Annual Research & Review in Biology

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/151209

Chief Editor: Prof. George Perry,
ISSN: 2347-565X

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.journalarrb.com/index.php/ARRB

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 770

Susceptibility of Mycosphaerella fijiensis to Mefentrifluconazole in Industrial Banana Plantations in Côte d'Ivoire : An In vitro Study
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-01) Edouard, YKJ; Henri, NP; Seydou, T; Bertrand, GN; Brahima, C; Jean-Martial, KKF; Daouda, K.
Banana Sigatoka, caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis, severely impacts banana production in Côte d'Ivoire. This study evaluates the susceptibility of M. fijiensis isolates to mefentrifluconazole, a new triazole fungicide, compared to difenoconazole. In vitro tests on 17 isolates from industrial plantations revealed IC50 values ranging from 0.005 to 0.073 mg/L (average 0.037 mg/L), indicating high sensitivity. Growth inhibition rates were higher for mefentrifluconazole, demonstrating its superior efficacy. These results suggest mefentrifluconazole as a promising alternative for managing black spot and mitigating resistance development.
Contribution to the Identification and Study of the Pathogenicity of Bacteria Responsible for Cassava Root Rot in Côte d'Ivoire Production Zones
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-01) Jacques-Edouard, YK; Henoc, KKY; Didier, KK; Jean-Martial, KKF; Noël, KK; Fatogoma, S; Daouda, K.
Background and Objective: Cassava is an important crop for the Ivorian population. However, yields are relatively low. This low productivity is due to cassava root rots, which are sometimes caused by bacteria. The general objective was to identify the main bacterial diseases responsible for cassava tuberous root rot in production areas in Côte d'Ivoire. Specifically, to identify pathogenic bacteria and then to assess the pathogenicity of the bacterial strains isolated. Material and Methods: The plant material consisted of tuberous cassava roots affected by rot. Decay-causing bacteria were isolated on YPGA (Yeast extract Peptone Glucose Agar) culture medium. Strain identification was carried out using the API 20 E and 20NE gallery. Tuberous cassava roots were perforated with a punch and inoculated with bacterial inoculum calibrated to an optical density of 0.2 at a wavelength of 600 nm, corresponding to 108. Results: 174 strains were isolated. The highest proportions of strains were obtained in the localities of Ferké and Man, with 19 and 26% respectively. The bacterial species identified were Roualtella planticola, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia marcescens, Burkholderia cepacia, Chromobacterium violaceum, Erwinia spp, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebseilla pneumoniae spp ozaenae and Raoutellia ornithinolytica. The Erwinia species was the most frequent in five localities, with proportions of 100 and 71.4% respectively in Agboville and Yamoussoukro. Results showed that 91.5% of bacterial strains tested caused rot (soft or dry). On the other hand, 52.4% of bacterial strains induced dry rot and around 39% induced soft rot. Conclusion: Various bacterial species were identified in this study. In addition, these species vary in their germinative capacity.
Lupinus A Multipurpose Crop: Potentialities and Improvements
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-01) Rani, P; Rani, J.
Lupinus species are some of the most valuable in the Fabaceae family. Lupin seeds contain significant amounts of polyphenols, carotenoids, phytosterols, tocopherols, alkaloids, and peptides with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, its nutritional and bioactive compounds have potential benefits for human health in preventing and treating some diseases. The objective of the present study was to review the morphology, nutritional constituents and uses of lupin in different fields. Lupinus recognizes nutritional properties, namely a high content of protein, dietary fibre, and low-fat content, making it a suitable alternative not only for animal protein but also as a substitute for more processed and less balanced flours from a nutritional point of view, used in the preparation of bread, cakes, and cookies, among others.
Impact of Blanching and Two Drying Methods on the Nutritional, Organoleptic and Microbiological Properties of Fresh Onions of the Galmi Violet Variety Sold on the Markets of Korhogo (Côte D’Ivoire)
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-01) Patricia, OD; Archange, LM; Noelle, K; Djeneba, OH; Mohamed, C; Sébastien, NL.
