Annual Research & Review in Biology

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/151209

Chief Editor: Prof. George Perry,
ISSN: 2347-565X

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.journalarrb.com/index.php/ARRB

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 770

Abundance of Cutlassfish Trichiurus lepturus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Bushehr Waters, Persian Gulf.
(2012-04) Raeisi, H; Hosseini, S A; Paighambari, S Y; Davoodi, R
The abundance of cutlassfish was studied in the fishing grounds of Bushehr waters between May to August 2010. Stratified random sampling scheme from 40 trawl stations was used. Catch rates (catch per unit area, CPUA) and total biomass of all the samples were estimated. Mean CPUA and the total biomass of Trichiurus lepturus were estimated as 6104.6 ± 956.4 kgnm-2 and 3765.9 tonnes respectively. There was a significant difference between the mean CPUA of different depths and seasons. This study has provided the first study of biomass and CPUA in Bushehr Waters. The data collected in this study can be used as the basis for a long-term stock monitoring program in the region.
Activators and Inhibitors of α-glucosidase from Penicillium chrysogenum
(Science Domain International, 2018-02) El-Shora, Hamed M.; Ibrahim, Mohsen E.; Alfakharany, Mohammad W.
α-glucosidase (EC: 3.2.1.20) from Penicillium chrysogenum Thom ATCC 10106 was induced by GSH at the lower concentrations. H2O2 was inhibitor at all tested concentrations and the IC50 was 92.2%v/v. AMP, ADP and ATP enhanced the activity revealing that α-glucosidase is endothermic enzyme. The chelating agents are ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), α-α-dipyridyl and o-phenanthroline inhibited the enzyme. IC50 for these three compounds were 7.1, 10.2 and 10.9 mM, respectively. The highest activity of α-glucosidase was recorded at 150 mM phosphate buffer. Mannitol as polyol protected the enzyme against heat inactivation. The five sugars trehalose, lactose, raffinose, glucose and sucrose protected α-glucosidase against thermo-inactivation at 60ºC. Also, sarcosine as a product of glycine provided α-glucosidase with appreciable thermostability at 60ºC.
Adsorption Isotherm and Thermodynamic Profile of Hexavalent Chromium onto Lumbang (Aleurites moluccana) Activated Carbon Chitosan Composite Crosslinked with Epichlorohydrin
(Science Domain International, 2018-01) Villarante, Nelson R.; Bautista, Angelo Patrick R.; Sumalapao, Derick Erl P.
Adsorption isotherm and thermodynamic profile of hexavalent chromium onto lumbang (Aleurites moluccana) activated carbon chitosan composite crosslinked with epichlorohydrin were studied. The optimum conditions were identified at pH 3, contact time of 75 min, adsorbent dose of 3 g/L, initial concentration of 60 ppm, and 30ºC temperature resulted to a removal efficiency of 93%. The composite has a round and elliptical adsorption sites, contains –OH and –NH2 functional groups, and has increased stability with epichlorohydrin crosslinking. The adsorption process is best characterized by the Langmuir isotherm suggesting a monolayer adsorption nature of Cr(VI). The adsorption kinetics obeyed the pseudo-second order model and the adsorption process is exothermic. The investigated adsorption phenomenon described a chemisorption process, with 21.32 kJ mol-1 mean free energy, due to the functional groups identified and the high porosity of the adsorbent surfaces.
Advanced Forms of Sulphur Formulations for Improving Use Efficiency in Crop Species
(Science Domain International, 2018-06) Singh, Sonam; Sarkar, Deepranjan; Mehjabeen; Bhudevi, M.; Rakesh, S.; Singh, Rajesh Kumar; Kar, Shantanu; Rakshit, Amitava
Widespread incidences of sulphur (S) deficiency in agricultural crops and soils have been reported globally. To meet this gap, various new forms of S fertilizers are available in the market, and they are in the process of testing for their validations in varied type of crop species and soils. A current global trend of using these advanced S formulations for plant production has emerged to overcome the challenges of S nutrition in crops. This paper highlights the potential benefits of improved S fertilizers in agriculture as compared to conventional S fertilizers. However, there is also a need for increasing awareness among the growers to recognize the importance of S (fourth primary plant nutrient) and simultaneously exploring the options for elevating the efficiency of S.
