European Journal of Medicinal Plants

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/151205

Chief Editors: Dr. Marcello Iriti, Dr. Valentina Savo
ISSN: 2231-0894

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.sciencedomain.org/journal-home.php?id=13

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FT-IR Analysis of Ultrasonic-assisted Extracts of Total Alkaloid and Total Phenolic Contents from Uvaria chamae (Annonaceae) Root Bark and its Biological Effects
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Nana, O; Abdou, JP; Gozo, DS; Boyom, FF; Momenim, J.
Background: The concept of sustainable development relevant nowadays creates a beneficial approach both environmentally and economically eco-friendly. This motivates the use of an innovative extraction technique with a positive environmental impact to obtain the active ingredients of plants. Aims: Besides Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis of U. chamae root bark extracts. This study investigates the antioxidant and antiplasmodial potential of various crude extracts from the root bark of Uvaria chamae P. Beauv (Annonaceae). Methods: Two extraction techniques and different solvents were used. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and magnetic stirring extraction with ethanol and hydroethanolic solvent (30:70). The total alkaloid content (TAC) and total phenolic content (TPC) were quantified using the acid dye colorimetric method and the Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. The antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging method and In vitro antiplasmodial activity was evaluated through the SYBR Green I-based fluorescence assay. Results: Total Alkaloid Content (TAC) and Total Phenolic Content (TPC) with values of (1.5 ± 0.3) ?gAE/g of extract and (11.6 ± 0.4) ?gGAE/g of extract, respectively are obtained. IC50 values of antioxidant potential ranging from (0.075 ± 0.001 to 0.183 ± 0.003) mg mL-1. IC50 values of antiplasmodial activity ranging from (9.84 ± SD to 28.69 ± SD) µg mL-1. The extraction yield of 9.80% achieved with UAE demonstrated its superior efficiency compared to the conventional solvent extraction method, which yielded only 3.18%. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis of U. chamae root bark extracts identified the presence of active functional groups typically associated with alkaloids and polyphenols. Conclusion: Obtained results using the green extraction method (UAE) confirming its suitability and efficiency for recovering secondary metabolites with antioxidant and antiplasmodial potential from U. chamae root bark. This provides a strong database for pharmaceutical research and the galenic formulation of phytomedicines against oxidative stress with antimalarial properties.
Use of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Extracts for the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Deutch, CE.
Extracts of the low-lying shrub Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, which is commonly referred to as “bearberry” or simply as Uva ursi, have been widely promoted and frequently used as an herbal treatment for urinary tract infections. These extracts contain a wide range of organic chemicals such as arbutin (4-hydroxyphenyl-?-D-glucopyranoside), polyphenolic compounds, and flavonoids. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi extracts have been shown to inhibit the growth of uropathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. These include Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. They also inhibit Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. This review article summarizes the experimental work on the inhibition of microbial growth by Uva ursi extracts and their components. It describes the complementary studies on the effects of these extracts on two key virulence factors, the enzyme urease and the ability of the microbes to form biofilms. The article also reviews the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of these extracts and their effects on other host functions. The preliminary animal and human studies with Arctostaphylos uva-ursi extracts are summarized, as are the human clinical trials that have been completed so far. These studies have shown that these extracts are relatively safe, although the key component arbutin can be metabolized to form the more toxic compound hydroquinone. Although the laboratory data indicate that Uva ursi preparations can effectively inhibit urinary tract pathogens and so may represent an alternative to traditional antibiotics, the clinical studies are far more limited and currently insufficient to justify their widespread medical use. Further areas of research might include the use of extracts from plants with low arbutin contents or the combination of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi extracts with those from other plants.
Pharmacological and Nutritional Value of Moringa Oleifera: A Comprehensive Review of Its Role as a Food and Medicine
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Rana, KP; Mangroliya, P; Das, B; Mugale, A.
