Journal of Medical Technology and Physical Therapy

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Proficiency testing in laboratory diagnosis of common thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies in Thailand
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Goonnapa Fucharoen; Kanokwan Sanchaisuriya; Duangrudee Changtrakun; Nattaya Sae-ung; Yossombat Changtrakun; Supan Fucharoen
To improve the efficiency of laboratory diagnosis of common thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies in Thailand,the proficiency testing program was set up at the Centre for Research and Development of Medical DiagnosticLaboratories (CMDL), Khon Kaen University. The KKU-Hb controls were sent to laboratory members togetherwith essential hematological parameters. Each time, two control samples designated as husband and wife were sent.Upon receiving, all laboratory members analyzed control samples in their routine practices and interpreted the resultusing hematological data received and result of Hb analyses in their laboratories. The result of laboratory investigationsand the interpretations as well as the risks of having fetuses with 3 severe thalassemia diseases including homozygousα- thalassemia 1, homozygous β-thalassemia and β-thalassemia / Hb E disease were applied into the form providedand sent back to CMDL. Three cycles were investigated with 21, 23 and 66 participant laboratories, respectively.All control samples were received within appropriate times and conditions. It was found that more than 90 % ofparticipant laboratories could report acceptable levels of Hb A2 and Hb F and give accurate interpretation. Memberswere analyzed and grouped into 4 different quality groups;Excellent, Good, Fair and Need improvement.The proportions of members in the Excellent, Good, Fair and Need improvement groups were respectively found tobe (81.0, 9.5, 4.75 \& 4.75 %) in the first cycle and (69.6, 0, 21.7 \& 8.7 %) in the second cycle and (56.0, 18.2,24.3 \& 1.5 %) in the third cycle. It was found that the values of Hb A2 and Hb F were reported quite accuratelyfrom each laboratory member. However, when samples with complicated data were supplied, the increased inmis-interpretation and evaluation of relative risks were observed. This result indicates the requirement of furtherimprovement in the laboratory interpretation and knowledge related to laboratory diagnosis of thalassemiaand hemoglobinopathies of the participants. The evaluation system developed should prove useful in both developmentof external quality control program in laboratory diagnosis and further facilitate the prevention and control programof thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies in Thailand.
2008 Thai Journal Impact Factor: Top 10
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Supan Fucharoen
Abstract not available
Health-promoting behaviors of physical therapy students in Khon Kaen University
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Thanakorn Thanawat; Nomjit Nualnetr; Wichai Eungpinichpong
Health promotion is the responsibility of each person to achieve good health. Health-promoting behaviorsshould be practiced regularly by every one, especially physical therapists who are health promotion providers.During the educational years of physical therapy training, greater emphasis should be placed on the important of anappropriate health-promoting behavior habit to the students. This study aimed to evaluate health-promoting behaviorsof physical therapy students in Khon Kaen University and compare the behaviors among students in each educationalyear. Participants were 144 undergraduate physical therapy students (mean age 20.2\± 1.3 years) who werestudying at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University in 2008. Their health-promotingbehaviors were assessed by a self-completed questionnaire namely the Thai health promoting lifestyle profileII (HPLP-II). The questionnaire contains 52 items that evaluate behaviors regarding health responsibility, physicalactivity, nutritional habits, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, and stress management. The results revealed thatthe participantsํ overall health-promoting behaviors were at a fair level. The 6 subscales of the behaviors rangedfrom good to very poor, with the highest and lowest levels in the interpersonal relations and physical activity,respectively. Significant differences in health-promoting behaviors among students in the 4 educational years werefound in the health responsibility and physical activity (P \< 0.05). These findings could be used as database for thecurriculum planners and faculty administrators to set up a strategy of health promotion, structure healthier environments,and develop health education programs for encouraging physical therapy students to adopt healthy lifestyles.
