International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/149602

Editor: Prof. M. S. Bhatia

ISSN: 0975 – 1491; (Print)

Frequency: 3 issues a year

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.ijppsjournal.com/index.htm

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A STUDY TO EVALUATE MEDICAL UNDERGRADUATES’ PERSPECTIVE ON THE ELECTIVE MODULE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-01) G., JP; BHUSHAN, A.
Objective: To evaluate the medical undergraduates’ perception of the newly introduced electives by using a questionnaire. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 medical undergraduates who were 1st batch for the electives in a medical college, Belagavi after completion of the third Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of surgery (MBBS) part 1. Approval and clearance were taken from Institutional Ethical Committee prior to the study. The informed consent and the data were collected by using a pre-designed questionnaire via google forms. The data collected was entered in the excel sheet, analysed and expressed in percentage. Results: The average attendance maintained by the students was around 91%. All students had maintained a log book during electives. Nearly 49% of the students strongly agreed that the faculty were supportive, helpful and reachable to clear their doubts. 61.2% of students felt it was experiential learning, 19.7% felt it was supervised learning and 16.3% termed electives as immersive learning. 39% of students strongly agreed that electives are essential in the undergraduate curriculum. Conclusion: This study, on the newly introduced module in Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) curriculum helps to overcome the difficulties experienced by students and to improve the module effectively. Students felt that the implementation was good, but still, it requires more orientation within departments, increased time duration along with a standardized protocol. They also felt that it was more clinically oriented rather than a normal teaching technique, which boosted their interest in the concerned subject.
COMPREHENSIVE REGULATIONS FOR DRUG AND COSMETICS IN EUROPEAN UNION
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-02) G., R; A., S; TEJA, Y. HE; D., P.
Pharmaceuticals are regulated for quality, safety, and effectiveness by regulators for marketing approval with regard to good manufacturing practices, formulation, labelling, packaging, documentation and qualified individuals. Cosmetics for oneself or others are growing in popularity. The European Union (EU) Cosmetics Directive No. 1223/2009 enforces guidelines for cosmetic preparations. By considering the long-term risks of nanoparticles if misused by researchers and testers, the risk assessment outlined in Article 16 of the cosmetic code provides a framework for increasing the possibilities for innovation in nano-products. On March 14, 2024, the EU Commission published Regulation (EU) 2024/858, amending Cosmetics Regulation European Commission (EC) No. 1223/2009, which updated Annexes II and III regarding the use of certain nanomaterials in cosmetic products. Substances added in Annex II are prohibited from use, whereas those added in Annex III can be used when prescribed restrictions are met like essential conditions under European regulations for the import and sale of cosmetics. In the EU, the manufacturer is responsible for the safety of its products and must ensure that they undergo an expert scientific safety assessment before they are sold. The European Commission is also advised on issues related to the safety and allergenic properties of cosmetic products and ingredients by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS), administered by the Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTE), informed by independent scientific expertise.
MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM THE HIMALAYAS: INSIGHTS INTO THEIR ANTICANCER EFFECTS
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-02) RANI, R; GAHIRWAR, A; YADAV, S.
Management of cancer is a challenge to the modern system of medical practice despite of having an effective chemotherapy, radiotherapy, nuclear therapy and Surgery. While effective, these treatments have limited acceptance due to safety concerns. Herbal medicines, known for their minimal adverse effects, have shown promise in disease management and can provide high-quality nutritional and raw ingredients. Herbal therapies are also considered potential complementary treatments alongside conventional methods. The study was conducted by systematically reviewing the literature of various databases such as PubMed, Google scholar, Science direct and Wiley. In this study 4036 articles were reported from these tools and only 92 articles included after the exclusion due to duplication, irrelevant, non-full-text article, qualitative and quantitative analysis. Many herbal medicines described in this article contain numerous of these antioxidants. Recent researches showed the anti-oxidative and superoxide scavenging activities of individual active components of herbal medicine for their inhibitory activities on lipid peroxidation and anti-cancer properties. Individual herbal medicines show antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Numerous in vitro studies of herbal medicine on different cell lines and in vivo study of herbal medicine have been reported. However, the mechanisms of actions remain unclear. This review aims to give an overview on the recent development of herbal medicine in the prevention and treatment of cancer. The report covers the possible mechanism of action of some of the herbal medicine. In addition, the common properties of herbal medicine are described. Finally, the study sheds lights on the pharmacological applications of herbal medicine in the treatment of cancer and its potential use as anti-cancer agents.
