Annual Research & Review in Biology
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Chief Editor: Prof. George Perry,
ISSN: 2347-565X
Frequency: Quarterly
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://www.journalarrb.com/index.php/ARRB
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Recent Submissions
Item Comparison of Agromorphological Performances of Onion Varieties (Allium cepa L.) Violet De Galmi and Ares in Rainy and Dry Seasons and Prediction of Bulb Yield(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-05) Koffi, E-BZ; Daramcoum, MPWA; Konan, NY; Soro, NS; Yao, SDM; Sié, RS; Diarrassouba, N.Côte d'Ivoire still imports high onions volumes to fit national demand. One solution to this problem would be to provide farmers with appropriate varieties. The aim of this study is to select a variety that is adapted to the different growing seasons from savanah agroclimate zones, namely in Korhogo, Northern country. In this study, the agromorphological performances of the onion varieties Ares and Violet De Galmi were compared in the dry and rainy seasons using the Student's T test at a significance level of 5%. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to predict bulb yield as a function of vegetative characteristics. The results showed that the Ares variety performed best in both the wet and dry seasons. This performance was better expressed in the dry season with a bulb yield of 31.17 ± 5.94 kg/ 6m² compared with 12.97 ± 3.45 kg/ 6m² for Violet De Galmi. The Ares variety produced a higher yield of 25.20 ± 9.00 kg/ 6 m² in the rainy season than Violet De Galmi, which produced 8.21 kg of bulbs/ 6m². This performance by Ares can be explained by the development of its vegetative characteristics. Bulb yield can be estimated on the basis of vegetative characteristics such as plant height (PH), number of leaves (NL) and leaf length (MLL) according to the following equation: Yield = -33 + 7.90 PH + 2.26NL - 7.41 MLL. The Ares variety can be recommended for cultivation in all seasons.Item The Effects of Pulsing Solution on the Shelf Life of Nerium Flowers (Nerium oleander L. Cv. Pink)(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-05) Rajiv, G; Jawaharlal, M; Allen, JJ; Kalaimani, M.The present study determines the effects of pulsing solution on the shelf life of Nerium flowers (Nerium oleander L. Cv. Pink). The floriculture industry in India is characterised by the growing of ornamentals, loose and cut flowers under open and protected environmental conditions. The offering and exchange of flowers on all social occasions, in places of worship and their use for the adornment of hair by women and home decoration have become an integral part of human living. Nerium oleander L. belongs to the Apocynaceae family and is an evergreen shrub. It is indigenous to the Mediterranean region and Northern Africa. Due to its long-lasting and prolific flowering habit, as well as its resistance to heat, salinity, and drought, globally it is well acclaimed as an ornamental plant. In order to determine the lifespan of the floral characteristics—freshness, colour fading, physiological loss of weight, and shelf life, the post-harvest experiment was carried out in this study to extend the shelf life of Nerium flowers using several pulse solutions, namely boric acid, citric acid and sucrose. This experiment revealed a positive effect when flowers were treated with boric acid 4% (T4) and when treated with 4% sucrose (T6), which improves the shelf life of the flower under refrigerated conditions with polybag 1% ventilation. Appropriate packaging and storage of flowers, combined with pulsing, are helpful to ensure the fresh quality of flowers for consumers and also offer the potential advantage of extending shelf life.Item Emerging Plant Hormones: Opening up New Lanes to Face Abiotic Stresses(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-05) V., VP; V., Y; M., M.Abiotic stressors such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures and heavy metal toxicity represent significant obstacles to global agricultural productivity. Next-generation plant hormones, including Jasmonic Acid (JA), Strigolactones (SLs) and Melatonin, have been identified as essential regulators of stress adaptation. These hormones are instrumental in modulating stress-responsive signalling pathways, thereby enhancing plant resilience through various physiological and molecular mechanisms. Jasmonic Acid (JA) serves as a vital hormone in plant defence, orchestrating responses to oxidative stress, facilitating stomatal closure and promoting the production of secondary metabolites to counteract drought and salinity stresses. Strigolactones (SLs) influence root architecture and symbiotic relationships, thereby improving water and nutrient absorption in nutrient-deficient and saline environments. Melatonin, recognised for its potent antioxidant properties and role as a signalling molecule, mitigates oxidative damage, optimises photosynthetic efficiency, and boosts tolerance to abiotic stress through interactions with abscisic acid (ABA) and auxins. The application of advanced biotechnological tools, such as CRISPR/Cas genome editing and nanoparticle-based hormone delivery systems, presents new opportunities for refining hormone regulation in crops. A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between JA, SL, and melatonin with other plant hormones will facilitate the development of stress-resilient crops. These cutting-edge strategies hold significant potential for improving agricultural productivity and sustainability in response to the stresses induced by climate change.Item A Critical Review on SARS-CoV-2: Nature or Nurture?(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Udegbunam, EC; Uba, CC; Ikwuazom, OO; Kanai, TE; Igwe, JO; Okengwu, OD.SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family of coronaviridae and genus coronavirus and is the causative agent of COVID-19 disease that originated in Wuhan, China, a disease characterized by shortness of breath, severe fever, and cough. Scientists continue to be divided as to the origin of the virus with some scientists proposing the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 as a consequence of evolutionary mutation, implicating the Bat corona virus as a possible ancestor while some scientists propose a laboratory leak and a possible consequence of a laboratory creation. This is further complicated because of the unique polybasic sequence at the furin cleavage site within the S1/S2 spike protein, a characteristic not found in any close family of the SARS-CoV-2, but found in its distant relatives. While the origins of SARS-CoV-2 continue to be a subject of debate, this review is an attempt on the presentation of facts that may give clues as to the origin of the virus and a call for extensive research on the repurposing of drugs apart from Ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine which may be beneficial among low and middle income populations.Item Potential Action of Defence Enzyme in Biotic Stress: A Review(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-05) S, Vijayakumar; Madhumitha, M; Yogabala, V.Plants are the ecosystem's primary source of energy and have a direct or indirect influence on human life. Pathogens and insects’ interference with the plants contributes to enormous losses in yield and productivity. Pathogens that can invade plants are capable of recognising and responding to their attack by activating security systems. Controls plant defence responses to the net pathogen attacks. Defense enzyme include that Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione and other that helps protect the defense enzyme such as Beta-1,3 glucanase phenylalanise ammonia – lyase, peroxide, chitinase, chitosanase, and polyphenol oxidase. Beta-1,3 glucan and chitin are major polysaccharides in many fungal cell walls. As chitinase and Beta-1,3 glucanase are capable of attacking the fungal pathogen on the cell wall, they are suggested to participate in plant resistance against fungal pathogens. Some important examples of defence enzymes are chitinase, Beta 1,3 Glucanases, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), Peroxide, Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), chitinases- breakdown chitin, a major component of fungal cell walls, helping to protect against fungal infections. Beta-1,3-glucanases – Degrade Beta-glucans found in the cell walls of various pathogens, including fungi, enhancing the plants' defence against infections. Peroxides – Involved in the production of reactive oxygen species to strengthen the cell walls, making it harder the pathogens to penetrate and cause damage to the pathogen cells. Polyphenol oxidases (PPOS)- catalyse the oxidation of phenolic compounds to quinones and can reinforce the cell wall by cross-linking with proteins. Lipoxygenases – Involved in the Synthesis of Jasmonic acid, a signalling molecule that activates defence response in plants. PAL – Involved in the synthesis of Phenolic compounds that contribute to plant defence by forming physical and chemical barriers against the pathogen.Item Transforming Indian Agriculture: The Policy and Impact Landscape of Genetically modified (GM) Technologies(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Prasad, D; Thakur, A.Genetically modified (GM) crops present