International Journal Of Scientific Research

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A Template For Surgical Residency Training Program (SURGICAL Postgraduate Training) In Developing Countries.
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Ajao; Oluwole, Gbolagunte; Alao; Adekola
Background: Many doctors who trained in developing countries always travelled to developed countries for specialization. After specialization, many of them do not return to their countries of origin but stay put in the host countries, and get absorbed into the health delivery system of the host countries. To stop this exodus of much needed man-power in the developing countries, many of these developing countries devised their own postgraduate programs so that there will be no need for doctors that aspire to specialize to leave the country any more. This review article is to assess the quality of the various postgraduate programs in the Third World countries. Study design: The postgraduate programs in some developing countries like Nigeria, Ghana and some countries in the South Pacific were studied and compared with some programs in the developed countries like the United States of America and Canada. There are differences in these programs. We therefore attempt to identify the weaknesses of the programs in the developing countries and make suggestions in some aspects of the programs so as to produce Residency training programs that will satisfy the needs and the peculiarities of the developing countries, and yet measure up to international standards. Results and findings: Many of the postgraduate programs in the developing countries, as they are now, fall far short of international acceptable standard. There are essentially two main reasons for this: some of the programs are directly under the control of the Governments in those countries, where the priorities are more economic than quality. Also, there is this notion among the doctors in the developing countries that surgical postgraduate training must be treated like preparation for a university PhD degree, even though university Senate has no in-put in awarding fellowship certificate. In the Third World countries, it is felt that “special breed” of surgeons must work in the university environment because it is considered “prestigious” to work in the universities. Conclusion:Even though the aim to retain doctors in their countries can be said to have been achieved, it came at a great price because the programs are very different from the well established residency training program as introduced by William Halsted and Churchill. This gives rise to a program comparative to residency training in the specialty of General Medical Practice, which is very different and of lower standard than internationally accepted surgical residency training program. It also equates the training, in some aspects, to that of a university Master's and PhD degrees. Abbreviations: RTP, Residency Training Program; LSP, Local Specialist Program; GCPS, Ghana College of Physician and Surgeons; NPGMC, National Post Graduate Medical College; WACS, West African College of Surgeons; LST, Local Surgical Training; MCQ, Multiple Choice Questions; OSCE, Objective Structured Clinical Examination; SRTP, Surgical Residency Training Program; MMed, Master's degree in Medicine.
Effectiveness Of Metformin In Preventing Early Pregnancy Loss In Women With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Janugade, Deepali
OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the effectiveness of metformin therapy in preventing early pregnancy loss in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). MATERIALS AND METHODS : This is a prospective cohort study conducted in the Obstetric Department of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, Maharashtra, India for a period of 2 years. This study involved 100 nondiabetic pregnant women with PCOS. They were divided into two groups, namely, the group that received metformin throughout pregnancy (metformin group) and the group that got pregnant but, did not receive metformin (control group). A comparison was made between the two groups of patients with respect to certain basal characteristics (age, body mass index, previous obstetric outcome, serum glucose with free testosterone). Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test to compare the differences between the two groups. RESULTS : There were 50 patients who received metformin during pregnancy (metformin group) compared with 50 patients who did not receive the treatment (control group). The rate of early pregnancy loss in the metformin group was 10% (5/50) compared with 36% (18/50) in the control group (p < 0.001). For patients in the metformin group with a history of previous miscarriage, the rate of pregnancy loss was 45% (35 cases/50 pregnancies). CONCLUSION : Metformin therapy in pregnant women with PCOS was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of early pregnancy loss.
Spectrum Of Histomorphological Lesions In Cystoscopic Urinary Bladder Biopsies
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Ratnam, K. Papa; Jagadeeswari, S; Kumari, S. Krishna
Urinary bladder tumors were one of the most common entities of urological pathology. Neoplastic & nonneoplastic lesions of urinary bladder were the common reasons for morbidity and mortality throughout world. Among neoplastic lesions, urothelial carcinoma is a common primary tumor of urinary bladder. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the spectrum of various urothelial lesions from cystoscopic bladder biopsies received over a period of 3 years. All the urinary bladder biopsies received with two inadequate biopsies were included in this study. Out of 54 biopsies received, 12 were non neoplastic & 40 were neoplastic cases and two were inadequate biopsies. Majority of the cases were in 60-79 years age group. Males were affected more than females ( 2.85:1 ratio). Majority of the neoplastic lesions were urothelial carcinomas. Conclusion : Among the bladder tumors ,urothelial carcinoma was the most common type, among these, high grade urothelial carcinoma was common in our study. Non invasive were more common than invasive carcinoma.Identification of grade &invasion into muscle layer has an impact on prognosis as well as on therapeutic approach.
