Annual Research & Review in Biology

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/151209

Chief Editor: Prof. George Perry,
ISSN: 2347-565X

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.journalarrb.com/index.php/ARRB

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 720

Evaluation of Newly Developed BIDI Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Genotypes for Seed Oil
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Bai, PP; Babu, KS; Basha, SJ; Prabhakar, K; Sarala, K; Madhav, MS; Johnson, M.
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seed oil (TSO), a byproduct of tobacco leaf production, has been shown to be a substitute for a diesel fuel in a raw or chemically modified form. The oil content of the seed ranges from 36% to 41% of seed dry weight. In the present study the experiment was conducted with 8 genotypes ABD 132 (Nandyal Pogaku 2), ABD119, NyBD56, NBD290, NBD289, ABD146, A119(C) and Nandyal pogaku-1(C) in randomized block design from 2018-19 to 2020-21at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal with an objective to evaluate the newly developed genotypes for seed yield and yield attributes and to find out oil yield and quality of tobacco seed oil. Results showed that the entries ABD132 (2199 kg/ha), NBD290 (2150kg/ha), ABD145 (2137 kg/ha) and NBD289 (2067kg/ha) has recorded significantly higher cured leaf yield and chemical quality parameters were recorded in its leaves of the genotypes under untopped condition, the lowest chloride content of 0.78 % in NBD 290, higher nicotine content (2.82%) in ABD132 (Nandyal Pogaku 2) and higher reducing sugars (1.55%) in A119, making it suitable for bidi smoking. Entries ABD 132 (745 kg/ha) & A119 (738 kg/ha) recorded higher seed yield and oil yield potential (234 kg/ha) and (235 kg/ha) respectively. ABD 132 has recorded maximum nicotine yield potential (62.01 kg/ha). These genotypes (ABD 132 and A119) used further breeding programmes to increase the oil yield and to use the by-products.
Finger Print Patterns amongst Federal Polytechnic Ede Students in Osun State, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) OG, D; T, A; AT, O.
This study determined the fingerprint patterns of 1000 students in Federal Polytechnic Ede, Osun State, Nigeria. A fingerprint is the reproduction of the friction ridges present on the inner surface of a fingertip. The fingerprint patterns were recognized based on the appearance of ridges lines to determine loops, whorls, and arches. The finger print samples were collected from the respondents based on the random sampling method. This study lasted 5 months, from December 2021 to May 2022. Materials used for this study; stamp pad, white paper, methylated spirit, and cotton wool. The smeared thumbs of both hands of the respondents were printed on plain white paper. For demographics, name, age, sex, department, and state of origin were collected. Of the 1000 students used for this study, 571 were females and 429 were males. The fingerprint pattern Loop was the highest, while the Arch pattern was the least. From this study, it was discovered that the distribution of dermatoglyphic patterns was almost similar on both hands as regards handedness, while bilateral variations could not be established, but there was an association between the distribution of fingerprint patterns, gender and handedness.
Effects of Micro Plastics on Fishes of Hooghly River, India
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Das, R; Malvi, M.
Plastic pollution is now a concerning issue which destroying the riverine ecology silently. Excessive use of plastics & indifference to removing plastic waste after use gives birth to microplastics. Rivers are the major track way which can caught plastic debris from surrounding landside & contaminate the aquatic life without degraded the matter for a long time. The research was conducted on the Hooghly river near Barrackpore in the West Bengal region of India. The research explores the matter of microplastics contamination in various fish species of Hooghly river & effects of microplastics in the fish body according to the size, concentration, physical component & polymerase type of microplastic. Mainly 0.3 mm to 5 mm sizes microplastics have been noticed in both fish & shore sediments of this river site. Mostly the fiber & fragment type microplastics elements were damage the liver & gill of fish badly.
The Story of the Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) on Cotton
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) S, R; SS, U; I, MA; SV, A.
