National Journal of Medical Research

Permanent URI for this collection

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/149655

Editor in Chief: Dr. Viren Patel

ISSN: 2249 4995 (Print)

Frequency: 4 issues a year

Language: English

Online peer reviewed journal

Web site: https://njmr.in/

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 72

Unveiling The Burden of Anaemia: Socio-Demographic and Obstetric Determinants Among Pregnant Women in Mehsana District, Gujarat
(Medsci Publications, 2025-03) Lodha, NA; Bhabhor, HL; Bhabhor, UH; Devalia, JD; Chhaya, JD
Background: Anemia is a leading contributor to maternal mortality in India. Early identification and timely intervention during pregnancy can help prevent adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women and identify associated socio-demographic and obstetric factors. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among pregnant women. Based on a reported prevalence of 62.6% from NFHS-5 data, a sample size of 239 was calculated. For simplicity and completeness, a total of 250 samples were included in the study. Participants were selected using systematic random sampling, and data were collected using a pretested proforma from Obstretic and Gynecology OPD. Descriptive statistics were applied to determine the prevalence and severity of anaemia, and statistical tests were conducted to assess associations. Results: The prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women was 78.8%. Moderate anaemia was observed in 66.5% of cases, mild anaemia in 28.9%, and severe anaemia in 4.6%. Significant associations were found between anaemia and factors such as education level, locality, social class, husband’s education, pregnancy interval, and complications in previous pregnancies. Conclusions: A high prevalence of anaemia was observed among pregnant women, with multiple contributing factors identified. Comprehensive interventions, including counselling, screening, and health education, are recommended to address and reduce the high burden of anaemia in this population.
A Community Based Cross Sectional Study on Skin Disorders in Children Attending Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) Centres in Tirunelveli (Urban), Tamil Nadu, India
(Medsci Publications, 2025-03) Abirami, S; Savada, Moorthi, SM; Govardhanan, VM; Palanivel, N
Background & objectives: Survey of pre-school and school children is a useful yardstick for identification of infective dermatoses as early as possible and to prevent the upcoming epidemics among the community. Except for few hospital-based studies, there are no studies among pre-school children in community level including ICDS centres. Hence, we took an initiative for this study which has its implications on various health care policies and services catered to the children. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among children of 3 to 5 years of age attending ICDS centres in urban Tirunelveli over a period of 2 months (2018). A sample size of 405 was chosen from 23 centres by stratified random sampling. The screening and clinical diagnosis of dermatoses was made. Descriptive statistical analysis was followed. Results: A total of 405 children (204 boys & 201 girls) were screened and the prevalence of skin disorders was 8.14% (n=33). Infectious, non-infectious and nutritional deficiency disorders accounted for 2.46%, 4.7% and 0.98% respectively. Among infections and non-infectious dermatoses, pityriasis versicolor and papular urticaria was the commonest respectively. Interpretation& conclusions: Infectious dermatoses were in low numbers compared to non-infectious dermatoses reflecting the non-contagious environment. Absence of nutritional dermatoses and good hygiene reflect the well programmed health services and nutritional support provided to children in this part of Tamil Nadu.