Influence Of Music Therapy On Anxiety, Pain Perception, Heart Rate And Blood Pressure Of Patients Undergoing Endodontic Treatment - A Randomized Control Trial
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Jethani, Bhawna; Narayana, Indiresha H; K, Dinesh; Mathew, Sylvia
There is a very peculiar role of “Kshar Karma” (an Anushastra), in the management of Arsha, as described by Sushrutacharya.Acharyas have mentioned Kadali as suitable for the Kshara formulation. Patients suffering from AbhyantaraArsha are subjected to KadaliPratisaraneeyaKshar and efficacy ofKadaliKsharPratisaran and inj. Setrol is compared in the management of AbhyantarArsha. In Clinical study an Open randomized controlled clinical trial is conducted of trial group A and control group B for 30 patients in each group.In observations a detailed explanation is given aboutdistribution of patients according to age, sex, occupation.The results of the study are analyzed statistically compared and are presented in tables and graphs form. By highlighting the outcome of the study along with limitations and scope of further improvement it is concluded that KadaliKsharpratisarana gives potent effects in AbhyantarArsha.
Malignant Melanoma Of Uterine Cervix In A Young Female.
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Rathod, Purvi; Diwan, Ashok; Khan, Subeera
Malignant melanoma is a rare cancer, its incidence being 1% of all cancers. Malignant melanoma of the female genital tract is even rarer with incidence of 3% to 7% of all malignant melanomas. It usually occurs in postmenopausal women. We present a case of malignant melanoma of the uterine cervix in a multiparous premenopausal 29 year old female. She underwent a modified radical hysterectomy. She was stage III and was treated with external beam radiotherapy to the pelvis followed by brachytherapy. Since then the patient was on regular follow up until she developed lung metastasis. Malignant melanoma of the cervix has very less data in literature. Through this case report we will emphasize on the role of radiotherapy in malignant melanoma of uterine cervix.
Effect Of Body Mass Index On Results Of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy In The Treatment Of Lower Calyceal Stone >2cm
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Nima, Montadhar H; Ibraheem, Shahad A; Hamedon, Titi Rahmawati
Background: This work was intended to distinguish the results of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) related to stone-free rates (SFR) by the varying body mass index (BMI) of the patients who subjected for lower calyx stone treatment (with a stone range of ≥2 cm). Materials and methods:Atotal of 287 patients who went through the PCNLfor kidney stones were selected for the study. Only patients treated at Shahid-Ghazi Hariri Surgical Specialties Hospital (Medical City) and Al-Qima Private Hospital (Baghdad) within the time frame of January 2015 to April 2018 selected for the study. Information on patients' BMI and SFR was collected and analyzed to compare and contrast the differences in obese patients. Results: The average age and BMI of the patients are 41 years old and 34kg/m2 respectively. For total mean stone size 2.2 cm. Besides that, the average value for height was 173cm and weight 101kg. The overall stone-free rate was 82% and the mean hospital stay was 115±51.21 min, Major complications were seen in 65 patients (22.6%). No statistically significant differences were found in SFR, age and stone side among the four groups. The stone-free rates (SFRs) of a single procedure for the groups were 85%, 79.3%, 79%, and 84%, respectively. Major complications were not observed either during or after the operations. Conclusion: The effectiveness of PCNLtreatment for removal of lower calyceal stone is influenced by the varying patients' BMI value and results in high SFR value
Analysis Of Orientation Program For First Year Mbbs Students To Acclimatize To Medical Institution.