Advanced Studies on Virulence Genes of Salmonella and Shigella species Isolated from Milk and Dairy Products
(Science Domain International, 2018-11) Younis, Gamal A. M.; Elkenany, Rasha M.; Abd-Elmoati, Wesam S.
Salmonella and Shigella species are the main health problem in various portions of the world. This study gave rise to detect and enumerate Salmonella and Shigella species with detection of virulence genes by PCR in randomly collected raw milk and dairy products (ice cream, cheese, yoghurt, rice with milk and cream) from different vendors of village and dairy farms in Mansoura Governorate, Egypt during October 2016. A total of 24 (9.6 %) isolates from 250 samples (raw milk and dairy products) were recognised as Salmonella6.4 % (16/250) and Shigella 3.2 % (8/250) species with their high prevalence in raw milk. Amongst serotypes of Salmonella species: S. Typhimurium 37.5 % (6/16), S. Enteritidis, S. Tsevie 18.75 % (3/16 each) and other serovars 25 % (4/16). Additionally, the identified Shigella species (8/250) were S. dysenteriae 50 % (4/8), S. flexneri 25 % (2/8) and S. sonnei 25 % (2/8). The average of total viable count of samples positive for Salmonella and Shigella in raw milk and dairy products was 4.47±0.97 log10 CFU/ml or gm and 4.27±1.01 log10 CFU/ml or gm, respectively. Furthermore, polymerase chain reaction assay was applied for demonstration of the most common virulence associated genes of Salmonella species (invA) and Shigellaspecies (invC, ipaH, virA). The invA gene was present in all tested Salmonella isolates. The invC and ipaHgenes were present in all Shigella isolates, while virA gene was absent in all strains. This study recommended that appropriate hygienic measures, as well as continuous monitoring of Salmonella and Shigella infection, could help to control and prevent the emergence and spread of salmonellosis and shigellosis from milk and dairy products in Egypt.
Advancements in Genetic Diversity and Genome Characteristics of Durians (Durio spp.)
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-05) Huy, T. G.; Hoan, N. K.; Thi, N. P. A.; Khang, D. T.
Durian is one of the important fruit crops in Southeast Asia with its unique flavor and important economic benefits. Breeding programs have produced hundreds of different cultivars of durian. These cultivars are classified mainly by fruit and flower characteristics, which cannot be observed at the vegetative stage. Therefore, molecular biology is a powerful tool to approach and explore the genetic characteristics of durians. Many studies based on barcoded DNA and molecular markers have been conducted and valuable data have been exploited. Thanks to the advancement of sequencing technology, the plastid genome and the whole genome were sequenced in some durian cultivars. The data revealed reliable data on the structure and function of several genes. This review aims to update recent studies on the durian genome attributes and potential applications in the conservation of germplasm, authentication, and exploration of the gene structure and function of this specialty plant.
Aerial Phytomass Production and Growth Performances of Five Common Tall Species in Andean Grasslands at Harvesting and Application of Natural Fertilizers
(Sciencedomain International, 2022-10) Yaranga, R. M.; Marav�, K.; Rom醤, M. Y.; C醕eres, D. H.; Crispin, A. V.