Pathogenic Menace of MDR Bacteria in Stool and Throat Swab Surveillance Cultures of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Recipients and Evaluation of Post-Transplant Bloodstream Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study from A Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital of Kolkata, India
(Medsci Publications, 2025-03) Choudhury, K; Deb, S; Kundu, S; Dhar, B; Dolai, TK; Dey, JB; Bhattacharjee, SG
Background Infections with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) may pose a threat to hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Pre-transplant surveillance culture of stool and throat swabs may guide antibiotic therapy in these groups of patients. We have conducted this study to determine the profile of organisms isolated from stool and throat swab cultures, their susceptibility pattern, and the presence of MDRO to detect post-transplant bloodstream infections in this tertiary care teaching hospital in Kolkata. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of one year between 1st January to 31st December 2023. Pre-transplant surveillance culture of stool and throat swabs were performed on seventy patients from the Department of Hematology and processed in the Department of Microbiology using standard laboratory guidelines and their antibiotic susceptibility was done as per CLSI 2023 guidelines. The organisms were phenotypically screened for drug resistance and molecular confirmation was done for carbapenemases producers. Bloodstream infections in these recipients were detected by blood culture. Results There were 70 transplant recipients in whom stool surveillance culture yielded maximum incidence of Escherichia coli of which 32.8% were MDRO. Throat surveillance culture yielded Escherichia coli with 51.8% MDRO. blaNDM was the most common carbapenemases gene detected. Post-transplant the incidence of bloodstream infections detected by blood culture was seen in 32 recipients with Acinetobacter baumannii being the predominant Gram-negative isolate. Conclusion Colonization with MDRO in HSCT recipients before transplant is a potential threat. Performing stool and throat surveillance cultures before transplantation can inform empirical antibiotic strategies and tailored individualized antibiotic treatment.
A Comparative Study Between Collagen Sheet Dressing and Conventional Paraffin Gauze Dressing to Donor Site in Patients Undergoing Split Skin Grafting
(Medsci Publications, 2025-03) Rajavarman, B; Manigandan, R; Sangeethapriya, AS; Somasundaram, UR
Introduction: Split skin grafting is a common procedure that causes partial thickness injury, typically treated with paraffin-soaked gauze. Re-epithelialization occurs in two weeks, but complications like pain, infection, and delayed healing can arise. This study aimed to compare collagen sheet dressing with conventional gauze dressing in reducing pain, promoting healing, and preventing infection in donor sites. Material and Methods: A prospective comparative study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from December 2021 to January 2024. Fifty patients undergoing split skin graft surgery were assigned to either Group A (collagen sheet) or Group B (paraffin gauze). Outcomes such as pain, re-epithelialization, and infection were compared using descriptive statistics, chi-square, Fischer’s exact, and Student’s t-tests. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean age of Group A and Group B was 53.92 and 56.6 years, respectively. Pain scores were significantly lower in the collagen group (P<0.05). Epithelialization on day 10 was higher in the collagen group (85.2±5.09) compared to the conventional group (68.4±8). One patient in the conventional group had an infection, whereas none were observed in the collagen group. Conclusion: Collagen sheet dressing in split skin grafting donor sites results in reduced pain, faster epithelialization, and lower infection rates.
Hospital Outcomes in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Congestive Heart Failure
(Medsci Publications, 2025-03) Kumar, J; Kumar, Kem A.
Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, often complicated by congestive heart failure (CHF). This study aims to explore the hospital outcomes of patients with AMI complicated by CHF, focusing on demographic factors, comorbidities, and treatment strategies. Method: Conducted over one year at the Saraswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, this study enrolled 157 patients diagnosed with AMI and CHF. Data collection included clinical assessments and laboratory investigations, with primary outcomes measuring hospital length of stay, in-hospital mortality, and readmission rates. Statistical analyses were performed to identify significant associations. Result: The average length of hospital stay was 10.5 ± 3.2 days, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 12.1%. Hypertension was significantly associated with mortality (p = 0.020), while the odds ratios indicated that patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease had increased mortality risks. Notably, longer hospital stays correlated with in-hospital mortality and readmissions (p < 0.001). Conclusion: CHF significantly impacts hospital outcomes in AMI patients, with hypertension as a key factor for increased mortality. Targeted interventions for at-risk populations may improve patient care and outcomes.
