International Journal of Environment and Climate Change

Permanent URI for this collection

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/151211

Chief Editor: Prof. Jingfeng Wang
ISSN: 2581-8627

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.journalijecc.com/index.php/IJECC

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 3113

An A-Train Satellite Based Stratiform Mixed Phase Cloud Retrieval Algorithm by Combining Active and Passive Sensor Measurements.
(2013-10) Adhikari, Loknath; Wang, Zhien
Aims: To develop a new satellite-based mixed-phase cloud retrieval algorithm for improving mixed-phase cloud liquid water path (LWP) retrievals by combining Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), CloudSat, and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) measurements. Study Design: Algorithm development and evaluation by using collocated NASA A-Train and the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility (ACRF) measurements at the North Slope Alaska (NSA) site. Place and Duration of Study: Collocated MODIS and ground-based measurements at NSA site from March 2000 to October 2004, MODIS measurements and retrievals during July 2006 over Eastern Pacific, and MODIS, CloudSat and CALIPSO measurements on April 04, 2007 over the Arctic Region. Methodology: The stratiform mixed-phase cloudswere treated as two adjunct water and ice layers for radiative calculations with the Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer (DISORT) model. The ice-phase properties were provided with the 2C-ICE product, which is produced from CloudSat radar and CALIPSO lidar measurements, and they were used as inputs in DISORT for the calculations. Then, the calculated mixed-phase cloud reflectances at selected wavelengths were compared with MODIS reflectances to retrieve liquid-phase cloud properties. Results: A new algorithm was developed to retrieve LWP in stratiform mixed-phase clouds by using MODIS radiances and ice cloud properties from active sensor measurements. The algorithm was validated separately by using Operational MODIS retrievals of warm marine stratiform clouds and collocated surface measurements of Arctic stratiform mixed-phase clouds. The results show that the new algorithm reduced the positive LWP biases in the Operational MODIS LWP retrievals for stratiform mixedphase clouds from 35 and 68% to 10 and 22% in the temperature ranges of -5 to -10ºC and -10 to -20ºC, respectively. Conclusion: The combined A-Train active and MODIS measurements can be used to improve global mixed-phase cloud property retrievals.
Abiotic Factors as Game Changer in Sex Ratio Distortion of Insects
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-07) Verma, S; Sagar, D; Kumar, H; G S, Sujatha.
Sex ratios in insect populations are critical in shaping their reproductive dynamics, genetic diversity, and ecological interactions. While genetic factors often determine sex, abiotic factors have emerged as important influencers of sex ratios in insects. The influence of abiotic factors on sex ratios in insects is of scientific interest and holds practical implications for insect conservation and management. As environmental conditions change due to global warming, understanding how sex ratios respond to these changes can aid in predicting population dynamics and designing effective conservation strategies for biocontrol agents as well as the management of insect pests. Abiotic stressors, including fluctuations in temperature, humidity variations, altitude & latitude, nutrition and chemical exposure have been shown to disrupt the precise balance of hormonal and genetic cues governing sex determination in insects. Insects being ectothermic, body temperature depends on the surrounding environmental conditions and are highly vulnerable to the change in climate. This review explores the intricate relationship between abiotic stress and sex determination mechanisms in insects, highlighting recent advances in our understanding of how stress-induced alterations especially environment in hormone signaling, gene expression, and epigenetic modifications can lead to skewed sex ratios and developmental anomalies. Regardless of the advances in this area, notable research gaps are still present. Future studies on the multiple abiotic factors and their synergistic effects will give a more detailed study of insect populations, and their ecosystems. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted interactions between abiotic factors and sex differentiation in insects. In conclusion, the abiotic factors especially temperature are indeed game changers in the insect sex ratio dynamics.
Aboveground and Soil Carbon Stock of Teak Plantations under Varied Rainfall Regimes
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-11) Salimath, SK; Hegde, R; Clara Manasa, P. A.; Ganapati
Aims: Forest plantations are considered to be the most effective approach to reducing the atmosphere's rising carbon dioxide levels. The variation in the carbon stock under important plantation species and the heterogeneity across climatic regimes, however, are urgently needed.Place and Methodology: Research was conducted on seven-year-old teak plantations in Karnataka, India, to determine the above-ground and soil carbon sequestration potential of teak plantations under various rainfall regimes.Results: The teak plantations under high rainfall zone (RFZ) accumulated maximum above-ground biomass revealing the positive effect of rainfall the productivity. This was reflected in the total above-ground carbon sequestration of the plantations leading to maximum carbon storage under the high RFZ followed by medium and low RFZ. Further, the variation of the SOC along the soil depth was evident in the present study.Conclusion: According to the findings, rainfall significantly impacted above-ground carbon sequestration and SOC, with high rainfall leading to the greatest sequestration. The climate sensitivity of carbon sequestration demands elaborate studies to improve carbon storage in the plantations in future climate change scenarios.