The objective of the research was to evaluate: aerial cover, canopy height and aerial phytomass production in five of the most common tall species in the area, in order to articulate it to a plant fiber production project. For the evaluation, 5 plots of 900 m2 were fenced, including 50 subplots of 32 m2, which were fertilized with cattle manure and phosphate rock. Monthly measurements were made from October 2020 to June 2021. At the end of the control, significant differences were observed for P = .01. Between plots they ranged from 1533�8 to 2909�2 cm2 in canopy cover (CC), from 36.9�89 to 38.3�31 cm in canopy height (CH) and 44�11 to 129�11 g DM/plant in Aerial Phytomass Production (AFP). Between species, they ranged from 2067�6 to 2975�0 cm2 in CC, from 33.2�86 to 40.3�24 cm in CH, and from 49.4�.52 to 162.4�49g DM/plant in AFP. By fertilization effect the AFP varied as follows: those fertilized with phosphate rock reached 109.5�72 g DM/plant (14.7%), with cattle manure 88.8�72 g DM/plant (-5.3%), and finally the control plants with 93.5�.03 g DM/plant, which means. A high canonical correlation was also observed between biological variables (canopy cover, canopy height, and dry matter production) and climatic variables (maximum temperature, minimum T. in 癈, and rainfall in liters/m2). It was shown that tussock species respond quickly to cutting and natural fertilization has beneficial effects on biological indicators, despite the altitudinal difference between the plots and the particular species.
Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Assay of the Gus Gene Expression in Sugar Beet
(Science Domain International, 2018-12) Moazami, K.; Mortazavi, S. E.; Heidari, B.; Nouroozi, P.
Modification of transformation systems with a set of markers is almost used to confirm whether the transgene has been successfully transmitted to the host cells. Transient expression technique is a fast and simple way to analyze promoter expression. This method is not affected by the position of the transgene in the target genome. In the present study, the gus reporter gene directed by the CaMV 35S promoter and the nptII selectable gene were used for optimization of transformation event in sugar beet. The results demonstrated the activity of β-glucuronidase in the Agrobacterium cells showing suppressed expression of the prokaryotic reporter gene. The function of the pCAMBIA2301 vector was assessed through inoculation of shoot apex with Agrobacterium. The results demonstrated that cells adjacent to the main vein of leave reared from tissue cultured apical meristems were suitable for transformation and regeneration. The highest shoot regeneration was achieved for tissue-cultured leaf explants grown in the presence of BA, IBA and TDZ media. In this study, an improved protocol for regeneration and genetic engineering of a sugar beet genotype was described using the tested vector. Analysis of GUS Histochemical and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the T0 generation plants demonstrated that the tested vector enables the expression of the gus gene in the transgenic plants that was an evidence of transient expression.
Agroforestry Systems Based on Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae): Socio-Economic Yield and Environmental Insights from the Peripheries of Benoué National Park, Cameroon
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) HAIWA, G; DJIBRILLA, M; TISSIDI, D; MAILAISSO, MY; GREY, B; Tchobsala.
Biodiversity, a natural biological capital of the earth that presents important opportunities for all societies, provides goods and services essential for human livelihoods and aspirations. Thus, this study aims to investigate agroforestry models of western Anacardium parks in the southern and western zones of the Bénoué National Park (North Cameroon), in order to determine the most appropriate system for the study area. More specifically, the aim is to: characterize the diversity of crops associated with Anacardium occidentale; estimate crop yields obtained in Anacardium occidentale parks; assess the socio-economic and environmental impact of the Anacardium occidentale parks established. The Ishikawa tool enabled us to analyze and visualize the socio-economic and environmental impact of the agroforestry parks established, and using the KoboCollect tool, the survey form was drawn up and administered to the producers. Crops associated with Anacardium occidentale include maize, soya, cowpeas, groundnuts, cotton, yams, cassava, millet and sesame. The most common are cashew-peanut (27 %), cashew-maize (24 %), cashew-cassava (21 %) and cashew-millet (17 %). The results showed that the cashew-rachis system produced 42,800 kg, the cashew-maize system 36,700 kg and the cashew-manioc system recorded the highest production of 46,100 kg. The study also highlighted the potential socio-economic benefits of collaboration between trees and crops associated with the preservation of soil biological activity by cashew trees. In the environmental level, the equipment used by growers is traditional and has no impact on soil quality. Western Anacardium plantations offer growers numerous partnership opportunities, with cashew by-products widely consumed, sold and recycled. This integration can have mutual benefits for both partners (trees and crops). This research topic provides added value in the environmental field, in that it provides a solution to the problem of soil degradation from which many farmers suffer, and increases production while maintaining the soil in a healthy state. It also contributes to achieving the goals of sustainable development, which are to protect biological diversity (ODD15), ensure food security (ODD2) and the living conditions of human populations (ODD3).