The aim of this work is to contribute to the reduction of post-harvest losses of fresh onions, with a view to enhancing their value. To this end, the influence of two drying methods (sun and shade), organoleptic qualities and microbiological characteristics were studied. Onions were subjected to two types of pre-treatment (boiling water blanching and steam blanching) and to 7 days drying at a temperature of 33°C in the sun and at room temperature. The results of biochemical analysis reveal that drying significantly reduces the water content of fresh onions from 83.23% to 14.49%. There was also a variation in ash content from 1.84 to 4.84%, titratable acidity from 5.48 to 42.91 mEq/100g, total polyphenol content from 718.19 to 2170.28 mg EAG/g and flavonoid content from 30.25 to 136.01 mg EQuer/g of dried onions. The results of the sensory analyses show that the steam-bleached and sun-dried samples were more appreciated by tasters for their color, taste and odor. Microbiological characteristics indicate the presence of aerobic mesophilic germs (1.30.10^1 to 7.06.10^5 CFU/g), total coliforms (5.80.10^1 CFU/g), yeasts and molds (1.10^1 to 1.81.10^1 CFU/g) and an absence of fecal coliforms, E. coli and ASR. All these results are an added value for onion processing and will help reduce post-harvest losses.
Impact of Organic Inputs (Jeevamruth and Beejamruth) on Quality Parameters of Fenugreek
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-01) MP, S; AS, G; M, K; K, BK; S, A; E, S; K, N; G, G; M, S.
The present study on Biochemical evaluation of organic inputs (Jeevamruth and Beejamruth) and their efficacy on Greens was carried out at the Department of sustainable organic agriculture, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore and the laboratory experiments were carried out at the Department of Environmental Sciences. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications. Biometric observations were taken during 10th, 20th and 30th days after sowing. Soil samples were collected during initial and at the stage of harvest and analysed for chemical and biological properties. Plant samples were analysed for protein and chlorophyll contents. Quality parameters like protein content was found to be high in both treatments Jeevamruth @ 5 % Spray (using Green gram flour) and Jeevamruth @ 5 % Spray (using Green gram +Black gram flour); and the chlorophyll content was high in Jeevamruth @ 5 % Spray (Green gram flour). From the results, the application of Jeevamruth as a 5 % spray was observed as a viable organic approach to improve soil and eco-friendly fenugreek production.
Sustainable Poultry Farming: Evaluating Azolla as a Cost-effective Feed for Turkey Production
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Kannan, R; Vignesh, G; perumal, KSV; Raghuram, G; Reddy, PM; Manikanta, G.
A vital area of chicken production, Turkey (Meleagris gallapavo) farming provides both nutritional and financial advantages on a worldwide scale. Cost-effective rearing techniques, substitute feed sources, and enhanced health precautions are required due to the growing demand for turkey meat. The investigation of unconventional choices, such as the very nutritious aquatic plant azolla (Azolla pinnata), has been spurred by traditional feed costs. Turkey farming is profitable for both large and small producers. Small-scale farms profit from reduced investment and direct marketing options, whereas large-scale systems take advantage of economies of scale. The azolla’s impact comparative analysis to assess traditional and alternative feeds to evaluate, statistical data presentation for cost estimation, scientific referencing, economic feasibility study, nutritional analysis, sustainability discussion, performance metrics evaluation, health impact assessment, and practical implementation strategies for both small and large-scale turkey farming. Turkey meat is a premium protein source that is abundant in micronutrients and important amino acids, encouraging consumption that is health-conscious. Sustainable turkey production can improve economic growth, environmental sustainability, and food security when backed by alternate feeds and effective farming methods. Azolla's contribution to increasing turkey productivity while cutting expenses is highlighted in this evaluation, making turkey farming a profitable endeavor for both commercial and smallholder growers.
Response of Nutrient uptake of Chrysanthemum var. Marigold through Phenophase-based Irrigation and Fertigation
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Vijayakumar, S; Nair, SA; D, K; K, T.