Cotton, a vital commercial fibre crop, is prone to heavy infestations by insect pests, with bollworms being the most damaging globally. Helicoverpa armigera and other Heliothines have developed significant resistance to conventional insecticides, rendering cotton cultivation uneconomical in many regions by the mid-1990s. The introduction of Bt cotton, expressing Cry1Ac toxins, marked a breakthrough in bollworm management, drastically reducing pesticide usage and increasing yields. However, resistance to Cry toxins, particularly Cry1Ac, emerged over time, as first reported in pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) in Gujarat, India, by 2010. Factors contributing to resistance include mutations in genes such as PgCad1, ABC transporters, and others. Additionally, declining toxin expression in Bt cotton hybrids and improper pest management practices exacerbate resistance. Integrated pest management strategies, such as timely sowing, field sanitation, pheromone traps, and mating disruption tools, have been recommended to mitigate resistance. Recent data show an increase PBW infestations in North India, which is being driven by factors like shorter cotton seasons and little prior exposure to Bt toxins. Studies focusing on genetic and phenotypic polymorphism in Indian PBW populations have emphasized the need for sustainable resistance management. Adopting dual-toxin Bt cotton (Cry1Ac + Cry2Ab) and stringent IRM strategies remains critical to preserving the efficacy of transgenic technology.
Probing Acid Sulphate Soils for Sustainable Rice Production in Kuttanad: Challenges and Solutions
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) AK, R; Joseph, B; R, G.
Acid sulphate soils of Kuttanad region in Kerala belongs to the category of problem soils, where crop production can be achieved through extensive soil management. Existence of jarosites, Fe, Al and Mn causes severe acidity in soil, while saline water intrusion due to nearness of sea can add salinity concerns. In addition, these soils were carbon rich with the existence of profound organic matter content, but biased with nutrient status of soil. Hence rice (Oryza sativa L.) is difficult to grow in this soil. Apart from the conventional practice of liming, use of organic amendments including rice husk ash, biochar, green manures and more could manage the acidic nature of soil to an extent and impart consistent nutrition without deterioration. Use of newly introduced genetic tolerant varieties, adaption of phyto-mining techniques and other critical land amendment practices can efficiently manage these soils for rice cultivation. The purpose of this review is to comprehend the soil properties and management strategies of acid sulphate soils of Kuttanad in order to produce rice as well as support further researches.
Assessment of the Diversity of Endophytic, Rhizospheric and Soil Bacteria Using a Targeted Metagenomic Approach in Mali
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Kassogué, A; Traore, S; Dao, S; Dara, A; Sissoko, S; Cissé, C; Diallo, KA; Fané, R; Traoré, A; Wélé, M; Babana, AH.
Aims: This study investigates the diversity of endophytic, rhizospheric, and soil bacterial species in agricultural ecosystems in Mali using a targeted metagenomic approach based on 16S rRNA sequencing. The primary aim is to characterize microbial communities and understand their potential roles in enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability in Mali's unique environmental conditions. Study Design: The study involved several key steps to ensure rigorous data acquisition and analysis. First, the raw sequence files (ab1 format) were converted into FASTA format, followed by the concatenation of sequenced fragments with both sense and antisense primers. Next, forward and reverse sequences were aligned, and a consensus sequence was generated for each sample. The sequences were then compared using the BLAST algorithm to identify bacterial species, and phylogenetic analysis was performed to assess evolutionary relationships and microbial diversity across samples. Location and Duration of the Study: The research was carried out at the African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and LaboREM-Biotech, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Bamako, Mali, from [insert time frame of study]. Methodology: Bacterial strains were selected from the microbial collection at LaboREM-Biotech. 16S rRNA sequencing was performed using the Sanger sequencing method. Data were processed and analyzed using a combination of bioinformatic tools, including sequence alignment, BLAST for species identification, and phylogenetic tree construction using relevant software. This methodology allowed for the precise identification of bacterial species and provided insights into the diversity of microbial communities in agricultural soils, rhizospheres, and plant roots. Results: A total of 35 bacterial species were identified, representing four major phyla and six bacterial classes. Among these, Bacillus emerged as the most predominant genus. Detailed phylogenetic analysis highlighted significant genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships in the Bacillus genus. Significance and Applications: The diversity of microbial communities identified in this study has significant implications for sustainable agriculture in Mali. The Bacillus and Alcaligenes genera, could be harnessed to improve soil fertility and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Additionally, these microbial strains can be used to manage soil-borne diseases and enhance crop resilience. Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive overview of the microbial diversity in Mali’s agricultural environments, highlighting the importance of bacteria in maintaining soil health and promoting sustainable agriculture.