Correlation of Hand Dominance and Body Mass Index on Maximal Isometric Handgrip Strength among Students of SKIMS Medical College, Srinagar, India
(Medsci Publications, 2025-03) Gowhar, M; Ahad, F; Bhat, JH
Background: Handgrip strength (HGS) serves as an essential indicator of overall muscular strength and is influenced by factors such as Body Mass Index (BMI). This study examines the relationship between BMI and HGS in both dominant and non-dominant hands and investigates potential gender differences in these associations. Methods: Participants underwent HGS testing in both hands and had their BMI measured. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were used to assess the association between BMI and HGS, with additional analysis to explore gender-based differences. Results: The mean HGS was significantly higher in the dominant hand (36.41 kg) than in the non-dominant hand (34.03 kg, p = 0.05). In females, BMI correlated positively with dominant hand HGS (r = 0.245, p = 0.044) but not with the non-dominant hand. In males, BMI was strongly correlated with dominant hand HGS (r = 0.514, p < 0.001) and weakly correlated with the non-dominant hand (r = 0.284, p = 0.042). Conclusion: BMI is associated with handgrip strength, primarily in the dominant hand, with notable gender differences. Males demonstrate stronger correlations across both hands, whereas females show a significant link only in the dominant hand.
Effects of Prenatal Arsenic Exposure Via Maternal Blood on Placental GLI3 Expression and Neonatal Outcomes
(Medsci Publications, 2025-03) Singh, S; Adhikary, J; Biswas, S; Biswas, SC
Background: Prenatal arsenic exposure can harm both the mother and foetus by changing gene expression and impacting foetal growth. The study aimed to assess the impact of arsenic exposure on GLI3 expression in feto-placental tissue via maternal blood and record neonatal outcomes. Material and Methods: The study used 54 mother-infant pairs. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer used for measuring arsenic in maternal blood. Based on the median value of arsenic content in maternal blood, samples were split into two groups: the arsenic-low and the arsenic-high group. Maternal age, gestational age, arsenic exposure history, neonatal data were compared between two groups. Using qRT-PCR fold change in GLI3 expression was determined. Results: Many participants resided in arsenic-contaminated regions and consumed underground water. The arsenic high group had a considerably higher mean arsenic content. The arsenic high group had a considerably lower gestational age than the low group. Neonatal birth weight significantly reduced in arsenic high group. Neonatal birth length increased in arsenic high group in comparison to arsenic-low group. Exposure to arsenic significantly decreased the relative expression of GLI3. Conclusion: Prenatal arsenic exposure via maternal blood reduces GLI3 expression and affects neonatal anthropometry.
Hippocampal Volume Loss as A Marker of Cognitive Decline in Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Comprehensive Prospective Study
(Medsci Publications, 2025-06) Bashir, S; Hassan, Mir GH; Farooq, Mir M; Majeed, H
Background: Hippocampal atrophy is a hallmark of cognitive decline observed in dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study investigated hippocampal volumes across individuals with dementia, MCI, and healthy controls to explore structural changes and their association with cognitive performance. Methods: The present study included 62 participants categorized into three groups: dementia (DEM, N=22), MCI (N=15), and healthy controls (N=25). Hippocampal volumes were measured using 1.5 Tesla MRI. Cognitive function was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Pearson correlation and ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's HSD tests were performed to analyze group differences and relationships between hippocampal volume and cognitive parameters. Results: The mean hippocampal volumes were significantly smaller in the DEM group compared to the MCI and healthy groups (P <0.0001). Right hippocampal volumes were 1.69 ± 0.47 cm³ in the DEM group, 2.12 ± 0.23 cm³ in MCI, and 2.64 ± 0.33 cm³ in healthy participants. A progressive hippocampal volume loss of 34.7% from MCI to DEM was observed. Significant differences in MMSE scores were found between groups (P < 0.005). A strong positive correlation between MMSE scores and hippocampal volumes was noted in the DEM group (r = 0.55, P <0.05). Conclusions: The findings confirm that hippocampal atrophy is a key feature of cognitive decline, with substantial volume loss observed in dementia patients compared to MCI and healthy individuals. The strong correlation between hippocampal volume and cognitive performance in dementia underscores the role of hippocampal measurements as potential diagnostic and monitoring biomarkers.