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Bandaru, Aruna Kumari
Objectives:To frame individualized gender – specific prediction equations for shuttle run distance using 20 metre shuttle run test in healthy, Indian children aged between 7 to 19 years and to correlate shuttle run distance with age, height, weight & body mass index. Methods: 494 subjects between the age group of 7 to 19 years were recruited in this study. Demographic details like age, gender, height, weight and body mass index were noted. 20 metre shuttle run test was performed and shuttle run distance was calculated for all participants. Results: Shuttle run distance significantly correlated with age (r =0.303), height (r =0.357), weight (r =0.294), and body mass index (r =0.126). The gender specific reference equation generated forboys is -367.724 + (27.225 x Age) + (487.457 x Height) – (3.213 x Weight) and for girls is 153.689 +(10.306 x Age) +(118.113 x Height) – (1.421 x Weight). Conclusion: The established prediction equation can be used as a reference to evaluate exercise capacity for children and adolescents and to improve the applicability of the 20 metre shuttle run test in clinical practice
Study To Assess The Knowledge & Awareness Regarding Eye Donation Among Students Of Cims Bilaspur (C.G.)
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Manwani, Vijay Kumar; Khurse, Bharat Bhushan; Jitpure, Shakuntala
Background-Eye donation is an act of donating ones eye after his/her death. it is an act of charity,purely for the benefit of the society and is totally voluntary. age or systemic illness such as diabetes or hypertension, heart disease \,kidney disease is not barrier for eye donation.. eye disease are a significant cause of visual impairment and blindness in the developing world.approximately 18.7 million people are blind in india and 1,90,000 are blind from bilateral corneal disease.For such people corneal transplantation helps in restoring their sight. According to the eye bank association of india the current cornea procurement rate in india is 22,000 per year.Programme and activities conducted across the country to impart the significance of eye donation and its useful to visual impaired people. Objectives- 1.To assess sociodemographic profile of the students.2.To assess the knowledge & awareness regarding eye donation among study subject. Methodology-Study Subject;-Medical student CIMS college Bilaspur. Type Of Study :-Observational Cross sectional study. Study Area :- CIMS medical college Study Duration:-July 2017 to December 2017. Sample Size :- 100medical students in CIMS medical college Bilaspur(C.G) Study Tools :- Pre designed questionnaires Results:- In the present study, there was nearly 46% male and 54% female. 100% of the participants had heard about eye donation.The commonest source of knowledge on eye donation, Dr (32%) followed by TV(25%), Friends (20%). Majority (63%) of participants had correct knowledge that eye should be removed from dead donor within 6 hours.80% of the participants replied eye donation is done by all age group people. Conclusion:- Majority (63%) of participant had correct knowledge regarding eye donation. Majority (79%) of the students have willingness regarding eye donation
Current Situation Of Nuclear Medicine In Saudi Arabia
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Alqarni, Abdullah; Farghaly, Hussein; Nasr, Hatem
Objectives:Asurvey of nuclear medicine services in Saudi Arabia carried out to provide a baseline data information about the practice of Nuclear medicine (NM) by the beginning of 2018. Methods: An electronic questionnaire was sent to every NM department in Saudi Arabia. Information requested included the equipment, manpower and type of examinations performed. Results:All the 58 NM services in Saudi Arabia had responded to the questionnaire by October 2018. The overall functioning manpower included 65 NM physicians, 190 NM technologists, 41 nuclear physicists, and only 9 radio pharmacists. At the end of year 2017 there were 21 PET/CT machines in Saudi Arabia (15 machines in Riyadh, 4 in Dammam and 2 in Jeddah), 55 SPECT/CT, 35 SPECT and Gamma camera Machines, and 77 DEXAmachines. When adjusted to population, we found 0.6 PET/CT Unit per 1 M people, 3.4 total units (PET and SPECT Cameras) per 1 M people. Conclusion: The need for reorganizing the distribution of nuclear medicine services including the cyclotrons to cover the whole kingdom equally. Activation of Saudi Society of Nuclear Medicine (SSNM) is mandatory for establishing well recognized Nuclear medicine residency training program including other academic and scientific activities
The Prevalence Of Interstitial Lung Disease In Systemic Sclerosis Patients
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Fori, Julyan Al; Duraz, Firas Abu; Balushi, Farida Al; Busaidi, Nasser Al