Agronomic and Yield Characteristics of Grain Sorghum as Influenced by Environment Factors and Genotype
(Science Domain International, 2018-05) Al-Naggar, A. M. M.; El-Salam, R. M. Abd; Hovny, M. R. A.; Yaseen, Walaa Y. S.
Genotypes tested in different locations, years or planting dates often change in yield due to the response of genotypes to environmental factors such as temperature, soil fertility etc. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of environment factors on agronomic and yield characteristics of grain sorghum and to identify the most adapted B-line(s) to different environments in Egypt. Six environments with 25 sorghum B-lines were conducted at two locations (Giza and Shandaweel) in 2012 and 2013 years and two planting dates in Giza location. A randomised complete block design was used in each environment with three replications. Mean squares due to genotype × environment were significant for all studied traits. Increasing temperature from second planting date to first planting date in Giza across seasons caused the significant decrease in grain yield per plant (GYPP) by about 15.3%. This reduction in yield was associated with significant decreases in the number of grains/plant (GPP) (9.29%), plant height (PH) (7.31%) and days to 50% flowering (DTF) (6.92%). Moreover, higher temperature in 2012 than 2013 season in Shandaweel caused significant (p<0.01) reduction in GYPP by 18.04%, GPP (34.76%) and DTF (8.33%). Though the temperature was higher in Shandaweel than Giza, the increase in GYPP in Shandaweel than Giza could probably due to the better physical and chemical properties of the soil. Across all environments, the B-line BTX-TSC-20 followed by ICSB-88003 showed the highest GYPP. BTX-TSC-20 followed by ICSB-1808 under E1 and E3 environments (Giza, first planting date in 2012 and 2013), ICSB-14 and ICSB-88003 under E2 and E4 (Giza, second planting date in 2012 and 2013), ICSB-11 followed by BTX 2-1 under E5 (Shandaweel, 2012 season) and ICSB-88003 followed by ICSB-70 under E6 (Shandaweel, 2013 season) were the most adapted B-lines.
AI in Reproductive Biology: Transforming Fertility Assessment, ART, and Research
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-09) Doultani, S; Sharma, P; Makwana, P; Patil, S; Layek, S; George, L; Highland, H; Hadiya, K.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing reproductive biology, transforming fertility assessment, assisted reproductive technologies (ART), and research practices. This review explores AI's impact, highlighting its potential to enhance personalized care and advance scientific understanding. In fertility assessment, AI algorithms analyze vast datasets to predict treatment success, enabling clinicians to tailor personalized treatment plans. In ART, AI improves embryo selection during in vitro fertilization (IVF) by providing objective, data-driven criteria, reducing variability, and increasing success rates.AI also optimizes laboratory workflows, automating tasks such as data analysis and interpretation, enhancing efficiency, and minimizing human error. In research, AI accelerates data analysis, facilitates knowledge discovery, and enables predictive modeling, driving innovation in reproductive biology. However, AI's integration raises ethical concerns, including patient autonomy, informed consent, and data security. Collaborative efforts among stakeholders are essential to ensure responsible AI use, balancing innovation with ethical considerations. This review examines AI's transformative potential in reproductive biology, technological advancements, and the ethical landscape, envisioning a future where AI positively impacts reproductive health and clinical practice.
Allelopathy Effects of Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis by Green Method from Pulicaria undulate
(Science Domain International, 2019-06) Elsharkawy, Eman R.