India with a transformative opportunity to address pressing challenges in food security, climate adaptation, and agricultural sustainability. This review critically examines the scientific advances, historical development, regulatory frameworks, socio-economic impacts, and ethical debates shaping the adoption of GM crops in India. While Bt cotton has emerged as the country’s primary GM success, covering over 90% of national cotton acreage and significantly improving yields and farmer incomes, efforts to commercialise other GM crops such as Bt brinjal and GM mustard have encountered persistent regulatory delays, political opposition, and public scepticism. The paper explores the evolving roles of the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) and the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), highlighting how recent reforms especially the 2022 guidelines for genome-edited crops reflect a policy shift toward innovation-friendly regulation. In addition, it addresses critical socio-economic and ethical considerations, including smallholder access to technology, seed sovereignty, intellectual property rights, environmental risks, and consumer choice. Looking ahead, advances in genome editing, synthetic biology, and multi-omics approaches hold immense promise for developing stress-tolerant, nutrient-enriched, and regionally adapted crops tailored to India’s diverse agro-ecological zones. This review synthesises current scientific, regulatory, and socio-political evidence to provide researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders with actionable insights for creating a transparent, inclusive, and science-based roadmap for the responsible deployment of GM technologies in India’s agricultural future.Item Comprehensive Review on the Physiological Adaptations of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to Drought Stress(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-05) Prabha, VV; Deepak, TM.Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is greatly impacted by drought. Under drought stress, tomatoes produce an excessive amount of reactive oxidative species (ROS), which has a disastrous effect on tomato productivity and growth. One of the major risks to crop productivity and world food security is drought stress. This review aims to examine the physiological mechanisms of drought tolerance in tomatoes. ROS produced by drought-induced oxidative stress harm chloroplasts and other cellular components, further reducing photosynthetic efficiency. Many adaptation techniques have been developed by plants to mitigate these consequences. Tolerance is also strengthened by structural modifications like rearranged leaves and changed root architecture. Developing crop types resistant to drought and guaranteeing sustainability requires an understanding of these intricate relationships and adaptive techniques.Item Effect of Plant Growth Regulator on Yield and Fruit Quality of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-05) Gopal, R; Choudhary, S.The present experiment was conducted at Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during the session 2022 - 2024. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications, and the study consists of thirteen treatment combinations including control. The treatment consisted of T0 Control, T1 - GA3 75ppm, T2 - GA3 100ppm, T3 - GA3 150ppm, T4 - GA3 200ppm, T5 - Ethrel 300 ppm, T6 - Ethrel 400 ppm, T7 - Ethrel 500 ppm, T8 - Ethrel 600 ppm, T9 - NAA 50 ppm, T10 - NAA 100 ppm, T11 - NAA 150 ppm, T12 - NAA 200 ppm. The best treatment was T12 (NAA200ppm) &T11 (NAA150 ppm) which shows highest values in all the parameters viz., node to which first female flower appears (18), node to which first male flower appears (11), and fruit shape, fruit color. Increased flowering, fruit yield and quality might be due to the increased absorption of nutrients when given as foliar application.Item Development of a Three-dimensional Gel Culture Model of Caenorhabditis elegans Muscular Atrophy Induced by Acoustic Levitation Simulating Microgravity(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-05) Hu, S; Yu, Z; Xiong, Q; Zhang, K; Chen, C.Aims: This study aimed to establish an acoustic levitation-based microgravity simulation model and investigate its effects on the locomotor function and muscle protein expression of Caenorhabditis elegans. Methodology: L4-stage N2 nematodes were assessed on gel ball and on culture plate after 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-hours post-inoculation. The acoustic levitation system was developed using the standing wave principle, with a three-dimensional gel ball culture system serving as the