment of Saudi people’s Knowledge about Hypothyroidism Treatment Usage(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-03) Alreshidi, Fayez Saud; Alreshidi, Nahlah Fahad; Alharbi, Saleh Hadi; Alahmadi, Ghaida Mohammed; Alghassab, Majed Akram; Ahmed, Hussain GadelkarimBackground: As adjusting the treatment dose for hypothyroidism based on several factors requiring continuousrigorous assessment, the current study aimed to assess of Saudi people’s knowledge about hypothyroidismtreatment usage. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study, piloted in Hail Region, Northern Saudi Arabia. Inthis study, 900 respondents were randomly involved in the study irrespective of their age, sex, or otherdemographical characteristics. Results: The present study investigated 900 participants of whom 272/900(30.2%)were patients with hypothyroidism. Of the 900 participants, 730/900 (81%) were females and 170/900 (19%) weremales, giving males’ females’ ration of 1.00: 4.29. of the 272 patients with hypothyroidism, 250/730 (34%) werefemales and 22/170 (13%) were males. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is prevalent in Northern Saudi Arabia.Raising community awareness towards hypothyroidism is essential for better control of the diseases. Healthcareproviders should inspire their patients to adjust the treatment does as prescribed without cessation.Item Infective Endocarditis Diagnosis and Management(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-01) Alaradi, Bayan I.; Saeed, S. Omair; Malek, Y. M. Alshahrani; Yousef, A. S. Alghamdi; Saleh, S. H. Al Qahtani; Abdulaziz, K. S. Alghamdi; Dhafer, S. D. Alshehri; Bandar, M. Aldhafeeri; Almossallem, Ammar S.; Alhumidi, Abdullah N.Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a microbial (usually bacteria) infection affecting the heart tissue orthe adjacent vascular endothelium. The blood-circulating microbes usually need to be available in a certaininoculum to allow invasion and thus infect the heart. Moreover, if the valve annulus is affected, the infection willspread into the extravascular areas. The main causative agents in IE are bacteria; however, other causes such asfungi are still a possibility in many cases. The most common bacteria seen are staphylococci and streptococci,and they collectively account for approximately 80% of cases; while S. Aureus, in particular is the most aggressiveone. Objectives: We aimed to review the literature regarding the pathophysiology of infective endocarditis,clinical features, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of this disease. Methodology: PubMed database wasused for articles selection. Conclusion: Diagnosing of infective endocarditis remains the pivotal step inmanagement of these patients; thus, it had been studied widely for many years. Duke or modified Duke Criteriaremain the most famous tool in diagnostic assessment, and they incorporate information from multiple sourcesinto minor and major criteria which will reflect the probability of the disease in the suspected patients. Themainstay treatment of infective endocarditis is intravenous antibiotics, titred to serum levels, and the choicedepends on the suspected causative organism and the valve involved in IE being native or prosthetic. Infectiveendocarditis prophylaxis is still a major point of difference among clinicians. Some institutions advocate forantibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing any dental procedure; while, others advised against prophylacticantibiotic.Item Knowledge, attitude, and practices towards diabetes mellitus among non-diabetes community members of Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-01) Ibrahim, A. Bin Ahmed; Muteb, E. Alosaimi; Saad, M. Alkhathami; Nawaf, T. Alkhurayb; Mohammed, S. Alrasheed; Zyad, M. Alanazi; Malik, A. Alshehri; Mohammed, N. AlazwaryBackground: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is in the midst of a diabetes mellitus (DM) epidemic whose originscan be traced to (a) the widespread adoption of the Western diet that is high in sugar, (b) an increase in sedentaryactivity, and (c) ignorance of the importance of DM. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to quantifyvarious aspects of (a) knowledge, (b) attitudes, and (c) practice relating to DM. Methods: The three researchquestions addressed in this study were: (1) Is there any significant relationship between attitudes to DM andpractices related to DM? (2) Is there any significant relationship between knowledge of DM and practices relatedto DM? (3) Is there any significant relationship between knowledge of DM and attitudes to DM? Separate surveysfor each question collected data from a representative sample of 1,067 adult both male and female Saudis fromRiyadh who have not been diagnosed with DM. Results: Data analysis of the data from the study indicated thatfor each of the three research questions, the null hypothesis could not be rejected, indicating that none of therelationships were statistically significant. Conclusion: The absence of significance for each of the findings hasimportant implications, including (a) the possibility that many Saudis incorrectly believe themselves to beunsusceptible to DM and (b) the high prevalence of DM-causing behaviors in the Saudi population. These twoimplications should be of particular concern to public health authorities and health educators in Saudi Arabia,who may need to work more diligently to educate non-DM-diagnosed Saudis on their vulnerability to DMItem Toxicological Evaluation of Nelumbo Nucifera Fruit Ethanol Extract(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-03) Rajput, Muhammad Ali; Zehra, Tabassum; Zafar, Shahid; Kumar, Gunesh; Fizzah, Ali; Aslam, NadiaNelumbo nucifera fruit (NNF) is frequently used for the treatment of many diseases in Asian countries withoutproper scientific evidence of its safety. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicological effects ofNNF. Toxicity study was conducted on 28 male Wister rats weighing 180-230 g that were allocated equally to 4treatment groups; a control and 3 test groups. Parameters assessed were clinical signs, body weight,hematology, blood biochemistry and histopathology after administration of NNF to rats for 13 weeks. No majortoxicity was revealed throughout the study, though some biochemical changes were observed in hepatic andrenal tissues but these changes did not correspond with histopathology findings. There was no mortality andevidence of systemic toxicity following 13 weeks administration of NNF. Hematology and blood biochemistrydid not reveal any toxicity at any dose; however, histopathological evaluation of hepatic tissues of few animalstreated with 200 mg/kg showed areas of necrosis at lesser extent in few animals after 13 weeks exposure of fruit.Histopathology of renal tissues of group treated with 200 mg/kg revealed areas of moderate tubular disruptionand few foci of tubular necrosis. Although only few adverse effects were observed but NNF administration ifnecessary for a prolonged period, then it may be used in a dose rage of 50-100 mg/kg in order to avoidintractable effects. Additional studies are required to clinically evaluate the safety profile of NNF.Item Macro- and Microelements in the Branches of some Salix Genus Species in the Flora of Ukraine(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-03) Borodina, Natalia; Raal, Ain; Volodimir, Kovalyov; Оleh, Koshovyi; Ilina, TetianaDetermination of the mineral composition is important for further study and standardization of the dried branchesof the species from the Salix (willow) family genus and extracts from the plant material. The study aimed todetermine the qualitative and quantitative content of macro- and microelements in some representatives of theSalix spp. growing in Ukraine in comparison with soils and extracts of plant material. The elemental compositionof the branches of Salix cinerea L., S. incana Schrank, S. cаprea L., S. sachalinensis F. Schmidt, S. acutifolia L.,S. fragilis L., S. caspica Pall., S. rosmarinifolia L., and S. myrsinifolia Salisb was determined using atomicemission spectrometry with photographic registration for the first time. The method used allowed us to determinethe presence of 5 macro- (К, Na, Ca, Р, Mg) and 14 microelements (Fe, Si, Мn, Al, Sr, Zn, Ni, Mo, Cu, Co, Pb,Cd, As, Hg), and the content of 14 elements were quantified in the dried branches of the Salix spp. plants. Theability to accumulate and a relatively high content of micro- and macroelements, as well as low content of toxicmicroelements (Co, Pb, Cd, As, Hg) in willow branches, allow considering them as a promising but safe sourceof biologically available microelements. There were typically not correlations between concentrations of microand macroelements in plant material and soils. The maximum levels of macroelements and microelements werefound in Salix species collected in the Kharkiv region, and in the Zakarpatye region, respectively. The elementalcomposition in the Salix sachalinensis F. Schmidt was quite different