Factors Influencing Farmer Adoption in Problematic Soil Reclamation Practices: A Comprehensive Review
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Kalariya, BS; Gulkari, KD; Dohat, MP; Rathod, NK.
Soil degradation, particularly in the form of salinity, alkalinity, and acidity, presents a critical challenge to agricultural productivity and food security in India, especially in the Bhal region of Gujarat. Despite the availability of various soil reclamation techniques, the adoption of these practices among farmers is inconsistent, hindered by socio-economic, technological and administrative barriers. This review synthesizes current literature to explore key factors influencing the adoption of soil reclamation practices and identifies effective strategies for enhancing farmer engagement in these vital interventions. Key factors such as access to irrigation, farmer knowledge and awareness, socio-economic status, risk orientation and extension participation play pivotal roles in adoption rates. Barriers include high economic costs, limited technological knowledge, inadequate administrative support and socio-cultural resistance to change. Addressing these challenges through coordinated efforts among policymakers, researchers and local communities is crucial for promoting sustainable agricultural practices and enhancing farmer livelihoods in degraded areas. Future research should focus on long-term impacts and the integrating of innovative technologies to ensure a resilient farming system.
Unveiling Key Correlation Studies in Local Germplasm of Green Gram [Vigna radiata (l.) Wilczek]
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Kumbhar, LV; Bagul, RS; Shaniware, YA; Girase, VS; Patil, VV.
The present investigation entitled “Unveiling key correlation studies in local germplasm of green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]” was conducted at Agricultural Botany section farm, College of Agriculture, Dhule during kharif-2022. The experimental material included 42 genotypes of mungbean which were evaluated in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two replications, representing different eco-geographic regions and the source of material was Assistant Pulse Breeder, Oilseed Research Station, Nimkhedi, Jalgoan and local collection from Dhagdaon, Akkalkua, Nandurbar of Maharashtra state. Genotypes were evaluated for twelve diverse characters and correlation coefficient studies were conducted. The weight of 100 seeds (0.5054), the number of seeds per pod (0.4168), the thickness of the pods (0.339), the number of clusters per plant (0.2602), the number of pods per plant (0.2232), and the seed output per plant were the most significant and favourable relationships. It has a negative and non-significant correlation with the number of pods per cluster (-0.0534), but a positive correlation with plant height (0.1748), pod length (0.1737), protein content (0.159), 50 per cent flowering (0.0282) and days to maturity (0.0071). Based on the results, the highest yield of mungbean may be obtained from genotypes with higher protein content, early flowering and ripening, maximum plant height, long and thick pod size, more seeds per pod, and superior seed weight.
Therapeutic Management of Chocolate Toxicity in a Rottweiler Dog
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Kushwaha, N; Begum, SS; Mohan, A.
A seven years old Rottweiler dog was presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kishanganj, Bihar, in lateral recumbency with a history of anorexia, vomiting and diarrhea (loose stool) over the previous two days. History taking revealed excessive consumption of chocolates (both milk chocolate and dark chocolate) by the dog two days earlier. The case was clinically diagnosed as chocolate toxicity. Tachycardia with arrythmia and tachypnea were noticed on cardiac and lung auscultation, respectively. The dog was treated with Normal saline solution, Propranolol hydrochloride, Ondansetron, Ranitidine hydrochloride, Cefotaxime and Vitamin B complex. Complete clinical recovery was observed after 3rd day of treatment. It has been concluded that such cases of chocolate toxicity can be successfully managed with appropriate supportive treatment and diligent monitoring of the patient.
