International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/149602

Editor: Prof. M. S. Bhatia

ISSN: 0975 – 1491; (Print)

Frequency: 3 issues a year

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.ijppsjournal.com/index.htm

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 508

Molecular Docking Studies And Synthesis Of 3, 4 - Disubstituted Triazoles As Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Enoyl-Acp Reductase And Cyp-51 Inhibitors
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) Dasan, N.; Babu, G.; George, S.
Objective: To design, synthesize and in vitro antitubercular, antifungal and antioxidant evaluation of some novel mercapto 1, 2, 4–triazole derivatives. Methods: New derivatives were designed by using various software like ACD Lab chemsketch, molinspiration and autodock. Designed molecules are obeying Lipinski’s rule of five and having highest binding score was selected for the synthesis. The synthesized compounds were subjected to TLC, melting point determination, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral analysis. The newly synthesized compounds were investigated for in vitro antitubercular evaluation by MABA method, antifungal evaluation by cup plate method and antioxidant evaluation by DPPH scavenging assay. Results: A virtual screening was carried out through docking designed compounds into the InhA and CYP-51 binding site to predict if these compounds have an analogous binding mode of the enoyl ACP reductase (InhA) and CYP-51 inhibitors. Three derivatives (4a1, 4a2 and 4a3) were selected for the synthesis with the help of in silico modeling. The selected derivatives were synthesized by a conventional method. All the synthesized compounds showed a characteristic peak in FT IR, 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectroscopic studies. All the selected derivatives showed antitubercular, antifungal and antioxidant activity. Conclusion: The derivatives were synthesized adopting simple and laboratory friendly reaction conditions to give the target compounds in quantitative yields. Newer derivatives possess good antitubercular, antifungal and antioxidant activity.
Lc-Ms/Ms Study Of The Trace Level Impurities Of Irbesartan An Angiotensin Ii Receptor Antagonist Molecule To Its Origin Through Nms2 Technique
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) Saravanan, S.; Ansari, A. T.
Objective: The mass characterization of five trace level related impurities of Irbesartan was performed through the “nMS2” technique of triple quadrupole mass spectrometer and also to Correlated to the impurity origin. Methods: A simple and effective patented process was applied to get the impurity profile, and mass characterization was performed through the “nMS2” technique of triple quadrupole mass spectrometer analyser. Results: The simple production scan in differential collision energies is coined as “nMS2” technique of the triple quadrupole analyzer. The molecular ion fragmentation occurs with multiple collision energies and provides meaningful MSMS fragments for characterizing five trace level impurities less than 0.5% of angiotensin II receptor antagonist-Irbesartan. The origin of the impurity formation in the synthetic process was successfully related to the Spiro ketones. Conclusion: The results obtained in this research clearly indicates the approach of “nMS2” technique was very useful in the identification and structural prediction of trace level related impurities of Irbesrtan.
In Vitro Antioxidant And Free Radical Scavenging Potential Of Methanolic Extracts Of Uvaria Chamae Leaves And Roots
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) Nwakaego, N. L.; Chibuike, O. K.; Chukwugekwu, E. M.; Marylyn, A. C.; Ngozi, E. I.; Chukwunonye, E. R.
Objective: This study investigated the in vitro antioxidant and free radical potentials of methanol extracts of Uvaria chamae leaves and roots. Methods: Fresh Uvaria chamae leaves and roots were air dried, pulverized and extracted using methanol. Phytochemical, total phenolic, flavonoids, antioxidant and tannin contents, DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide radical scavenging properties of the extracts were determined using standard methods. Results: In vitro antioxidant potentials revealed that methanol extract of Uvaria chamae leaves contains vitamin A (4871±79.21 I. U) and vitamin C (1.72±0.02%) while the root extract contains vitamin A (673.28±0.00I. U) and vitamin C (1.66±0.01%). Both extracts had equal contents of vitamin E (8.83±0.04 mg/100g). The leaf extract scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) in a concentration dependent manner with the correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.839 and effective concentration (EC50) of 31.19 µg/ml, while the root extract scavenged DPPH with R2 of0.778 and EC50 of 14.00 µg/ml. The leaf and root extracts scavenged superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical with EC50 of 5.93 µg/ml and 719.45 µg/ml; 107.89 µg/ml and 912.01 µg/ml respectively compared to the EC50 of ascorbic standard (30.27 µg/ml) and EC50 of vitamin E standard (106.66µg/ml) respectively. The leaf extract showed significantly higher (p<0.05) anti radical power (ARP) of superoxide (0.17) compared to the root extract (0.0014) and the root extract showed significantly higher (p<0.05) ARP of DPPH (0.071) compared to the leaf extract (0.032). Conclusion: The leaves and roots of Uvaria chamae are rich in natural antioxidants that can be exploited in the treatment of diseases related to oxidative stress.