The study aims to investigate the response of nutrient uptake in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema x grandiflora Tzelev.) var. Marigold to phenophase-based irrigation and fertigation. The study was conducted at the Division of Flower and Medicinal Crops at ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru, India. The experiment comprised three main plots (irrigation regimes) and five sub-plots (nutrient regimes) and was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The irrigation regime I1 – (0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 ER at vegetative, bud and flowering phases, respectively) combined with fertigation at F4 at 40:20:20 % Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) (NPK) (vegetative phase), 30:40:40 % NPK (bud phase), 30:40:40% NPK (flowering phase) @ 75:112.5:75 kg NPK/ha was recorded maximum uptake of nitrogen (96.15 kg/ha) and potassium (196.47 kg/ha). The increased P uptake (21.27 kg/ha) was observed by the treatment I3-(0.8 ER each at vegetative, bud and flowering phases) combination with fertigation at F4 at 40:20:20 % NPK (vegetative phase), 30:40:40 % NPK (bud phase), 30:40:40% NPK (flowering phase) @ 75:112.5:75 kg NPK/ha. The maximum estimated yield (26.27 t/ha) of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema x grandiflora Tzelev.) var. Marigold was recorded by the above best treatment irrigation at I3-(0.8 ER each at vegetative, bud and flowering phases) combined with fertigation treatment F4 at 40:20:20 % NPK (vegetative phase), 30:40:40 % NPK (bud phase), 30:40:40% NPK (flowering phase) @ 75:112.5:75 kg NPK/ha.
A Comprehensive Review of the Diversity and Socioeconomic Uses of Non-Timber Forest Products in Togo
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) BADANARO, F; BALAKA, MM.
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) hold significant potential for sustainable ecosystem management, climate resilience, and food security, particularly when effectively integrated into development strategies. This study synthesizes existing literature and field observations to assess the diversity and uses of NTFPs in Togo. A total of 851 species (plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria) were documented, with dominant uses in food (51.24%) and medicine (29.40%). These NTFPs represent over 10% of Togo’s known biodiversity and are classified into 565 genera and 213 families. The study identifies priority taxonomic groups such as Fabaceae and Moraceae among plants, and highlights key vertebrate and invertebrate resources. The findings provide a valuable baseline for future research, conservation, and livelihood-enhancing policies, and underscore the need for integrated strategies to ensure the sustainable use of these vital natural resources.
Effects of Different Nitrogen Levels and Nano Urea Sprays on Growth, Yield and Economics of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): A Review
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Singh, H; Singh, N; Singh, B; Kaur, V; Singh, B.
Triticum aestivum, commonly referred to as wheat, is the main component of the human diet. After rice, it is considered the second most important cereal crop in India. Wheat is the most consumed cereal in the world, with about one-third of the world's population depending on it as a staple diet. Growth, yield, and the economic output of a crop are all significantly influenced by nutrients. The growth, yield, and economic yield responses of wheat crops to varying nitrogen levels and foliar nano-urea application are compiled in this review. An essential ingredient for boosting wheat productivity is nitrogen. Therefore, the administration of nitrogen in the form of chemical fertilizer is necessary to increase crop output. It is well recognized that nitrogen fertilizer has an impact on the number of tillers per square meter, spikelet spikes per spike, spike length, and spike number. Crops only use 20–50% of the nitrogen fertilizer that is directly given to the soil; the remaining nitrogen is lost through leaching and denitrification. It takes some effort to minimize these losses because crops only use 20–50% of the nitrogen fertilizer that is physically given to the soil; the remaining nitrogen is lost through denitrification and leaching. Liquid fertilizer is easily applied and is widely accessible. Compared to solid fertilizers, plants receive nutrients sooner when nutrients are applied in liquid form. One effective technique for making nitrogen more accessible to crops is foliar spraying. Nitrogen foliar spraying is also a great way to increase growth and output. The tests' goals were to evaluate how foliar application of nano urea and its combination affected wheat growth, yield, and yield characteristics. Higher nitrogen treatment doses were found to maximize growth characteristics, including plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of spikelet’s, spike length, and yield. The growth and yield factor are greatly impacted by the foliar application of nano urea at various stages.