Prevalence of HBsAg in Pregnant Women Monitored at the Mangol Health Center in the Urban Commune of Télimélé, Republic of Guinea
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) BARRY, AA; SY, M; CAMARA, TD; SOUMAH, AS.
Hepatitis B is a viral disease caused by a DNA virus, belonging to the hepadnaviridae family whose only reservoir is humans. It is found in most human biological fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal secretions, saliva and finally in smaller quantities in milk and urine. This infection attacks the liver and is transmitted through sexual intercourse or contact with bodily fluids from an infected person. It constitutes a public health problem. This is an analytical and descriptive survey study. It took place from April 1 as of June 29, 2024. Objective: The main objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of HBsAg in the population of pregnant women followed at the Mangol Health Center. Method: For the detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen in the tested serum, the Aichek type chromatographic immune test technique is used. Results: At the end of the analyses, the results show that Out of a total of 234 pregnant women tested for hepatitis B, 5 were HBV carriers, or 2.14%, compared to 229 negative cases, or 97.86%. Married women, who were not only the most represented in this study, were also the most affected by HBV with 4 cases, or 80%. Housewives and hairdressers were the most affected by HBV with 2 cases respectively, or a respective prevalence of 20%. The 25-33 age group had 3 HBV positive cases, or 60%.
Integrative Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops through Molecular and Biotechnological Interventions
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) I, MA; S, R; Hurali, S; SV, A.
The growing need for stress-tolerant crops necessitates a comprehensive understanding of cellular, biochemical, and molecular responses to stress. Traditional breeding approaches, while effective, are time-consuming and limited to sexually reproducing species. In contrast, advancements in reproductive sciences, biotechnology, and recombinant DNA (rDNA) technologies enable precise genetic modifications, offering new opportunities to enhance crop resilience. Stress-induced genes and compatible solutes, such as proline, glycine betaine, and polyamines synthesized in plants, significantly improve tolerance to abiotic stresses. Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, as key protective agents, safeguard cellular structures and maintain osmotic stability under stress conditions. Similarly, heat shock proteins (HSPs), conserved across species, play crucial roles in protein folding, stabilization, and protection, thereby enhancing photosynthetic efficiency and reducing oxidative damage. Transcription factors such as NAC, MYB, bZIP, and WRKY families are pivotal in regulating stress responses by altering physiological and biochemical pathways. Additionally, antioxidant defense systems, comprising enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), mitigate oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent breakthroughs in genome editing, particularly CRISPR/Cas9 technology, have revolutionized the ability to fine-tune stress-responsive genes, opening unprecedented possibilities for developing crops with enhanced resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions. These advancements in genetic engineering hold immense potential to sustainably increase crop resilience and ensure agricultural productivity in the face of climate change.
Biometric Characteristics and Condition Factor of Tropical Freshwater Atya scabra Leach, 1815 in the Bia River, South-East Region, Côte D’Ivoire
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Kadjo, V; Yapi, JN; Jérôme, NW; Koné, T; Etchian, AO.