OBJECTIVE: To report the prevalence of interstitial lung disease in Systemic Sclerosis patients at the Royal Hospital and compare our data with the literature. METHODS:All adult Omani patients with Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) who are under regular follow-up at the Royal Hospital were retrospectively enrolled from January 2006 to January 2014. RESULTS: A total of 49 cases of Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) patients were included. The mean age was 44.06 ± 11.9 years. There was a predominance of females (48 cases; 98%). Interstitial lung disease present in 30 cases (61%). The most frequent symptoms were dyspnea 47%, cough 33%, and others (e.g. atypical chest pain) 20%. There was no association with smoking, non-smoker (47 cases, 95.5%) versus ex. smoker (2 cases, 4%). The most high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) finding was traction bronchiectasis (21 cases, 42.9%) followed by honey comb appearance (19 cases, 38.8%). Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) was done in 33 cases. The mean total lung capacity (TLC) was 81. 06 ± 26.2. The mean diffusion lung capacity (DLCO) was 61.8± 28.3. Pulmonary hypertension was found in 10 cases only (20.4%) based on echocardiography. CONCLUSIONS: ILD was present in 30 cases out of 49 cases of SSc (61.2%) with female predominance. The most frequently observed HRCT change was traction bronchiectasis. Similarities and differences were found with respect to the previous reports from other countries.
A Comparative Study Of Cardiovascular Response In Two Acute Submaximal Treadmill Exercise Tests And Its Correlation With Anthropometric Variables
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Yusuf, Mohd; Bajpai, Manish; Saxena, Piyush
Aim: (i) To assess and compare the cardiovascular response in two sub-maximal exercise tests. (ii) to see correlation between cardiovascular response and anthropometric variables. Method: 125 males 18-25 years underwent first three stages of the original Bruce protocol in one session and exercise according to Treadmill jogging test in another session in randomised order. Heart rate, blood pressure and ECG were recorded before, during and after taking the treadmill test. Results: During the exercise heart rate and systolic BP rose and diastolic BP fell in both the tests. Correlation analysis showed highly significant positive correlation between BMI and pre-exercise systolic BP, post-exercise heart rate and post-exercise systolic BPin both the tests. ECG showed no significant ST/Tor rhythm changes during or after the exercise. Conclusion: Heart rate and BPchanges were more in Bruce submaximal exercise test as compared to treadmill jogging test. Higher BMI was found to be correlated with higher resting systolic BP, higher post-exercise heart rate as well as higher post-exercise systolic BP.
Medical Student Awareness And Knowledge Of Patient Safety At Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Gaw, Zahra R; Alshehab, Amal M; Alsheikh, Rasha H
Patient safety is a fundamental principle in providing quality healthcare. Most studies focus on patient safety education among senior and postgraduate students but limited data are available at the undergraduate level. This study identifies awareness, knowledge, and perceptions of medical students at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University in Saudi Arabia toward patient safety. A cross-sectional study examining patient safety among 246 fifth- and sixth-year medical students was conducted. Fifth-year students reported more confidence in addressing broader patient safety issues in health education, while sixth-year students reported more comfort in speaking up about patient safety. “Culture of safety” and “communicating effectively” were the only two dimensions that differed significantly by gender (p<0.05). Findings indicated that there is a gap in student knowledge regarding many safety concepts that should be filled. Future research is needed to identify areas where development is required in the undergraduate medical curricula among Saudi Universities.
Permanent Maxillary Premolars With Three Canals- A Case Report
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Nair, Rohit; Kartha, Sruthy R; Gina
Maxillary first premolar is a bi-rooted tooth with several variations in the root canal morphology. Usually it has 2 canals, however at times there could be an additional third canal present which could easily be missed by the clinician owing to lack of awareness and knowledge about the canal variations. Awareness of internal and external anatomy of tooth and also about its variations are essential for successful endodontic therapy. Prevalence of three canals in maxillary premolar is very low. This case report describes the endodontic management of permanent maxillary premolars with three root canals.