Assessment of Sweet Potato Ipomoea batatas (Lam.) Accessions for Resistance to Sweet Potato Feathery Mottle Virus
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Boureima, S; Moustapha, K; Hamadou, S; Koussao, S.
Sweet potato plays an important role in human and animal nutrition. In many parts of the world, it has been used as an emergency crop, enabling populations to survive difficult situations. Despite its adaptation to a variety of environments and growing conditions, sweet potato production is subject to a number of abiotic and biotic constraints, including viruses. Sweet potato feathery mottle induced by sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) is one of the most damaging virus diseases of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). Genetic control is considered as very promising mean the control the disease. Microsatellite markers (SSR) were assessed for their possible use in marker assisted selection (MAS) of sweet potato for resistance to SPFMV. A collection of 86 sweet potato accessions and 131 F1 hybrids were evaluated for resistance to the virus by assessing the accumulation of viral particles by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Up to 21.83% of the accessions and 29.8% of F1 hybrids showed resistance to the virus as they did not develop any symptom and ELISA failed to detect the virus in leaf samples. Assessment of SSR markers clustering structure and use of principal component analysis indicated that seven SSR markers were correlated to virus accumulation.
The Effect of Ascorbic Acid on In-vitro Development of Momordica charantia L under Arsenic Stress
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Khan, MI; Abbas, S; Khan, FU; Mushtaq, N; Rani, SS.
Momordica charantia L. is the scientific name of bitter gourd and its local name is Karela. The flower only blooms once a year and has only one sex. The plant has also some medicinal value. Heavy metals can be found in small amounts in nature. Certain heavy metals such as Cu, As, and Hg inhibit plant growth. Heavy metals alter the characteristics of soil especially biological properties. Ascorbic acid is commonly known as growth regulator, which is responsible for enhancement of plant growth. It also inhibits the heavy metals' impacton plants. After 28 days the plants were harvested and analyze the morphological and biochemical parameters. As compared to other treatments, ascorbic acid showed remarkable results in the enhancement of seed germination percentage, seed germination index, shoot and root length, photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids, dry and fresh weight of roots and shoots. By applying arsenic to other replicas, they showed adverse effect on the growth parameters of bitter gourd. According to the findings of the current work, seed soaking in ascorbic acid could be a highly effective way to lessen the negative effects of stress caused by arsenic on bitter gourd. The results showed that bitter gourdhas the ability to tolerate heavy metals stress and minimized the negative effect of arsenic stress. This research work will help in the genetic engineering field to identify the gene and plant molecular mechanisms that minimize the negative effect of arsenic in Momordica charantia L. and also to produce arsenic-resistant varieties. This study will help in obtaining a high yield and nutritional value of Momordica charantia L. by applying ascorbic acid to that plant grown in arsenic-polluted soil. These findings are also applicable for those important crops which have facing the same heavy metal stress, by analyzing the efficacy of ascorbic acid in minimizing the heavy metal stress.
Comparative Study of Curcumin, All-Trans Retinoic Acid and Resveratrol: Therapeutic Targeting of Breast Cancer Signalling
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Roy, A; Banerji, A.
Aims: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer affecting women worldwide. Aberrant signalling through the phosphatidylinositol 3’ kinase (PI3K) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathways promotes metastatic spread of breast carcinomas. As prevalent chemotherapeutic treatments can cause toxic side effects, exploring the anti-tumorigenic potential of natural phytochemicals as inhibitors of these pathways is important. Methodology: In our study we analyzed binding efficacy and patterns of interactions of the phytochemicals curcumin, resveratrol and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) with PI3K and ERK using molecular docking and computer based analysis. Results and Discussion: Molecular docking showed curcumin, ATRA and resveratrol to have very good binding affinity and interactions with PI3K-? and ERK2 indicating their excellent potential as inhibitors of these signalling cascades with ATRA showing the highest binding affinity (?G = -7.73 kcal/mole) to PI3K-? and curcumin showing the highest binding affinity (?G = -8.10 kcal/mole) to ERK2. Analysis showed that curcumin, ATRA and resveratrol interact at a similar site on PI3K-? while for ERK2, ATRA and curcumin interact at a similar site while resveratrol interacts with a different site. While most synthetic inhibitors target a single signalling pathway, curcumin, ATRA and resveratrol all show excellent potential for targeting both signalling pathways which may prevent cancer cells from circumventing treatment by activating alternative pathways. Using these phytochemicals for therapy may also help in reducing side effects. Conclusion: Our study highlights the excellent potential of curcumin, ATRA and resveratrol for targeting both PI3K and ERK signalling pathways which could lead to inhibition of breast cancer progression and metastasis and, following further in vitro and in vivo studies, pave a pathway for therapies with less side effects and better clinical outcomes.