Antihyperlipidemic Effect Of Ethanolic Seed Extract Of Canavalia Ensiformis (L) In High Fat Diet-Streptozotocin Induced Rats
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) Anitha, K.; Yashoda, P. R.
Objective: It was investigated to enlighten the phytochemical screening and antihyperlipidemic activity of seeds of Canavalia ensiformis (L.) in High fat diet Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: The ethanolic seed extract of Canavalia ensiformis (EECE) at a dose of 400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg was administered to diabetic rats. Simvastatin (4 mg/kg) is used as a standard drug. Results: The statistics were assessed by using one way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s multiple comparison tests. To unfold the mechanism we studied all the biochemical parameters like Total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and histopathological examination of Liver tissue section. The ethanolic extracts of seeds of Canavalia ensiformis showed significant reduce of the level of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and a significant increase in the serum level of HDL at 400 mg/kg rather than 200 mg/kg. Conclusion: Further the characterization and isolation of the constituents could be done to know the exact mechanism of hyperlipidemic activity. Statistical analysis of this screening method conforms that the proposed method is appropriate and it can be useful, gives the basic idea to the researcher who is working in an area like Antihyperlipidemic activity.
Etiological Factors For The Development Of Lung Cancer In Non-Smokers: An Overview
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) C., M.; Kumar, P. R. A. V.; D., R.
Lung cancer is the most frequent malignant tumour with the highest mortality rate around the world, leading to greater than a million deaths annually. The number of deaths due to lung cancer is expected to increase to ten million deaths per year in 2030. The major risk factor for the development of lung cancer is cigarette smoking but relatively high rates of lung cancer occur among non-smoking women and 10-25% of lung cancer observed in never smokers. The lung cancer deaths occur in never smokers have been estimated to be the 7th leading cause of cancer mortality. This article mainly discusses the important etiological factors of lung cancer in never smokers such as the environmental factors, occupational exposure, history of lung disease, family history and genetic factors, unbalanced diet and high consumption of saturated fat, radiation exposure, socioeconomic status, and infections. Gender, obesity and metabolic syndrome, race and ethnicity and interstitial lung diseases also have effects on the development of lung cancer in never smokers.
Characterization, In Vitro Antioxidant And Hepatoprotective Activity Of Fungal Endophytic Extracts Of Andrographis Paniculata Leaves In Ccl4 Induced Hepatotoxicity
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) Puri, S. K.; Habbu, P. V.; Kulkarni, P. V.; Kulkarni, V. H.
Objective: To isolate and characterize the endophytic fungi from the leaves of Andrographis paniculata for free radical scavenging antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity Methods: Two fungal endophytes, APLF-3 (Andrographis paniculata leaf fungi-3) and APLF-4 (Andrographis paniculata leaf fungi-4) were isolated from leaves of Andrographis paniculata to get chloroform (A3C, A4C), ethyl acetate (A3EA, A4EA) and n butanol (A3nB, A4nB) extracts. rDNA sequencing by PCR technique was carried out for identification of APLF-3 and APLF-4. All the APLF-3 and APLF-4 extracts were assayed for in vitro free radical scavenging activity against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical and reducing power. Then, A4EA and A4nB were screened for hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity at 50 mg/kg and100 mg/kg doses. Results: The endophytic fungi, APLF-3 and APLF-4, were identified as Phyllosticta sp. ZLY-2010 isolate M13 and Aspergillus tubingensis strain Cs/7/2 respectively based on their morphological and molecular characterization. A4EA and A4nB showed significant in vitro free radical scavenging activity as compared to other extracts. A4EA and A4nB (50 mg/kg and100 mg/kg) reversed the increased serum biochemical parameters as compared to CCl4 treated group (p<0.001). A4EA and A4nB (100 mg/kg p. o) also restored the LPO, SOD and CAT levels. Conclusion: These findings suggested that the extracts (A4EA and A4nB) obtained from endophytic fungi APLF-4 contributed towards hepatoprotective activity.