Nanotechnology nowadays has good potential application in many fields, especially in agriculture and industries. This study investigated the allelopathic effects of aqueous extract of Pulicaria undulate and nanoparticle synthesis by eco-friendly method from silver nitrate and water extract of Pulicaria undulate on seed germination of two weeds species. Aqueous extract and silver Nanoparticles plant extract (AgNPs) had an inhibitory effect on seed germination of common (Lepidium sativum, and Trifolium repens) as compared with control. Lpidum stavium seed germination was inhibited by nanoparticle and water plant extract at 100% concentration at the end of 10 day incubation period, at low concentration 25% of aqueous extract and AgNPs the germination ratio of L. sativium reached (30% and 5%) where for Trifolium repens the germination ratio were (50% and 0% respectively). Nanoparticle are green synthesis by simple methods, using the aqueous extract of pulclaria leave and silver nitrate, the confirmation of nanoparticle was done by different methods UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The UV-visible spectra revealed the absorption peak at 449 nm, while the emission peak of Ag was detected at 466 nm. SEM analysis revealed that the synthesis of Ag NPs was spherical in shape and has an average size (13.3-23.8 nm). The concentration of plant showed a dangerous role in size and dispersion of NPs, the decrease occurs at low concentration this confirms the plant are oxidizing in nature. Herein we suggest the use of nanoparticle synthesis from Ag nitrate and aqueous extract of Pulicaria undulate as herbicide instead of synthetic herbicide after further studies to confirm the results.
Alpinia zerumbet Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Effects: A Literature Review
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-09) Ferreira, F dos S; Silva, PHF da; Mattos, JLA de; Resende, A de C; Ognibene, DT; Costa, CA da; Montes, GC; Fontes-Dantas, FL; Bem, GF de.
Studies demonstrated that many elderly individuals suffer from depressive and anxiety disorders. The drugs used to treat these disorders cause adverse effects such as sedation, gastrointestinal discomfort, and locomotor deficits, which are often responsible for treatment abandonment. Literature data also describe that older people may be refractory to pharmacological treatments used to combat depressive and anxiety disorders, which is potentially worrying due to the suicide risk associated with these conditions. Previous research reported the medicinal plant's beneficial potential in psychiatric disease treatment due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic actions. This paper reviews the Alpinia zerumbet actions, a medicinal plant with antidepressant and anxiolytic effects, through increases in noradrenergic neurotransmission and decreases oxidative stress on the central nervous system by increasing antioxidant activity. Moreover, Alpinia zerumbet also causes a reduction in IL-6 and elevates BDNF levels in the hippocampus, contributing to its antidepressant, anxiolytic, and anti-inflammatory actions. The adverse effects reduction, combined with the fact that there is no toxicity when ingested by humans and increased longevity, suggests that this medicinal plant is promising for older individuals treatment who suffer from depression and anxiety.
Ameliorating Effect of Moringa against Liver and Kidney Injury Induced by Monosodium Glutamate
(Science Domain International, 2019-10) El-Gharabawy, Rehab M.; Ahmed, Amira S.; Al-Adhadh, Thara I.
Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) produces adverse and damaging effects in different organs like liver and kidneys. Moringa has ameliorating effect on kidney and liver injury induced by monosodium glutamate. Objective: To study the ameliorating effect of moringa against rats liver and kidney injury induced by monosodium glutamate. Design: Prospective study. Setting: College of Pharmacy, Qassim University. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 20 male rats and equally divided into 4 groups. The first group was control group, second group was moringa group, third group was MSG group and forth group was MSG plus moringa group. We determined liver function, albumin, total protein, kidney function, electrolytes and histopathological examination of tissue. Main Outcome Results: Moringa has ameliorating effect on kidney and liver injury induced by monosodium glutamate. Sample Size: A total of 20 malerats. Results: There was a significant increase in the levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea and creatinine. Significant decrease in the levels of albumin, total proteins and sodium levels in rats treated with monosodium glutamate. Kidney sections revealed normal structure of glomeruli and renal tubules as control group, liver revealed good improvements and mild cellular infiltrations were observed in rats treated with MSG and moringa group. Conclusion: Moringa causes ameliorating effect on kidney and liver injury induced by monosodium glutamate in rats. Limitation of the Study: Few studies about the protective effect of Moringa against toxic effect of MSG. So we need to focus on its beneficial effect against toxicity induced by MSG.