NOVEL HETEROCYCLIC HYBRIDS AS PROMISING SCAFFOLD FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-02) ALKA, T.
A large majority of instances of dementia, which is a chronic neurological disease, are directly associated with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). AD affects cognitive abilities over time and is caused by a variety of mechanisms, but still the cholinergic hypothesis is the most workable approach. This study aims to compile the most recent and interesting scaffolds/scaffold/pharmacophoric combinations to cure AD. In our search for new therapeutic leads for the treatment of AD, some nitrogen and oxygen-containing heterocyclic, including alkaloids, have been highlighted as interesting prospects. The Cholinergic Hypothesis is still the most effective and obvious treatment option for this debilitating and progressive condition and should be used for further study. The outcomes strongly suggest that the hybridization approach is also a successful strategy for identifying novel scaffolds with desirable bioactivities. This article evaluates promising therapeutic compounds and molecules that have recently been introduced as multi-target-directed agents, such as quinoline, quinoxalines, chalcones, coumarins, chromenes, piperazine, carbazoles, tacrine hybrids, donepezil hybrids, rivastigmine hybrids, galantamine hybrids etc. This includes study of workable scaffolds/scaffold/pharmacophoric combinations that may be used as future anti-Alzheimer drugs. We discuss future work that would improve our understanding of this escalating disease.
BURDEN OF KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE AND ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATES THAT PRODUCE EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASES AT THE TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN UTTAR PRADESH, LUCKNOW
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-06) MISHRA, N; KUMARI, D; TIWARI, K.
Objective: To ascertain the prevalence of Escherichia coli isolates and Klebsiella pneumoniae that generates Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) in the tertiary care hospital in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Methods: Screening tests have been developed by the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) to identify the Klebsiellla pneumoniae and Escherichia coli that generate ESBLs. Finally, performing combination disk test on probable ESBL-producing isolates, ESBL phenotypic confirmation was established. Results: 94 (62.7%) of the 150 ESBL-positive isolates were female, while 56 (37.3%) were male. The largest concentration of E. coli which was positive for ESBL production was from urine, and it also shows the lowest concentrations coming from sputum, blood, and CSF samples and the largest concentration of ESBL-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae was found in sputum, followed by urine, pus, and blood, while the lowest concentration was found in a CSF sample. E. coli had 158 of the 267 isolates, and of them, 80 were ESBL positive. Similarly, 70 of the 109 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates tested were ESBL positive. Conclusion: E. coli had an ESBL prevalence of 53.34% in the current study, while K. pneumoniae had 46.7% prevalence. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli that produce ESBLs were found in relatively high numbers in the urine, sputum, pus, ET aspirate, and blood samples. The doctors must follow stringent infection control procedures at the hospital and judicious antimicrobial usage guidelines.
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY STUDY OF POLYPHENOLS-BASED STANDARDIZED CINNAMON BARK EXTRACT IN RATS
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-06) THAKURDESAI, P; KARVE, M; DESHPANDE, P
Objective: To evaluate developmental toxicity of the polyphenol-based standardized cinnamon bark extract (IND02) during the gestational period in pregnant rats using “Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development” (OECD) Test No. 414. Methods: Pregnant female rats were daily administered IND02 via gavage (125, 250, or 500 mg/kg) from Gestational Days (GD) 05 to GD19, except for the Vehicle Control (VC) group. On GD20, the dams underwent cesarean section, and observations were made of the uteri and fetuses of the dams. Results: Prenatal oral administration of IND02 during gestation period in female rats did not show detrimental effects on maternal (body weight, uterine weight, uterine morphology, and gross pathology) or fetal development parameters (crown-rump length, sex ratio, and occurrence of anomalies) compared with VC, indicating normal fetal development. A few skeletal and visceral malformations that were noted were infrequent, incidental, and without toxicological significance. Conclusion: Prenatal oral exposure of rats to IND02 did not result in developmental toxicity (fetotoxicity or teratogenicity). “No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level” (NOAEL) and “Human Equivalent Dose” (HED) of IND02 in rats at prenatal oral exposure was more than 500 mg/kg/d and 4.86 g/d respectively.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF SOME ORAL TRIPLE THERAPY REGIMENS IN PATIENTS WITH UNCONTROLLED TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-01) G., L; A., M; E., V; B., S. S; K., S.