Moringa oleifera, a highly valued plant of the Moringaceae family, is renowned for its exceptional nutritional and therapeutic properties. Originally from sub-Himalayan areas of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, it is currently grown extensively in tropical and subtropical climates. This review presents a comprehensive overview of M. oleifera’s phytochemical profile, nutritional composition, medicinal potential, and industrial applications. The plant is rich in essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, flavonoids, and unique compounds such as glucosinolates and isothiocyanates, contributing to its broad spectrum of bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective effects. Various parts of the plant, such as leaves, seeds, pods, roots, flowers, and oil, have been traditionally used for both nutritional supplementation and treatment of chronic and infectious diseases. Recent studies also highlight its role in combating malnutrition and enhancing immunity in both humans and livestock. Additionally, its seed oil holds industrial value as a lubricant and fragrance stabilizer, while moringa powder is increasingly used in cosmetics for skin protection. This review emphasizes the importance of M. oleifera as a multifunctional plant and explores its potential as a functional food and phytotherapeutic agent, particularly in resource-limited settings.
The History of Medicinal Plants from Indian Ancient Remedies to Modern Pharmacology
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Nandal, K; Harshit; Nandal, R; Rathee, J; Dahiya, P; Kaur, M.
The rich history and contemporary relevance of traditional Indian medicine, particularly Ayurveda, which has utilized approximately 7,000 medicinal plants for over 5,000 years. Ancient texts like the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita have laid the foundation for these practices, emphasizing a holistic approach to health through the balance of bodily humors and the use of indigenous herbs. The paper highlights the integration of traditional remedies into modern pharmaceuticals, exemplified by plants like Ashwagandha and Neem, which have been scientifically validated for their therapeutic properties. It also addresses the challenges of conservation due to overharvesting and habitat loss, advocating for sustainable practices and the integration of traditional knowledge with modern scientific research. The paper underscores the importance of ancient botanical science, as seen in Sanskrit plant nomenclature, and the need for further exploration in the post-genomic era to fully realize the potential of these medicinal plants in contemporary medicine.
The Protective Potential of Ethanol Extract of Mango Peel on Nitrosomethylurea-Induced Mammary Hyperplasia in Female Rats
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) OS, O; LE, A.
Aims: Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women and Mammary gland hyperplasia is a frequent noninflammatory, nontumor condition that affects women of childbearing age. This syndrome is responsible for 75% of all breast diseases. The study investigated the effect of mango peel ethanol extract on mammary gland hyperplasia using Wistar rats induced with N-nitromethylurea Methodology: Standard methods were used to analyze the proximate, mineral and vitamin composition of the mango peel extracts. In the in vivo study, 30 female Wistar rats were used for this study and were grouped into control and treatment groups (200 mg/kg body weight and 400 mg/kg body weight) for a period of 28 days. Liver and kidney function, In vivo enzymatic and non – enzymatic compounds present in breast tissues were evaluated as well as the histopathological evaluation of the mammary gland. Results: The results showed that mango peel extract had a moisture content of 9.97%, ash content of 4.51 %, crude fiber of 60.45%, and crude protein content of 4.65%. The minerals present were iron, sodium, zinc, and calcium. Calcium and sodium levels were significantly higher than other minerals (822 and 328 ppm respectively). Vitamin content ranged between 0.102 mg/100g for vitamin A and 0.456 mg/100g for vitamin B2 and 0.10 mg/100g for vitamin B9. The in vivo study result showed a significant increase (P <0.05) in MDA levels in NMU control group, while normal control group and MPE treated groups had a significantly lower MDA level. The antioxidant activity of the MPE in the female rats was also analyzed in these enzymes; Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione S-transferase, reduced glutathione and catalase. It was observed in the results that the level of antioxidants enzyme activity in the female rats treated with NMU was lower while the control and treatments group had a significantly higher dose dependent antioxidant enzymatic activity with 400mg/kg body weight MPE showing higher values at (P < 0.05). Histopathology evaluation on the mammary gland was also carried out to fully understand the effects of NMU on the mammary gland of the female rats. Findings from the study showed inflammation in the NMU only group while normal breast tissues were observed in the control and treatment groups. Conclusion: This study showed that the ethanol extract of mango peel has notable mammary gland protective effects in female rats with NMU-induced mammary gland hyperplasia and this effect could be attributed to the ability of mango peel to increase antioxidant enzyme levels in the treated groups.