Analysis of Gene Action and Genetic Variability for Enhanced Seedling Traits in Mulberry (Morus spp.)
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-09) Kalpana, PG; J S, S; C, S; Chikkalingaiah.
Information regarding the nature of gene action controlling the yield and yield contributing characters are essential for implementing good breeding program. With this background, a study was conducted to understand the gene action and variance of lines and testers for seedling traits in mulberry. The percent contribution of testers, lines and their interaction to total variance for all the traits clearly revealed that contribution of lines towards total variance was higher than males for all characters. The variance due to lines (females) was significant for germination percentage, seedling height at 60, 90th DAS, number of branches, intermodal distance, but non- significant for the left-over characters studied. The variance due to Testers (males) was significant for Germination percentage, intermodal distance but non-significant for other characters studied. The line × tester interaction variance was very much significant for germination percentage, seedling height at 90th DAS, average leaf weight (g), Leaf area (cm2) but non- significant for plant height at 60, 120th DAS, number of branches, intermodal distance (cm). Variance due to crosses was exceedingly significant for all characters under study except intermodal distance in the present experiment, an effort was made to know the information on the magnitude of GCA, SCA variance and nature of gene action for the trait as a whole. In this experiment also, non-additive genetic component was the major part of genetic variance for most of the growth parameters.
Analysis of Physicochemical Parameters to Evaluate the Mycelia Growth of Pleurotus pulmonarius
(Science Domain International, 2018-03) Ilyas, Nabeela; Avin, Farhat A.
Pleurotus pulmonarius commonly known as the grey oyster mushroom is the most widely cultivated species for its nutritional, medicinal and economical values. Two strains (China & Thailand) of P. pulmonarius were grown in potato dextrose agar (PDA) and sawdust substrate in different salinity conditions with different water collected from four resources to analyse the vegetative growth of mycelium. The water samples were labelled as W1-lab water (control), W2- Nas-Agro farm water, W3- Ganofarm water and W4- 7-star agricultural farm water. The present research evidently indicated that the two strains of P. pulmonarius showed relative similarities regarding their development and physiochemical characteristics. The mycelia of P. pulmonarius showed considerable growth for 0% and 1% NaCl in both PDA and substrate medium. The slight growth for 5% NaCl was observed only in sawdust substrate for W2 (water collected from Nas-Agro Farm) while remaining 10% NaCl plates (PDA) and test tubes (sawdust substrate) remained uncolonised. Among the NaCl concentrations tested, the best mycelia yield was recorded in the medium with low concentrations of NaCl as an essential element for the mycelial growth. Variation of mycelial growth was also observed with different water samples, growth medium and strains of the mushroom. The best results were observed in W2 with PDA media showing high vegetative growth. Moreover, the China strain showed faster and uniform results. This suggests that salinity, growth medium and water are effective for the growth of mycelium.
Analysis of the Frequency of the Toll-like 2 Gene Polymorphism in Leprosy
(Sciencedomain International, 2022-01) Abrah鉶, Silva M. J.; Cordeiro, dos Santos E.; Rodrigues, Y. C.; Batista Lima, K. V.; Costa Lima, L. N.
