European Journal of Medicinal Plants
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Chief Editors: Dr. Marcello Iriti, Dr. Valentina Savo
ISSN: 2231-0894
Frequency: Quarterly
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://www.sciencedomain.org/journal-home.php?id=13
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Item Phytochemical Constituents of Sap, Root and Leaf Extracts of Calotropis Procera from Select Regions in the Gambia(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Bah, A; Etonihu, AC.Medicinal plants serve as potential cure for animal and human diseases as they contain phytochemicals for therapeutic values. Most of the modern drugs produced are isolated from herbal plants. This research reports on the phytochemical constituents of the methanolic and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of the sap, root and leaf of Calotropis procera in three select regions in The Gambia namely the West Coast Region, North Bank Region, and Lower River Region. The sap was collected in an air-tight test tube; the root and leaf were dried at room temperature for three weeks and one month, respectively and further ground into powder. Soxhlet extraction of the sap was done using both DCM for 30 minutes at 40oC to 50oC and methanol for 3 h at 60oC to 70oC. The root and leaf were extracted using cold maceration for 72 h. The methanolic extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, quinones, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and carbohydrates in the sap and leaf. Quinones were present in the DCM extract of the sap and root, but absent in the leaf. While flavonoids and terpenoids were present in the sap and leaf extracts, they were absent in the root. Alkaloids, saponins, and steroids were absent in the sap and root extracts, but found in the leaf. Tannins and phenols were absent in both the methanolic and DCM extracts. The results of each of the samples collected at the three different regions were similar in their phytochemical constituents for the extracting solvents; but varied with the different solvent. The findings of this research allude to the fact that the sap, root and leaf of C. procera are good sources of therapeutic compounds that are responsible for the use of this plant in herbal medicine in The Gambia.Item Effects of Ficus capensis Leaves Aqueous Extracts (Lactogenic Medicinal Plant) on NMRI Mice Milk Secretion(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Alexis, OR; Basile, T; Simon, AA; Maya, D; Alfred, OR; Bruno, AA; Sosthène, OA; Noé, Y; Boureima, I; Paul, KM; Luc, KJ; Charlemagne, D; Amadou, OBH; Azaque, ZA; Gautier, OH; Balé, B; Assita, S.Introduction: Ficus capensis is a plant used in traditional medicine to stimulate lactation in women and animals in Africa. However, the effects of their extracts on the mammary gland are poorly documented. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of Ficus capensis leaves aqueous extracts on NMRI mice milk secretion. Methodology: This was an experimental animal study using virgin female NMRI mice aged eight to ten weeks. The mice were grouped into for groups of eight mice each. Each group received one of the following products: distilled water, Galactogil™, sulpiride, aqueous extracts (AE) of capensis leaves. Data were analysed and processed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and Stata MP 16 with P ? .05 as the significance threshold. Results: Arborescence of the galactophorous ducts was more developed in the sulpiride lot. Galactogil™, and capensis leaves extracts treated groups showed almost equivalent arborescence with a higher tendency than the distilled water. With histological haematin- eosin staining, the ratio of galactophorous ducts containing secretions to total ducts was higher in the groups of Ficus capensis AE treated group than distilled water (P = .0001). Galactogil™, sulpiride and the group of Ficus capensis extracts each had higher levels of beta-casein in mammary tissue and average prolactinemia than distilled water (P < .01). Mammary tissue stained by immunohistochemistry with anti-prolactin receptor antibodies showed more intensely labelled mammary glands in the sulpiride and Ficus capensis extracts groups. There was no statistically significant difference between average progesteronemia among the different groups. Conclusion: F. capensis leaves AE administered to virgin female NMRI mice showed lactogenic and mammogenic effects. The extracts were able to increase the nutritional quality of the milk produced, as evidenced by the increase in protein secretion.Item Phytochemical Profiling of Aqueous Methanol Extract of Terminalia bellirica from Bokaro District of Jharkhand, India(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Mahato, NK; Prasad, K; Mahato, AKR.Plants