Supplementation Of Calcium And Selenium Against Cadmium Induced Bioaccumulation In Selected Tissues Of Fresh Water Fish, Oreochromis Mossambicus
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) Jamakala, O.
Objective: Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most hazardous heavy metals in aquatic environments and could threaten aquatic organisms including fish. The present study was carried out to know the protective effects of calcium (Ca) and selenium (Se) in reducing the Cd bioaccumulation in selected tissues of fresh water fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. Methods: The fresh water fish, Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia) was brought from the local ponds and were allowed for acclimatization to the laboratory conditions. After acclimatization, fish were exposed to sublethal concentration of Cd (1/10th of LC50/48h, i.e., 5 ppm) for 7, 15 and 30 d (d) period. 15d Cd-exposed fish were divided into three groups. The first group of fish were subjected to Ca (1 ppm) supplementation, second group received only Se (1 ppm) supplement and third group of fish were supplemented with the combination of both Ca and Se at the above said doses and observed for 7, 15 and 30d time periods. After specific time intervals, liver, kidney, gill and intestine tissues were isolated and used for Cd bioaccumulation studies. Results: Cd concentration levels significantly (P<0.05) increased in the test tissues with increased period of exposure. Maximum Cd accumulation was found in 30d Cd-exposed fish kidney tissue (22.611±0.676 μg/gm wet wt. of the tissue). However, after supplementing with Ca and/or Se, there was a significant reversal in the levels of Cd concentration in all the test tissues. Maximum reduction was observed under Ca alone supplementation. Conclusion: The present study clearly reveals that individual supplementation of Ca tends to detoxify the Cd body burden in the test tissues than the other modes of supplementation.
The Estimation Of Pharmacokinetic Parameters And Accuracy Of The Predicted Equation For Lithium Dose In Children: A Pilot Study At The Yuwaprasart Waithayopathum Child Psychiatric Hospital
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) Tewthanom, K.; Ongarjsakulman, R.; Tankhum, T.
Objective: The purpose of the study was to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters and calculate the precision (%RMSE) of the predicted lithium concentration equation.Methods: This research was studied from blood Lithium levels of Children who had visited Yuwaprasart Waithayopathum Child Psychiatric Hospital from 31 December 2009-1 January 2011 The accuracy and precision of the equation were evaluated by the mathematical principle. The assist package software (WIN-NONLIN) was used to create pharmacokinetic parameters.Results: Twenty-nine patients were recruited. The characteristics (mean+SD) presented as the following; age = 15.79+2.64 y, weight = 69.75+22.28 kg and the daily dose = 858.62+274.53 mg. The trough Lithium concentrations (mean+SD) = 0.56+19 mg/l. The kinetic parameter (Mean+SD) presented as the following; t1/2 =7.23+3.38 hr., ke =0.12+0.07 hr-1, Vd = 48.83+15.60 L, AUC0-12 =11.01+5.61 mg x hr/l. The population pharmacokinetic parameters; ke, and AUC (0-âˆž) = 0.151 hr-1 and 169.81, mg x hr./l respectively. The modified equation from Yukawa for lithium clearance calculation and prediction lithium concentrations were CL (mL/min) = [36.5+(0.242x BW (kg)-7.79]/Scr (mg/dL) and lithium concentration (mg/l) = 4 x Dose (mg)/CL (mL/min)x73.89, respectively with 6.39 %RMSE (test for 20 patients data).Conclusion: In conclusion, the modified Yukawa equation may be used for the prediction of lithium concentration with 6.39% RMSE.