Abundance of Major Insect Pests in Rice and Their Relation to Weather Parameters
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-08) Kumar, Arvind; Kumar, Pankaj; Chandra, Umesh; Patel, Pradip Kumar; Omar, Vishnoo; Pathak, Ratnakar; Rajak, Ravi Kumar
The present investigation has been conducted in rice crop during Kharif 2021-22at Students’ Instructional Farm of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.), India. The population of six major insect pests was recorded viz. Rice Yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulus), Rice Leaf folder (Cnapholocrocis medinalis), Rice ear head bug (Leptocorisa acuta), Brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens), White backed plant hopper (Sogatella furcifera)and Green leaf hopper (Nephotettix nigropictus) that cause most damage at different crop growth stages initiated after sowing till harvesting. The maximum population of yellow stemborer was observed on rice crop at 36th SMW (12.20 per cent dead heart). The infestation of dead heart was non-significant positively correlated with minimum, maximum temperature and RH% (0.433, 0.010 & 0.253 respectively) and negatively correlated with rain fall (0.081) whereas, significant negatively correlated with sunshine (0.552*). The maximum population white ear in 40th SMW (16.80 per cent). The infestation of white ear was non-significant negative correlation with minimum, maximum temperature (-0.062, -0.167) and positive correlation with RH & rain fall (0.244 & 0.173) whereas, significant positive correlation with sunshine (0.703*). Maximum leaf folder population was observed during 35th SMW (16.35 per cent). and infestation of leaf folder was non-significant positive correlation with minimum temperature & RH (0.427 & 0.505) and negative correlation with maximum temperature, rainfall and sunshine (-0.079, -0.030 & -0.291). The maximum population was recorded of ear head bug in 38th SMW i.e., (10.90 ear head bug/hill respectively.). The infestation of ear head bug was non-significant positive correlation with minimum temperature, RH, rainfall & sunshine (0.061, 0.176, 0.155 & 0.210) and negative correlation with maximum temperature (-0.407). The peak mean population of BPH was recorded in 37th SMW i.e., (11.25 brown plant hopper/hill respectively.) Itwas non-significant positive correlation with minimum temperature & RH (0.463 & 0.357) and negative correlation with maximum temperature & rainfall (-0.066 & -0.088) whereas, significant negative correlation with sunshine (-0.597*), The peak mean population of WBPH was recorded in 38th SMW i.e., (12.80 white backed plant hopper/hill respectively.) It was non-significant positive correlation with minimum temperature, RH & rainfall (0.300, 0.337 & 0.185) and negative correlation with maximum temperature (-0.300) whereas, significant negative correlation with sunshine (-0.094*) and the maximum population of green leaf hopper was recorded in 37th SMW i.e., (10.80 green leaf hopper/hill respectively.) with the infestation of green leaf hopperwas non-significant positive correlation with minimum temperature & RH (0.479 & 0.369) and negative correlation with maximum temperature & rainfall (-0.077 & -0.120) whereas, significant negative correlation with sunshine (-0.633*).
Abundance of Phytoparasitic Root Nematodes Associated with Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) in Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-05) Indur, Basawarajeshwari; Vishwajit, D.; Ambrish, V.; Prashant, V.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) is the most commonly grown prime vegetable crop in India and all around the world. Tomato is cultivated majorly in many states of the nation including Karnataka and plays an important role in the Indian economy. The ripe tomato fruits act as the best source of vitamin A, Vitamin D and also have various antioxidant properties. Tomato crop progressively gets infested by various diseases at different stages from vegetation up to fruiting. The diseases such as bacterial leaf spot, bacterial wilt, leaf curl, fruit canker and Septoria leaf spot are caused by different Bacteria, Viruses and Fungi. Nematodes also result in root-knot, stunting and fusarium wilt diseases which may reduce the crop yield and fruit quality. The present survey was carried out from June 2021 to November 2021 in selected tomato plots of Kalaburagi district to identify different species of root nematodes affecting tomato crop in the selected study area. According to the survey results a total of six species of root nematodes were isolated and identified namely Meloidogyne spp., Globodera Spp., Paratrichodors minor, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Pratylenchus spp. and Rotylenchus buxophilus from selected study plots of Nirgudi, Bhosga, Bhosga Tanda, Gobbur, Sannur, Nadikur and Khanadal. The results suggest that Meloidogyne sps and Paratrichodors minor were most commonly recorded. The highest abundance of these nematodes recrded in Nirgudi region and in Nandikur region population of these root nematodes is least abundant.