Bacteriophage therapy
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Parichart Phumkhachorn
Bacteriophages or phages are bacterial viruses or viruses that infect bacteria. Bacteriophages can have either a lytic or a lysogenic life cycle. The lytic phages are the most suitable candidates for phage therapy because they can kill the bacterial host at the end of replication cycle. Bacteriophages are highly specific to their hosts. When a bacteriophage meets a suitable host bacterium, its specific surface molecule binds to the particular molecule on a host and then injects its genetic material into the cell. In the host cell, bacteriophage instructs the machinery of the host to make more bacteriophages. Fully viable progeny bacteriophages burst out and kill the bacteria. The released bacteriophages attack new bacteria. This process continues until all the bacteria are eliminated from the system. Bacteriophage therapy was used as therapeutic agents in 1920. It was tried extensively and many successes were reported for a variety of infectious diseases including dysentery, staphylococcal skin infection, lung and pleural infection, and gastrointestinal tract infection. Lytic phages are similar to antibiotics in that they have remarkable bactericidal activity. However, therapeutic phages have some unique advantages over antibiotics. Nowadays, drug-resistant bacteria emerge rapidly so phage therapy is more attractive to be an alternative strategy to treat those bacteria. However, there are some problems with phage treatment works that must be addressed before it can be widely approved for therapeutic use.
Reliability in using the modified Gross Motor Function Measurement-66 Thai version by Physical Therapy students
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Korakot Hensangvilai; Araya Yankai; Mattana Angsupaisal; Rumrada Intachome
The motor assessment tool in children is very limited in Thai. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability in Thai Physical Therapy students, using the Modified Gross Motor Function Measurement-66. The Modified GMFM-66 was developed from the GMFM-66 \& GMFM-88 and the Modified GMFM-88 in Thai version. Two cerebral palsied children were assessed by using the Modified GMFM-66 Thai version, taping with VCD and scoring the evaluation according to Modified GMFM-66 scoring system. Then the third year Physical Therapy students who have never use GMFM, were instructed the Modified GMFM-66 Thai version and evaluated both children through VCD. The over 70 percent agreement was signified for the reliability of using the Modified GMFM-66 Thai version. The data was analyzed by using descriptive statistic in percentage, mean and standard deviation. The results from 113 students who scored both children demonstrated the over 70 % agreement in all dimensions at 79.87 ± 7.79 and 87.16 ± 6.18 %. The number of students who was unable to pass the agreement of using the Modified GMFM-66 Thai version in the two CP were 11.50 % and 3.9 % respectively. Therefore, the Modified GMFM-66 Thai version was proved as a reliable tool and suitable for clinical teaching in Thai physical therapy students. It is believed that if the students practice this tool regularly, the Modified GMFM-66 Thai version will be more accountable in movement assessment in pediatric Physical Therapy clinic.
Characteristic changing of Brevibacillus laterosporus SA14 by ultraviolet and chemical mutagenesis
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Sudawan Ratanaparikon; Suthidee Petsong; Uthoomporn Rattana; Monthon Lertcanawanichakul
Brevibacillus laterosporus SA14, Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium, could produce biocompounds which inhibit the growth of Gram-positive cocci in cluster (Staphylococcus aureus), including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The characteristic changing of this bacterium was done by random mutagenesis, using ultraviolet (UV) or 1-hexyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (NTG). Five mutants were isolated, three from UV mutagenesis, named as UV1, UV2, LZ1; and two from chemical mutagenesis, named as NTG1, NT8. The cells and culture broth of all mutants could inhibit the growth of indicating bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 517 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and still had hemolytic activity when tested by means of spot on lawn and agar well diffusion. The mutant cells were less resistant to acid, oxgall bile and antibiotics than those of wild type (SA 14). However, only culture broth of LZ1 mutant gave the least hemolytic activity. It may be used for further study as a model to develop the antimicrobial drugs.