are a vital source of medicine for human being from ancient times. Various plant parts are highly medicinal due to the presence of different bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites. Many of these compounds present in medicinal plants are unknown to the scientific community. T. bellirica is distributed in tropical parts of the world and is a known ethnomedicinal plant that is the reservoir of various bioactive compounds. The present investigated the bioactive and secondary metabolite present in the fruits of T. bellirica collected from the Bokaro district and has been analysed using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry analysis. The investigation found 55 compounds from the methanol extract of the fruit sample of T. bellirica. Among the recorded compounds, Pyrogallol is the major constituent with 85% area in the chromatogram, followed by 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP)with 5% area, and the rest of the compounds are altogether 10% of the total. In conclusion, the present study recorded and highlighted a total of 55 bioactive compounds from the dry fruits and pericarp, which is more than a double of the compounds earlier known from the plant species. Further, among the recorded biochemical compounds, the concentration of Pyrogallol was alone more than 85% of the total compounds found from the methanol extract of the fruit sample of T. bellirica.Item Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Su‘ad K?f? (Cyperus rotundus L.): An Insight(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Habib, A; Arzoo, KS; Mariyam, Z; Asif, M; Anwar, N; Ansari, AP.Background: Cyperus rotundus, an important medicinal plant belonging to the Cyperaceae family, is therapeutically used in many traditional systems of medicine, such as Unani medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha, Homeopathy, Chinese medicine, etc. Aim: The prime goal of this review is to provide a scientific basis and classical references for clinical use and further scientific exploration of Cyperus rotundus. Materials and Methods: This systemic review was carried out after searching Unani classical and other ethnobotanical literature and published research work available on PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Research Gate, etc. Results: Cyperus rotundus L. is the accepted botanical name of Su'ad K?f?, Nagarmotha, or Nutgrass as referred in Unani and other traditional medicines. It is grown in India, China, the Philippines, Thailand, Taiwan, Indonesia, Korea, Vietnam, Malaysia, the Pacific Islands, South America, Africa, the Middle East, North America, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe. Usually, the rhizome of this important medicinal plant is therapeutically used for various ailments, including indigestion, constipation, dysentery, neurogenic gastralgia, skin diseases, mental weakness, cardiac weakness, nervine weakness, palpitation, weakness of stomach, flatulence, retention of urine, amenorrhea, dribbling of urine, etc. It contains many important secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, sitosterol, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, essential oils, sugar, protein, amino acids, etc., which have been reported to possess antibacterial, anti-tumour, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antilipidemic, antimalarial, anti-obesity, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective pharmacological activities. Conclusion: It is concluded that abundant bioactive compounds identified and separated from Cyperus rotundus possess potential medicinal values on different systems of the body.Item Studies on Chemical Changes in Burfi Enriched with different Herbs(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-03) Meshram, B.D.; Apeksha, R; Adil, S.The investigation was carried out to study the chemical changes taking place in burfi by the addition of several herbs and their comparison with the control product. Different herbs, viz., Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari), and Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), were incorporated into the blend in the ratio of 5:4:1, respectively, to develop herbal burfi. The combination of herbs was added at levels of 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, and 2.00% by weight of khoa to obtain products designated T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. The control product (T0) was prepared in a similar manner but was devoid of herbs. Proximate analysis, including moisture, total solids, fat, lactose, protein, and ash, was conducted. The results show that moisture content decreased significantly (P?0.05) with increasing herb addition, while total solids increased. Protein content increased with