Abysmal Hike in Global Cocoa Price and its Implications on Cocoa Plantations in Tamil Nadu - A Critical Analysis
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-07) Sudhalakshmi, C; Lekhavarshinee, J; Latha, P; Suresh, J.
Cocoa belonging to the family Sterculiaceae has its origin in South America and later it had spread to Europe, Africa and Asia. In Tamil Nadu, cocoa is accommodated as an intercrop in arecanut and coconut plantations especially in South India. But over the past few years, the acreage under cocoa showed a steady decline and the area currently hovers around 5,000 ha especially concentrated in Coimbatore, Theni and Kanyakumari districts of the state. Price volatility is the key player in culminating cocoa plantations in the state. But the recent global shortage of cocoa associated with climatic vagaries and biotic stress like swollen shoot virus and black pod disease in the leading cocoa producers of the world has prompted a positive note in the price of cocoa beans in India. Government policies like ban on deforestation and engaging child labourers for farming and underinvestment in cocoa gardens in the West African countries also added hue to the problem. A record high of ten fold increase in price was observed during the last quarter of 2023 and first quarter of 2024. According to the International Cocoa Organization, global cocoa supply will decline by almost 11% over the 2023/2024 season. Global price has a direct impact on cocoa plantations in the state of Tamil Nadu as many cocoa orchards were cleared due to the lack of remunerative price. But the abysmal price hike in the global front has invited the farmers to rejuvenate the abandoned cocoa plantations and bring new area under cultivation in Tamil Nadu as price was the key player in giving up the crop during 2010s by the farmers. Abysmal hike in global cocoa price has brought a ray of hope for the expanding acreage of cocoa in the state of Tamil Nadu.
Accelerating Climate Change and the Living Earth
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-02) Betts, Alan K.
The purpose of this mini-review article is to extend the discussion of the takeover of the climate system by the living Earth, colloquially known as Mother Nature, in response to the refusal of global societies to significantly reduce the burning of the fossil fuels that are driving the extreme climate change that is destroying life on Earth. So it is not an article limited to a conventional science perspective because of course the perspective of the Earth is not documented in the literature. The author is the only climate scientist working to present the perspective on Mother Nature in the science literature, because it is part of the reality we must deal with. This article will review my past work, and reframe in familiar social terms four keys to understanding the perspective of the living Earth. Some current climate extremes will then be reviewed.
Achieving Carbon Neutrality in Agriculture: Strategies for Mitigating Climate Change and Enhancing Sustainability
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-10) SR, S; G, Rajasree; P, SP; Raj, SK.
Global warming and climate change have become a burning issue due to the hike in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG). The rising GHG emissions over the past two centuries have caused significant changes in the global climate. Agriculture plays a prominant role in contributing to these emissions, yet its potential for reducing GHGs remains underutilized. Agriculture serves as both a source and a potential sink for GHGs, making it a critical area for intervention in climate change mitigation efforts. Current agricultural practices, however, face several limitations in addressing GHG emissions. Conventional farming often relies heavily on synthetic fertilizers, leading to substantial nitrous oxide emissions, while livestock farming remains a major source of methane. Additionally, unsustainable land-use practices, such as deforestation and soil degradation, further reduce the capacity of agricultural land to act as an effective carbon sink. These practices, combined with inefficient use of inputs like energy and water, contribute to agriculture's unsustainable carbon footprint. Carbon neutral farming addresses these gaps through a range of practices that maintain and enhance the carbon levels in soils, minimize GHG emission from crop and livestock production, and adoption of farming systems like mixed farming and agro-forestry that reduces emissions while promoting biodiversity. Efficient utilization of fertilizers, energy sources and other farm inputs is crucial, alongside efforts to revitalize soil health. Carbon neutral farming aims to balance the carbon emissions produced by farming activities with equivalent carbon removals or sequestration, resulting in a net-zero carbon footprint. Carbon neutral farming offers a promising pathway to transform agriculture into a sustainable, climate-resilient sector. By reducing emissions, enhancing sequestration, and offsetting remaining carbon footprints, this approach significantly contributes to global climate change mitigation efforts while also improving soil health, increasing biodiversity, and fostering economic viability in farming communities.