A Computational Approach On Understanding Structural Interactions Of Envelope Protein Of Dengue Virus Bound With Squalene, A Prototype Anti-Viral Compound
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) Chandrasekaran, R.; Sivaraman, T.; Sivaramakrishnan, S.; Kumar, J. J. S.
Objective: The objective of the work was to validate the structural binding affinity of Squalene with the envelope protein of Dengue virus by means of molecular simulations. Methods: Three-dimensional (3D) structure of dengue 2 virus envelope protein was retrieved from Protein Data Bank PDB and Squalene compound from the ZINC database. Molecular docking between the E protein and Squalene were carried out by means of Auto Dock 4.2. Results: Based on the study, it was observed that the binding/docking energy for the complex structure was calculated to be-5.55 kcal/mol. Critical residues to interact with E protein were scrutinized by analyzing the interface of the complex within 4 Å proximity. Residues such as Thr 48, Glu49, Ala 50, Val 130, Leu 135, Ser 186, Pro 187, Thr 189, Gly 190, Leu 191, Phe 193, Leu 198, Leu 207, Thr 268, Phe 279, Thr 280, Gly 281, His 282 and Leu 283 were found to be non-covalently located around the squalene. Conclusion: Scopes to design de novo anti-viral compounds to the dengue viruses by using squalene as a new class of template structure have also been concisely brought into fore.
Screening Of Phytochemical, Antioxidant Activity And Anti-Bacterial Activity Of Marine Seaweeds
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) T., R.; A., M. S.; Joseph, J.
Objective: Phytochemical is naturally present in the seaweeds which biologically play a significant role. The intention of this study was designed to screen the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial potential of selected seaweed collected from Rameshwaram and Tuticorin Southern coast of India.Methods: The present study investigated the presence of phytochemical constituents and also total phenol, total carbohydrate and total protein quantity of the brown seaweed. Dictyopteris delicatula, Padina gymnospora, Acanthophora spicifera, Portieria hornemannii and Ulva faciata were extracted with solvents having different polarities like methanol, ethanol, chloroform and water and screened for the phytochemical constituents, total phenol, total carbohydrate, total protein and DPPH with standard procedure. The antibacterial activities of the seaweeds were examined by agar well diffusion method.Results: Among the five seaweeds, U. faciata showed the maximum number of active constituents in the methanol extract likewise P. gymnospora was found to have a number of diligent compounds in ethanol extract. A. spicifera showed minimum compounds in ethanol as well as chloroform extract. Moreover A. spicifera, P. hornemannii have shown the superior quantity of protein and carbohydrate when compared to other species. The scavenging activity of methanol extracts at 5 mg/ml concentration P. hornemannii shows 18.2% and A. spicifera possess 17.1%. In the antibacterial activity, methanol extracts of all the seaweed showed a potential inhibitory activity against B. cereus and P. aeruginosa compared to other pathogens.Conclusion: The crude extract of seaweed manifest preferable antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, hence in the future, it would be good if it is further taken for treatment of human diseases or as new antimicrobial agents to replace synthetic antimicrobial agents.
A Review On Co-Processed Excipients: Current And Future Trend Of Excipient Technology
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) Bin, L. K.; Gaurav, A.; Mandal, U. K.
There is no single-component excipient fulfills all the requisite performance to allow an active pharmaceutical ingredient to be formulated into a specific dosage form. Co-processed excipient has received much more attention in the formulation development of various dosage forms, specially for tablet preparation by direct compression method. The objective of this review is to discuss the emergence of co-processed excipients as a current and future trend of excipient technology in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Co-processing is a novel concept of combining two or more excipients that possess specific advantages that cannot be achieved using a physical admixture of the same combination of excipients. This review article discusses the advantages of co-processing, the need of co-processed excipient, general steps in developing co-processed excipient, limitation of co-processed excipient, technologies used in developing co-processing excipients, co-processed excipients in the literature, marketed products and future trends. With advantages offered by the upcoming newer combination of excipients and newer methods of co-processing, co-processed excipients are for sure going to gain attraction both from academia and pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, it opens the opportunity for development and use of single multifunctional excipient rather than multiple excipients in the formulation.