suspension carrier. Locomotor behavior including head swing frequency, bending frequency and swimming ability were observed after suspended for 9 hours, as well as muscle protein expression of RW1596 nematodes. Results: Nematodes were suspended for 9 hours, during which significant reductions were observed in head swing frequency (41.67 to 21.87 times/min, a 47.52% decrease), bending frequency (19.33 to 9.4 times/min, a 51.38% decrease), and swimming frequency (38.88 to 32.19 times/min, a 17.2% decrease) (all P < 0.01). Additionally, MYO-3 protein fluorescence intensity declined by 17.87% (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that acoustic levitation can induce a muscle atrophy phenotype analogous to that seen in true microgravity within a short time frame. This approach avoids mechanical contact interference and provides a novel ground-based simulation platform for aerospace medical research.Item Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants Used for Managing Geriatric Diseases in Selected Regions of India(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Thakur, AK; Majhi, S; Kumar, G; Neeraj; Kumar, S; Devi, RS; Das, K.Geriatric diseases pose a significant global challenge. The overreliance on allopathic medications has led to the neglect of traditional medicinal plants and their potential side effects. The present study aims to improve the use of local medicinal plants in managing geriatric diseases. Authors have documented the traditional use of 30 local medicinal plants for treating health problems such as hypertension, diabetes, dementia, and osteoporosis. This study also explored the bioactive compounds responsible for their therapeutic properties. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of the sustainable use and conservation of local resources, promoting a holistic approach to the healthcare of older people.Item Plastics in Food Packaging: Trends, Innovations and Environmental Impact(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Thangamuniyandi, M; Prabhu, T; Shenbagavalli, S; Kennady, NR; Sundarrajan, R.Plastics dominate the global food-packaging market because they are light, cheap, and easily tailored to protect a vast array of products. Yet escalating concern over plastic waste, chemical migration, and microplastic pollution has triggered rapid innovation—and equally rapid debate—around alternative materials, advanced recycling, and stricter regulation. This review explores the types of packaging materials, with a focus on flexible and rigid plastics, and their application in food packaging. It examines the role of plastics, including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), in protecting food and enhancing its shelf life. This review also surveys developments in conventional and emerging polymers, cutting-edge barrier and active-packaging technologies, and the life-cycle impacts that shape today’s research and policy agenda. Additionally, the review discusses the latest innovations in food packaging, such as nanomaterial-based packaging, active and intelligent packaging systems, and the integration of smart technologies like IoT and QR codes. With growing environmental concerns, there is a shift toward sustainable alternatives, including biodegradable and bio-based plastics. The study emphasizes the need to balance food safety, convenience, and sustainability in food packaging.Item Study of the Development of Cashew (Anacadium occidentale L.) Yield Components at Tree Level in Northern Côte d'Ivoire(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Karim, SF; Jean-Mathias, KK; Lacina, CF; Lassina, F; Olivier, AY; Éric, M.The study was conducted at the Lataha research station in the Poro region, which has a Sudanese climate with two distinct seasons. The aim was to assess cashew yield components through agromorphological and phenological analysis in three orchards of different ages (8, 12 and 39 years). An experimental block design was set up with three 50 m × 50 m plots. Twelve trees were selected and monitored. Span, height and trunk circumference were measured. Quadras were used to monitor twig development (vegetative, flowering, fruiting) every two days. Statistical analysis revealed that trunk span and circumference were strongly correlated with the number of vegetative shoots (r = 0.94 and r = 0.77). A strong linear regression was observed between span and the number of vegetative shoots (R² = 0.97). Branching and fruit production increased with tree age. East and west directions favoured higher shoot and fruit production, probably related to exposure to light. Male flowers are the most common, regardless of cardinal direction, followed by hermaphroditic