International Journal of Environment and Climate Change

Permanent URI for this collection

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/151211

Chief Editor: Prof. Jingfeng Wang
ISSN: 2581-8627

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.journalijecc.com/index.php/IJECC

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 1991

An A-Train Satellite Based Stratiform Mixed Phase Cloud Retrieval Algorithm by Combining Active and Passive Sensor Measurements.
(2013-10) Adhikari, Loknath; Wang, Zhien
Aims: To develop a new satellite-based mixed-phase cloud retrieval algorithm for improving mixed-phase cloud liquid water path (LWP) retrievals by combining Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), CloudSat, and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) measurements. Study Design: Algorithm development and evaluation by using collocated NASA A-Train and the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility (ACRF) measurements at the North Slope Alaska (NSA) site. Place and Duration of Study: Collocated MODIS and ground-based measurements at NSA site from March 2000 to October 2004, MODIS measurements and retrievals during July 2006 over Eastern Pacific, and MODIS, CloudSat and CALIPSO measurements on April 04, 2007 over the Arctic Region. Methodology: The stratiform mixed-phase cloudswere treated as two adjunct water and ice layers for radiative calculations with the Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer (DISORT) model. The ice-phase properties were provided with the 2C-ICE product, which is produced from CloudSat radar and CALIPSO lidar measurements, and they were used as inputs in DISORT for the calculations. Then, the calculated mixed-phase cloud reflectances at selected wavelengths were compared with MODIS reflectances to retrieve liquid-phase cloud properties. Results: A new algorithm was developed to retrieve LWP in stratiform mixed-phase clouds by using MODIS radiances and ice cloud properties from active sensor measurements. The algorithm was validated separately by using Operational MODIS retrievals of warm marine stratiform clouds and collocated surface measurements of Arctic stratiform mixed-phase clouds. The results show that the new algorithm reduced the positive LWP biases in the Operational MODIS LWP retrievals for stratiform mixedphase clouds from 35 and 68% to 10 and 22% in the temperature ranges of -5 to -10ºC and -10 to -20ºC, respectively. Conclusion: The combined A-Train active and MODIS measurements can be used to improve global mixed-phase cloud property retrievals.
Aboveground and Soil Carbon Stock of Teak Plantations under Varied Rainfall Regimes
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-11) Salimath, SK; Hegde, R; Clara Manasa, P. A.; Ganapati
Aims: Forest plantations are considered to be the most effective approach to reducing the atmosphere's rising carbon dioxide levels. The variation in the carbon stock under important plantation species and the heterogeneity across climatic regimes, however, are urgently needed.Place and Methodology: Research was conducted on seven-year-old teak plantations in Karnataka, India, to determine the above-ground and soil carbon sequestration potential of teak plantations under various rainfall regimes.Results: The teak plantations under high rainfall zone (RFZ) accumulated maximum above-ground biomass revealing the positive effect of rainfall the productivity. This was reflected in the total above-ground carbon sequestration of the plantations leading to maximum carbon storage under the high RFZ followed by medium and low RFZ. Further, the variation of the SOC along the soil depth was evident in the present study.Conclusion: According to the findings, rainfall significantly impacted above-ground carbon sequestration and SOC, with high rainfall leading to the greatest sequestration. The climate sensitivity of carbon sequestration demands elaborate studies to improve carbon storage in the plantations in future climate change scenarios.
Abundance of Major Insect Pests in Rice and Their Relation to Weather Parameters
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-08) Kumar, Arvind; Kumar, Pankaj; Chandra, Umesh; Patel, Pradip Kumar; Omar, Vishnoo; Pathak, Ratnakar; Rajak, Ravi Kumar