The present study focused on 720 specimens of Atya scabra handcrafted captured in the Bia river, precisely in the localities of Aboisso and Biaka. This study was conducted to assess the adaptation and allometric of the species A. scabra in the Bia river. During the trial, data on the environmental parameters of the water were obtained using a multiparameter. As for the relative growth of the species A. scabra was determined from the individual measurements of the specimens. Then, Student's t-test allowed a comparison of allometric coefficients for the same sex in Aboisso and Biaka. Thus, the average air temperature was 26.92±1.33oC. In terms of rainfall, it fluctuated from 17.78 to 722.9 mm or an annual average of 155.96±191.21 mm. At Aboisso, the annual average temperature of water was 28.50 ± 1oC, 7.54 ± 0.1oC for the pH and 5.03 ± 0.8 for OD. For the locality of Biaka, the mean values recorded were 28.45 ± 1.9 oC, 7.39 ± 0.2, and 4.93 ± 0.9, respectively, for temperature, pH, and OD. The condition factor (k) estimated in Aboisso, ranged from 3.04 ± 0.05 to 3.29 ± 0.26 for males and from 2.85 ± 0.35 to 3.07 ± 0.12 for females of Atya scabra. As for the locality of Biaka, the estimated k values fluctuated between 3.1 ± 0.14 and 3.4 ± 0.31 for males and from 2.75 ± 0.07 to 3.10 ± 0.25 for females. The biometric study revealed a negative allometry in females and a positive allometry in males in both localities for the W/Lt and Lc/Lt relationships. Atya scabra freshwater shrimp has therefore shown a good adaptation in the Bia river. In addition, the results obtained could guide the choice of sex having economic interest in the event of possible aquaculture of this species.
Biological Activity of Capsicum annuum Extracts on the Developmental Stages of Mango Fruit Fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Egg and Pupa)
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Simdé, R; Delphine, O; Mano, E; Sawadogo, A; Kambou, G; Nacro, S.
Bactrocera dorsalis and Ceratitis cosyra are the major constraints of the mango sector in Burkina Faso. Various methods are used to control these insect pests, including the use of chemical pesticides, which are expensive for farmers. The overuse of these chemicals leads to environmental pollution, food poisoning and resistance among insects. For this reason, research is increasingly focusing on plant derivatives as an alternative. A study of the biological activity of fractions of organic extracts of one plants, Capsicum annum on the development of B. dorsalis, was carried out under laboratory conditions in Burkina Faso. The plant fractions were extracted using solvents of increasing polarity: n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The biological activity test on the development of B. dorsalis was carried out in a randomised Fisher block design with 25 treatments in 10 replicates. The active extracts were fractionated using the Nair method and the fractions obtained were tested on the development of B. dorsalis. The highest yield (77.42 %) was observed with toluene and the lowest was observed with methanol (11.70 %). The highest yield (59.44%) was observed with C. annuum in chloroform and the lowest was observed with C. annuum in ethyl acetate (0.13%). The fractionation of the most active extracts (hexanic and ethyl acetate) of C. annum made it possible to obtain fractions which were the subject of insecticidal tests. The methanol and chloroform fractions of C. annuum resulted in the highest hatching rates with respectively 27.1% and 23.02%, i.e. inhibition rates of 67.5% and 72.27% respectively for effects of natural substance fractions on Bactrocera dorsalis eggs after 48 hours of exposure. The methanol fraction of C. annuum resulted in a higher hatching rate of 63.5%, i.e. an inhibition of 36.5%, followed by the toluene fraction of C. annuum (41%), i.e. a reduction 59% compared to the untreated control for effects of natural substance fractions on Bactrocera dorsalis eggs after 72 hours of exposure. The methanol fraction of C. annuum resulted in higher hatching rates of 94%, i.e. a reduction of 6.00%, followed by the methanol fraction of the toluene fraction of C. annuum (80.5%), i.e. reductions of 19.50% compared to the untreated control for effects of natural substance fractions on Bactrocera dorsalis eggs after 96 hours of exposure. The methanol fraction of C. annuum resulted in a higher hatching rate with respectively 99.50%, i.e. a reduction of 0.50%, followed by the toluene fraction of C. annuum 96.00%, i.e. a reduction of 0.50% reduction of 4.00% compared to the untreated control for effects of natural substance fractions on Bactrocera dorsalis eggs after 120 hours of exposure. The toluene, chloroform and methanolic fractions of C. annuum are 100% inhibitors of Bactrocera dorsalis pupation. No pupation took place. So, no emergence of adults was recorded. The toluene, chloroform and methanolic fractions of C. annuum are total inhibitors of B. dorsalis pupation. The fractions tested could be used to combat fruit flies, which are responsible for major economic losses in the mango sector in Burkina Faso.