Objective: This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of oral triple therapies (Sitagliptin (S)+Dapagliflozin (D), Vildagliptin (V)+Dapagliflozin (D), Gliclazide (GL)+Vildagliptin (V), Glimepiride (GP)+Vildagliptin (V), Glimepiride (GP)+Voglibose (VG)) as add-ons to Metformin (M) in inadequately controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients on dual therapy. Methods: This prospective, observational, comparative and multi-centric study was conducted on 813 patients with T2DM. The effect of therapy on glycaemic control in 813 patients were assessed using appropriate statistical analysis before treatment and at 3 and 6 mo post-treatment. Results: All the parameters [Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1C), Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and Post Lunch Blood Sugar (PLBS)] were evaluated before the treatment and reassessed 3 mo and 6 mo after treatment. Average HbA1C levels at baseline were 8.3±1.23, decreasing to 7.8±1.11 at 3 mo and 7.62±1.01 at 6 mo for M+GL+V, with significant differences (p<0.0017 and p<0.0001). For M+GP+V, HbA1C decreased from 9.12±0.8 to 8.5±0.7 and 8.1±0.7 (p<0.0001). M+GP+VG showed a reduction from 8.98±0.88 to 8.57±0.82 and 8.17±0.75 (p<0.0001). M+V+D demonstrated a drop from 9.33±0.98 to 7.98±0.80 and 7.13±0.6 (p<0.0001), while M+S+D showed reductions from 9.35±0.67 to 7.77±0.62 and 6.78±0.47 (p<0.0001). FBS and PLBS decreased significantly across all combinations. For M+S+D and M+V+D, the incidence of hypoglycaemia, dizziness, and weight gain was lower compared to other combinations. Conclusion: M+S+D and M+V+D were most effective in controlling glucose levels, indicating a favourable safety profile and improved glycaemic control in T2DM patients.
EVALUATION OF SINIGRIN EFFECT IN NEUROPROTECTION AGAINST PARKINSON’S DISEASE AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-01) SARAWADE, R; UPASANI, C.D.
Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the neuroprotective activity of Saponin: Sinigrin against Parkinson’s disease (PD) and associated neuropathic pain in rat model. A correlation between Parkinson’s disease (PD) associated neuropathic pain and predicting antioxidant, neuroprotective effects of Saponin: Sinigrin and its interspecific relation with the underlying mechanism. Methods: Excitotoxicity with Mono Sodium Glutamate (MSG) (2 g/kg i. p) and neurotoxicity with Acrylamide (ACR) (30 mg/kg,i. p) was induced in rats, treated with standard dextromethorphan (30 mg/kg p. o), and Pregabalin (10 mg/kg,po) and test compound (Sinigrin 75 mg/kg) were tested for behavioral parameters viz: muscle rigidity, locomotor activity, mechanical hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, etc. and biochemical estimation from brain and sciatic nerve homogenate by sacrificing animals was done. Estimation of brain neurotransmitters (Dopamine, Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) antioxidants, Glutathione (GSH) and Catalase(CAT), and oxidative stress Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), Nitric oxide (NO) concentration, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) and Myloperoxidase activity(MPO) was done. Statistical analysis was done using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. Results: Sinigrin showed a significant neuroprotective activity in rats compared to monosodium glutamate (2 gm/kg i. p. It was observed from the study that test drug Sinigrin produced a significant (p?0.05) reduction in muscle rigidity, increased locomotor activity, left hind paw lifting duration, improved cold allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia. Brain neurotransmitter levels antioxidant (p?0.01) were increased and oxidative stress (p?0.01) was also reduced to that of the standard drug dextromethorphan. Conclusion: The study suggests that Sinigrin is neuroprotective and can be used in the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and associated Neuropathic Pain (NP).
EFFICACY EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL HAND SANITIZERS ON COMMON BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-05) THANGKHIEW, M; MOHAN, VK; AKOIJAM, N; JOSHI, SR
Objective: The present study aimed to check the efficiency of commercially available hand sanitisers against some identified bacterial pathogens. Methods: An agar well diffusion experiment was used to assess the anti-bacterial effectiveness of five commercially available hand sanitisers. Bacterial growth inhibition was evaluated, and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of each sanitiser were determined. The effects of the sanitisers on bacteria were visually examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: The agar well diffusion assay demonstrated highest inhibition of the pathogenic bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureusM96, Escherichia coliM730 and Bacillus subtilis M441 by sanitizer C1, whereas sanitizers C4, C2, and C5 showed no inhibition. Growth curve analysis of the test bacterial strains showed minimum OD when present with C3 indicating its potent anti-bacterial activity. C3 had the lowest values at 2% v/v, according to the MIC and MBC data, followed by C1, C4, and C2. Significant disruption and structural abnormalities were seen in SEM pictures of C3 and C1-treated bacterial cells. Conclusion: Not all sanitizers that are commercially available are effective against common disease-causing bacteria or pathogens. There is an urgent need for establishment of stricter government regulations that ensures the availability of only effective sanitizers to curb the spread of communicable diseases.