Active Packaging for Improving the Shelf Life and Quality of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-01) Shahida, C; Swarup, D.
Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is a popular berry of the world but it is highly perishable in nature and possesses an extremely short shelf life. Active packaging in plastic punnets of size 17cm x 11 cm x 3.5 cm of 100 gm capacity with the treatment of Ethylene absorber + moisture absorber + Clo2 (5ppm) increased the shelf life by 7 days as compared to control 3 days. Physiological Loss in weight 4.4%) and decay incidence was also reduced 36% as compared to control showing PLW 9% and decay incidence of 65%. The mean value after storage of quality parameters such as TSS (10.8 0 Brix), Titratable acidity (0.8%), Anthocyanin (61.2 mg/100gm) and Ascorbic acid (65.16mg/100g) content was observed which performed better with the organic treatment as compared to the treated fruits.
Acute Toxicity of Commonly used Insecticides to Red Pumpkin Beetle, Aulacophora foveicollis
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-10) Kallathuru, Kruthi Reddy; G., Preetha; R., Srinivasan M.; M., Kavitha; Parameswari, E.
Acute toxicity of commonly used insecticides viz., fipronil, cyantraniliprole, fluxametamide, phenthoate and thiamethoxam were determined against Red pumpkin beetle, Aulacophora foveicollis collected from the unsprayed pumpkin fields in the orchard of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore using filter paper disc bioassay method. Based on the LC50 values (ppm) of different insecticides, the order of toxicity was found to be fipronil (6.822) > fluxametamide (11.953) > phenthoate (14.732) > cyantraniliprole (14.793) > thiamethoxam (29.465) at 24 and 48 hours after treatment (HAT). The respective LC95 values were 65.396, 87.077, 42.090, 203.017 and 205.013 against A. foveicollis at 24 HAT and 46.585, 54.242, 37.445, 223.682 and 146.267 at 48 HAT for fipronil, cyantraniliprole, fluxametamide, phenthoate and thiamethoxam, respectively. The study results clearly indicated that the phenyl pyrazole insecticide, fipronil was highly effective against the pumpkin beetle, A. foveicollis.
Acute Toxicity of Mancozeb (fungicide) on Juvenile Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. communis)
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, Ph.D., 2025-03) Mir, S; Abubakr, A; Amin, A; Bhat, BA; Shah, TH; Bhat, FA; Parvaiz, A; Nafhat-ul-Arab.
Pesticides, particularly fungicides like Mancozeb (MZ), are extensively used in agriculture for controlling fungal pathogens, but their persistence in environmental systems poses significant risks to aquatic ecosystems. This study investigates the acute toxicity of Mancozeb on juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. communis) by assessing its effects through a 96-hour static bioassay. The study determined the median lethal concentration (LC50) values of Mancozeb at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Water quality parameters during the bioassay remained stable, ensuring the reliability of the toxicity test. Results indicated that the LC50 values for Mancozeb decreased with increased exposure time, with values of 16.940, 13.615, 9.886, and 8.764 ppm at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours, respectively, highlighting a concentration-dependent increase in fish mortality. The findings suggest that Mancozeb exhibits moderate toxicity to juvenile common carp with increased mortality over prolonged exposure. The study bridges the knowledge gap regarding the ecological impact of Mancozeb, emphasizing the importance of safe pesticide practices to mitigate risks to aquatic biodiversity and human consumers reliant on fisheries.