Resveratrol, Reactive Oxygen Species, and the Science of Aging: A Mini Review
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Siddiqui, A; Timalwar, M; Bhuruk, S; Tandale, R; Chaudhari, S.
Aging is an inevitable biological process that affects all organs, including the skin. It is influenced by both intrinsic (genetic, hormonal, and metabolic changes) and extrinsic factors (environmental exposure, pollution, and UV radiation). A key contributor to aging is oxidative stress, driven by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage cellular structures, including DNA, lipids, and proteins. The accumulation of ROS leads to skin aging by degrading collagen and elastin, disrupting cellular function, and triggering inflammatory responses. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound found in grapes, has been recognized for its strong antioxidant and anti-aging properties. It neutralizes ROS, enhances endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity, and modulates cellular signaling pathways involved in oxidative stress and inflammation. By reducing oxidative damage, resveratrol helps maintain skin health and slows the aging process. This review highlights the mechanisms of skin aging, the role of ROS, and the protective effects of resveratrol. Resveratrol presents a promising natural intervention for preventing and mitigating age-related skin deterioration.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Lawsonia Inermis (Henna) Exracts Locally Used Against Vaginal Infections in North Eastern Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Iliyasu, MY; Aliyu, A; Yakubu, H; Yakubu, MN.
Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of Lawsonia inermis leaves extracts on some vaginal isolates from clinical specimens. Study Design: The study is a clinical laboratory investigation involving the testing of antibiotic activity of Lawsonia inermis leaves extract against microbial isolates from the vagina. Place and Durations of Studies: This study was carried out in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Samples from Bauchi specialist hospital from the month of January to October, 2024. Methodology: Vaginal swab samples were collected from 219 pregnant patients whose age ranged between 15-45 years. The swabs were inoculated on agar media by streaking to obtain isolates. Appropriate biochemical test was carried out to confirmed isolates. Solvent and aqueous extraction method was used to extract the bioactive components of Lawsonia inermis leaves followed by phytochemical screening. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts were determine using a standardize inoculum and extracts were tested against isolates using well diffusion method and also the Minimum bactericidal concentration MBC was also tested. Results: A total of 131 bacterial and 77 Candida albicans were recovered from 219 clinical specimens out of which 77(37%) were Candida albicans having the highest number of isolates followed by S. aureus 70 (33.7%) for bacteria and the least is Neisseria gonorrhoeae 6(2.9%). from 219 clinical specimen from various group of female patient age range of 15 to 45 years old. Higher incidence was recorded from age group 25 - 30 with percentage frequency of 34.4%, followed by age group 31 to 35 with frequency 18.3% of bacteria. In addition, 19% of E. coli and Gardnerella vaginalis are resistant to all. For the Candida albicans high resistance is found in Griseofulvin (30µg) 47%. Phytochemical analysis shows the presence of alkaloid, tannin, quinones, saponins, flavonoid, glycoside, and phtytosterols. Conclusion: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Lawsonia inermis is active against the target organism. Phytochemical constituents from plant show that they contained active secondary metabolite capable of inhibiting drug-resistant pathogens. Based on the findings of this research work, Aqueous and methanol and ethanol extract of the plants exhibited activity on bacteria and fungi hence possess antimicrobial potentials.
Anti-psychotropic Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Nymphaea Lotus in Mice Models
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Wakeel, OK; Kolawole, OT; Ayankunle, A; Komolafe, DO; MK, B; Animashaun, OT; Anafi, OS.
Psychosis is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide, significantly impairing their quality of life and productivity. Nymphaea lotus is a plant traditionally used to manage anxiety-related disorders. This study investigates the antipsychotic effects of the ethanol leaf extract of Nymphaea lotus in a mouse model of ketamine-induced psychosis. The acute toxicity of the ethanol leaf extract of Nymphaea lotus (ELENL) was determined using Lorke’s method. Psychosis was induced in Swiss albino mice through the administration of ketamine (25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for seven days. The effects of ELENL (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) were evaluated against psychotic-like behaviors induced by ketamine. These behaviors included locomotor activity and stereotypy, measured in an open field test; immobility duration assessed in a forced swim test; and memory impairment evaluated using the Y-maze test. The apomorphine climbing test was also conducted to determine the acute antipsychotic effects of ELENL, while the woodblock test was performed to assess any extrapyramidal side effects. The LD50 of ELENL was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg, indicating that it is considered safe. ELENL (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) demonstrated significant antipsychotic effects, reducing ketamine-induced hyperactivity, immobility, and memory deficits in the mice. Additionally, ELENL suppressed stereotypic climbing behavior induced by apomorphine. Importantly, the antipsychotic activity of ELENL was not associated with extrapyramidal side effects, as evidenced by the absence of catalepsy. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that ELENL reduced psychotic-like symptoms in mice without inducing extrapyramidal side effects, underscoring its potential antipsychotic properties. Antipsychotic, Nymphaea lotus, Apormophine, Ketamine, Haloperidol.