if compared with all others.Item Prevalence of Depression among Resident Doctors in King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-03) Alothman, Othman Majed; Alotaibi, Yazzan Mohammed; Sulaiman, Ibrahim Alayed; Saleh, Khalid Aldakhil; Mohammed, Abdullah AlshehriBackground: Depression is a common mental disorder in adults, and the World Health Organization (WHO) hasranked it as the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide. Doctors are not immune to the disorder; in fact,they have a higher risk than the general population, which affects the physician’s life and compromises the qualityof the health services. In Saudi Arabia, resident doctors’ mental health is under-recognized, and more studiesneed to be conducted to fill this gap. Objectives: This study is aimed at determining the prevalence of depressionamong resident doctors working at a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, and analyzing the associated factors.Methodology: The study utilized a cross-sectional design. The resident doctors in KFMC hospital in Riyadhparticipated in this study by filling questionnaires, including a depression-screening instrument (CES-D), asociodemographic datasheet, and questions about other associated factors. Results: One hundred and nineteenresidents responded with an overall response rate of 70%. Based on categorical levels of the CES-D, 41% (49)did not have depression, 20% (24) had mild to moderate depression, and 39% (46) had probable majordepression. There were significant differences in depression by gender with higher rates among women (55.1%)than men (27.1%). Further, participants with a history of depression were more likely to have depression (62%).Item The Influence of Constant Lighting on The Daily Dynamics of Some Physiological Parameters of Male Wistar Rats(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-03) Makartseva, Lyudmila; Kozlova, Maria; Kucher, Sergey; Areshidze, DavidThe effect of the stay of 6-months-old male Wistar rats under the influence of constant lighting on the dailydynamics of some biochemical parameters was studied. Male Wistar albino rats at the age of 6 months weredivided into 2 groups. The rats from the Group I were housed under a fixed illumination, L:D 14:10 (±180 lux,respectively; 8:00 AM lights on) (unless mentioned otherwise) in a temperature-controlled environment with adlibitum access to tap water and food (rat chow). Animals of Group II were studied under the same experimentalconditions except for the light regime, representing constant light (LL ±180 lux). Both the first and second groupsof animals were kept at the specified light regime for 2 weeks. A number of biochemical parameters of bloodplasma have a reliable daily rhythm, while for other metabolites of an organism a circadian rhythm is not noted.The appearance of the previously absent rhythm of physiological parameters after the application of constantlighting indicates the role of other pacemakers in the metabolism, in addition to illumination. The conductedresearch testifies about the unambiguous modulating influence of constant illumination on the structure of diurnaldynamics of studied biochemical parameters and rectal temperature, and about the initiation of desynchronosisby itItem Red and White Cabbage Extracts: Antioxidant Effects on Bovines Albumins(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-03) Jabr, Faisal Ali Al; Saif, Mossad A; Ali, Salman Al Zaid; Mohammad, Ibrahim Al Homood; Husain, Amer Al Thani; Ali, Mohammed Al QadheebBackground: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause extensive tissue damages in various disease conditions.It may also induce an irreversible structural and/or functional modification of proteins. Flavonoids and theirderivatives are the largest group in plant polyphenols that are known to have an antioxidant effect. The aim ofthe present study is to evaluate the antioxidant effects of red or white cabbage on bovine serum albumin (BSA).Methods: Fresh leaves of red or white cabbage were washed with distilled water, and sliced into small pieces.Finally, the pieces were dried and extracted with 80% ethanol overnight. The antioxidant activity of cabbageextracts were studied by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and H2O2 scavenging assays. Statisticalanalysis: Statistical significances were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using software Rversion 2.8.1 (R Development Core Team, 2008). Significant differences (p < 0.05) are denoted by differentletters. Results: Red and white cabbage extract showed a pronounced antioxidant activity. White cabbageexhibited a highest antioxidant activities compared to red cabbage extract. Conclusion: Both red and whitecabbages have a high antioxidant effects. White cabbage extract had higher antioxidant activity than red cabbageextract.Item Nanoformulations: Clinoptilolite-Based Capsule with Lecithin Shell(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-03) Pogorelov, A.G.; Stepanova, T.A.; Panait, A.I.; Pogorelova, M.A.; Suvorov, O.A.; Gulin, A.A.Microporous materials can provide interesting tools for different goals from bioimaging to the delivery ofbioactive molecules. In this study, the procedure based on cryo-approaches was designed to formulate thenanoparticles of natural clinoptilolite from the Zeolites mineral family. Applying scanning electron microscopy,clinoptilolite samples were imaged. After aging in the ethanol solution of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin),nanoparticles were encapsulated in the lecithin envelope. The adsorption of lecithin by clinoptilolitenanoparticles was studied by registering the diminution of optical density (OD 235) for ethanol/lecithin solutionat 235 nm with UV spectrometry. The kinetics of lecithin/clinoptilolite complex development was shown toexhibit intricate behavior, when the adsorption of lecithin was followed with its gradual release resulting in theincrease of lecithin content in ethanol solution back toward the original level. The size distribution for thelecithin/clinoptilolite complex was determined with a dynamic light scattering technique. To our knowledge,there are no reports of natural clinoptilolite-based platforms that were used as the for a nanosized capsule withphospholipids shell.Item Comparison of Eucalyptus Extract and Formaldehyde on hatchability and Survival rate of chicks in Disinfection of fertile Eggs(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-03) Toghyani, Pouya; Shahzamani, Shadman; Ahangaran, Majid Gholami; Firouzabadi, Seyed Ali MousaviTo compare the effect of eucalyptus extract and formaldehyde gas on the hatchability, survival rate, and microbialload of embryos and biological biomarkers of embryos in the fertile eggs of broiler chicken, 120 fertile eggs weredivided into four groups (each group contained 30 eggs). The studied groups included the first and second groupsin which eucalyptus extract at concentrations of respectively 1.100 and 1.200 was used as a disinfectant, the thirdgroup in which formaldehyde gas was used as a disinfectant and the fourth group as a negative control in whichthe studied eggs were sprayed with distilled sterilized water without using any disinfectant. All eggs were kept ina standard incubation system and the hatching rate was determined after 21 days. The hatched embryos werecultured to identify infection with E. coli. The hatched chickens were monitored for one week, and survival rateand the amount of using grain, overweight, and food conversion ratios were studied in different groups. The resultsshowed that the disinfection of fertile egg with eucalyptus extract at the concentration of 1.200 was similar to thatof formaldehyde, while the eucalyptus extract at the concentration of 1.100 can increase the hatching rate and thegrowth indicators. Therefore, it seems that using eucalyptus extract in the appropriate conditions andconcentrations can be an appropriate alternative for formaldehyde.Item Literature Review on Prevalence, Risk Factors and, Evaluation of Acute Lower Back Pain(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-01) Ibrahim, Bin Abdullah; Maha, M. Al-Mutairi; Muhtada, A. Alghubayan; Ahmed, A .Alamir; Ahmed, Y. Bu-Jubarah; Nour, Almajed; Ghusoon, Al-Moaibed; Mohammed, S. Almubaddil; Alwah, M. Alqahtani; Thamer, A. Alghaith; Saleh, A. AlaboodBackground: Acute back pain is any pain located at the back that lasts for less than 4 weeks duration. Theprevalence is fair with as many as 84% of the adult population around the globe experience back pain at somepoint in life and is often self-limiting. However, in few selected patients it may serve as indicator of a seriousunderlying disease making it crucial to properly evaluate, characterize and address this concern. Objectives: Inthis review we intend to explore the prevalence, risk factors and highlight the available methods using diagnosticimaging modalities to evaluate and address this condition. Materials and Methods: A review of relevant articlespublished from 1987 onwards in English