Unveiling the Genetic Diversity of Aerial Yam (Dioscorea bulbifera L.): Morphological Insights for Sustainable Crop Improvement
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Osuagwu, A; Edem, U; Edu, N; Phillip, J; Emeagi, L; Iheanetu, C; Sunday, J; Acha, A; Ojong, M.
Background: Genetic diversity is a cornerstone of sustainable agriculture, enhancing the resilience and productivity of crops in changing environments. Aerial yam (Dioscorea bulbifera L.), a tuber crop primarily grown in tropical and subtropical regions, has the potential to contribute to food and nutritional security. Despite its importance, the genetic diversity of aerial yam remains largely unexplored, limiting its conservation and genetic improvement. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of 20 D. bulbifera landraces collected from six Nigerian states (Cross River, Akwa Ibom, Enugu, Abia, Benue, and Ebonyi) using morphological traits as markers. Study Design: A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used, with three replicates. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria, from March 2023 to February 2024. Methodology: Bulbils from 20 D. bulbifera landraces, were planted on March 19, 2023 on a single-row plot. Key morphological traits; vine length, leaf area, and bulbil production, were recorded and analyzed for ANOVA, principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and path coefficient analysis. Results: Significant variations (p < 0.05) were observed for all traits, indicating genetic diversity among the landraces. PCA identified three principal components accounting for 57.25% of the total variability, with root length, leaf area, and bulbil count being the most influential traits. Cluster analysis grouped the landraces into two clusters with no strict adherence to geographic origin, suggesting possible gene flow. There is a positive relationship between vine length and leaf area (r = 0.349, p < 0.05), while leaf length had the strongest direct effect on bulbil production. Conclusion: The findings highlight significant genetic variability within D. bulbifera, providing a basis for breeding and conservation. This study emphasizes the crop’s potential for food security and sets the stage for integrating molecular techniques alongside morphological assessments.
Agroforestry Systems Based on Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae): Socio-Economic Yield and Environmental Insights from the Peripheries of Benoué National Park, Cameroon
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) HAIWA, G; DJIBRILLA, M; TISSIDI, D; MAILAISSO, MY; GREY, B; Tchobsala.
Biodiversity, a natural biological capital of the earth that presents important opportunities for all societies, provides goods and services essential for human livelihoods and aspirations. Thus, this study aims to investigate agroforestry models of western Anacardium parks in the southern and western zones of the Bénoué National Park (North Cameroon), in order to determine the most appropriate system for the study area. More specifically, the aim is to: characterize the diversity of crops associated with Anacardium occidentale; estimate crop yields obtained in Anacardium occidentale parks; assess the socio-economic and environmental impact of the Anacardium occidentale parks established. The Ishikawa tool enabled us to analyze and visualize the socio-economic and environmental impact of the agroforestry parks established, and using the KoboCollect tool, the survey form was drawn up and administered to the producers. Crops associated with Anacardium occidentale include maize, soya, cowpeas, groundnuts, cotton, yams, cassava, millet and sesame. The most common are cashew-peanut (27 %), cashew-maize (24 %), cashew-cassava (21 %) and cashew-millet (17 %). The results showed that the cashew-rachis system produced 42,800 kg, the cashew-maize system 36,700 kg and the cashew-manioc system recorded the highest production of 46,100 kg. The study also highlighted the potential socio-economic benefits of collaboration between trees and crops associated with the preservation of soil biological activity by cashew trees. In the environmental level, the equipment used by growers is traditional and has no impact on soil quality. Western Anacardium plantations offer growers numerous partnership opportunities, with cashew by-products widely consumed, sold and recycled. This integration can have mutual benefits for both partners (trees and crops). This research topic provides added value in the environmental field, in that it provides a solution to the problem of soil degradation from which many farmers suffer, and increases production while maintaining the soil in a healthy state. It also contributes to achieving the goals of sustainable development, which are to protect biological diversity (ODD15), ensure food security (ODD2) and the living conditions of human populations (ODD3).