Functional Properties of Ginger in Ancient and Contemporary Science
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Sahu, RK; Khokhar, D; Mishra, N; Sahu, C.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) was a revered rhizomatous herb known for its culinary and medicinal applications across various cultures. This review integrated traditional knowledge and modern scientific findings on ginger's therapeutic properties, particularly its ability to alleviate ailments such as nausea, digestive disorders, and respiratory issues. A detailed literature search was carried out using various databases, such as PubMed and Scopus. The focus was on peer-reviewed articles, ethnopharmacological surveys, and ancient texts, all published until 2024. Each source was carefully reviewed to ensure a thorough and informative exploration. Key bioactive compounds, including [6]-gingerol, [6]-shogaol, and zingerone, were identified for their potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. These compounds mitigated oxidative stress and inflammation, supporting ginger's role in managing conditions like arthritis and metabolic disorders. Recent studies clarified the biochemical mechanisms through which ginger produced these effects, including its ability to inhibit inflammatory pathways, enhance gastrointestinal function, alleviate nausea through receptor antagonism, and promote respiratory health. The review emphasized the rich historical importance of ginger in traditional healing practices, illustrating its revered status across cultures. Additionally, it substantiated its medicinal benefits through modern scientific research, bridging ancient wisdom with contemporary health insights for a comprehensive understanding of ginger's efficacy. The findings advocated for further clinical trials to explore ginger's therapeutic potential and its interactions with other treatments, reinforcing its value in integrative health practices. This synthesis underscored ginger's multifaceted benefits and its importance in promoting health and wellness.
Development and Evaluation of a Functional Fiber-rich Bar Incorporating Lotus Stem and Carrot Pomace
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Gangawane, H; Todkar, A; Adil, S; Rana, K; Bodhankar, H.
The aim of this study was to develop an energy bar high in fiber using carrot pomace powder and lotus stem powder, both of which are rich in essential nutrients such as protein, fat, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and minerals. Dietary fiber bars were formulated utilizing carrot pomace, Lotus stem powder, oats, date puree, honey, pumpkin seeds, almonds, cashews, sesame seeds, and dark chocolate. The consumption of dietary fiber may diminish appetite and lead to an extended sensation of satiety following ingestion. Four distinct formulations of the bar were developed, referred to T0, T1, T2, and T3, incorporating 10 grams, 15 grams, and 20 grams of Fibre Rich Powder, derived from lotus stem and carrot pomace. The formulation deemed optimal, T1 (15 g), was chosen based on sensory evaluations including color, texture, flavor, and overall acceptability. These bars were assessed for their physical characteristics (such as colour, water activity, and hardness) as well as their organoleptic properties. The final composition comprised 437.17 kcal of energy, with a distribution of 23.7% total protein, 47.23% total carbohydrates, 17.05% total fat, 9.48% dietary fiber, 9.88% moisture, and 2.08% total ash. The formulation with 15 g of the fiber-rich powder (T1) exhibited the best overall sensory qualities, making it the most appealing choice for consumers. This study addresses the gap in functional food development by leveraging agricultural by-products to enhance nutritional value. These fiber bars present a convenient option for those seeking to maintain fullness and occasionally skip meals.
Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Healers from the Yamoussoukro Health District Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Merveille, KG; Edwige, O; Yao, K; Aminata, A-O; Eric, TG; Emmanuel, D; Yaya, F; Marcelline, AN; Yvette, FN.