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS: ELUSIVE PERSPECTIVES AND NOVEL VACCINATION APPROACHES
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-05) RAMTEKE, A. S.
A Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) vaccine is a critical component in the effort to manage the global epidemic. To assess the current state of HIV vaccine development, we analyze the findings of effectiveness trials conducted to date, as well as the immunological principles that drove them. Four vaccine approaches have been evaluated in HIV-1 vaccine effectiveness trials. The results have offered valuable information for future vaccine development. While one of these trials demonstrated that a safe and effective HIV vaccine is feasible, numerous issues remain about the basis for the observed protection and the most effective strategy to stimulate it. Novel HIV vaccination techniques, such as inducing highly potent broadly neutralizing antibodies, novel homologous and heterologous vector systems, and vectored immunoprophylaxis, aim to expand and build on the knowledge obtained from previous trials.
ROLE OF PLANT-BASED FLAVONOIDS AS DRUG CANDIDATES FOR INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE-A SHORT REVIEW
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-06) FAUJDAR, S; HULLATTI, P; MUKHOPADHYAY, N; BASAVARAJAPPA, AP; PATEL, S
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic disorder caused due to several factors. Out of these, inflammation is one of the major causative factors, and several inflammatory markers, like pro-inflammatory cytokines enzymes play an essential role in the progression and development of IBD. The existing therapies against IBD have severe adverse effects, and drug resistance can also occur. Hence, novel therapies against IBD need to be developed for the treatment and prevention of IBD. Natural products, specifically flavonoids, can be an excellent alternative to get better therapeutic efficacy. Hence, flavonoids can be utilized more bitterly as a drug candidate for IBD. Our review work mainly discussed the potential flavonoids and their role in treating IBD and also focussed on it by inhibiting inflammatory markers.
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF RABEPRAZOLE SODIUM COMPRESSION-COATED TABLETS FOR CHRONOTHERAPY
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-05) MD, S; ARCHAK, V; DODDAYYA, H.
Objective: The objective of research work was to prepare and evaluate rabeprazole sodium compression-coated tablets designed for chronotherapy in treating acidity-related disorders, such as peptic ulcer disease and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Method: Direct compression method was used to prepare the compression-coated tablets. The formulation process utilized various super disintegrants for core tablets and polymers to create coated tablets that exhibit a pulsatile release profile, ensuring rapid drug release post-lag time. Comprehensive evaluations of the physical properties, hardness, friability, weight variation, drug content, swelling index, disintegration time and in-vitro drug release studies were done for the tablets. Result: The findings indicated that the developed compression-coated tablets demonstrated optimal mechanical stability, uniformity in drug content, and a desirable release pattern. The optimised formulation C5 achieved 99.85% drug release within 15 mins after 4.15 h of lag time. Kinetic studies revealed a first-order release mechanism, and compatibility assessments via Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) confirmed the stability of rabeprazole in the presence of the excipients. Conclusion: The study highlights the significance of chronomodulated drug delivery systems (CDDS) that can delay drug release for a predetermined duration, aligning with the circadian rhythm of gastrointestinal function. This research provides a promising approach to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of rabeprazole through a chronotherapeutic strategy developed using compression coating, potentially improving patient outcomes in managing gastric acid-related conditions.