A Study on Socio-Demographic and Clinical Profile of Patients on Second Line Anti-Retroviral Therapy Registered at ART Centre in Surat City
(Medsci Publications, 2025-06) Parmar, G; Parmar, S; Amin, SS; Patel, NB
Background: There is a need to develop concrete data in India about the number of people who need to switch to second-line HIV drugs and widespread emergence of drug resistance threatens the sustainability of the national programme. This study was conducted to study on Socio-Demographic and Clinical Profile of Patients on Second Line Anti-Retroviral Therapy Registered at ART Centre in Surat City. Methodology: The present study was a Cross-sectional study conducted at the ART centre of Gujarat, which are providing free second line ART. The study was conducted by pretested semi-structured questionnaire. The information regarding socio-demography and clinical variables, treatment and sexual activity were taken by oral interview of patients. While information regarding laboratory profile, adherence and treatment history were taken from patient treatment cards. Results: Most common reason for switch to second line ART was virological failure (84.2%). Mean duration of first line ART treatment was 30.15 (S.D. 25.350) months. All patients were given ritonavir boosted PI. Majority (66.7%) were given Atazinavir-ritonavir boosted PI and around 30% had history of substitution within second line ART. Conclusion: On the basis of our findings, we conclude that early detection of first-line treatment failure and improve availability/affordability of second-line regimens should become priorities in National Programme. First line ART patients with history of tuberculosis following ART initiation, treatment interruptions, treatment from private facility, belonging to nuclear family and lower social-economic class should be watched for ART failure.
Assessing Job Stress Among Emergency Department Healthcare Professionals in India: A Cross-Sectional Study
(Medsci Publications, 2025-06) Maithreyi, K; Kumar, SSV; Rao, HT AP
Background: Emergency healthcare professionals work in high-stress environments, facing long hours, traumatic events, and limited resources, resulting in psychological and physiological distress. This study assesses job-related stress among emergency healthcare providers in India and identifies key stressors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2024, including 114 emergency healthcare workers. Stress levels were measured using the Stress Parameters and Manifestations Scale (SPMS), a 20-item tool assessing self-awareness, interpersonal relationships, psychosomatic symptoms, and clinical manifestations on a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores indicate greater stress. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0, with t-tests and ANOVA, and significance set at p <0.05. Results: The cohort comprised 52.2% males, 80.5% doctors, and 71.7% from medical colleges. High workload perception (62.0%), sleep disturbances (41.6%), and low mood post-patient interactions (42.4%) were prevalent. Psychosomatic symptoms such as palpitations (40.7%) and persistent sleepiness (42.5%) were common. Females reported significantly higher self-awareness (p <0.001) and overall stress (p = 0.023). Those working over 16 hours daily had the highest stress, particularly in clinical manifestations (p = 0.017). Conclusion: Emergency healthcare workers experience significant occupational stress, highlighting the need for structured schedules, mental health support, and stress management strategies to improve workforce resilience.
Taming A Surgeon’s Worst Nightmare – A Case Series Emphasizing Early Detection of Complications Following Whipple’s Resection and Their Successful Management
(Medsci Publications, 2025-06) Kushagra, R; Krishnamoorthy, A; Kumar, RM; Chandramohan, K; Muralee, M; Wagh, M
Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple’s resection) is by far one of the most complicated procedures in surgery with tedious dissection, multiple anastomoses and a stormy postoperative course. The post operative management of these cases may be extremely challenging due to the varied nature of complications involved. Here we present a case series of 5 patients with a varied spectrum of postoperative complications. 3 patients had vascular complications, 1 had pancreatic leak and 1 had efferent loop syndrome. The various methods used to deal with such complications are described.