Thrips (Megalurothrips usitatus Bagnall) Infestation in Mung Bean: Integrated Control with Chemical and Neem-based Insecticides
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Mumutaj, H; Latif, MA; Ali, MR; Khan, MSI; Amin, R; Ruku, RS; Hossain, ME; Sazidy, MS.
This study aimed to manage thrips (Megalurothrips usitatus Bagnall) infestation in mung bean fields and evaluate the efficacy of different chemical insecticides and neem oil. The experiment, conducted at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh from March to May 2020, employed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with ten treatments, including Decis 5EC, Ripcord 10EC, Marshal 20EC, Sevin 85SP, Dursban 20EC, Neem oil, Talstar 2WP, Actara 25WG, Confidor 70WG, and an untreated control. Talstar 2WP proved to be the most effective treatment, achieving the lowest thrips population (1.25 plant?¹) and the highest percent reduction (93.26 %) in thrips infestation over control treatment. Talstar 2WP also produced the maximum number of flowers (16.67 plant?¹), pods (34.27 plot?¹), seeds (885.3 plant-5), seed weight (36.19 g), and the highest mung bean yield (2.05 kg/plot) compared to rest other treatments. On the other hand, Confidor 70WG showed 2nd most promising results across all parameters, while neem oil was comparatively less effective. The findings suggest that Talstar 2WP is the most effective insecticide for managing thrips infestation in mung bean, offering improved growth and yield.
Successful Management of Lacto-Acidosis in Wild Elephants: A Case Study of an Adult Tusker and a Juvenile Calf in Odisha, India
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Chakraborty, A; Kar, SK; Naik, AK.
Background: This study documents cases of lacto-acidosis in a wild adult tusker and a juvenile elephant in Odisha, India, based on clinical symptoms, blood analysis, and history of carbohydrate-rich feed consumption. Materials and Methods: Diagnostic samples, including blood, trunk wash, and faecal matter, were collected under sedation and analysed to confirm elevated acidity and related metabolic disturbances. Blood was collected in EDTA(Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) and Clot Activator vials. Prior, to collection of blood, the area was cleaned with spirit alcohol. The blood was collected from the ear vein. For Trunk wash, a sterile 50ml Centrifuge Tube Skirted Polypropylene (PP) was used. Results and Treatment: Treatment with Sodi-Bicarb, fluids, and supportive medications markedly improved clinical symptoms, blood parameters, appetite, and mobility in both elephants. Conclusion: This case highlights the critical role of timely diagnosis and targeted treatment in managing metabolic disorders in wildlife, offering a replicable approach for conservation and veterinary intervention.
Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Revolution in Bihar: A Critical and Systematic Review
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Lal, SP; De, S.
The mushroom farming revolution in Bihar represents a landmark in the state’s agricultural and socio-economic transformation. Over the years, the adoption of mushroom cultivation has not only provided a viable livelihood alternative to small-scale farmers but also demonstrated the potential of sustainable agriculture. The movement’s success stems from a combination of factors, including optimal climate conditions, technological interventions, and robust community engagement. Initiatives such as low-cost storage facilities, value-added products like mushroom pickles and powders, and awareness programs have amplified the scope of this agricultural shift. Mushroom farming has not only offered economic benefits but also addressesed environmental challenges by recycling agricultural waste and promoting sustainable practices. There has been phenomenal growth in its mushroom production during the last two years. At a production level of 28,000 tonnes for 2021-22, it grew to 41,310 tonnes during 2023-24, having achieved a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of nearly 21.46%. The high rate of growth was due to an increase in the adaptation of mushroom cultivation practices amongst growers, advancement in the techniques of cultivation, and also due to increased demand for mushrooms in the state. Such a high CAGR, though, really spells out Bihar's potential to play an important role in India's mushroom production landscape, thereby contributing to agricultural diversification and rural income generation. This underscores the importance of education, training, and local leadership in driving large-scale socio-economic changes. Bihar’s remarkable growth in mushroom production, from negligible production to becoming India’s top most mushroom producing state, showcases the transformative power of innovation and community-driven approaches in agriculture. This success serves as a model for other regions aiming to achieve agricultural sustainability and rural empowerment in the field of mushroom cultivation.