WAR IN THE MIDDLE EAR: MICROBIOLOGY OF CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ANAEROBES AND ITS ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN: OPTIMIZING ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF RURAL INDIA
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-01) BHAT, P; BHUMBLA, U; KAUR, J
Objective: To isolate etiological organisms of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM), study the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, study the risk factors and associated co-morbid conditions with CSOM, and detect biofilm production in isolated bacteria. Methods: An ear discharge specimen was obtained from the diseased ear of the patient, using three separate sterilized swabs. One of the swabs was used for Gram staining and Aerobic culture. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by the Kirby-Bauer standard disc diffusion method all the g-negative isolates were screened for Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) production and Amp C ß-lactamase production. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) screening was done using a Cefoxitin disc. Biofilm production was done using the Tube method and Microtiter plate method. Anaerobic culture was inoculated into Robertson’s Cooked Meat (RCM) broth. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount was done using 10% KOH for the presence of budding yeast cells, fungal hyphae, and spores. Tubes showing positive cultures were examined by LactoPhenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) mount. Final Candida speciation and Antifungal susceptibility testing was done using VITEK-2. Results: A total of 500 patients were included in the study, with 62.8% being males. The most common organism isolated was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fungi accounted for 30 isolates (5%) and anaerobes were 5 isolates (1%). Gram-negative bacteria were found to be most sensitive to Piperacillin-tazobactam (96%) while the highest resistance was noted to Amoxicillin-clavulanate (65%). 100% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were sensitive to Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Teichoplanin.13% of S. aureus were found to be Cefoxitin resistant (MRSA). The highest resistance in S. aureus isolates was noted to Ciprofloxacin (65%).13% of isolates of Gram-negative bacteria had ESBL production while Amp C ?-Lactamase production was noted in 9% of isolates. Out of 186 isolates tested for biofilm production, 149 isolates (80%) showed biofilm production. A total of 30 fungal isolates were obtained in culture. Aspergillus spp. Accounted for 66.6% of fungal isolates while Candida spp. accounted for 33.3% of fungal isolates. The sensitivity of Candida isolates was tested to Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, and Flucytosine and they were found to be 100% sensitive to all the antifungals tested. Conclusion: CSOM often has polymicrobial pathology and creates a war in the middle ear environment, augmented by mixed aerobic and anaerobic organisms and synergism between aerobic and anaerobic organisms. A high rate of Clindamycin resistance was seen in anaerobe which is noteworthy because this is a frequently utilized antimicrobial for treating anaerobic infections.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RELATED SUBSTANCE BY HPLC FOR DIPHENHYDRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE SOFT GEL CAPSULE
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-04) OZA, C
Objective: Many over-the-counter drug products does not have official compendial analytical methods for the analysis of the drug product. Thus, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) are seeking to develop and validate new methods to establish analysis standards for the assessment of pharmaceutical over-the-counter drug products. One such method is the related substances by high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) of diphenhydramine hydrochloride capsule. Methods: A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for related substances of diphenhydramine hydrochloride capsule was developed comprising of YMC pack pro C8 column 250×4.6 mm, S-5µm, 12 nm HPLC column using waters Alliance 2690 HPLC system with a mobile phase of 65% of pH 3 monobasic potassium phosphate buffer and 35% of acetonitrile. The flow rate was 1.2 ml/min, 10 µl injection volume, at 220 nm wavelength with the column temperature of 25 °C. The method was validated as per International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals (ICH) Q2R2 guidelines for specificity, precision (system precision, method precision), linearity, accuracy, solution stability and robustness (filter study). Results: The method found to be specific without any interference from placebo and spiked sample with the retention time of 5.2 min, 5.5 min, 7.0 min, 23.2 min and 46.1 min for Diphenhydramine Related Compound-A (DRC-A), diphenhydramine hydrochloride, Diphenhydramine N-Oxide (DNO), benzhydrol and benzophenone respectively. The % Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) for DRC-A, DNO, benzhydrol and benzophenone was observed to be as 6.2, 5.9, 6.3 and 5.5, respectively. The accuracy ensures the detection and quantification at a very low level for all impurities [Limit Of Quantification (LOQ) 0.03%] with coefficient correlation of 0.9999, 0.9977, 0.9992, 0.9995,0.9990 and % RSD for LOQ precision was determined as 0.9, 2.1, 0.8, 1.9 and 8.0 for DRC-A, diphenhydramine hydrochloride, DNO, benzhydrol and benzophenone respectively. Since, DNO impurity is degradation impurity and vital in drug products and required to address its consistency and assurance towards the safety of patient, this method ensures to quantitate it at low level with precision and accuracy. Thus, the consistent, linear, precise, accurate and stability indicating results makes it more suitable for quantification of related substances in finished product and stability analysis. Conclusion: The study findings shows that the method is quite simple and applicable for release of finished product for the related substance analysis of diphenhydramine hydrochloride soft gel capsule.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN BROAD-SPECTRUM AND NARROW-SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS USED
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-04) KOTEKAR, N; PAWAR, V; GIRI, A.