A Review on Phytochemicals & Therapeutic Potential of Terminalia chebula Retz Fruit
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Sharma, A; Purena, R; Behar, N.
Terminalia chebula stands out as a plant of significant therapeutic potential, deeply rooted in traditional medicine and increasingly validated by modern scientific investigations. Its wide geographical distribution and adaptability have contributed to its long-standing use across diverse cultures, while its rich phytochemical profile, brimming with phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and triterpenoids, forms the basis of its multifaceted pharmacological activities. This review encompasses researches demonstrating T. Chebula efficacy in addressing a spectrum of health challenges. From its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which underpin its benefits in various chronic diseases, to its promising anticancer, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective potential. The exploration of T. Chebula mechanisms of action reveals a complex interplay of cellular pathways, highlighting the intricate nature of its therapeutic approach and linking the gap between traditional wisdom and modern medicine. This review will not only build up our understanding of T. Chebula therapeutic potential but also pave the way for developing novel, evidence-based therapeutic strategies, leveraging the rich legacy of this remarkable medicinal plant.
Inland Fish Diversity and Conservation Challenges in Pulang River, Central Mindanao, Philippines
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Corpuz, OS; Genso, ZT; Abas, EL; Lumapenet, HT; Alamada, JRC; Gabini, LAP; Salik, MB; Loquere, JP; Akmad, DM; Corpuz, OJS; Usop, RM; Dilangalen, FC.
This study investigated the diversity of inland fishes from three municipal sites Carmen; President Roxas; and Matalam along pulangi river in Cotabato Philippines. Fish were captured using various methods, including fish trap, gill net, cast net and man-push net. A total of 148 inland fish were captured during data collection in September and December 2024. There were nine inland fish species identified: Indian Rohucarp (Labeo rohita), Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Spotted Barb (Barbose binotatus), Janitor fish (Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus), Banak (Cestraeus plicatilis), Giant Gourami (Osphronemus goramy),Kasili (Anguilla marmorata),Biya (Glossogobius giuris), and Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Among the caught inland fishes, the Indian Rohucarp exhibits the highest species caught, dominance, abundance, density, and importance values. The low fish diversity observed was attributed to environmental factors such as industrial pollution, anthropogenic activities, and unsuitable farming practices.
Screening of Clusterbean Germplasm for Resistance against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. cyamopsidis Causing Bacterial Blight Disease in Clusterbean
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Jat, A; Shekhawat, P; Choudhary, S; Choudhary, M.
The experiment was conducted during kharif 2018 and 2019 crop season at experimental farm, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura to test the resistance of one hundred clusterbean germplasm. Host plant resistance is an ultimate tool to keep away the disease from the crop. It is a simple, cheap and ecofriendly approach for the management of disease. Therefore, one hundred clusterbean germplasm were screened against bacterial blight disease (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. cyamopsidis) under artificial epiphytotic condition to find out the source of resistance. Per cent disease index (PDI) of each genotype was recorded at pre-flowering and maturity stage by visual scoring as per the standard continuous rating 0-5 scale. On the basis of pooled data of 2018 and 2019, among the total one hundred germplasm, only two germplasm namely RGr-16-2 (RGC-936×RGC-1055) and RGr-16-11-5 (RGC-1025×RGC-197) were found resistant with minimum Per cent disease index 7.77, 9.44, 9.44 and 10.00 at pre flowering and maturity stages respectively, thirty germplasm showed moderate resistant (MR), sixty seven germplasm found moderately susceptible (MS), one germplasm namely RGr-17-16-2 (GG-1×RGC-936) found susceptible (S) with maximum PDI 51.11 and 52.22 at pre flowering and maturity stage, respectively. None of the germplasm was found completely free from the disease and highly susceptible (HS) against bacterial blight.