higher herb percentages, likely due to the protein content of the added herbs. Fat and lactose content remained unchanged with herb addition, as herbs do not contribute significantly to these components. Ash content increased with higher herb addition rates, though not significantly (P?0.05). Overall, the addition of herbs influenced the chemical composition of burfi, impacting moisture, total solids, protein, and ash content with varying degrees of significance.Item Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Polyphenols and Flavonoids from Olax subscorpioidea leaves, a Medicinal Plant Traditionally Used in Korhogo (Cote d’ivoire)(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) François, KYK; Yves, KY; Aka, MB; Isabelle, YY; Abdoulaye, T; Félix, YH.Secondary metabolites, including polyphenols and flavonoids, play a key role in the expression of the active principles of several medicinal plants from Côte d'Ivoire, such as Olax subscorpioidea Oliv. This study was initiated to help improve conditions for extracting polyphenols and flavonoids from Olax subscorpioidea Oliv leaves harvested in Korhogo. Experimental design methodology was used. The effect of four independent variables on polyphenol and flavonoid content was evaluated: extraction time (12h-24h), evaporation temperature (45°C - 55°C), plant material-solvent ratio (1/20 g/mL - 1/5 g/mL) and ethanol proportion (20% - 100%). The Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to optimize responses after factor screening using the Plackett and Burman design. Optimum extraction conditions were obtained with an ethanolic proportion of 88.29% and 17g of Olax subscorpioidea Oliv leaves dissolved in 100 mL ethanol. The experimental values (96.31 ± 5.29 mg Eq AG/g for polyphenols and 62.44 ± 4.58 mg Eq Q/g) were close to those expected (94.51 mg Eq AG/g for polyphenols and 58.22 mg Eq Q/g for flavonoids), confirming the relevance of the mathematical model used and the success of the response surface methodology in optimizing the extraction conditions of the system studied. These results show that by taking extraction conditions into account in this preliminary study, we can optimize the quantities of secondary metabolites of therapeutic interest.Item Therapeutic Effects of Pterocarpus santalinoides Stem Bark Aqueous Extract: Evidence from L-NAME-induced Hypertensive Wistar Rats(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Ramatou, CY; Esther, NLT; Farouck, AOB; Florence, NT; Raceline, GK; Thierry, BNM; Théophile, D.Aims: Ethnopharmacological information indicates that the stem bark of Pterocarpus santalinoides is used in traditional medicine to treat many diseases including hypertension. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the stem bark aqueous extract of Pterocarpus santalinoides (AEPS) in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats (LNHR). Methodology: Hypertension was induced in normotensive rats by intraperitoneal administration of L-NAME (25 mg/kg/day) for 42 days. Forty-two animals were divided into two main groups: one group of seven rats (group 1) receiving distilled water (10 mL/kg) and another thirty-five rats receiving L-NAME (group 2). After three weeks of treatment, the hypertensive animals (group 2) were divided into five groups of seven rats each. Animals of the first group received distilled water, those of the second group were treated with captopril (20 mg/kg), and the three last groups received the AEPS (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg). These rats were daily treated per os with the above substances for three weeks. At the end of the experimental period (42 days), animals were anesthetized and the blood pressure and heart rate were recorded by invasive method. Afterward, the blood, aorta, and heart of each rat were collected for some biochemical and/or histological examination. Results: L-NAME administration induced hypertension, as associated with left ventricular hypertrophy, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, hepatic and renal dysfunctions. Aqueous extract administration significantly improved all these metabolic disorders induced by L-NAME. Furthermore, the remodeling of the aortic media after NO deficiency-induced L-NAME has also been improved by Pterocarpus santalinoides aqueous extract. The therapeutic effect of AEPS against L-NAME-induced hypertension could probably be due to its antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant properties. Conclusion: Current results confirmed the empirical use of Pterocarpus santalinoides stem bark for the treatment of hypertension in traditional medicine.Item The Use of Medicinal Plants and Phytotherapy in the Konjuh Mountain of Bosnia and Herzegovina(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Huseinovi?, S; Bekti?, S; Selimovi?