A Case Report on Musculoskeletal Melioidosis
(Medsci Publications, 2025-06) Kundu, S; Deb, S; Mallick, T; Bhattacharjee, SG
Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is an underdiagnosed infection in India with a high case fatality rate if untreated. We report a case of a 59-year-old diabetic male farmer from West Bengal who presented with fever and respiratory distress. Initial empirical therapy with cefoperazone-sulbactam failed to improve his condition. Subsequently, he developed acute pain and swelling in the left shoulder. Imaging revealed osteomyelitis with intraarticular and periarticular abscesses. Surgical debridement and culture studies confirmed B. pseudomallei, identified using Ashdown’s medium, Gram staining, biochemical tests, and automated Vitek 2 analysis. The organism exhibited resistance to ceftazidime but was susceptible to meropenem and doxycycline. Despite initiation of targeted therapy, the patient took discharge against medical advice, preventing further outcome assessment. This case highlights the challenges of diagnosing melioidosis, particularly in rural settings where it mimics other tropical infections. Early suspicion, appropriate microbiological workup, and prompt initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy are crucial for improved outcomes. Greater clinician awareness and expanded diagnostic capacity are needed to prevent missed diagnoses and reduce mortality in endemic regions.
Evaluation of Bone Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease and Post-Transplant Patients Using Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry and Bone Biomarkers – A Single-Center Study
(Medsci Publications, 2025-06) Vohra, G; Rajendran, N; Kumari, A.
Background: Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a common complication in CKD patients and often persists after renal transplantation. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assesses bone mineral density (BMD), while bone biomarkers provide insight into bone turnover. This study evaluates bone disease in CKD and post-transplant patients using DXA and bone biomarkers to assess changes in BMD and metabolic bone parameters post-transplantation. Methods: This observational study included CKD patients and post-transplant recipients. BMD was measured at the spine, femur, and radius using DXA. Bone turnover markers, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D3, calcium, phosphorus, and osteocalcin, were analyzed. Comparative statistical analysis was performed to assess differences between CKD and post-transplant groups. Results: Mean BMD at the femur and radius did not differ significantly between CKD and post-transplant patients (p > 0.05). Osteopenia was the most prevalent bone abnormality in both groups. No significant correlation was found between calcium, phosphorus, and PTH levels, but PTH and osteocalcin were significantly associated (p = 0.02). A significant relationship was also found between BMD at the radius and T-score at the spine (p = 0.008). Conclusion: Bone disease persists in CKD and post-transplant patients, highlighting the need for long-term monitoring and tailored interventions.
A Study on Serum Vitamin D3 Level in Patients with Covid-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in Kolkata
(Medsci Publications, 2025-06) Hossain, E; Mandal, SK; Sarkar, S; Jha, A; Mondal, R
Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Vitamin D has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, potentially influencing the disease course. This study assessed the prevalence of 25(OH) vitamin D deficiency in COVID-19 patients and its association with disease severity in the Indian population. Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Medical College, Kolkata, including 100 RT-PCR-confirmed moderate and severe COVID-19 patients. Disease severity was categorized based on oxygen saturation. Serum 25-Hydroxy vitamin D levels were measured on admission, along with other hematological and biochemical parameters. High-resolution CT scans were performed to assess pulmonary involvement. Results: Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were observed in 18% and 67% of patients, respectively. Deficiency was more prevalent in severe cases (82.97%) than moderate cases (52.83%). The mean vitamin D levels in moderate and severe disease groups were 23.23±8.74 and 17.17±8.09 ng/ml, respectively. A significant association was found between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 severity (P = 0.006). The vitamin D cutoff for predicting severe disease was 18.57 ng/dl. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is strongly associated with severe COVID-19 in the Indian population. Low vitamin D levels may predict disease severity, suggesting supplementation as a potential preventive strategy.