Use Of Paper Patching And Tincture Ferri Perchloride For Day Care Management Of Tympanic Membrane Perforation
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Seth, Raj Rajendra Singh; Kumar, Shivesh; Rana, Amit Kumar
INTRODUCTION: Perforation of tympanic membrane constitutes a major portion of patients attending ENT OPD for which they are advised surgical procedures. Most of the cases with small perforations can be managed by doing OPD procedure of cautery patching and hence surgical procedure can be avoided. METHODS: The study was conducted in the tertiary hospital from August 2018 to July 2019. The patients were selected on the basis of the inclusion criteria after doing clinical examination, and audiometry. All the patients underwent cautery patching with tincture ferri perchloride and patch placed. The patients were followed up weekly till the perforation was completely closed or uptill 3 months. RESULTS: Total of 65 patients was included in the study. Most common etiology of perforation was inflammatory involving anteroinferior quadrant as most common etiology with success achieved in 56 patients. CONCLUSION: patients with small central dry perforation of tympanic membrane, cautery patching using tincture ferri per chloride and paper patching gives good results comparing to the surgical procedure, while ablating the morbidity and psychological trauma of the surgery.
Use Of Dexmedetomidine As An Adjuvant To 0.5% Hyperbaric Bupivacaine In Subarachnoid Block
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Yadav, Dhananjay; Minocha, Suman; Mishra, Anamika; Joshi, Deepak
The present study aimed at clinical evalution of dexmedetomidine 10 microgm, as an adjuvant to heavy bupivacaine 0.5% (4 ml) in subarachnoid block in patients scheduled for lower abdominal surgeries. Total no. of patients included in the study are 66 who are admitted in orthopaedic ward for lower limb surgeries, who are of ASAgrade I & II and age group between 18-60yrs. All the routine investigations of the patients were done and after complete PAC and preoperative preparations, patients were taken into O.T, all the standard monitoring applied and for subarachnoid block hyperbaric Bupivacaine 0.5% is a dose of 4ml (20mg) combined with or without Dexmedetomidine was administrated according to the assigned study group: 1.Group A- Inj. Bupivacaine- 20mg alone- control group 2.Group B- Inj. Bupivacaine- 20mg with Dexmedetomidine 10mcg-study group Data on onset & offset of sensory & motor block, degree of muscle relaxation, postoperative pain free period were recorded. Dermatome level of block, vitals & drug related complications were also noted. On the basis of observations, following conclusions are drawn: Rapid onset & increased duration of sensory block was seen in Grp B, Onset of motor block & post operative pain free period was prolonged in Grp. B. Sedation score was from 0-2 in study group.Other complications in study group were not significant.
A Comparative Clinical Study Of Kadali Kshar Pratisaran And Inj. Setrol In The Management Of Abhyantar Arsha W.S.R. To Internal Haemorrhoids.
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Paliwal, Amit; Vaidya, Umesh; Asutkar, Vasudha
Introduction- The Gall Bladder (GB) is a hollow viscus sac, situated in a fossa in the right hepatic lobe inferior surface. It extends from the right end of porta hepatis to the inferior border of liver. It is 7 - 10cm long, 3 cm broad and capacity is 30 – 50 ml. It has 3 parts Fundus, Body and Neck. Materials and Methods-This study was carried on 50 GB specimens in the Department of Anatomy, GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Visakhapatnam. The GB was carefully dissected and cleaned to observe developmental anomalies and morphological variations of GB. Results-The developmental anomalies like Hartmann's pouch, Intrahepatic Hypoplastic GB were observed. The length and breadth GB ranged from 4.9 - 9.5 cm and 2.0 - 4.8 cm, shapes of GB most common pear shaped(64 %), flask shaped(20%), cylindrical shaped(12%) and hour glass(4%). Conclusion- The knowledge of this study will help the laparoscopic surgeon to take preventive measures before cholecystectomy and the radiologist to differentiate the normal from anomalies.
Prediction Equation For Shuttle Run Distance Using 20 Metre Shuttle Run Test In Healthy, Indian Children Aged 7 To 19 Years.