Adaptation and Mitigation of High Temperature Stress in Tomato
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-06) John, AA; Stephen, R.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) holds considerable economic significance as a vegetable crop globally, ranking second in both cultivated area and production worldwide. Optimal growth conditions for tomatoes typically fall within the temperature range of 25°C - 30°C during the day and around 20°C at night. However, deviations from these thresholds can lead to irreversible damage to plant growth and development. To counteract the adverse effects of high temperatures, tomato plants employ various adaptive mechanisms involving physiological, morphological, anatomical, and biochemical changes. Efforts to enhance thermotolerance in tomatoes encompass a range of strategies, including agronomic practices, the application of growth regulators and fertilizers to induce acclimation responses, breeding programs aimed at developing heat-resistant cultivars, and genetic modification. Various other methods are also employed to mitigate the impacts of high-temperature stress on plants, such as pretreating seeds with low concentrations of inorganic salts, applying osmoprotectants and signaling molecules through foliar sprays, and subjecting plants to preconditioning measures. These approaches facilitate stress avoidance and foster the development of inherent mechanisms for high-temperature tolerance in plants.
Adaptation Approaches for Direct Seeded Rice to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emission in the Perspective of Climate Change
(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2019-11) Choudhury, S. R.; Das, A.; Bharati, V.; Dutta, S. K.
A field experiment was conducted at research farm, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, India during 2017 and 2018 to gain insight crop phonology mediated greenhouse gas emission under different tillage and nitrogen management practices in direct seeded rice (DSR). The experiment was conducted in split plot design with two tillage viz. zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) as main plot and four nitrogen management practices viz. 100% nitrogen through neem coated urea (S1), SPAD based nitrogen management (S2), 75% through neem coated urea + 25% nitrogen through vermicompost, (S3) and ¼ nitrogen as basal and rest in equal three splits at 20, 40, 60 DAS (S4) as sub plot, in three replication. The highest yield (4.69 t ha-1), net return (Rs 46440 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.44) were recorded from zero tilled DSR. Further, highest yield (4.82 t ha-1), net return (Rs 44880 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.36) was obtained under split application of nitrogenous fertilizers among other subplot treatments. The range of methane (0.57- 1.47 mg m-2 hr-1) carbon dioxide (0.32- 0.61 mg m-2 hr-1) and nitrous oxide (19.58- 38.79 µg m-2 hr-1) emission was recorded lowest in zero tilled plots and split application of nitrogenous fertilizer also emitted lowest values of 1.59 mg m-2 hr-1 methane, 0.86 mg m-2 hr-1 carbon dioxide and 46.76 µg m-2 hr-1 nitrous oxide at maximum tillering stage of crop growth. Moreover, methane and nitrous oxide emission was gradually decreased from maximum tillering to harvesting stage. Zero tilled DSR with split nitrogen fertilizer application ascribed lowest greenhouse gas intensity among the other crop establishment and nitrogen management options. Thus, zero tilled method of crop establishment with split application of nitrogenous fertilizer could be a remunerative and environmentally stable method for direct seeded rice cultivation.
Adaptation of Drought Stress by use of Silicon Element in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-06) Reddy, AN; Rajeev; Kumar, P.
Drought stress is a menacing type of abiotic stress caused by low rainfall, high temperature, etc., where water sparsity condition occurs in soil, affecting the process of plant growth and development. Drought stress has become a serious issue that must be considered before it becomes a significant threat to agricultural production. Wheat is India's second most crucial cereal crop; even its production is affected due to prevailing drought conditions in the fields, which causes many physiological, morphological & biochemical changes in the plant, indirectly affecting yield. Many methods are adopted to improve wheat crop efficiency even under drought-stress conditions, such as releasing resistant varieties, following advanced agronomic practices, using elements, etc. Still, the most recent method is to use the silicon element to mitigate the drought stress conditions in wheat crops. Silicon had not been regarded as an essential plant element; However, when applied to plants, it still promotes proper root growth, provides resistance against many diseases, decreases the abiotic stress effect on plants & increases the crop's growth and yield. So, in recent times, many research experiments have been performed in pots & laboratories where silicon is applied to wheat crops in the form of priming, fertilization & foliar spray in different stages of the crop to know its efficiency. Even silicon is also supplied to wheat crops in the form of nanoparticles. In the end, though, the silicon can be sprayed in any form and prevents the harm that drought stress does to wheat crops. Ultimately, Silicon is helping the wheat crop mitigate drought stress and produce better yields by enhancing its growth.