In Vitro Susceptibility Of Isolated Shigella Flexneri And Shigella Dysenteriae To The Ethanolic Extracts Of Trachyspermum Ammi And Peganum Harmala
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) Hamid, I. S.; Eltayeb, I. M.
Objective: This study represents the first attempt to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Peganum harmala, and Trachyspermum ammi seeds extract against the isolated bacillary dysentery-causing microorganisms. Methods: T. ammi and P. harmala were extracted by 96% ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were screened for their phytochemical constituents. Their antimicrobial activity against the isolated dysentery-causing microorganisms was evaluated using the agar diffusion method. Results: The antimicrobial activity result showed that, the two isolated bacteria, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella dysenteriae were found to be sensitive to the extract of T. ammi seed with inhibition zones up to 25 mm, compared to the inhibition zone of 20 mm produced by Gentamycin standard drug, this is mainly due to the presence of the different phytochemical in the extract such as tannin, flavonoids, terpenoids which are well known for their antimicrobial effects. The two isolated bacteria were found to be insensitive (zero mm) to P. harmala extract, Amoxicillin, and Amoclan (Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid) standard drugs, this is due to the fact that, the phytochemicals constituents of P. harmala possess the antagonistic effect to each other’s. Addition to; these bacteria became resistant to both Amoxicillin and Amoclan. Conclusion: From the results it concludes, T. ammi seeds extract had a considerable level of antimicrobial activity against bacillary dysentery-causing microorganisms resistant to Amoxicillin and Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid drugs.
Separation And Analysis Of Amlodipine/Benazepril Combination In Capsules By A Novel Ion Pair Liquid Chromatography
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) Trefi, S.; Bitar, Y.
Objective: The objective of this study was to develop and validate a novel ion-pair liquid chromatography method, in order to separate and assay of amlodipine/benazepril combination in capsules. This method was a fast, practical and additional choice in quality control laboratories. Methods: The chromatographic conditions comprised of a classical C18-type stationary phase (250 × 4.6 mm, 5μ), with a mobile phase consisting of: 45% of 10-3 M of cetrimide and 55% acetonitrile. The flow rate was 1 ml/min; the detection wavelength was at 242 nm, under ambient temperature. Results: The method was validated for linearity with correlation coefficients very close to one, the accuracy with mean recovery values between 95.0-105.0%, precision with relative standard deviations of the calculated concentrations less than 5.0% and specificity in the presence of degradation products and excipients. Conclusion: The results presented in this paper showed that the developed method was fast and applicable, for the separation and determination of amlodipine/benazepril combination in capsules.
Recent Developments And Multiple Biological Activities Available With 1, 8-Naphthyridine Derivatives: A Review
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) Gurjar, V. K.; Pal, D.
Within the wide range of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, the derivatives of 1,8-naphthyridine (NPTR) have gained a rising interest due to their reported versatile biological activities. The derivatives of NPTR scaffold are found to invite special interest from researchers nowadays on the significance of their manifestations of multiple attractive pharmacological activities which establish them as an effective and versatile tool in pharmaceutical chemistry and drug discovery. The diverse biological activities mainly include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antihypertensive and analgesic activities. Novel NPTR scaffold has emerged its potency to treat neurological diseases like depression and Alzheimer's disease. Further these agents possess different inhibitory activities, such as anti-HIV, anti-osteoporotic, αvβ3 antagonism, antimalarial, platelet aggregation, anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, gastric antisecretory, anticonvulsant, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition, protein kinase inhibition, ionotropic properties, β3 antagonism, phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE 4) inhibitions, adenosine receptor agonistic activity, adrenoceptors antagonism and DNA stabilizing activity, etc. In this review, we highlight the updates of different 1,8-naphthyridine derivatives and explain the key data available in the context of various biological activities of NPTR derivatives available from the literature. This may direct opportunity in researches in the synthesis of novel medicinal agents and the development of new heterocycles for modification of existing biological actions as well as evaluation of other possible pharmacological activities.
Evaluation Of Free Radical Scavenging Ability And Antiradical Activities Of Ximenia Caffra Fruit Extracts At Different Ripening Stages
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) Mapunda, P. E.; Mligo, C.; Lyaruu, H. V. M.