Objective: The main objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of empiric treatment with broad-spectrum therapy versus narrow-spectrum therapy for a patient hospitalized in the intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Latur, Maharashtra, India. Methods: An institutional-based retrospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in an intensive care unit from December 2023 to May 2024. The data was collected using a patient profile form and analyzed using the data analysis tool Microsoft Excel. Mann-Whitney U test was used to associate dichotomous variables. A P-value of (0.03) was of significant statistics. Results: A total of 150 patients were included in the study between December 2023 to May 2024. The majority of them were male 92(61%) and 58 (39%) were female. The majority of the study participants received broad-spectrum antibiotics. Broad-spectrum antibiotics prescribed were (53%) and the remaining (47%) were narrow spectrum. We highlighted the need for an antibiogram in the intensive care unit and also urged the policymakers to introduce antimicrobial stewardship programs and guidelines in healthcare institutes that will help with planning future initiatives among the tertiary care hospitals of India. Conclusion: There was a difference in the prescribing pattern of antibiotics on their spectrum of activity. Most broad-spectrum antibiotics were prescribed in the hospital to assess early health benefits. Treatment regimens for patients should be selected based on their safety profile and their tendency for antibiotic resistance.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE STUDY OF SAFE DISPOSAL OF MEDICATIONS AMONG MEDICAL POST-GRADUATE STUDENTS, INTERNS AND NURSING STAFF OF TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF CENTRAL GUJARAT, INDIA
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-04) PATEL, M; MISTRY, C; GAEKWAD, V.
Objective: To evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice about disposing unused medicines in doctors and nurses in a tertiary care hospital in central Gujarat, India. Methods: A questionnaire comprising eighteen questions evaluating knowledge (5), attitude (8), and practice (5) of unused medicines was prepared which was pre-validated by ten resident doctors of the institute. Before starting the study, permission was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Informed consent was obtained before administering the questionnaire to the medical post-graduate students, interns, and nursing staff. Responses were recorded in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and evaluated for percentage response. Results: Out of the total staff approached, 326 participants consented to participate. Most (79%) knew eco-pharmacology, and almost all (94%) acknowledged that improper drug disposal contributes to environmental pollution. However, only 28% had received advanced training in proper waste medicine disposal. The most common disposal method was discarding medicines in household trash (53%), followed by returning them to pharmacies (19%). Nearly all participants (90%) supported implementing drug take-back schemes to address improper disposal. Conclusion: Overall, most healthcare staff is aware of the importance of safe medicine disposal; still there is a gap in their attitudes and practices. Greater emphasis on training and awareness is essential to improve proper disposal practices.
SYNOVIAL CHONDROMATOSIS OF THE RIGHT ELBOW: A CASE STUDY AND LITERATURE REVIEW
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-04) SANTHA, M.L.; G., HEMALATHA; N., ANUSHA; P.M., ASHA; N., SUSHMA
A joint disorder called synovial chondromatosis is characterised by aberrant cartilage development in the synovial membrane. We present the case of a 65-year-old female patient who presented with the chief complaint of right elbow swelling. Upon MRI evaluation, the right elbow showed mild to moderate elbow joint swelling, a superior radioulnar joint effusion, and a mass over the posterolateral aspect. Laboratory findings indicated abnormalities in haematological and biochemistry lab values. The patient was diagnosed with right elbow synovial chondromatosis and treated with IV fluids, antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, analgesics, and other supportive medications. Without treatment, cartilage lesions in the synovium can develop, leading to severe joint injury, discomfort, and incapacity. The illness itself is rarely life-threatening; however, in extremely rare instances, problems, including chronic arthritis or joint distortion may arise. Therefore, the patient has to be closely watched and treated as soon as possible to prevent more complications in the future. In this study, we present the definitions, aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, risk factors, and complications of the above-mentioned disease to create awareness of the disease following a case report that was presented.