Antimicrobial activity of partially purified bio-compounds of Brevibacillus laterosporus SA14 in saline with added amylase
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Darunee Chanwiriyagul; Benjamas Bunsongserm; Ratanaporn Kimaporn; Monthon Lertcanawanichakul
To study antimicrobial activity of biocompounds produced from bacteria which may lead to development ofa model for antimicrobial substances production,Brevibacillus laterosporus SA14, isolated from air sample wasstudies. The partially purified biocompounds (PPBs) were prepared from 600 ml Luria Bertani culture broth of2 dayBrev. laterosporus SA 14 by means of 50 % ammonium sulfate precipitation. The PPbs could inhibitthe growth of Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Viridans group), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichiacoli \& Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and yeast-like fungi (Candida albicans). The antimicrobial activity was decreasedwhen incubated with 1 mg/ml amylase for 5 hours at 37 oC. Moreover, the PPBs could show hemolytic activitywhich was disappeared at a titer higher than 1:8, but still had the antimicrobial activity when tested with agar welldiffusion. Interestingly, PPBs at a titer 1:128 could inhibit the growth of microorganisms in saliva when tested withmicrobroth dilution. It is therefore interesting to conduct further study on the application of this PPBs in productionof alcohol free mouthwash.
Diagnostic tools for human opisthorchaisis
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Weerachai Saijuntha
Liver flukes of the family Opisthorchiidae consist of three medically important species, namelyClonorchissinensis, Opisthorchis felineus and Opisthorchis viverrini.These liver flukes infect at least 40 million people andestimated 700 million people worldwide are at risk of being infected. Of the three currently recognized species, only O. viverrini is classified as a type 1 carcinogen because of its role as an initiator of chronic inflammation leadingto subsequent development of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). At present, there is no early diagnosis of CCA,the patients usually come to the doctor with advanced stages and die within 3 - 6 months. Importantly, this speciesof liver fluke is most commonly found in Southeast Asia. Especially, an estimated 9 million people are infectedin Thailand, that the cost of treatment of opisthorchiasis is approximately $120 million dollars annually for lostwages and medical care. High accuracy and sensitivity diagnostic methods are therefore required for efficientcontrol, prevention and treatment of opisthorchiasis. To date, there are three main methods for opisthorchiasisdiagnosis, i.e. parasitological method, which is standard method for microscopy-based identification of diagnosisstage such as egg in fecal sample. However, its sensitivity and specificity are low due to limitations of skilland expert of distinguishing egg morphology. Thus, immunological methods and molecular methods to identifythe opisthorchiasis were developed to improve sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tools. This review articleaims to compile all opisthorchiasis diagnostic methods in order to obtain the suitable guideline for the effectivediagnosis of opisthorchiasis.
Ruesi Dudton Stretching Exercise
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Weerapong Chidnok
Ruesi Dudton is a stretching exercise in Thai traditional medical style to enhance well being for both the bodyand mind. This article explains the methods and benefits of Ruesi Dudton Stretching Exercise. Several studies havefound that Ruesi Dudton Stretching Exercise training has beneficial effects on balance, flexibility, leg extensorstrength, inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength, and anaerobic fitness in healthy sedentary females. Therefore,Ruesi Dudton Stretching Exercise can be applied for health promotion. However, the effects of Ruesi DudtonStretching Exercise training on human physiology, anatomical and biomechanical analysis should be further investigated.