Adaptation Strategies for Enhancing Sustainable Smallholder Dairy Cattle Productivity under the Regime of Climate Change in Bungoma County, Kenya
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-11) Nalianya, Gregory
The study evaluated adaptation strategies for enhancing sustainable dairy cattle herd productivity under the present of climate change scenario. The study was conducted in three selected Sub Counties of Bungoma County that is Tongaren, Mt. Elgon, and Kimilili, Sub Counties with estimated total population of 900 smallholders. A cross-sectional, correction and evaluation research designs was used to provide an accurate portrayal of the characteristics of the respondents. A sample size of 415 respondents was used and served with questionnaires to solicit their responses. A review of empirical reports, interviews of key stakeholders, NGOs, professionals in the Kenya Metrological Department as well as ministry of agriculture was used to compliment data gathered through questionnaires. Quantitative data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software. From the results farmers use the following adaptation strategies as a matter of priority of strategies to enhance productivity; - growing of early maturing and drought resistant crops varieties. Making silage and preserving of farm residues for dry spells. Farmers are collaborating with veterinary officers during breeding so as to improve on the quality of cows kept. This study recommends to all stakeholder to formulate policies to empower farmers to effectively adapt to climate change and variability for enhancing smallholder dairy cattle herd productivity in the county.
Adaptation Strategies of Women Rice Farmers in Karnataka: A Critical Perspective on Climate Change
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-09) HN, S; Shankar, KR; Savitha, B; KR, A; Bharath, CVS.
Rice is a staple crop in India. However, climate change has a considerable impact on rice production at many growth phases. On the other side, agricultural practices also contribute to about 30 percent of overall greenhouse gas emissions. 18 percent of the total methane is emitted from rice fields. Hence agriculture is both a victim of and a contributor to climate change. Women, especially in poverty, bear a disproportionate burden from climate change consequences. Further, they are major contributors in rice farming. Therefore, an attempt was made to study the adaptation of women rice farmers to climate change through an ex-post facto research design. The study encompassed 120 respondents from two districts in Karnataka. The findings indicated that majority of women farmers exhibited a medium level of adaptation to climate change (53.33%) followed by low (30.00%) and high (16.67%) adaptation. Understanding the profile characteristics of farmers and identifying factors influencing their adaptation emerged as key challenges in this study. Conducting more result demonstrations for showing the worth of improved varieties and technologies to women farmers and increasing the number of female extension officers to ensure higher participation by the women farmers can enhance their adaptation to climate change.
Adapting Plant Protection Strategies to Meet the Challenges Posed by Climate Change on Plant Diseases: A review
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-12) Kumar, S; Thilagam, P; Shikha, D; Saikanth, DRK; Rahmani, U; Huded, S; Panigrahi, CK.
Climate change poses a significant challenge to global agriculture, with profound implications for plant disease dynamics and plant protection strategies. This review aims to synthesize current research on the impact of climate change on plant diseases, particularly focusing on how these changes affect pathogen life cycles, host resistance, and disease distribution. Emphasizing the Indian context, this paper explores the adaptation of plant protection strategies in response to these challenges, including the integration of traditional methods and advanced scientific approaches. It provides a comprehensive overview of the key aspects of climate change relevant to agriculture, including changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and atmospheric CO2 levels. It delves into the direct and indirect impacts of these climatic changes on plant diseases, highlighting how altered environmental conditions influence pathogen virulence and the susceptibility of host plants. This section also discusses the shifted patterns in pest and disease distribution due to climate change, with a focus on the Indian agricultural scenario. Then it examines the current challenges in plant protection, assessing the limitations of traditional methods like chemical, biological, and cultural control in the context of a changing climate. It identifies critical areas such as increased disease incidence, pathogen resistance development, and the necessity for sustainable and adaptable plant protection strategies. Further it explores various adaptive strategies, including Integrated Disease Management (IDM), advances in breeding for disease resistance, biotechnological approaches, and climate-smart agricultural practices. It outlines how IDM principles and practices are being adapted to new climate scenarios, the role of genetic engineering and traditional breeding in developing disease-resistant varieties, the development of biopesticides and biocontrol agents, and the application of climate forecasts in disease management. Case studies and practical applications from different regions of India provide real-world examples of effective adaptation strategies, drawing lessons and best practices. The review concludes by identifying research gaps, advocating for multidisciplinary collaborations between plant pathology, climatology, and agronomy, and emphasizing the critical role of policy in supporting adaptive strategies. This comprehensive synthesis and analysis aim to contribute to the broader understanding of plant protection in the era of climate change and guide future research and policy-making in this vital field.