BIOCARRIERS AMPLIFYING ANTI-AGING: CARNOSINE LOADED NANOGEL ON D-GALACTOSE INDUCED SKIN AGING IN RAT MODEL
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-03) SUNDARRAJAN, G; G., A; S., P.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of biocarriers in amplifying the anti-aging effects of Carnosine-Loaded Nanogel (CAR-HS) on D-Galactose (D-gal) induced skin aging in sprague dawley rats. Methods: Thirty-four Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups: Group I (healthy control, no treatment), Group II (D-GAL positive control), Groups III to V (treated with carnosine-loaded gels), and Group VI (blank hydrosomes (HSblank)). Evaluation parameters included drug content, encapsulation efficiency, vesicle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), in vitro drug release, antioxidant markers, histopathology, and hematological analysis. Results: Carnosine Hydrosomes (CAR-HS) demonstrated significant de-aging effects. Antioxidant marker levels (Superoxide Dismutase (SOD): 56.8±3.4 U/mg, Catalase (CAT): 85.2±4.1 U/mg, GSH: 12.6±0.8 nmol/mg, MDA: 2.1±0.2 nmol/mg) showed significant improvements (p<0.05) compared to the positive control group (SOD: 32.3±2.7 U/mg, CAT: 49.5±3.2 U/mg, Glutathione (GSH): 6.8±0.6 nmol/mg, Malondialdehyde (MDA): 4.7±0.3 nmol/mg). Histopathological analysis revealed normal epidermal structures and minimal immune cell infiltration in the hydrosomes group, while the positive control exhibited extensive damage. Hematological analysis indicated improved Red Blood Cell (RBC) (6.7±0.4 million/µl) and Hemoglobin (Hb) levels (13.5±0.7 g/dl) in the hydrosomes group compared to the positive control (RBC: 4.8±0.3 million/µl, Hb: 9.2±0.5 g/dl). Spleen histology supported these findings, showing reduced age-related changes. Conclusion: The present study revealed that anti-aging of CAR-HS holds significant potential for tissue repair, effectively reducing oxidative stress and associated inflammation, likely through mechanisms involving cellular-level damage repair.
A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF DRUG UTILIZATION STUDY IN DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS AT TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, GUJARAT
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-04) SHAH, V; PATEL, C; CHOTALIYA, J; PATEL, B
Objective: The point of this observational study was to look at how inpatients at our tertiary care facility used medications. The goal was to find ways to improve prescription practices for people with drug-resistant tuberculosis. Methods: The respiratory ward medical record department serves as the retrospective source of data. We enrolled a total of 301 patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis. We assess drug utilization data using the World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose approach. We analyzed prescriptions using World Health Organization core drug indicators. Results: Adherence to international standards was demonstrated by the prescription of most antibiotics at dosages consistent with the recommended daily dose. Antibiotic polypharmacy (100%) was common with Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) (64.1%), proton pump inhibitors (61.5%), vitamins and minerals (77.7%), and generic names (92%) that were frequently provided with oral medications (77%). The National List of Essential Medicines 2022 contained information on approximately 95% of all prescribed drugs. Conclusion: Drug costs were significantly impacted by the fact that antibiotics were the most often-given drugs, accompanied by vitamins and minerals, NSAIDs, and proton pump inhibitors. Limiting the use of more costly, recent antibiotics, branded medications, and the number of medications given can drastically lower the cost of drug therapy.
ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF FLAVOXATE HCL WITH RP-HPLC
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2025-04) BHARDWAJ, A; KUMAR, R; AIN, S; KUMAR, B; AIN, Q
Objective: To verify analytical methods, suitability for its intended use is the goal of validation by Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method. Methods: A validated method for determining flavoxate hydrochloride was created using HPLC, which is a sensitive, exact, and straightforward technique. The inertsilC18 (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5µm) is used in this approach. The buffer, which included 3g of 1-hexane sulphonic acid, 3 ml of Orthophosphoric Acid (OPA) and 3 ml of Triethylamine (TMA), was combined with Acetonitrile (ACN) in a 650:350 ratio to form the mobile phase. At 293 nm, Ultraviolet (UV) detection was done. Results: The Retaining time for flavoxate HCl was found to be 2.43 min. It was discovered that the linearity range of flavoxate HCl was 800-1200 µg/ml, and that the regression equation was y=17118x+80943. R 2 = 0.981 was found to be the linearity regression coefficient value. It was discovered that the RSD for intra-and inter-day precision was less than 2 %. Flavoxate HCl was discovered to have Limit of Detection (LOD)-83.13734 and Limit of Quantitation (LOQ)-251.9313 values of µg/ml and µg/ml, respectively. After statistical analysis, the results are deemed satisfactory. Conclusion: This technique can be used to analyze bulk forms of the antimuscarinic medication flavoxate HCl with success.

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