Editor note
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Supan Fucharoen
NA
Assessment of quality control producy for thalassemia screening using MCV and MCH approaches
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Duangrudee Changtrakun; Kanokwan Sanchaisuriya; Goonnapa Fucharoen; Yossombat Changtrakun; Supan Fucharoen
A combined MCV/DCIP or MCH/DCIP is one of screening approach for thalassemia alternative to the OF/DCIP. Based on this approach, the MCV and MCH values obtained from electronic blood cell counters are of important that should be accurate and comparable. To evaluate the accuracy of thalassemia screening using the MCV and MCH measured from different instruments and settings, two quality control (QC) products, the RBC_A (MCV \> 80 fl and MCH \> 27 pg) and RBC_B (MCV \< 80 fl and MCH \< 27 pg), were prepared and sent to 13 participated laboratories. Rbc parameters of each QC product were measured routinely in each laboratory. By comparing to the initial values obtained in our laboratory, it was found that all Rbc parameters of the two QC products were accurately measured with the coefficient of variation (% CV) of 2.09 - 9.76 % for RBC_A and 1.11 - 11.04 % for RBC_B. Regarding to the instruments, the % CV of most Rbc parameters were less than 2 % for both RBC_A and RBC_B. To evaluate the accuracy of the MCV and MCH in application to thalassemia screening, the MCV cutoff value of 80 fl and MCH cutoff value of 27 pg were applied. The RBC_A was treated as negative sample and the RBC_B was treated as positive sample. By using the MCV approach, false negative results were obtained form 2 laboratories. In contrast, neither false negative nor false positive result was found with the MCH approach, suggesting that MCH might be more appropriate for thalassemia screening than MCV. The results indicate that these QC products might be used as an internal QC to evaluate the accuracy of Rbc parameters and as an external QC to evaluate the performance of thalassemia screening using the MCV and MCH approaches of each laboratory setting.
Change management
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Chuchart Areejitranusorn
Abstract not available
Prophage- and pathogenicity islands-associated virulence genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Hongsrichan Nutanan; Wilailuckana Chotechana; Preecha Homchampa; Aroonwadee Chanawong; Chokchai Wilachai; Aroonlug Lulitanond; Prajuab Chaimanee; Piroon Mutsikaphan
Staphylococcus aureus, a well-known human pathogen, causes a variety of infections in human, e.g. superficial skin infection through life-threatening infection. S. aureus is able to produce many enzymes, including exotoxins which lead to tissue inflammation and injury. Moreover, it also plays an importance role in clinical practice by exhibiting resistance phenotype to methicillin. Many virulence determinants are located on mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as bacteriophages, pathogenicity islands (PAI), and genomic islands, and existed variably in the bacterial population. Then, virulence genes can be used as genetic markers for clinical manipulations, and nosocomial control measurement. The objective of this study was to determine virulence genes associated with those MGEs in S. aureus samples both in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). A total of 100 MSSA and MRSA isolates (50 of each) were randomly selected from clinical samples of patients at Srinagarind Hospital during November, 2006 through June, 2007. All isolates were determined for the presence of eta, lukDE, lukSF-PV, tst-1, sak, sea, sec, sel, and sep genes by PCR. In case of MRSA, staphylococcal cassette chromosme mec (SCCmec) types were also determined in order to study the association among the determinants and their allotypes. The results showed that most of S. aureus samples harbored at least one virulence gene, and most of them carried lukDE (90 %), and sak (88 %). High potential virulence genes, eta and lukSF-PV, were detected in 2 and 10 isolates of MSSA only. However, sea gene was detected more frequent in MRSA than MSSA (P \< 0.05). While sec gene was significantly recognized less in MRSA than MSSA isolates (P \< 0.05). The other staphylococcal enterotoxins such as sec, sel and sep were detected in small samples of S. aureus, and none was found to harbor tst-1 gene. The molecular information associated to virulence genes on MGEs may be useful in clinical practice and hospital epidemiology in Srinagarind Hospital, and other tertiary care facilities.