Background: Knowledge of plants used by traditional health practitioners is essential for safeguarding and promoting the traditional medicine. The study aimed to identify the medicinal plants used by traditional practitioners in the Yamoussoukro health district for treating common illnesses. Material and Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was carried out with the traditional healers of the Yamoussoukro Traditional Healers Association. It is the association of traditional healers officially recognized by the Yamoussoukro health district authorities, with whom collaboration has already begun. The survey was conducted using the semi-structured interview method, followed by a nature outing during which plant specimens were collected. A questionnaire covering the respondent's profile and the plants used was completed. The interview was used to gather information on the diseases treated and the plants (vernacular names, morphological types, parts used, process of preparation, mode and route of administration) used to treat those diseases. Results: The survey enabled us to interview 06 traditional practitioners and to list 54 species divided into 28 botanical families. The most represented families were Apocynaceae 9.26%, Fabaceae 9.26% and Euphorbiaceae 7.41%. About half (48%) of the species cited were shrubs. Leaves were the most commonly used plants parts (56.7%). The majority of plants were used in decoction form (45%), and were mainly administered orally. The therapeutic indications cited were mainly infectious diseases (44%), primarily represented by malaria. The most frequently used plant species were Kalanchoe crenata, Nauclea latifolia, Phyllantus amarus, and Ageratum conyzoides. Conclusion: This study reveals the diversity of medicinal plants used by traditional practitioners and their role in healthcare in Yamoussoukro. Additionally, these results help safeguard the knowledge of traditional medicine. These data could be used for future phytochemical and pharmacological studies to develop improved traditional medicines.
Eucalyptus alba Reinw Ex. Blume (Myrtaceae) Regulates Reproductive Outcomes, Offspring’s Organs and Acetylcholinesterase Level in Prenatal Stress during Gestation in Rats
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Neng, TP; Sanda, KA; Ngenteh, ML; Fubi, BBL; Nchang, NR; Nsah, KB; Mahamat, O.
Aim: Prenatal stress is associated with many disorders in both mother and offspring. This study evaluates the protective capacity of Eucalyptus alba extracts against prenatal stress induced maternal reproductive outcome, acetylcholinesterase activities and litters organ indices in post-prenatal stress in rats. Methodology: Forty-five gravid albino rats were divided into 9 groups, all except the normal group, were subjected to stress prior and treated during gestation with extracts at different doses. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of E. alba were administered at doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively until delivery. After delivery, each mother and its litters were isolated and kept for 21 days. Five litters of each group were randomly selected and sacrificed to pursue the study. Results: Results showed a high miscarriage rate (66%), offspring mortality rate (76.6%) and low birth weight in the vehicle group compared to miscarriage rate (27.6%), offspring mortality rate (23.3%) and birth weight in E. alba treated groups (p<0.001). In addition, compared to prenatally stressed litters a decreased in brain (P=0.0080), kidney (P<0.001) and liver (P<0.001) indices and acetylcholinesterase activity (p<0.001) in litters prenatally stressed upon administration of E. alba leaf extracts to the mother during the gestation period. Conclusion: The obtained results give evidence that aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of E. alba have protective impact against prenatal stress induced maternal reproductive outcome, litters organ indices and acetylcholinesterase activity.
Kasni (Cichorium intybus Linn.): A Scientific Recap
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Parween, A.
Nature has been a source of therapeutic agents for thousands of years, and a large number of modern important medications have originally been obtained from natural sources. World Health Organization reported that 75% of the world population still depends on plant-based traditional medications for primary health care. Cichorium intybus, commonly known as chicory, is well known as a coffee substitute and traditionally utilized as home grown solution for various ailments since ancient times. This plant is widely used in folk medicine for treatment of gallstones, appetite loss, gout, jaundice, skin swellings, rheumatism and liver inflammation. It has been shown that it is having hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiallergic, antimicrobial and many other pharmacological effects. The whole plant of Cichorium contains a number of bioactive medicinally important compounds such as inulin, esculin, oligofructose, cichoric acid, phenolic acids, caffeic acid, caffeoylquinic acid, volatile compounds (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes), coumarins, lactones, flavonoids etc. However literatures shows that significant number of these constituents has not been fully investigated for their pharmacological potential. This paper provided detailed overview of uses, types, characteristics, pharmacological activities and bioactive constitute of Kasani. The aim of this review paper is to give an overview of Kasni and its socially imperative medicinal uses in Unani perspective on the basis of current scientific studies and evidences.