Diversity and Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis Strains and Cry Gene Variability in Agro-Ecological Zones of Mali
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Kassogué, A; Kamissoko, O; Dao, S; Diallo, KA; Fané, R; Coulibaly, M; Bagayoko, MW; Traoré, A; Babana, AH.
Aims: This study aimed to identify the diversity of : Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains in soils from different agro-ecological zones of Mali. Study Design: Location and duration of the study: The work was carried out in Bamako, at LaboREM-Biotech located on the Badalabougou hill. Methodology: Soil samples were collected in the different agro-ecological zones of Mali, specifically in the localities of Bougouni, Nièna, Sikasso, Koutiala, Ségou, Faya (classified forest) and Baguinéda. To properly carry out this activity, bacteria were isolated from soil samples. The different isolates obtained from the Luria Bertani (LB) agar culture medium were identified and characterized according to their macroscopic and microscopic aspects and their metabolic profile. After biochemical characterization, the different strains selected underwent molecular characterization by PCR using specific primers for the identification of Cry genes. Results: In this study, seventy-two bacterial strains with a characteristic appearance of Bt were isolated. Sixty-nine (69) strains were identified as Bt after biochemical characterization of the selected isolates. Results of the PCR analysis showed that: among the Bt strains analyzed, sixty-two strains contained at least of the Cry1, Cry4, Cry10, Cry11, Cry24 and Cry32 genes and form 05 large groups with high diversity. Seven Bt strains selected did not code for any of the Cry genes sought. Conclusion: Sixty-nine Bt strains were isolated in the different agroecological zones of Mali studied. These strains were used to strengthen the Bt bank already present at LaboREM-Biotech. This study shows the existence of a strong diversity of Bts in the agroecological zones studied and provides an overview of the diversity of cry genes carried by these strains and their importance in various fields.
Quantitative Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 Related to the Consumption of Raw Cow's Milk in Daloa (Côte d’Ivoire)
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-10) Fatou, TK; Baptiste, ASJ; Benjamin, KK
Cow's milk represents a potential health risk for consumers. The objective of this work is to assess the sanitary quality of raw cow's milk produced and consumed by the populations of Daloa. For this purpose, a total of 30 raw milk samples were collected from 3 raw cow's milk extraction points in the city of Daloa. Mycotoxins were determined using gas chromatography. The results showed that 100% of the analyzed samples were contaminated with aflatoxin M1 (AFLM1). These results indicated that the aflatoxin M1 levels in the analyzed samples exceeded the maximum limit (ML) set by European regulations. To assess the risk of contamination for the population of Daloa, a survey was conducted among consumers of raw cow's milk. A total of 388 individuals were interviewed to gather their opinions. The survey involved a form with questionnaires related to the objectives of the study. This form provided information on identity, marital status, consumption patterns, frequency, quantity, and the socio-economic characteristics of the consumers. The results showed that the risk of liver cancer related to the consumption of raw cow's milk in the city of Daloa is approximately 36.08% to 36.16%; representing 36,080 to 36,150 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Thus, to ensure consumer safety, good hygiene practices in the preservation of feed for cattle and the construction of enclosures for them must be implemented.

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