-?ehaji?, S; Halilovi?, M.The plant kingdom is a crucial component of human nutrition and, consequently, the foundation of human sustenance. Humans have long recognized that specific plant-based foods provide essential substances that contribute to health, leading to the discovery of their medicinal properties. As a result of such chemical investigations, there has been an effort to synthetically produce the same or similar compounds that could replace natural products from the plant world in medical treatment and health maintenance. Consequently, modern medicine has increasingly relied on synthetic drugs, often overlooking the therapeutic value of many plants. However, despite this neglect, there is a growing movement to reintegrate effective natural plant compounds into the treatment of various diseases, as synthetic chemical compounds cannot fully substitute for plant-derived medications. The objective of this study was to collect and identify medicinal plant species in the Konjuh Mountain area across seven locations with varying geoecological characteristics. Field research was conducted in three municipalities within the Tuzla Canton (Kladanj, Živinice, and Banovi?i), covering seven sites, each measuring 3,000 m², with altitudes ranging from 560 to 1,100 m. During the investigation, 109 medicinal plant species were identified, including endangered and endemic varieties. Additionally, a survey was conducted among the local population of Konjuh Mountain regarding their knowledge, recognition, and collection of medicinal herbs. Results from the survey, which involved 50 participants of various ages, indicate that alternative medicine holds a significant role in treatment approaches and is viewed as a more accessible method of healing.Item Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hand Sanitizers Based on Plants Producing Essential Oil(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Sarraf, S; Panda, S; Parveen, S; Panda, S; Swaraj, S.Hand hygiene is important because it can easily be transmitted through direct contact with microbial spores produced during coughing and sneezing. It is important to prevent the spread of the disease, especially in cases such as epidemics, through the use of antibiotics. This can be achieved by establishing and maintaining strict infection control equipment such as good hygiene in hospitals and public places. The aim of this study is to prepare an alcohol-based sanitizer against bacterial infections. After the test, the pH value of the disinfectant is between 6.65 and 6.67. The viscosity of the antiseptic is between 389 cps to 835. The spread ability was good and found in range between 6.55 to 7.18 g-cm/sec. The drug content of Eucalyptus Oil in formulations was found to be 93% in F1 and 97.5% in F2. In-vitro drug release study was found to be 56.2% in F1 and 60.6% in F2, and the stability of the preparation remained stable after 3 months of storage. All these studies showed that the F2 formulation is the best as it has better pH, viscosity, spreading ability and safety.Item Standardisation of Curcuminoids into More Bioavailable form (CurcuminAura™) and Its Pharmacokinetics(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Puttachar, SL; Mascarenhas, V; Sayed, AM; Fernandes, DD; Godkar, TM; Correia, SR; Patil, SN; Thomas, S; Pillai, SB; Naik, S; Naik, SM.Curcuminoids are naturally occurring phytocompound extracted from the turmeric rhizome Curcuma longa, a member of the ginger (Zingiberaceae) family. Through the development of a trademark product called Bio-Curcumin, this study seeks to increase the bioavailability and absorption of regular marketed curcumin by 95%. This finding has important implications for the academic and scientific community. The pharmacokinetic study of CurcuminAura™ and its innovation of biocurcuminoids is detailed in detail. Innovation of BioCurcuminoids and its Pharmacokinetic Study of CurcuminAura™ with regular curcuminoids is significantly described which is the need of the hour. This enhanced sunflower lecithin is an effective ingredient in the trademark product CurcuminAuraTM, which was created by Bio-Med Ingredients Pvt.Ltd. Its potency in the market can be increased by lecithin's capacity to efficiently encapsulate active substances, improve bioavailability, and increase absorption. Regular curcumin's weak solubility and poor absorption in its free form. Regular Curcumin due to its poor solubility and poor absorption in the free form in the gastrointestinal tract and its rapid biotransformation to inactive metabolites can greatly limit its utility as a health-promoting agent and dietary supplement. Hence to make it more readily available in the body. CurcuminovaTM is developed will enhance the properties of Curcumin