Evaluation of Phytochemical Composition, Safety and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Pseudocedrela kotschyi Harms (Meliaceae) Trunk Bark Extract
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Sirabana, C; Claude, MJ; Severin, K; Yaya, ST.
Aim: Pseudocedrela kotschyi is a traditional medicine plant used by people in sub-Saharan regions to cure several diseases. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the Anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of Pseudocedrela kotschyi trunk bark. Methods: The aqueous extract was obtained by infusion of Pseudocedrela kotschyi trunk bark powder. This aqueous extract was used for phytochemical tests, for the study of acute toxicity as well as for the study of anti-inflammatory activity.The acute toxicity study was assessed using the protocol 423 of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).The anti-inflammatory study was conducted using the method of Winter et al. The effects of the extract on inflammation were determined using carrageenan induced paw edema. For the acute toxicity study, four groups of three female Wistar albino rats each were formed, including a control group which received only distilled water while the other three groups received doses of 300, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight of the aqueous extract respectively. Thirty (30) male and female Wistar albino rats were used for the study of anti-inflammatory activity. They were randomly divided into groups of six (6) animals each. One control group received distilled water, one group received indomethacin (reference drug) and the other three groups received 200, 150 and 100 mg/kg body weight of the aqueous extract respectively. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, catechic tannins, saponosides, polyphenols, quinones, terpenoids, oses and holosides whereas coumarins and gallic tannins are absent. In the acute toxicity study, oral administration of the aqueous extract of Pseudocedrela kotschyi trunk bark did not cause any death among the rats at doses up to 5000mg/kg body weight. According to the organisation for economic cooperation and development (OECD) 423 classification system, the lethal dose 50 (LD50) of such an extract is therefore greater than 5000mg/kg body weight. The study of anti-inflammatory activity revealed that the groups treated respectively with 200, 150 and 100 mg/kg body weight of extract significantly (P = 0.05) and dose-dependently inhibited the increase in edema compared with the normal control. The percentage increase in edema for these different doses of aqueous extract at the sixth hour was lower than that of the control group. They were 20.89 ± 0.73%, 21.36 ± 0.72% and 22.46 ± 1.16% respectively, compared with 35.03 ± 0.39% for the control group. Conclusion: The results obtained suggest that the aqueous extract of the trunk bark of Pseudocedrela kotschyi may contain biologically active principles with potential anti-inflammatory effects; thus supporting its use as a phytomedicine and buttressing the need for the isolation and identification of the biologically active constituent(s) of this plant.
HPTLC Profiling of Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. Leaves for Identification of Bioactive Compounds
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Shirsat, RP.
Hydrocotyle vulgaris L., commonly known as marsh pennywort, is a perennial herbaceous plant from the family Araliaceae, traditionally used for various medicinal purposes. The present study aimed to investigate the pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of H. vulgaris leaf extracts, with a focus on identifying bioactive compounds through preliminary phytochemical screening, fluorescence analysis, and High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, steroids, quinones, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids, with ethanol being the most effective solvent for extracting a wide range of phytochemicals. Fluorescence analysis of the leaf powder demonstrated distinct color changes under UV light when treated with various reagents, assisting in the authentication and standardization of the plant material. HPTLC analysis was performed on the ethanolic extract of the leaves, revealing a total of 10 peaks at 254 nm and 13 peaks at 366 nm, which were associated with various bioactive compounds. Five peaks at 254 nm were identified as an alkaloid (Rf = 0.16), ferulic acid (Rf = 0.53), vanillic acid (Rf = 0.63), flavonoids (Rf = 0.87), and quercetin (Rf = 0.99). At 366 nm, four peaks were identified as ferulic acid (Rf = 0.58), alkaloid (Rf = 0.63), flavonoid (Rf = 0.88), and quercetin (Rf = 0.97). These compounds are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, supporting the traditional medicinal uses of the plant. The findings of this study confirm that H. vulgaris is rich in bioactive compounds with significant pharmacological potential.