flowers, which are more common in the east and south. The length of the flowering cycle increases with age: 34 days for young trees, 45 days for intermediate trees and 51 days for old cashew trees. Fruit production was significantly higher in the oldest trees. The study concludes that the age of the tree, its morphological characteristics and the cardinal orientation of the branches have a strong influence on flowering, fruiting and therefore yield.Item Occurrence of Protozoans on Clarias gariepinus at Omi Dam in Omi, Yagba West Local Government Area, Kogi State(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) CK, O.35 million people in Nigeria and other Sub-Saharan African nations rely entirely or partially on fisheries and aquaculture as their primary source of income and food. This study was to determine the occurrence of protozoan on Clarias gariepinus. Total of 506 sample of both Adult and juvenile of Clarias gariepinus were purchased from Fishermen at Omi Dam in Omi from January–December, 2022. This study was done in both dry and rainy season, parasites species were looked out for in the gills, skin, operculum, muscle, liver, gut, intestine and stomach of Clarias gariepinus. Protozoans were isolated using a binocular lens to check for and subsequently followed by scraping of the protozoans and were isolated using forceps and subsequently viewed under a dissecting microscope and photomicrograph was used at x400 objectives. Identification was done using Parasitic Fauna of Fresh Water Fishes Ukrianian (S.S.R.). 102 fishes were infected with parasites and prevalence of 20.16% out of which is 38 protozoans. Six protozoan species were encountered during this study. Ichthyophthirius multifilis was most prevalent; Trypanosoma cobitis was also discovered during this study. Other protozoans include Eimeria rivirei, Myxosoma branchialis, Myxidium oviforme and Chloromyxum mucronatum). Parasites can cause weight loss, debilitation and mortality, eventually leading to low productivity. Fish farmers should be conscious of the effect of these fish parasites and put appropriate measures for the control such as monitoring fish health and water quality.Item Germinative Qualities and Dynamics of Juvenile Growth of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (Fabaceae) in a Semi-Controlled Environment in the North of Côte d'ivoire(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Adama, SP; Bénédicte, KA; Dramane, S; Edouard, KK; Dodiomon, S.Background: Pterocarpus erinaceus, also known as Senegal Palisander, is an eminently useful species for the populations of the Sahelian and Sudanian zones of Africa. The tree is highly prized for its wood, fodder and therapeutic virtues, which is why it is overexploited in its area of distribution. Aims : The study aims to help improve the conditions for domesticating the species in the Sudan region. Methodology : The experimental design adopted for this study consisted of randomised blocks with 4 replications. The study material is composed of biological material and technical material. Pterocarpus erinaceus seed was the primary factor, while abiotic factors (light intensity, sowing depth and soil type) served as secondary factors. The work was carried out in Kouto, in the north of Côte d'Ivoire, over a period of 26 months, under natural conditions. The average annual temperature is 26.7°C. In this area, rainfall is irregular with an average annual rainfall of 1300 mm/year. For this purpose, the fruits harvested and subjected to three pre-germination treatments (untreated whole fruits, shelled fruits and fruits soaked in water) were germinated under the effect of three abiotic factors (intensity of sunlight, sowing depth and soil type). The germination parameters and the growth kinetics of the plants (height and diameter of the crown) were evaluated. Results : The results show that the hulled fruit seeds have the best latency times (4.4 ± 1.67 days) and germination rate (77 ± 11.27%) in shaded areas. The seeds must be sown to a maximum depth of 2 cm to obtain good germination performance. The height growth of the seedlings (21.28 ± 6.72 cm) was relatively higher than that of the strains (20.23 ± 7.59 cm) in shaded conditions. Conclusion : Reproduction by strains is therefore an alternative to fruit conservation and a complementary technique to nursery production for the reforestation of the species. This study assessed the effect of some abiotic factors on the germination and growth of Pterocarpus erinaceus. The production of seedlings from this plant material would therefore provide a solution to the problem of conserving the fruits of this species in natural conditions.Item Comparative