Adapting Rajasthan’s Agriculture to Climate Change with Solar Parks
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, Ph.D., 2025-05) Amulya, R; Lekha, US; Meena, S.
Climate change poses a profound threat to agriculture worldwide, disrupting food systems, compromising livelihoods, and undermining long-term environmental sustainability. In India, where agriculture remains a primary source of income for a significant portion of the population, climate-induced stresses such as rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, prolonged droughts, and extreme weather events are increasingly affecting both crop yields and livestock productivity. This paper delves into the global and national implications of climate change on agriculture, with a focused regional analysis of Rajasthan one of India’s most climate-vulnerable and arid states. It critically analyses the socioeconomic consequences for marginal and smallholder farmers, who are disproportionately affected due to limited adaptive capacity. In response to these growing challenges, the paper evaluates the integration of renewable energy particularly solar energy into the agricultural ecosystem. By synthesizing climate data, field-level observations, and case studies, this paper presents a comprehensive set of adaptation and mitigation strategies tailored for arid and semi-arid agricultural regions.
Adapting to Climate Change: Millet Export Strategies for the Future
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-08) MS, J; HT, V; GJ, A; Chikkalaki, AS; Veershetty; Prem, G.
As the world grapples with climate change and food security challenges, millets emerge as a promising solution due to their superior water and nutrient use efficiency, climate resilience, and high nutritional value. Despite India's position as the leading global producer, accounting for 41% of the world’s millets, their prominence has declined post-Green Revolution, which prioritized rice, wheat, and maize. Recognizing the potential of millets, the UN declared 2023 as the International Year of Millets to promote their health and environmental benefits. This study examines India's millet export prospects, emphasizing trade policy interventions to enhance market demand and economic growth. Utilizing secondary data from sources like the WITS database, ITC trade map, CEPII database, and FAOSTAT, this research employs the quantitative research methods like, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage metrics to analyse India's millet export competitiveness. To estimate the export potential, the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator for the gravity model is used, addressing zero trade values and heteroskedasticity in the data. The model analyses export data from 150 countries for 2014-2021. Findings indicate that India, the largest millet producer with an 18.1% global production share in 2022, leads in both area and production. India, the top millet exporter, shows significant comparative advantage, particularly alongside Ukraine. The gravity model reveals that distance, exchange rates, and the absence of free trade agreements negatively impact millet exports, while population, bilateral trade flows, common religion, ethnicity, and WTO membership of importing countries positively influence exports. Notably, India has untapped export potential in 130 out of 159 countries studied. India's millet production offers significant export potential. Strategic trade policies can boost demand, overcome barriers, and enhance global food security while driving economic growth, leveraging millets' resilience and nutrition.
Adaptive Responses to Climate Change: Evaluating the Implementation and Effectiveness of Water Resource Management Strategies in Selected Hotels within the Environs of Lake Naivasha
(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2019-05) Kinyanjui, D. N.
Aims: This study sought to evaluate the adoption of water resource management strategies in hotels in an attempt to attain water sustainability. Specifically, the research sought to assess the current structural and non-structural water resource management strategies adopted by selected hotels in the environs of Lake Naivasha; establish the perceived effectiveness of both the structural and non-structural water resource management strategies adopted to enhance water sustainability; and compare the structural and non-structural water management strategies in terms of their effectiveness in promoting water sustainability in hotels within environs of Lake Naivasha. Study Design: The study adopted a case study design. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in hotels within the environs of Lake Naivasha between May and December 2010. Methodology: A census of 30 Class (A) registered hotels was conducted, and purposive sampling was used to select 120 respondents from the management staff within the selected hotels. Convenience sampling was used to select 8 managers of water management bodies who acted as key informants during personal interviews. Primary data was collected from the hotel management staff using questionnaires and from managers of water management through personal interviews. Data from questionnaires were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) to derive descriptive statistics on the implementation of WRM strategies. Results: Findings revealed that a majority of the sampled hotels had embraced water resource management strategies through the development of alternative water resources, use of water saving technology, treatment of recycled water and use of water saving manuals. Further, the structural water resource management strategies were perceived to be more effective as they impacted more on reducing the operating costs, promoted environmental conservation and were more preferred than the non- structural strategies despite being more expensive to implement. Conclusion: It is concluded that water sustainability is however achievable through a combination of a variety of WRM strategies.

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