Reliability of surface electromyography measurement on lumbar multifidus muscles and internal oblique muscles during sub-maximal voluntary muscle contraction in healthy Thai participants
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Pattanasin Areeudomwong; Rungthip Puntumetakul; Naruemon Leerayuwat
Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a non-invasive method with high accuracy to investigate the muscleactivation. The common outcome measurement of this method is sub-maximal voluntary muscle contraction(sub-MVC). sEMG has been shown high reliability in measuring trunk muscle. However, no study reports thereliability of sub-MVC measurement of sEMG in trunk muscles of Thai population. The aim of this study was toinvestigate the reliability of sEMG measurement for lumbar multifidus muscles (LM) and internal oblique muscles(IO) during sub-maximal voluntary muscle contraction. Subjects were 10 healthy Thai participants (5 males, 5females). sEMG of each LM and IO muscle was measured 3 times on both sides. Intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC) and standard error of measurement as a percentage of grand mean (% SEM) were estimated. The resultsshowed that there were very high reliability of left lumbar multifidus muscle (ICC mean 0.99; ICC range 0.98-1.00;% SEM = 1.06), right lumbar multifidus muscle (ICC mean 0.99; ICC range 0.98-1.00; % SEM = 1.07), leftinternal oblique muscle (ICC mean 0.96; ICC range 0.93-0.98; % SEM = 3.42) and right internal oblique muscle(ICC mean 0.99; ICC range 0.98-1.00; % SEM = 2.33). We conclude that surface electromyography is a reliabledevice that can be used to investigate the lumbar multifidus muscles and internal oblique muscles duringsub-maximal voluntary muscle contraction.
Interpretation of hemoglobin analysis for diagnosis of common thalassemia in Thailand
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Goonnapa Fucharoen
At present hemoglobin (Hb) analysis is mainly performed using automated hemoglobin analyzer based on eitherhigh pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), low pressure liquid chromatography (LPLC) or capillary zoneelectrophoresis (CZE). These automated Hb analyzers separate each Hb and quantify its amount by builtin spectrophotometric determination. Hb chromatogram or electrophoregram as well as the amount of each Hbare shown and could be printed. Interpretation of the result of Hb analysis is usually made by investigator whoperforms the test. Accurate interpretation and diagnosis require basic knowledge on both the principle ofthe machine used and the heterogeneity of thalassemia which is the most common inherited genetic disorderin Thailand. Using subject information including age, clinically signs and symptoms, history of blood transfusionand the result of initial screening test in this interpretation and diagnosis should help in providing more accurateinterpretation and diagnosis of common forms of thalassemia.
Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in patients who received treatments from the Office of Medical Technology and Physical Therapy Health Service, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Wanida Donpunha; Rungthip Puntumethakul; Sugalya Amatachaya
Nowadays, the number of patients with musculoskeletal disorders has been increasing both in public and private hospitals. A study regarding prevalence of these conditions is vital for health promotion and prevention for people in the community. This study aimed to report the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in patients who received treatments from The Office for Medical Technology and Physical Therapy Health Service, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University during October 2006 – September 2007. The results showed that there were 688 new cases who were treated during official time (Sixty percent were female). Most of these patients were middle-aged (forty-five percents of aged between 45-64 years old). Forty-one percents of the patients were employed by the university whereas the rest worked outsides. There were 905 lesion sites. The three most frequent areas of disorders were lower back, neck and upper back respectively. Most of these patients worked in the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, and Faculty of Dentistry respectively. The most frequently found of the disorders was neck problem. The findings may contribute to further study for development of appropriate health promotion and prevention programs for patients with musculoskeletal disorders.
Capability of electronic-filter air purifier on airborne microorganism removal
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Yuparat Limmongkol; Pipat Sribenjalux; Pipat Sribenjalux; Paradee Chuaybamroong; Paradee Chuaybamroong
The performance of the electronic-filter air purifier that uses the principle of electrostatic field on airborne fungi(Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum) and bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis)removals was tested in this study. The experiment was conducted in the 8-m3 chamber by injecting each type ofmicroorganism and sampling the bioaerosol at two height levels, 0.5 and 1.5 m. Since the air purifier was locatedat the floor with the height of 0.67 m, the microbe concentrations at these two height levels were observed for anydifference in its performance. However, the main objective was to compare the microbe concentrations whenturning on the air purifier and turning off for duration of 4 hours. The results were that the air purifier could removethe microbes from the initial concentrations of 34,000 - 80,000 cfu/m3 to comply with the recommended concentrationof 500 cfu/m3 within 30-40 min except for B. subtilis that needed longer time. The height level did not affectthe performance of the air purifier in this study at the level of confidence of 99 %.