language was done using the electronic databases of PubMed Pico and,Google Scholar with preset keywords. Conclusion: Acute back pain prevalence range between 22 to 48 percentand risk factors are non-modifiable such as advanced age and female gender while modifiable risk factors areobesity, smoking, low education, sedentary lifestyle, etc. Employment related factors such as physically strenuouswork also increase the risk of developing back pain. Notably, under-appreciated risk factors includingpsychological risk factors such as anxiety should be screened for while evaluating patients. Evaluation of backpain mostly relies on comprehensive history and physical examination, as most cases are self-limited. Diagnosticimaging is only recommended in cases presenting with red flag symptoms.Item Deprescribing: Barriers, Benefits, and Harms(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-03) Abdulla, Dalia A.; Rikabi, Hind A.; Mudawi, Mahmoud M. E.Polypharmacy, which is the practice of prescribing five or more medicines to the same patient is associated withmany problems like adverse drug reactions and poor adherence to therapy and can be harmful. Recently, the termdeprescribing is used to describe the systematic process of identifying and discontinuing medicines in situationsin which potential or existing harms outweigh potential or existing benefits for the seek of individual patient caregoals and preferences. Many studies assessed the attitude of patients or perceptions of health care practitionerstowards deprescribing, others evaluated barriers or factors affecting deprescribing. Since the practice ofdeprescribing is growing, this study aimed to review the harms, benefits, and barriers of deprescribing. Somestudies reported that patients may be interested in withdrawing one or more of their medicines if advised by theirtreating doctors and at the same time costs and experiencing medication adverse effects may result in awillingness to decrease the number of medications taken. Harms that may occur due to deprescribing can beminimized or even prevented by using a structured and patient-specific deprescribing process with properplanning and careful monitoring during and after medication withdrawal.Item The Effectiveness and Functional Properties of the Plant-Based Dietary Supplement in Complex Respiratory System Diseases Therapy(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-03) Pozdnyakova, Olga Georgievna; Andreevna, Kazakova Maria; Tokhiriyon, Boisjoni; Aleksandrovna, Donskova LyudmilaThe clinical trial aimed to study the effectiveness of a dietary supplement for respiratory system diseasestherapy. Children underwent treatment during both acute and convalescent stages, and in addition to theirprimary treatment received the plant-based dietary supplement. The new plant-based dietary supplement withingredients possessing synergetic properties was developed to supplement the normal diet and help correctmetabolism disorders in the case of respiratory diseases. The ingredients for the new dietary supplementinclude echinacea purpurea, Vitamin C, rutin, zinc, and selenium. The consistent manufacturing process used toproduce the new dietary supplement ensures that the contents are protected against adverse conditions, with thecontents delivered and released at controlled rates and under specific conditions. The study of the effectivenessand the functional properties of the plant-based dietary supplement was undertaken. Children aged from 1 to 3and treated for respiratory diseases were given ½ capsule twice a day, children aged from 3 to 7 took 1 capsuletwice a day and children aged from 7 to 14 took 1 capsule three times a day as a supplement in addition to theirprimary medical treatment. At the same time, the children from the control group underwent only primarymedical treatment. The clinical trial lasted from 10 to 14 days. During the clinical trial, regular laboratory testsand chest X-rays were carried out, and such symptoms of acute respiratory illnesses like nasal congestion,hyperaemia, sore throat, cough, wheeze as well as their duration were carefully studied. The consumption of theplant-based dietary supplement resulted in faster symptoms easing and helped relieve cough, wheeze, and nasalcongestion. The data received indicates the boost to the immune response, strengthening of the immune systemas a result of taking the plant-based dietary supplement. The plant-based dietary supplement is noted to be safeand it does not cause any adverse effects. The directions