Nosocomial E. Coli Isolated from UTI Identified Using DNA Markers Based on PCR and Pathogenic Markers
(Medsci Publications, 2025-06) Khorsheed, SA
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections, with Escherichia coli (E. coli) being the leading causative agent. The increasing resistance of E. coli to commonly used antibiotics, including ?-lactam antibiotics, poses a significant clinical challenge. Understanding antimicrobial resistance patterns and genetic diversity among E. coli isolates is essential for effective treatment and infection control. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of E. coli in UTI cases, assess its resistance to multiple antibiotics, evaluate ?-lactamase and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production, and analyze genetic diversity using molecular techniques. Materials and Methods: A total of 105 urine samples were collected from UTI patients at Rezali Hospital and General Hospital in Erbil (January–June 2024). Disk diffusion was used for antibiotic susceptibility testing, while MIC values were determined for penicillin and cephalosporin. ?-lactamase production was assessed using the iodine titration method, ESBLs were confirmed using a disk proximity test, and RAPD markers were used for genetic diversity. Results: E. coli accounted for 48.51% of UTIs, showing high resistance to tetracycline (75.71%) and ceftriaxone (95.14%), and complete resistance to ampicillin and amoxicillin. ?-lactamase production was detected in 84.62% of isolates, while 5.77% were ESBL producers. Genetic analysis indicated strain diversity, suggesting multiple nosocomial sources. Conclusion: The study highlights multidrug-resistant E. coli in UTIs, emphasizing the need for continuous surveillance and antibiotic stewardship programs to prevent treatment failures.
Waist-To-Sitting Height Ratio as A Predictor of Cardiometabolic Risk in Children: A Comparative Analysis with Body Mass Index
(Medsci Publications, 2025-06) Roy, SK; Kaushik, RV; Patel, AV
Introduction: Childhood obesity is a growing public health concern, contributing to an increased risk of metabolic disorders. Traditional measures like body mass index (BMI) have limitations in assessing central adiposity. Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) has emerged as a superior predictor of cardiometabolic risk. This study aims to evaluate WHtR as a screening tool compared to BMI in identifying obesity-related health risks in children. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among school-aged children. Anthropometric data, including height, weight, and waist circumference, were collected. WHtR and BMI were calculated and analyzed for their correlation with cardiometabolic risk factors such as blood pressure and lipid profiles. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare the predictive accuracy of WHtR and BMI. Results: WHtR demonstrated a stronger correlation with metabolic risk markers compared to BMI. ROC analysis showed that WHtR had a higher area under the curve (AUC), indicating better predictive ability. A WHtR cutoff of 0.5 effectively identified children at risk. Conclusion: WHtR is a simple, effective, and superior screening tool for identifying children at risk of obesity-related complications. Its adoption in routine health assessments may improve early detection and intervention strategies.
Effect of Home Based Versus Hospital Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program on Lung Functions in Recovered Covid-19 Patients
(Medsci Publications, 2025-06) Arora, H; Jaggi, S; Aggarwal, D; Sodhi, MK; Saini, V
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global public health, with many patients experiencing persistent symptoms and impaired physical functioning even after recovery from the acute phase. Pulmonary rehabilitation may help improve ongoing respiratory symptoms in these individuals. This study compared home-based rehabilitation to hospital-based rehabilitation for post-COVID patients with pulmonary function impairments. Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, 54 recovered COVID-19 patients were enrolled over 18 months and divided into two groups: Group A (home-based rehabilitation) and Group B (hospital-based rehabilitation). Group A performed exercises at home, while Group B attended two supervised sessions per week for 8 weeks. Spirometry and the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWTD) were conducted at baseline and after 8 weeks. Results: Results showed significant improvements in 6MWTD for both groups (Group A: p <0.01, Group B: p=0.03). Group B also showed significant improvement in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) (p=0.04). However, there were no significant differences in lung function, exercise capacity, or dyspnea grading between the two groups (p >0.05). Conclusion: Home-based rehabilitation provides similar benefits to hospital-based rehabilitation and is a viable alternative for patients unable to access hospital services.