making it more potent in the market. The Evaluation of the Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study of CurcuminAuraTM with Marketed Curcumin 95.0% was carried out through pre-clinical investigations in Sprague Dawley Rats via Oral Route which is the aim of this study with two groups in the study design, with four rats of each sex. Oral administration of CurcuminAuraTM and Curcumin 95.0% was administered to rats in the G1 and G3 groups, respectively. A dosage volume of 10 milliliters per kilogram of body weight was maintained for the oral route. After Dosage, under isofluorane,the blood samples were taken from the retroorbital sinuses after the dose was administered under varying periods of anaesthesia. Animals were split up into two sets for each group, and blood samples were taken at 30-, 2-, and 4-hour intervals. Samples were taken for analysis after being kept at -800C. Designed to increase the bioavailability of curcuminoids, CurcuminAuraTM is standardized to 60.9% total curcuminoids by HPLC, as opposed to marked conventional curcumin 95%. This has been confirmed by HPLC analysis. According to comparison studies, CurcuminAuraTM has a bioavailability that is 3.8 times greater than the reference standard. Additionally, in this study it is shown that the maximum absorption happens in the timeline 3 hrs after feeding the drug.Item The Multifaceted Clitoria ternatea (Aparajita): A Review of Its Phytochemistry, Medicinal Uses and Commercial Applications(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Tamanna; Kaur, A; Singh, N; Shr, R.Clitoria ternatea Linn., (aparajita/shankapushpi; family Fabaceae), is a traditional medicinal plant with diverse applications - both medicinal and commercial. It is a perennial twinning herb with prominent flowers. The multifaceted plant is native to tropical Asia. The aim of this review is to provide in-depth information on the phytochemistry along with commercial and medicinal uses of C. ternatea. Exhaustive review of available literature was carried out to compile and critically evaluate scientific information available on the plant. According to available literature, the plant possesses diverse health benefits. Traditionally it is used as an antidote for snake and scorpion bite, memory enhancer and anxiolytic agent and it shows various pharmacological activities that includes antidepressant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, analgesic etc. The activities are attributed to the presence of varied constituents predominantly the unique acylated anthocyanins – ternatins, cyclotides, phenolic compounds etc. Commercially it is valued as a natural dye and food colorant because of the acylated anthocyanins in it. This plant has marked antioxidant and antiaging properties and hence it is gaining popularity in formulating cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. It is also used for protecting crops in agrotechnology. This review highlights the numerous medicinal properties, commercial uses, as well as its phytochemical investigation prove multifaceted potential of this plant. Further directions for developing the plant and its products as effective and stable medicine, nutraceutical and cosmeceuticals are also suggested.Item Ethnopharmacological Importance of Gymnema sylvestre(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Kumari, V.Gymnema sylvestre is one of the valuable medicinally important herbs that belong to family Apocynaceae. G. Sylvester is a woody climber mostly found in India, Srilanka, China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Tropical Africa. Traditionally the leaf of the herb is used as antidiabetic, antihelmentic, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidaemic, antivenom and antimicrobial. The herb is used by some ethnic community in constipation, haemorrhoids, jaundice, leucoderma, asthma, bronchitis, cardiac problems and dyspepsia. Most important phytochemicals of the plant are gymnemic acid, deacyl gymnemic acid and gymnemagenol which help in the controlling of blood cholesterol, triglyceride levels, inflammation and body weight. The present review aims to document the traditional and modern pharmacological uses of the plant to provide better scope for further experiments and future application. The botanical description, cultivation practices, phytochemical constituents and safety issues of the plant has also been described in the chapter.Item In vitro Antiviral Activity of Eucheuma cottonii against New Castle Disease Virus(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Begum, S; Mleke, M.Aims: To determine the antiviral activity of Eucheuma cottonii against the New Castle disease virus. Study Design: In vitro study. Place and Duration of the Study: The research was conducted in the Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Design, and Pharmacognosy department at St. John’s University of Tanzania and Virology Laboratory at Sokoine University of Agriculture between April 2022 and August 2022. Methodology: The present study used an OVO assay and hemagglutination test to investigate the In vitro antiviral activity of E. cottonii collected from Zanzibar, Tanzania, against the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Ovo assay was assessed using 60 embryonated eggs and a hemagglutination test was performed by collecting the allantoic fluid from treated eggs and serum from hatched chicks to detect antigen titer against NDV using 96 well plate diffusion method. Results: Results of the Ovo assay showed that all the 40 embryonated eggs used as test group were alive and thus confirmed that the extract of E. cottonii (0.32 g/mL) is strong enough to destroy the virus. In which the results from the serial dilution assay (hemagglutination test) confirmed a substantial decrease in the high level of NDV as observed in the allantoic fluid of the infected embryonated eggs to range from 10^-3 to 10^-8 serial dilutions. Conclusion: The OVO assay and hemagglutination results indicate that E. cottonii possesses antiviral activity against NDV. Still further studies like isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds are needed to apply E. cottonii as an alternative source of therapy to fight against NDV.Item Antiplasmodial Activity and Phytochemical Evaluation of the Stems of Albizia coriaria and Ficus sur(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Baah, KA; Acheampong, A; Amponsah, IK; Nketia, RI.Background: Malaria continues to cause havoc on various populations because of the high mortality and economic burden associated with the disease. Progress made in the therapeutics of the disease is threatened by the emerging parasite resistance to currently used first line treatment drugs. This has prompted the search for new, effective, and safe antimalarial agents. The use of traditional medicine in the treatment of various types of diseases including malaria is a regular practice seen with many cultures in Ghana. The stems of Albizia coriaria Welw ex. Oliver and Ficus sur Forssk are such plants used with little evidence about their in vivo efficacy. Aim: This study therefore aimed to assess the in vivo antiplasmodial potential, and the acute toxicity of the hydroethanolic stem extract of Albizia coriaria and Ficus sur. Method: Qualitative phytochemical screening was done on the powdered plant material using standard methods. Acute toxicity was carried out according to OECD guidelines using the Limit test. In vivo antiplasmodial activity of the hydroethanolic extract was assessed using the Peter’s 4-day suppressive and Rane’s curative test. Results: The 70% ethanol extract was safe with the lethal dose above 3000 mg/kg. All the extracts significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed parasitaemia in the Peter’s suppressive and Rane’s curative test with Albizia coriaria producing the highest chemotherapeutic activity of 68.89 and 61.46% in the suppressive and curative test respectively. That of F. sur was less than 50% in both assays. Artesunate reference drug recorded over 80% suppression in the curative test but lesser activity in the suppression assay compared to A. coriaria. Several plant metabolites including terpenoids, flavonoids and coumarins were found in both plant samples. Conclusion: Albizia coriaria and Ficus sur 70% ethanol extract showed considerable antiplasmoidal activity and were found to be non-toxic in acute toxicity study, thus justifying their safe use in the treatment of malaria as suggested by folklore medicine.Item Functional Food Potential of Green Tea Waste (Used Tea Leaves) Through Lactic acid Fermentation(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Saito, K; Nakamura, Y.Aims: Fermented functional foods were developed to utilize green tea waste (used tea leaves) and their antioxidative activity was examined. Methodology: The initial tea waste was prepared by steeping regular tea leaves in deionized water at 90°C for 60 s. This procedure was repeated to obtain the fifth and tenth sequential extracts. Subsequently, lyophilized tea leaves were rehydrated with potable water and inoculated with Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris. Following thorough mixing, the inoculated sample was fermented under anaerobic conditions at 25°C in the absence of light. To monitor the progress of fermentation, the pH levels of the infusion were measured on days 1, 3, 7, and 14. Additionally, the antioxidative activity of the fermented tea leaves and their infusions was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Results: After one week of lactic