Multiple immunofluorescence labeling of the same section of invasive ductal breast cancer: A preliminary study
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Em-orn Phanomsri; Sakda Waraasawapati; Supinda Khunmee
The expression of candidate genes in tissue samples were investigated by using immunohistochemical study of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue or immunofluorescence labeling of cryosections. However, the study of co-localization of multiple antigens in the same section by immunohistochemical labeling is difficult to evaluate and involves antigen retrieval step to unmask antigen whereas immunofluorescence labeling has the capability for multiple labeling with higher resolution. Nevertheless, the handling of fresh tissue as immunofluorescence labeling is difficult. Thus, both methods have limitations as research tools. In this study, we optimized an antigen retrieval method for high-resolution immunofluorescence labeling of FFPE invasive breast cancers using three different biomarkers (Ki-67, Her-2 protein and E-cadherin). Citraconic anhydride solution at 0.05 % pH 7.4 in a microwave oven seemed to work well for multiple antibodies for co-localization of multiple antigens in the same section. In addition, this method is suitable for core needle biopsy which obtained small amount of tissue. Therefore, it is not enough for preparation of multiple sections.
Balance and obstacle crossing ability in independent ambulatory spinal cord injury patients
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Sugalya Amatachaya; Kitti Sombanda; Kalyarat Rungratanachiwin; Sukanya Jaikla; Wantana Siritaratiwat; Worawan Kamruecha
Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) are frequently having impairment of movement control particularly a complex task such as walking and balance control. This study investigated ability of 18 independent ambulatory SCI patients to control their balance by using Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT) and to walk over small obstacles (wide or high obstacles at the size 1, 4 and 8 cm., 6 conditions totally), which are the sizes that commonly found at home and in the community. Each obstacle was placed at the middle of the 10-meter walkway. Results demonstrated that most of independent ambulatory subjects still had problem in balance control that resulting in exposing to a high risk of fall (BBS = 32.83 + 13.66 scores and TUGT = 45.57 + 18.83 seconds). In addition, 39 % of subjects were unable to successfully walk over obstacle(s). There were clinical significance of balance control (BBS) between subjects who were able and unable to successfully walk over an obstacle (\> 6 scores). The results may indicate that the development of balance control and obstacle crossing in patients with SCI who are able to walk independently is important to decrease risk of accident after discharge.
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and dyslipidemia in Thais
(Khon Kaen University, 2009-12-24) Nisa Decharatkulchai; Chatri Settasatian; Nongnuch Settasatian; Nantarat Komanasin; Naruemon Leelayuwat; Suchart Sirijaichingkul; Yaovalak Teerajetgul; Duangrudee Changtrakun
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a constituent on lipoprotein surface and plays an important role in lipid metabolism. There are three common isoforms of human apoE, designed apoE2, apoE3 and apoE4 that are coded by three polymorphic alleles of the APOE genes, e2, e3 and e4. Polymorphism of APOE influences the blood lipid concentration and may contribute to susceptibility to dyslipidemia. The present study was therefore to investigate the role of APOE polymorphism on blood lipid levels in Thai individuals. A total of 121 normolipidemic and 125 dyslipidemic subjects were recruited. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes and APOE genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP. Allele frequencies of e2, e3 and e4 were 9.3%, 77.8% and 12.8%, respectively. The respective prevalence of APOE genotypes for e2/e2, e3/e3, e4/e4, e2/e3, e2/e4 and e3/e4 were 1.2%, 62.2%, 0.8%, 11.8%, 4.5% and 19.5%. The frequencies of APOE allele and genotype of both groups as well as the relation of APOE genotypes to the risk of dyslipidemia were not significantly different. The elevation of some lipid parameters observed in male subjects and the higher level of lipid profile in dyslipidemic group may be due to other factors and gene polymorphisms.

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