Evaluation of Three Mangrove Restoration Methods in Côte d’Ivoire: A Multi-Site Experimental Approach(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Natacha, BC; Hyppolite, DN; Guy-Pacôme, TT; Jacques-Edouard, YK; Séraphin, KK; Dodiomon, S.This study aims to identify favourable conditions for the restoration of Rhizophora racemosa. Mangroves play a major ecological role by reducing coastal erosion, capturing carbon, and supporting fisheries. In Côte d'Ivoire, they are highly threatened by urbanization, pollution, and overexploitation, resulting in the loss of more than 50% of their surface area since 1990. This study was conducted in the Grands-Ponts region, located in the south of Côte d'Ivoire. The experiments were carried out in four localities (Gboyo, Gbéhiri, Téffrédji, and Tiemien), testing three techniques: transplanting wildlings, direct sowing of propagules, and planting seedlings in nurseries. The results show that direct sowing has the best germination rate, while the nursery method offers the best survival (up to 97.5%). Seedling growth is favoured by sandy-clay soils and a moderate pH. Factors such as salinity, prolonged flooding, pests, and weed cover were major constraints. The success of reforestation also depends on the active involvement of local communities. Locations with sandy-clay and sandy-loam soils (Gbéhiri and Tiemien) recorded the best results. Finally, the physicochemical parameters of the water, notably pH and dissolved oxygen, have proven to be decisive in the success of mangrove plantations.Item Tiny Beetle, Big Threat: A Review of Cigarette Beetle Infestation in Grains and Stored Commodities(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Karnavat, U; Dodiya, R; Pathan, N; Patel, Z.The modernization of agricultural production has significantly boosted food production but also increased vulnerability to stored grain pests, including the cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne). This coleopteran pest infests a wide range of stored products, causing substantial economic and qualitative losses globally. With a lifecycle adapted to diverse environments and a preference for dried products, it poses challenges to food safety and security. Effective management strategies include sanitation, physical methods (temperature and controlled atmosphere treatments), biological controls and botanical repellents. Advances in nanotechnology and pheromone traps show promise in mitigating its impact.Item Production of Teak (Tectona grandis L.) Plants by the In-vitro Microbutting Technique: Effect of Desinfection and Phytoregulators(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Stephane, G; Nadia, KA; Innocent, NBTJ; Koutoua, A; Mongomake, K.Teak plays an important role in reforestation in inter-tropical Africa. It is often used for timber and service wood. The species has enjoyed remarkable growth in Côte d'Ivoire thanks to its resistance to the bush fires that occurred in 1980. However, its natural dissemination is a major concern because of its poor ability to take cuttings, and its in vitro regeneration is a barrier because of the lack of a disinfection protocol. The aim of this study was to determine the best disinfection technique and the best growth regulator for in vitro propagation of teak. Apex and nodal segment explants were subjected to four disinfection techniques. These explants were seeded on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basic culture media supplemented with different concentrations of Benzylaminopurine (0.5; 1; 2 and 4 mg/l), Kinetin (0.5; 1; 2 and 4 mg/l) and Thidiazuron (0.01; 0.1; 0.25 and 0.5 mg/l). The best disinfection technique was 5% fungicide (5 min), followed by 70% alcohol (3 min), 0.05% mercury chloride (10 min) and 50% sodium hypochlorite (5 min). The nodal segment cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l Benzylaminopurine was required for teak multiplication.Item Livestock Breed Selection and Care Strategies Adopted by Dairy Farmers in Shahpur Block, Betul, Madhya Pradesh, India(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Gupta, K; Marskole, S; Irpache, D; Yadav, S; Choudhary, S.Aims: The main objective of this study to evaluate and observe the livestock breed selection and care strategies in rural area of Betul, MP, India specially for Shahpur Block. It’s a tribal dominated area and provide key solutions to improve breed selection practices among dairy farmers. Study Design: A Google form questionnaire with 23 questions was created for dairy units and dairy farms. Farmers were questioned about what they were doing.Dairy worker and farmer identity, animal production traits, breed selection strategies, milk production technology and animal nutrition were among the inquiries. Included were increases in milk fat diet or the use of herbs for milk and animal management. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in the Shahpur block area of the tribally dominated district of Betul (M.P.) in India between September and October of 2024. Methodology: Using a Google Form, a door-to-door survey of 383 dairy farmers and 129 dairy workers engaged in animal husbandry in the village was carried out and all type of statistical analysis were done. Results: This survey is being conducted among 512 dairy producers and dairy workers. Twenty-five percent of the answers were from dairy workers. We found that 95.1% of males and 4.9% of women are employed in the dairy business under investigation. 3.1% Sahiwal, 0.2% Malvi, 0.6% cross-breed, other 5.2% cows, 2.7% Gir, 10.8% Jersey, 3.1% Sahiwal, and, in addition, 36.3% Murrah buffalo, 49.9% Desi buffalo, 0.5% hybrid buffalo, 0.3% Nagpuri buffalo, and the remaining 13.1% buffaloes are raised in the study area. 34.4% of dairy farmers fed 60% green and 40% dry feed, 40.8% fed 50% green and 50% dry feed, and 18.9% provided 70% green and 30% dry feed, according to the poll. 3.1% of dairy farmers treat their animals themselves, 10.1% of farmers have their animals checked by a veterinarian periodically, and 86.8% of farmers do not regularly get their animals checked. Conclusion: Future breeding initiatives might utilize all the desired traits that were impacted by socioeconomic variables to boost dairy cattle output. Suggestions for improving livestock breeding in the study area include: supplying farmers with healthy bulls or males for mating with good characteristics; providing dairy farmers with appropriate training at the local level; implementing government schemes at the ground level; promoting artificial insemination; emphasizing the purity of indigenous breeds; providing financial support to dairy farmers; and organizing "Pashu mela" at the panchayat level to promote animal husbandry.Item Seasonal and Density Variation in Growth and Yield Attributes of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L. Sprague) in Marathwada Region of Maharashtra, India(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-05) Pawar, G; Kardile, P; Kadam, K; Thombre, P; Dahatonde, A; Lawand, A; Chibhade, B.The experiment was planned and conducted during 2019-20 to find out the specific sowing duration along with proper sowing distance to gain optimum yield and quality of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague). Three sowing dates (15, 23 and 30 of August) and three spacings (60 x 10, 75 x 30 and 90 x 45 cm). Plant attributes like plant height, number of primary, secondary branches per plant, chlorophyll content and growth parameters were recorded. Early sown crop with spacing was significant over other duration and densities.Item Interactive Effect of Dietary Fat and Fibre on the Growth, Haematology, Serum Biochemistry and Organ Histology in Male Albino Rats(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Boakye, MA; Zanu, HK; Osei, CN; Ammisah- Reynolds, PK.Aim: High saturated fat intake poses health risks, while high fibre intake, such as those in corn cob, might reduce these risks. Thus, this study was designed with the hypothesis that high fibre intake would mitigate the health risks posed by high saturated fat intake. Design: A completely randomized design was used for this study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Animal Science Department of Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development. The study lasted for eight weeks. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four (24) male Albino rats were randomly assigned to four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD). The factors were either fat (low versus high) and dietary fat (low versus high). Data collected included feed intake, body weight (BW), organ weight (%), haematology, serum biochemistry and the histology of the heart, liver and kidney. Results: The results indicated that neither fat nor fibre affected the feed intake (P >.05). High fibre reduced the BW of Albino rats and improved the haematology and serum Biochemistry profiles (P < .05). The Low fat levels reduced cholesterol levels (P < .05). High fibre increased ALP and Total Bilirubin (P >.05). Dietary fat did not influence liver function test after d 56 of the study (P >.05). Low levels of dietary fat and fibre were ideal for organ health. Conclusion: Overall, the findings suggest that increasing the level of fibre in the diet might mitigate some of the adverse effects of taking in high levels of saturated fats.