Polymorphisms in genes that are responsible for encoding cytokines and receptors involved in the immune response, such as Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 2 in leprosy, are of great interest for immunogenetic studies. This work aimed to analyze the possible association of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), synonymous, rs3804100 of the TLR2 gene with leprosy. The study was conducted in Bacteriology and Mycology section of Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazil between August 2020 and July 2021.The scope of the study consisted of 122 subjects from cities of Goian閟ia, Rondon, Curion髉olis, Altamira, Parauapebas and Reden玢o of the State of Par�, Brazil. Genotyping was performed by conventional PCR and sequencing in the ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems�) using primer nucleotides designed by the Primer3Plus program from the genomic region 揌omo sapiens toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) transcript variant X6, mRNA�, deposited in GenBank with reference XM_011532216.2. The analyzes were performed based on Fisher's exact test. It was managed in accordance with Helsinki Declaration and the Brazilian National Health Council and with approval of the ethics committee at Evandro Chagas Institute, under opinion number: 3.950.570. No associations between gender and leprosy were possible (P> 0.05). However, associations were observed between age groups, which were significant between those over 46 years old (P=0.004) and the 2nd dose of BCG as a more protective agent between the groups analyzed (P=0.004). For the subjects with the typed genotypes, 68 contacts had T/T genotype and only 4 T/C genotypes, while in multibacillary (MB) group only 1 T/C genotype was found and none in paucibacillary (PB) (P> 0.05). We conclude that there is no association between the TLR2 SNP rs3804100 and leprosy in the Par� population, which still indicates the need for new immunogenetic studies with other genes involved in the immune response and a greater number of polymorphisms.
Analysis of the Hive Yield of Three Species of Bees for Honey Production in Eastern Honduras
(Sciencedomain International, 2022-10) Mej韆, F. T.; Mej韆, J. A. T.; Cruz, M. D. B.; Licona, E. P.
Objectives: The analysis of the performance of honey production hives of three species of honeybees was carried out. Study Design: Three harvests per year of honey per hive of each species the first was on March-April, the second was on June-July, and the third was on November -December, with a sampling of ten hives per species, data were evaluated by ANOVA analysis, and Duncan mean separation test developed by SAS/STAT program. Place and Duration of the Study: This research was developed in the department of Para韘o, municipality of Danl�, Honduras, Central America, in Cerro El 羐uila, latitude 13�'59" N, and longitude 86�'59" W, the sampling was carried out in 2020. Methodology: The qualitative variables were evaluated for each species by In Situ observation that characterized the honeycombs of the three species, and the data were subjected to an analysis of variance and Duncan's mean separation, where the dependent variable is the average yield of Kg of honey/hive. Results: According to the ANOVA, there are significant differences in: the harvest of the three species of bees (p<0.0001), for the three annual harvests (p=0.0024), and by hives (p<0.0001) and in the analysis of separation of means the three averages of honey yield observed are not homogeneous (P>0.05), the Apis mellifera produces 63.1 kg/hive-year, the Tetragonisca angustula obtained an average of 0.679 kg / hive-year, and Melipona beecheii obtained 13.19 kg/hive-year. Conclusion: In the three species is observed that they have differences in the structures of the construction of their hives, their entrance, the construction of their cells, production and storage of honey and pollen, birth of queens, and method of defense; and when evaluating the average annual yield by species, by harvest, and by hives, is found that the three variables evaluated of bees are different averages of honey production.