acid fermentation, the pH of the infusions from the fifth and tenth tea leaf extracts decreased significantly compared to other samples. However, within two weeks, all sample infusions reached a pH below 4, suggesting that catechins in the used tea leaves may inhibit lactic acid production during the early stages of fermentation. Despite the multiple extractions, the tea leaves from the fifth and tenth extracts retained elements that supported fermentation. Furthermore, the infusion prepared from the tea leaves after the tenth extract continued to exhibit antioxidative activity, indicating that beneficial properties persist even after repeated extractions. Conclusion: Tea waste can be effectively utilized for lactic acid fermentation. Moreover, the resulting infusion may provide health benefits, making it a potential functional food.Item Allium sativum: Botanical, Chemical, and Therapeutic Aspects(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-09) Repolês, LC; Rodrigues, BS de SL; Corrêa, AD; Siqueira-Batista, R.Aims: The presence of Allium sativum in human societies dates back thousands of years. Its medicinal and aphrodisiac properties, combined with its distinctive flavor, make it a valuable ingredient in both culinary and traditional medicinal practices in various cultures. Not surprisingly, it is one of the most researched and marketed herbal products today. Active substances present in garlic, such as allicin and other sulfur compounds, have been the subject of extensive research, with promising results in several areas of health. Objective: The main objective of this article is to gather relevant information on the botanical, chemical and therapeutic aspects of garlic in order to provide a comprehensive overview of this important legume. Methods: The search was undertaken in the following electronic databases: Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). The terms (in English) used for the bibliographic search were identified in the Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS): "Garlic", "Botany", "Chemistry" and "Therapeutic Uses". Thirty-one academic texts were selected to construct this work. Results, Discussion and Conclusion: From the data obtained, it was possible to list several health benefits of garlic, the main ones being: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal, anticancer and other protective effects. In this way, A. sativum demonstrates a variety of pharmacological effects, which makes it a viable option for the treatment of various diseases, even though its mechanisms of action are poorly understood and require further scientific studies.Item Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anticancer, Anthelmintic, Neuropharmacological Activity of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (Family: Nyctaginaceae)(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-10) Dina, JA; Nahar, N; Sathi, ET; Khatun, MN; Jahan, A.Aims: Boerhaavia diffusa Linn belongs to the family Nyctaginaceae has been documented for its antioxidant, anticancer, anthelmintic & neuropharmacological effects. Literature review of the plant revealed that some research works are performed during this plant. That’s why; this study was performed to gauge the antioxidant, anticancer, anthelmintic & neuropharmacological activities of the methanolic extract from the leaves of Boerhaavia diffusa (MEBD). Method and Results: Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH free radical scavenging assay using serial dilution concentration and the IC50 was 1.51. Anticancer test was done using cell viability assay. During anticancer test in the concentration of 1000µg/mL the percent of inhibition was 29.16%. Anthelmintic activity was investigated using earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) and fresh leaf juice of the plant. In anthelmintic activity, the time of paralysis for fresh leaf juice was begin from 64 min 55 sec and end to 23 min 19 sec while the time for tested drug Albendazole was started from 76 min 09 sec and end to 30 min 43 sec. Besides, the time of death start from 71 min 09 sec and end to 29 min 54 sec for leaf juice and for Albendazole the time of death start from 82 min 19 sec and end to 38 min 18 sec respectively at several doses which suggest considerable anthelmintic activity of the plant. Neuropharmacological activity was performed by hole cross and light/dark box tests at the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg in Swiss albino mice contrast to the test drug Diazepam (2mg/kg). The extract significantly decreases the locomotor activity as shown by the results of hole cross test which indicate significant antidepressant property. The results also matching the activity in light/dark box test. Conclusion: Thus, the obtained results