In silico Investigation of the Anti-inflammatory Potential of Ligands from Commonly Used Spices, Herbs and Medicinal Plants
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Morebise, O; Chukwu, E; Abandoh-Sam, M; Kotbagi, S; Eyo, E.
Introduction: Inflammation has been shown to be implicated in many communicable and noncommunicable diseases. Several studies have indicated the beneficial/protective effects of phytochemicals from many commonly used herbs, spices, vegetables and medicinal plants against ailments that have inflammatory components. Our study investigated the possible anti-inflammatory properties of ligands from these commonly used plants by exploring their interactions with the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme, using bioinformatics techniques. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme involved in the production of prostaglandins implicated in inflammatory disorders. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight ligands from plants were used for the study; ibuprofen and celecoxib served as reference ligands. The 3-D structures of the 30 ligands were retrieved from the PubChem database in their Structure Data Format (SDF). COX-2 was retrieved in its Protein Data Bank (PDB) format. The ligands and the protein were converted to their pdbqt formats and subjected to molecular docking through standard bioinformatics procedures. One of the ligands (quercetin) was further subjected to molecular dynamics simulation using the Desmond Maestro software. Results: Many of the ligands compared very well with celecoxib in their binding properties and exhibited more negative binding energies than ibuprofen. Additional interactions of H bonds and hydrophobic bonds were noticed post molecular dynamics simulation of quercetin with COX-2, indicating dynamic forces fluctuations. MD simulations showed that Gln42, Gly45, Pro 153, Pro154 and Glu465 were the best amino acid side chains that interacted with quercetin for the stabilization of the protein-ligand complex. The energy values and protein-ligand interactions indicate affinity and stability of complex. Conclusion: Many of the ligands subjected to molecular docking and MD simulation can be taken as promising drug targets and subjected to ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity) properties analysis and clinical trials. This is especially important in view of the various side effects of both selective and nonselective NSAIDs. In addition, the authors, through the findings of this study, recommend more consumption of natural foods that have health benefits rather than processed and artificial products.
Unlocking the Potential of Chia Seed: A Comprehensive Review of Its Potential Applications
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) Sharma, P; Kaur, R.
Chia, native to Mexico and Guatemala, is now cultivated worldwide and contains 25–39% oil and 16–26% protein and is rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, tocopherols, and phytosterols, making them valuable functional foods. This review explores various methods for extracting chia oil and analyzing its composition and properties. It also highlights the potential use of chia seed by-products in food processing, such as partially defatted chia cake or meal, which can be converted into protein concentrates and phenolic compound extracts for applications in bread, cookies, and pasta. Additionally, chia cake can serve as a fat substitute and stabilize fat-free salad dressings and ice creams, while chia gum from the cake is used in biodegradable films and vegan mayonnaise. Further research is essential to expand the understanding and industrial applications of chia seeds and their derivatives.
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Prepared Herbal Denture Cleansers and Their Impact on Physical Properties of Denture Base Material: An Invitro Study
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) BK, R; H, AT; Akanksha; Fareed, N; NK, J; Rao, S.
Background: Microbial colonization on dentures, particularly by Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, leads to oral infections and systemic health risks. Chemical denture cleansers, commonly used for hygiene, are associated with adverse effects such as tissue irritation, allergic reactions, and the potential for antimicrobial resistance, prompting the need for more biocompatible alternatives. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of herbal denture cleansers prepared from Ocimum sanctum, Aloe barbadensis miller, Coffea arabica, Elettaria cardamomum, and Salvadora persica against common denture-colonizing microorganisms. Additionally, the impact of these cleansers on the physical properties of denture materials was assessed. Materials and Methods: Herbal methanolic extracts were prepared. Each extract was diluted to specific concentrations and tested for antimicrobial activity using the agar well diffusion method against Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis for zone of inhibition. Denture specimens were immersed in the cleansers for six months, and physical properties including Colour change, Surface roughness, Surface hardness and Flexural strength were evaluated using standard techniques such as colorimetric system, profilometry, Vicker’s Hardness Tester, and a three-point bending test, respectively. p-value<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Ocimum sanctum and Aloe barbadensis miller demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, though less than standard drugs (Nystatin, Amoxicillin, Chlorhexidine). Ocimum sanctum showed the highest inhibition against Candida albicans (17.56 mm) and Streptococcus mutans (20.02 mm). Aloe barbadensis miller showed the highest inhibition against Porphyromonas gingivalis (22.98 mm). Minimal adverse effects on denture properties were observed, with no significant deterioration over six months. Conclusion: Herbal denture cleansers, particularly those derived from Ocimum sanctum and Aloe barbadensis miller, exhibit promising antimicrobial efficacy and are potential eco-friendly alternatives to conventional chemical cleansers, with minimal impact on denture properties.