Emerging Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella: Implications for Public Health and Veterinary Medicine
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) U K, A; Somanath, S; U K, A.
Antibiotics are essential for controlling bacterial infections, but their overuse in human and veterinary medicine has driven antibiotic resistance. This review explores antibiotic use in veterinary medicine, the rise of resistant bacteria, and the role of reptiles in bacterial transmission. Prophylactic antibiotic use in livestock has contributed to resistance in pathogens like Salmonella, which develops resistance through genetic mutations and horizontal gene transfer. Reptiles, including snakes and lizards, harbor diverse bacterial flora (Salmonella spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp.), some of which are multi-drug resistant. Studies indicate reptiles act as reservoirs of zoonotic bacteria, facilitating resistance spread. Research on Salmonella in captive and wild reptiles reveals a high infection prevalence, especially in carnivorous species. The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance highlights the need for responsible antibiotic use, enhanced surveillance, and novel antimicrobial development. Understanding microbial diversity in wildlife, particularly reptiles, is crucial to mitigating public health risks and preventing resistance spread.
Anatomical Studies on the Morphology and Topography of Cavity Lymphnodes in Pigs
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-01) ZAGRAI, G; DUMITRESCU, I; COTOR, G; MIHAI, SA; GAGNIUC, E; Grama, A; BELU, C; DAMIAN, A.
The lymphatic system, supported by the lymphatic vessels, is a vascular network in higher vertebrates, having essential roles, such as regulating tissue pressure, monitoring the immune system and absorbing fats from the diet. The lymphatic vessels constitute an unidirectional system that transports fluids and proteins, taking them from the interstitial space and returning them to the bloodstream. Objectives: The objectives pursued in this study are the following: to identify the topography of the main cavity lymph nodes and the morphological and topographic variants that may occur; to identify the main interspecific histological characteristics of vessels and lymph nodes in pigs. Materials and methods: The study was carried out on 20 animals weighing 25-30 kg, aged about 3.5 months, of both sexes. They came from private breeders. Ultrasonographic investigations were also performed on half of them. The macro- and microscopic anatomical studies as well as the ultrasonographic investigations were performed at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Bucharest. For macroscopic and topographic analysis, lymph nodes in both the thoracic and abdominal cavities were examined "in situ". Results. Caudal mediastinal lymph nodes were always fewer in number (between one and three). They were associated with the esophagus, immediately behind the tracheobronchial and ventral lymph nodes of the aorta. The afferents originated from the pericardium, the caudal part of the mediastinum and the corresponding part of the esophagus. The efferents connected to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes or could also approach some thoraco-aortic lymph nodes. The lumbo-aortic lymph nodes were located on the lateral surfaces of the aorta, starting from the diaphragmatic orifice to the origin of the deep iliac circumflex artery. The iliac lymphocenters were represented by large lymph nodes that formed a bundle at the origin of the celiac artery. Colic lymph nodes were located along the path of the right colonic artery. Splenic lymph nodes were placed on the path of the homonymous vessels. Their topography was between the aorta and the hilum of the spleen. In this sector there could be 2-4 lymph nodes, but there were others (2-5) located along the upper quarter of the spleen. The jejunal lymph nodes formed a double chain in the middle of the jejuno-ileum meso, about 30 cm long. The caudal mesenteric lymph nodes were reduced, located dorsally by the descending colon on the path of the caudal mesenteric artery. Conclusions. In the case of mediastinal lymph nodes, the anterior ones are present, but their topography differs significantly from individual to individual. The most important groups of visceral lymph nodes are jejunal and colic. The most important parietal lymphocenter is the ileosacral one. In it, we were able to describe for the first time some individual variants, namely: lateral iliac lymph nodes dominant in volume compared to the medial ones, the absence in some cases (10%) of anorectal lymph nodes in some specimens, in which, however, a compensation was observed by the development of a chain of small units on the path of the median sacral artery.