Analysis of Total Organic Matter, Total Nitrogen, and Total Phosphorus in the Estuary Waters of Maros as a Source of Brackish Water for Fish Ponds Aquaculture
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-01) Massora, D.; Mulyati; Suryati; Yusuf, A.; Ardiansyah; Ratnasari
Indonesia is a tropical area with high rainfall, the area on land is connected by around 472 large and small rivers that flow into the sea. The estuary area is the meeting area of ??rivers or fresh water streams with the ocean. Transportation of organic matter, minerals and sediments from upstream to the estuary and from the sea containing minerals, hence estuarine waters are more fertile than other areas. In addition, estuary areas are important habitats for several types of marine and freshwater organisms to fulfill their life cycles, which are used as spawning, foraging, and nursery grounds. This study aimed to determine the total organic contents, total Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in the estuary waters of Maros as a source of brackish water for fish pond aquaculture in Maros Regency. The research was conducted in the estuary waters of Maros for three months from September to November 2020. Sampling was conducted four times with an interval of once every 15 days. Sampling was carried out at five stations based on water movements to the estuary, station A was located at the seawater, station B was located in the pond wastewater locations, station C was water sources from residential waste, station D was located in the river, and station E was the estuarine water. The results showed that the dominant water quality parameters affecting estuarine water quality were salinity, total organic matter, nitrogen content, either in the form of ammonia, nitrate, or nitrite, and phosphorus content, especially phosphate. Water entering the estuary has an impact on high concentrations of total organic matter, increased concentrations of Total N, and phosphorus. The results of water quality analysis in estuaries showed that salinity, organic matter, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate, and phosphate exceed the standard threshold for water quality standards for fish pond aquaculture. Thus, the waters of the Maros estuary are not suitable for aquaculture, especially for the 5 observed stations (A, B, C, D and E).
Anatomical Studies on the Morphology and Topography of Cavity Lymphnodes in Pigs
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-01) ZAGRAI, G; DUMITRESCU, I; COTOR, G; MIHAI, SA; GAGNIUC, E; Grama, A; BELU, C; DAMIAN, A.
The lymphatic system, supported by the lymphatic vessels, is a vascular network in higher vertebrates, having essential roles, such as regulating tissue pressure, monitoring the immune system and absorbing fats from the diet. The lymphatic vessels constitute an unidirectional system that transports fluids and proteins, taking them from the interstitial space and returning them to the bloodstream. Objectives: The objectives pursued in this study are the following: to identify the topography of the main cavity lymph nodes and the morphological and topographic variants that may occur; to identify the main interspecific histological characteristics of vessels and lymph nodes in pigs. Materials and methods: The study was carried out on 20 animals weighing 25-30 kg, aged about 3.5 months, of both sexes. They came from private breeders. Ultrasonographic investigations were also performed on half of them. The macro- and microscopic anatomical studies as well as the ultrasonographic investigations were performed at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Bucharest. For macroscopic and topographic analysis, lymph nodes in both the thoracic and abdominal cavities were examined "in situ". Results. Caudal mediastinal lymph nodes were always fewer in number (between one and three). They were associated with the esophagus, immediately behind the tracheobronchial and ventral lymph nodes of the aorta. The afferents originated from the pericardium, the caudal part of the mediastinum and the corresponding part of the esophagus. The efferents connected to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes or could also approach some thoraco-aortic lymph nodes. The lumbo-aortic lymph nodes were located on the lateral surfaces of the aorta, starting from the diaphragmatic orifice to the origin of the deep iliac circumflex artery. The iliac lymphocenters were represented by large lymph nodes that formed a bundle at the origin of the celiac artery. Colic lymph nodes were located along the path of the right colonic artery. Splenic lymph nodes were placed on the path of the homonymous vessels. Their topography was between the aorta and the hilum of the spleen. In this sector there could be 2-4 lymph nodes, but there were others (2-5) located along the upper quarter of the spleen. The jejunal lymph nodes formed a double chain in the middle of the jejuno-ileum meso, about 30 cm long. The caudal mesenteric lymph nodes were reduced, located dorsally by the descending colon on the path of the caudal mesenteric artery. Conclusions. In the case of mediastinal lymph nodes, the anterior ones are present, but their topography differs significantly from individual to individual. The most important groups of visceral lymph nodes are jejunal and colic. The most important parietal lymphocenter is the ileosacral one. In it, we were able to describe for the first time some individual variants, namely: lateral iliac lymph nodes dominant in volume compared to the medial ones, the absence in some cases (10%) of anorectal lymph nodes in some specimens, in which, however, a compensation was observed by the development of a chain of small units on the path of the median sacral artery.

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