Objective: To evaluate the free radical scavenging ability and antiradical activities of Ximenia caffra fruit extracts in their different ripening stages. Methods: Using standard procedures, Ximenia caffra fruit extracts were determined for ferrous ions chelating ability, nitric oxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability. Antiradical activities were assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in which the fruit extracts were evaluated for the number of antiradical units (AU515), the number of antiradical units per 1 mg of extracts (EAU515) and the total number of antiradical units per 1g of raw fruits (TAU515). Results: The fruit extracts exhibited significant higher ferrous ion chelating and free radical scavenging capacity compared to synthetic antioxidants (standard). Fruit extracts in early ripening stage (ERS) exhibited stronger ion chelation, nitric oxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability with low effective fruit extract concentration required to reduce free radicals by 50% (EC50) that were 14, 25 and 30µg/ml respectively than the late ripening stage (LRS) extracts. The fruit extracts also showed high AU515, EAU515 and TAU515. The values of AU515 ranged from 0.93 to 0.95, while EAU515 from 78.30 to 79.34 and TAU515 ranged from 19762.46 to 23821.23 of the extracts in LRS and ERS respectively. Conclusion: Based on these observations Ximenia caffra is potentially beneficial to human health due to its strong ability to scavenge free radicals. Its utilization can potentially reduce the risk of degenerative diseases to human beings.
Attitude Towards Generic Formulations Usage: Narrowing The Gap Between Pharmacist And Physicians
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) D., L.; K., D.; P., D.; S., P.; M., K.
Objective: The thought of providing the best quality of medicines at cheaper costs made the governments to think of generic drug substitutions in order to minimize the economic burden. This study was designed to investigate the attitude of physicians and pharmacists towards generic medicines and thus to reduce the gap between them.Methods: This is a simple, prospective, cross-sectional, comparative study conducted for a period of 3 mo. 100 Subjects (50 pharmacists and 50 physicians) were included in this study. Subjects who ever graduated with the pharmacy degree and working as pharmacists, as well as clinical practitioners, were included in this study. Data collected using a validated questionnaire.Results: 60% of physicians and 80% of pharmacists were confident enough in dispensing generic products. 56% of physicians agree that pharmacists play a vital role in providing assistance on the use of generic medicines. 70% of physicians and 90% of pharmacists agreed that the generic medicines are of less expensive.Conclusion: Our Study concludes that pharmacist's shows a higher positive response towards the usage of generic products than physicians. Generic drugs typically cost 30% to 60% less than their brand products. In addition, patients taking generic drugs seem to be more willing to continue therapy.
Analytical Method Development For Simultaneous Determination Of Ubidecarenone And Vitamin E Acetate In Capsule Dosage Form By Hplc
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-01) Grace, A. C.; Prabha, T.; Jagadeeswaran, M.; Srinivasan, K.; Sivakumar, T.
Objective: To develop and validate a new simple, accurate, precise and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) method for simultaneous estimation of ubidecarenone and vitamin E acetate in capsule dosage form as per international conference on harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Methods: The chromatographic separation of drugs were achieved using hypersil C8 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5µ) in isocratic elution mode with a mobile phase of methanol: ethanol: n-hexane (80:10:10 v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with ultra-violet (UV) detection at 210 nm. Results: The optimized method produced sharp peaks with good resolution, minimum tailing factor and satisfactory retention time were found to be 5.745 min and 12.565 min for vitamin E acetate and ubidecarenone respectively. The method was linear in the range of 60-180 µg/ml for ubidecarenone and 20-60 µg/ml for vitamin E acetate with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 and 0.9993 respectively. Mean recoveries observed for ubidecarenone and vitamin E acetate were 99.85% and 99.73% respectively. The percentage relative standard deviation (% RSD) of peak area for system precision, method precision, and intermediate precision were found to be less than 0.37%. The lower degree of % RSD obtained has proved that the method was precise and robust. Conclusion: A new simple HPLC method was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines for the simultaneous estimation of ubidecarenone and vitamin E acetate and the method can be effectively applied for the routine analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and formulations.