Effect of Fertilizers on Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria from Root Nodules of Pea Plant
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Devika, V; Prasad, P.
Background: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium spp. are vital for enhancing soil fertility and promoting plant growth. These bacteria inhabit the root nodules of legumes like pea (Pisum sativum) and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices. However, the application of fertilizers may interfere with their beneficial effects. Objectives: This study investigates the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium spp. isolated from pea plant root nodules and evaluates their role in promoting plant growth through indole acetic acid (IAA) production. Methods: Bacteria were isolated from root nodules of pea plants and identified based on colony morphology and biochemical tests. Their sensitivity to NaCl, pH, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol was assessed. Pea plants inoculated with Rhizobium were monitored for stem length over a period of 4 - 7 days under various fertilizer treatments. The production of IAA by the bacterial isolates was quantified. Results: The isolated Rhizobium spp. exhibited small, translucent, mucoid colonies and were sensitive to NaCl, pH variations, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Inoculated pea plants demonstrated increased stem length compared to non-inoculated controls; however, the use of fertilizers reduced this growth-promoting effect. The isolates produced 4.10 g/mL of IAA, highlighting their potential role in plant growth enhancement. Conclusion: Nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium spp. significantly promotes plant growth through IAA production. However, the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers may inhibit these effects, suggesting that careful management of fertilizers is necessary for optimizing the benefits of biofertilizers in sustainable agriculture.
Assessment of Various Bee Attractants on Apis florea Fabricius and Their Influence on Seed Yield of Niger [Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass]
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Dwarka; Ghugal, S; Katara, VK; Panday, AK; Chadar, N.
A research study was conducted in Kharif 2021 at the PC Unit Sesame and Niger experimental farm in the College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh to study bee attractants on Apis florea attractiveness and seed yield of niger crops, using a Randomized Block Design consisting of nine treatments and three replications. Research found that during 10% and 50% flowering stages of the crop, Apis florea visit was numerically the highest with rose water 10% (12.83 individual/m2/5min) and sugar solution 10% (14.33 individual/m2/5min) treatments, respectively. The population of Apis florea was received from controlled conditions were 2.67 and 3.75 individual/m 2 /5min at 10% and 50% flowering stage, respectively. This was followed by water spray (4.75 and 5.83 individual/m 2 /5min) at 10% and 50% flowering stage, respectively. The foliar spray of rose water 10%, sugar solution 10%, and flower extract of M. longifolia 10% solution were found significantly superior over others in respect to record higher seed yield and with a recorded seed yield of 6.90q, 6.70 q, and 6.30 q/ha seed yield, respectively.
Exploring Trait Relationships: Correlation and Path Analysis in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Borkhatariya, TH; Pansuriya, AG; Godhani, CM; Mehta, DR; Vekaria, DM; Kulkarni, GU; Madaria, RB; Patel, JB.
Wheat is a vital food source and part of the Indian economy. It is the second most important food grain in India followed by rice. Thus, a field experiment comprised of 60 genotypes of wheat was carried out using the randomized block design with three replications at Wheat Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during Rabi, 2023-24. The findings revealed significant positive correlations between grain yield per plant and traits such as plant height, number of effective tillers per plant, number of spikelets per spike, biological yield per plant and harvest index (%). The highest correlation of grain yield was observed with biological yield followed by the number of effective tillers per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path coefficient analysis indicated that days to maturity, biological yield, harvest index, number of effective tillers per plant, length of main spike, 100-grain weight, number of spikelets per main spike and chlorophyll content at anthesis had a direct positive impact on grain yield. These results highlighted the importance of emphasizing the traits like number of effective tillers per plant, biological yield per plant and harvest index in wheat breeding programs to enhance grain yield, which had true relationship with grain production as they have shown positive and significant correlations along with positive direct effects.

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