for use are developed. The mandatory StateRegistration is completed and the supplement is produced in the scientific research-to-production facilities ofthe Art-Life Scientific Production Association (Tomsk city).Item Pharmacological Basis of Thymoquinone as a Putative Adjuvant Anticonvulsant – A Systematic Review(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-03) Khan, Lateef Mohiuddin; Karim, ShahidBackground: Nigella sativa (NS) has antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Its concurrent use with AEDs couldbe a promising health strategy to prevent the damaging effect on neuronal cells during the episodes of seizures inaddition to enhancing therapeutic effects and diminishing the adverse drug reactions of AEDs. Purpose: Toprovide the pragmatic perception of utilizing TQ as an adjuvant in antiepileptic therapies to potentiate theiractions. Methods: The study utilizes systematic reviews on publications of previous studies obtained fromscholarly journal databases including PubMed, Medline, Ebsco Host, Google Scholar, and Cochrane. The studyutilizes secondary information obtained from health organizations using filters and keywords to sustaininformation relevancy. The use of search keywords and filters limits the study to relevant peer-reviewed journals.The study utilizes information retrieved from in vivo, in vitro and clinical studies captured in the peer-reviewedjournals on “thymoquinone and epilepsy”, “thymoquinone and neuroprotection” “Nigella Sativa and epilepsy,“thymoquinone and AEDs” “model of epilepsy and thymoquinone”. Results: TQ was demonstrated to inhibitapoptosis and neuronal degeneration in the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, Nigella sativa oil and its activeingredient TQ protects brain tissue against radiation-induced nitrosative stress, TQ plays a crucial protectiveactivity in the rat hippocampus and cortical neurons against Aββ1-42 and thus, it may be a promising agent forthe treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. An interesting series of studies also reported that TQ has shown antiepilepticeffects. Akhondian et al. reported that orally administered TQ reduces intractable pediatric seizures. Also,Hosseinzadeh et al., showed that TQ administered intracerebroventricularly, for epileptiform activity induced byusing pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in rats, prolonged the latency to first seizure, and decreased seizure count and theperiods of tonic-clonic seizure in a dose-dependent manner. In another study, orally administered TQ prolongedthe first seizure latency, decreased seizure count, and eliminated lethality in PTZ-induced epilepsy. TQ has aprotective and inhibitory effect on a penicillin epilepsy model, as with the other experimental epilepsy models.Conclusion: The current approach to AED discovery is effective for identifying drugs that are useful for thesymptomatic treatment of seizures. However, such an approach cannot be adequate to develop therapies forpreventing and modifying the development of epilepsy in a susceptible person. Undoubtedly, TQ is demonstratedas an ideal adjuvant to antiepileptic therapies by potentiating their actions and retreating their adverse effects.Item Evaluation of Traits Affecting Yield and Components of Yield in Different Cultivars of Canola under Cold Climate Conditions(International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 2020-03) Alipour, Zabihollah Mohammad; Darikvand, Behrouz MirTo investigate the yield of different cultivars of canola and selection of cultivars with high production andappropriate to cold areas of Lorestan Province, an experiment was carried out in a complete randomized blockdesign with 13 cultivars and 4 lines and three replications in Biranshahr area of Khorramabad city in the cropyear of 2017-2018. The results of the analysis of variance showed that plant height, number of siliques, numberof seeds per silique, number of secondary branches, pod length, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield weresignificant in different cultivars of canola. Comparing of the means revealed that the highest yield with 4745kg/ha belonged to Atura cultivar and the lowest yield with 2042 kg/ha belonged to Ahmadi cultivar. Out of 17cultivars and lines of study, the cultivars and lines of Atura, X-Power, line 144, Brutus, line 1008, Nepton andExtertum had superior yield compared with other cultivars and lines. To assess the stability of these cultivarsand lines in other areas, similar studies are recommended.