The Beneficial Effect Of 20% Sunflower Seed Oil Cream On Mild Atopic Dermatitis In Children
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-02) Dwiyana, R. F.; Darmadji, H. P.; Hidayah, R. M. N.; Hergyana, F.; Gondokaryono, S. P.; Diana, I. A.; Sutantoyo, C. J.; Gunawan, H.
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the beneficial effect of topical applications of 20% sunflower seed oil (SSO) in decreasing the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and scoring of atopic dermatitis (SCORAD) index value in mild atopic dermatitis (AD) pediatric patients in Bandung, Indonesia. Methods: This was a randomized study involving 20 children with mild AD (SCORAD<25) in Bandung, Indonesia. They were divided into 2 groups: the experimental group treated with 20% SSO cream and the control group treated with a common moisturizing cream for four weeks. The TEWL score including SCORAD index was evaluated at baseline, week 1, week 2, and week 4. Results: A total of 20 participants completed the study. In the first week, the control group had TEWL score decrement by 36.62% while the experimental group by 28.89% (p=0.88). In the fourth week, the TEWL decrements of the experimental and control group were by 56.94% and 52.50%, respectively (p=0.20), and this was followed by an improvement of SCORAD index in both treatment groups. Conclusion: The 20% SSO cream has a beneficial effect in decreasing the TEWL score and improving SCORAD indices. Therefore, it can be considered as an alternative treatment for mild AD among children.
Derivative Uv Spectroscopic Approaches In Multicomponent Analysis–A Review
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-02) G., S.; S., G.; Almas, S.
The spectrophotometric multi-component analysis involves spectrum recording and mathematical equations. However, spectral interference poses a major limitation when mixture samples are encountered. To overcome this derivative spectrophotometry (DS) has been introduced for the resolution of overlapping peaks. In this review modified methods like derivative quotient spectra, double divisor ratio spectra derivative method, double divisor means centering of ratio spectra method, derivative subtraction coupled with the constant multiplication method (DS-CM), amplitude subtraction (AS), modified amplitude subtraction (MAS), amplitude factor method (P-Factor), amplitude modulation method (AM), amplitude summation method (A-Sum), simultaneous derivative ratio spectrophotometry (S1DD), derivative compensation ratio via regression equation, differential dual wavelength (D1 DWL), differential derivative ratio (D1DR), successive derivative subtraction method (SDS) and derivative transformation (DT) of derivative spectrophotometry theories and applications are reviewed. These methods were applied to solve different complex pharmaceuticals mixtures. These developed methods were simple and cost-effective.
Alumina Catalyst: Synthesis Of Novel Quinazoline Derivatives And Their Solubility Increases Through Inclusion With Β-Cyclodextrin
(Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 2019-02) Hossain, M.; Nanda, A. K.
Objective: To synthesis a novel methodology of bioactive quinazoline derivatives under greener process to an excellent yields and increases their solubility via inclusion with β-cyclodextrin (CD). Methods: Derivatives of quinazoline compounds were prepared by the mixture of 3-amino-2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one, derived from 2-phenyl-4H-benzo[1,3]oxazin-4-one by refluxing with hydrazine, substituted aromatic aldehyde and alumina intimately in an agate mortar and pestle under solvent-free condition. Using various techniques for preparing inclusion complexes, kneaded method is the best method for encapsulation in host-guest complex chemistry. All compounds including inclusion complexes were characterised by spectral methods. Results: Synthesized a series of novel quinazoline compounds under a very easier greener process with a commercially available reagent. However, their low bioavailability, due to low absorption and solubility, can limit their potential applications. CD was used to resolve this solubility problem. CD can easily accommodated the guest molecules to encapsulate inside its cavity due to interior the hydrophobic nature with a hydrophilic exterior part to form thermodynamically more stable molecular microcapsules, commonly name as host-guest complexes or inclusion complexes. In this sense, CD was utilized to enhance not only the solubility and bioavailability of these quinazoline compounds but also their antibacterial capacity. The formation of inclusion complex was thus confirmed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and solubility study technique. Conclusion: Here we have successfully unfolded an eco-friendly methodology for the synthesis of derivatives of quinazoline and increased their solubility via host-guest inclusion technique. From the spectral analysis, it was concluded that the quinazoline compound is fully encapsulated inside the cavity of the CD.

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