Epidemiological Profile and Proportion of Retinopathy in Hypertensive Patients in A Tertiary Care Centre of South India
(Medsci Publications, 2025-06) Tamilarasi; Keerthana, V; Isha, S; Seenivasan, P
Background: Hypertensive retinopathy in a population indicates the level of hypertension control and risk for cardiovascular events and a 10-year risk of stroke mortality. So early detection of retinopathy is crucial for various reasons. Methodology: This study was conducted on 300 patients without known retinal problems included by convenient sampling method in the hypertension clinic at a tertiary care facility in Chennai from August to December 2021. Data was gathered using a questionnaire by in-person interviews and dilated fundoscopic examination. The Chi square test and the Fischer's exact test were used for associations. Results: The average age of the participants was 59.13 (±9.7) years. 188(62.7%) participants had hypertension for less than five years and 13.3% had regular eye check. The prevalence of retinopathy is 49.3%. In which 28%, 17.3%, 4% had Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3 respectively. Patients with hypertension more than 5 years, non-compliance to medications, not doing regular blood pressure check, being employed in non-professional occupation, with history of ocular pain and impaired vision had significant association with retinopathy. Conclusions: As the study had half the hypertensive patients with retinopathy, it is imperative to provide comprehensive health education and prioritize regular screening for retinopathic changes among hypertensive patients.
Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in Patients of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) On Hemodialysis: A Single Centre Study
(Medsci Publications, 2025-06) Pandey, RK; Kumari, S; Nand, V
Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) necessitates hemodialysis (HD), a treatment associated with substantial physical and psychological burdens. Anxiety and depression are common in ESRD patients and can adversely impact their quality of life and treatment adherence. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients undergoing chronic HD. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at SRMS IMS Bareilly involving 100 ESRD patients on chronic HD. Patients completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to evaluate symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results: Among the 100 patients, 68% exhibited depressive disorders, and 56% had anxiety disorders, with 24% showing both conditions. Depression was more prevalent among males (62.86%) compared to females (44.7%)-ODDs ratio-1.29. In contrast, anxiety was significantly higher in females (44.3%) compared to males (31.8%)-ODDs ratio-0.69. The prevalence of depression and anxiety varied across age Depression increases with age, being highest in individuals aged ?60 years and lowest in those aged 18–39 years. Patients undergoing HD three times a week reported more depressive symptoms. Additionally, the use of central venous catheters correlated with increased psychological symptoms. Conclusions: Depression and anxiety are prevalent among ESRD patients on HD, with significant gender disparities and an association with HD frequency. Addressing these psychological aspects through comprehensive care strategies is essential for improving patient outcomes.
Alterations in Thyroid Hormone Levels in Children with Protein-Energy Malnutrition
(Medsci Publications, 2025-06) Oinam, PD; Takhelmayum, PS; Wahengbam, DD; Moirangthem, M; Maisnam, AS
Background: Nutritional deficiencies are among the most significant public health challenges in India and other developing nations. Among those nutritional diseases, the Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is the most prevalent one, affecting a large population especially children under five and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Aims and Objectives: To estimate serum total thyroxine (TT4), total tri-iodothyronine (TT3), thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) in normal controls and children with PEM. To find out relationship between thyroid hormones and different grades of PEM. Methodology: Fifty children below 12 years of age suffering from different grades of protein energy malnutrition admitted in Pediatric ward, RIMS, Imphal, were selected as cases. Fifty healthy children, closely matched for age and gender, formed the control group. The study was carried out over a 24-month period, beginning in September 2016 and concluding in August 2018. Total thyroxine (TT4) and total trio-iodothyronine (TT3) were estimated by ELISA. Results: Serum thyroid hormones (TT3, TT4 and TSH) were significantly decreased in PEM when compared with controls. Among the different grades of PEM, total tri-iodothyronine (TT3) level was significantly low in Marasmic kwashiorkor children (0.61±0.14) whereas undernutrition group has the lowest value of Total Thyroxine (5.31±0.65) and TSH (1.60±0.81). Conclusion: A decrease in circulating thyroid hormone levels was linked to the severity of PEM. All the PEM cases should undergo a screening for thyroid hormone status which is essential for proper growth and health of the children.

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