in the research work provide a support for the utilization of this plant for medicinal purposes and encourage further investigations for more fruitful results.Item Yield Gap Analysis and Impact of Demonstration on Turmeric in Tirap District of Arunachal Pradesh, India(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-09) Chaturvedi, A; Singh, PC; Bagra, G.The north eastern region of India having good area under spices viz. turmeric, ginger etc. But the productivity is too low due to adoption of old varieties, as well as non-recommended practices followed by farmers. In this context, Megha Turmeric-1 variety of turmeric was demonstrated under front line demonstration programme during 2020-21 and 2021-22 respectively by Krishi Vigyan Kendra Tirap, Arunachal Pradesh. The average FLD yield was 218 and 224 q/ha was recorded as compared to 164 and 179 q/ha under farmers practices. The Technology gap was 32 and 26 q/ha, extension gap was 54 and 45 q/ha and technology index ere 13 and 10 respectively. The net income under FLD plot was higher over farmers practice during both years of study (Rs, 290000 & 300000 vs. 210000 & 214000). Similarly, the B:C ratio was also better than farmers practice (2.45 & 2.02 vs. 1.77 & 1.76). Being a very low technology index, it assumes that turmeric production can be enhanced by dissemination of improved technologies at farmer’s field.Item In vitro Anti-plasmodium Activity of Combined Extracts from Toddalia asiatica and Carica papaya(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-09) Omondi, R; Wolfgang, MR; Lukhoba, CW; Gathirwa, JW.Objective: To evaluate anti-plasmodial potency of extracts of Toddalia asiatica and Carica papaya when used in combinations. Methods: The plants, were collected from Homa-Bay County in Kenya and dried under shade to constant weight then ground into fine powder. Extraction was then done using organic solvent. Extracts were tested against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro at a starting concentration of 100µg/mL, which was then serially diluted 2-fold in growth medium to generate the test concentration ranges. The assay plate was incubated at 370C for 72h in a sealed gas chamber under 3% O2 and 4% CO2 with the balance being N2. The remaining population of parasites at each concentration of the test compound was determined by comparing the absorbance of each well to the absorbance of a well containing the drug-free control. Survival was plotted against concentration and the IC50-values were obtained using a non-linear dose response curve fitting analysis. Phytochemical screening of the extracts of the was also done. Results: The study established that the plant extracts were reasonably active, yielding IC50 values between approximately 2 and 11 µg/mL. When the two plants extracts were used in combination with each other it was established that, addition of Carica papaya to Toddalia asitica seems to improve its potency across most concentrations as reflected in the shift in IC50 of Toddalia. However, the opposite is true for Carica, Best results were however seen with higher ratios of the Carica papaya extract was paired with smaller levels of the Toddalia extract. Conclusion: The shift in Toddalia asitica's IC50 values indicates that adding Carica papaya extract to Toddalia asitica extract generally seems to increase its potency.Item Lok?t (Eriobotrya japonica; family: Rosaceae): Nutritional and Medicinal Properties, in the Light of Unani Medicine and Scientific Studies(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-09) Kalam, MA; Ahmad, B; Ahmad, R; Avid, M; Akhtar, F; Raza, MA.Eriobotrya japonica Lind. (Family: Rosaceae) named as loquat, is a subtropical fruit, which is well known medicinal plant cultivated in Japan and China. Various parts, like leaves, peels and fruits have been shown to possess various useful health benefits. In Unani medicine, it is vastly utilized in many illnesses, like fevers, nausea, de-arranged sanguinous humour (diseases due to morbidity of blood), indigestion, liver diseases, vomiting, dysentery, wounds, inflammations etc. Loquat plant contains many active constituents, such as glycosides, flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds, tannin etc. and nutritional and mineral compounds like, carotenoids, vitamins, starch, amino acids, sugar and others. According to various pharmacological studies it is found that the plant has many biological effects like antitussive, anti-melanogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, kidney protective, hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic activity. This review aims to shed light on the therapeutic applications of loquat based on both traditional Unani literature and scientific studies conducted on different parts of the plant.