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Dangi, Ashwini; Deo, Medha
Background: Dental anxiety is a significant and challenging problem in patients seeking dental treatment. During any dental procedure patients often experience severe pre-operative and intra-operative anxiety which makes the procedure more difficult. Anxiety during endodontic therapy often leads to increased pain perceptions and instability of the physiological parameter throughout treatment. Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of music as a nonpharmacologic aid on anxiety, pain perception and physiological parameters (heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure) at three different time period - before, during, and after endodontic treatment. Methods: A total of 100 patients were recruited in the present study. Before starting the endodontic treatment, the interviewer administered the Modified Corah Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDAS) to assess the baseline level of anxiety and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain assessment. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: the first one listened to the music during endodontic treatment and the second one did not. Before, during, and after the endodontic procedure, the physiological parameters (i.e. heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) were recorded. All the data were collected and statistically analyzed. Results: Direct contrasts between patients listening or not listening to music showed that all the measured physiological parameters improved considering the overall period (during and after the root canal therapy) in the group of patients listening to music (P < .05). Conclusion: Within the limitation of the study, music administered to subjects with different levels of anxiety during endodontic treatment significantly decreased pain levels and improved physiological parameters during the endodontic procedures. Clinical Significance: Music and medicine always work together and the soothing effects of sounds and musical frequencies make this union an extraordinary tool of synergistic care. Music therapy can be considered as a valid nonpharmacologic aid to manage anxiety during endodontic treatment.
Stabilometric Assesment Of Postural Changes Induced By Spine Orthoses In A Geriatric Population
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Molfetta, L; Seriolo, C; Casabella, A; Massaro, W; Palermo, A; Leandri, M
The use of spine orthoses in vertebral fractures of frailty in the adult-elderly population always poses problems of appropriate choice of the same as a function of the control of patients' balance. The vertebral fracture conjugated to the use of external devices modifying the posture can lead to negative effects, starting from the patient's poor compliance. The study of the equilibrium with dynamic platform represents a moment of validation of the appropriateness of the corset, even if temporarily carried. This has implications also for the rehabilitation of these patients after surgery.
Snake Bite Victim Treatment Outcome In Tertiary Care Setting In Kumaon Region Of Uttarakhand
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Khanchandani, Renu; Singh, Paramjeet; Srivastava, Bhavana
Background: Kumaon region of Uttarakhand has a wide array of snakes. According to national health profile 2016 report on state wise cases and death due to snake bite was 167 and 1 respectively in Uttarakhand 2015 (Jan- December).This led to enquire this statistical disparity in spite of high prevalence of snake bite cases. Aim: To asses treatment outcome of Snake bite victim in tertiary care setting. Material And methods: Outcome was assessed in terms of clinical status at the time of discharge and duration of hospitalization. Results: Dose range of anti snake venom (ASV) for all snake bite victim was 10 -20 vials. 86.36%% case recovered and 13.6% died. Conclusion:Timely appropriate dose of anti snake venom administration has led to better outcome for which transportation of snake bite victim to appropriate health facility with in golden hour is imperative.
Developmental Anomalies And Morphological Variations Of Gall Bladder- A Cadaveric Study
(World Wide Journals, 2019-11) Narayana, Amudalapalli Siva; Hima, Bindu. A
The present study aimed at clinical evalution of dexmedetomidine 10 microgm, as an adjuvant to heavy bupivacaine 0.5% (4 ml) in subarachnoid block in patients scheduled for lower abdominal surgeries. Total no. of patients included in the study are 66 who are admitted in orthopaedic ward for lower limb surgeries, who are of ASAgrade I & II and age group between 18-60yrs. All the routine investigations of the patients were done and after complete PAC and preoperative preparations, patients were taken into O.T, all the standard monitoring applied and for subarachnoid block hyperbaric Bupivacaine 0.5% is a dose of 4ml (20mg) combined with or without Dexmedetomidine was administrated according to the assigned study group: 1.Group A- Inj. Bupivacaine- 20mg alone- control group 2.Group B- Inj. Bupivacaine- 20mg with Dexmedetomidine 10mcg-study group Data on onset & offset of sensory & motor block, degree of muscle relaxation, postoperative pain free period were recorded. Dermatome level of block, vitals & drug related complications were also noted. On the basis of observations, following conclusions are drawn: Rapid onset & increased duration of sensory block was seen in Grp B, Onset of motor block & post operative pain free period was prolonged in Grp. B. Sedation score was from 0-2 in study group.Other complications in study group were not significant.

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