Antiplasmodial Properties of Medicinal Plants from East Singhbhum District of Jharkhand in India
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) Jahan, N; Shrivastava, P; Rahman, SU.
It has been reported that malaria is one of the most important vector-borne diseases in Jharkhand with significant morbidity and mortality. The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme has prepared new treatment guidelines for malaria that recommend phytochemical constituents-based therapy as the first-line drug for malaria. It is being observed in the treatment of malaria that the cases of drug resistance are increasing day by day. Finding new antiplasmodial or antimalarial plant species to develop effective malarial drugs is the necessity of time to avoid the problem of drug resistance. The tribal people have been using traditional medicinal plants since ancient times. They are using the medicinal plants found in their area for the treatment of fever, loss of appetite, digestive disorders, diabetes, jaundice, joint pain, skin and various other diseases. A community-level study was conducted to document the traditional knowledge and identify the antimalarial plant species with the help of traditional healers (vaidya/Hakeem) as well as by involving Sabar, Santal, Ho tribes and other communities of the area. The present study is focused on the exploration of antiplasmodial and antimalarial medicinal plants which are traditionally used by the ethnic or tribal people of East Singhbhum district in Jharkhand. Further, the review of scientific literature was conducted to validate the documented knowledge and related antimalarial plant species. A total of 28 medicinal plants of East Singhbhum have been identified and reviewed which have good antiplasmodial properties. These medicinal plants are rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, essential oils, anthraquinones pyrroles etc. The present study deals with the details of those active compounds and concludes the best drug for control of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum. However, more advanced research is needed to establish the effectiveness of bioactive compounds in vitro and in vivo, understand their basic mechanisms of action and begin the process of clinical research.
Therapeutic Potential of Asparagus Racemosus Root in Managing Hyperglycemia, Dyslipidemia, and Platelet Aggregation in Neonatal Streptozotocin-induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) Hannan, JMA; Ahammed, A; Flatt, PR.
Lipid abnormalities frequently accompany hyperglycemia and thus a primary goal in diabetes therapy is the management of dyslipidemia. Asparagus racemosus root has previously been shown to reduce postprandial blood glucose in diabetic rats by delaying carbohydrate absorption and enhancing insulin secretion. In the present study, the chronic effects of A racemosus root on serum glucose, fructosamine, lipids, and platelet aggregation were assessed in rats with type 2 diabetes induced by neonatal streptozotocin injection. The type 2 diabetes model was created by injecting 48-hour-old pups with a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (STZ). Platelet aggregation was measured by optical aggregometry. Daily oral administration of ethanol extract of A racemosus to diabetic rats (n = 10) lowered serum glucose by 21% (p<0.01) and fructosamine by 11% (p<0.05) after 28 days. Total cholesterol (p<0.05), triglyceride (p<0.05), and NEFA (p<0.01) levels were also lowered by 9%, 16% and 38% respectively. No difference in HDL cholesterol or body weights was observed compared to control rats but platelet aggregation was significantly reduced by 18% (p<0.05). Food and water intake, stool formation, water content of stools, and urine formation were unchanged in extract-treated rats in a 24-hour acute observational study in Nalgene Metabolic Cages. In conclusion, this study reveals that ethanol extract of A racemosus root lowers circulating glucose, and atherogenic blood lipids and decreases platelet aggregation. Thus, A racemosus is the source of glucose-lowering bioactive agents and a useful dietary adjunct in the management of diabetes, dyslipidemia, and related complications.

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