The present investigation has been conducted in rice crop during Kharif 2021-22at Students’ Instructional Farm of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.), India. The population of six major insect pests was recorded viz. Rice Yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulus), Rice Leaf folder (Cnapholocrocis medinalis), Rice ear head bug (Leptocorisa acuta), Brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens), White backed plant hopper (Sogatella furcifera)and Green leaf hopper (Nephotettix nigropictus) that cause most damage at different crop growth stages initiated after sowing till harvesting. The maximum population of yellow stemborer was observed on rice crop at 36th SMW (12.20 per cent dead heart). The infestation of dead heart was non-significant positively correlated with minimum, maximum temperature and RH% (0.433, 0.010 & 0.253 respectively) and negatively correlated with rain fall (0.081) whereas, significant negatively correlated with sunshine (0.552*). The maximum population white ear in 40th SMW (16.80 per cent). The infestation of white ear was non-significant negative correlation with minimum, maximum temperature (-0.062, -0.167) and positive correlation with RH & rain fall (0.244 & 0.173) whereas, significant positive correlation with sunshine (0.703*). Maximum leaf folder population was observed during 35th SMW (16.35 per cent). and infestation of leaf folder was non-significant positive correlation with minimum temperature & RH (0.427 & 0.505) and negative correlation with maximum temperature, rainfall and sunshine (-0.079, -0.030 & -0.291). The maximum population was recorded of ear head bug in 38th SMW i.e., (10.90 ear head bug/hill respectively.). The infestation of ear head bug was non-significant positive correlation with minimum temperature, RH, rainfall & sunshine (0.061, 0.176, 0.155 & 0.210) and negative correlation with maximum temperature (-0.407). The peak mean population of BPH was recorded in 37th SMW i.e., (11.25 brown plant hopper/hill respectively.) Itwas non-significant positive correlation with minimum temperature & RH (0.463 & 0.357) and negative correlation with maximum temperature & rainfall (-0.066 & -0.088) whereas, significant negative correlation with sunshine (-0.597*), The peak mean population of WBPH was recorded in 38th SMW i.e., (12.80 white backed plant hopper/hill respectively.) It was non-significant positive correlation with minimum temperature, RH & rainfall (0.300, 0.337 & 0.185) and negative correlation with maximum temperature (-0.300) whereas, significant negative correlation with sunshine (-0.094*) and the maximum population of green leaf hopper was recorded in 37th SMW i.e., (10.80 green leaf hopper/hill respectively.) with the infestation of green leaf hopperwas non-significant positive correlation with minimum temperature & RH (0.479 & 0.369) and negative correlation with maximum temperature & rainfall (-0.077 & -0.120) whereas, significant negative correlation with sunshine (-0.633*).
Abundance of Phytoparasitic Root Nematodes Associated with Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) in Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-05) Indur, Basawarajeshwari; Vishwajit, D.; Ambrish, V.; Prashant, V.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) is the most commonly grown prime vegetable crop in India and all around the world. Tomato is cultivated majorly in many states of the nation including Karnataka and plays an important role in the Indian economy. The ripe tomato fruits act as the best source of vitamin A, Vitamin D and also have various antioxidant properties. Tomato crop progressively gets infested by various diseases at different stages from vegetation up to fruiting. The diseases such as bacterial leaf spot, bacterial wilt, leaf curl, fruit canker and Septoria leaf spot are caused by different Bacteria, Viruses and Fungi. Nematodes also result in root-knot, stunting and fusarium wilt diseases which may reduce the crop yield and fruit quality. The present survey was carried out from June 2021 to November 2021 in selected tomato plots of Kalaburagi district to identify different species of root nematodes affecting tomato crop in the selected study area. According to the survey results a total of six species of root nematodes were isolated and identified namely Meloidogyne spp., Globodera Spp., Paratrichodors minor, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Pratylenchus spp. and Rotylenchus buxophilus from selected study plots of Nirgudi, Bhosga, Bhosga Tanda, Gobbur, Sannur, Nadikur and Khanadal. The results suggest that Meloidogyne sps and Paratrichodors minor were most commonly recorded. The highest abundance of these nematodes recrded in Nirgudi region and in Nandikur region population of these root nematodes is least abundant.
Accelerating Climate Change and the Living Earth
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-02) Betts, Alan K.
The purpose of this mini-review article is to extend the discussion of the takeover of the climate system by the living Earth, colloquially known as Mother Nature, in response to the refusal of global societies to significantly reduce the burning of the fossil fuels that are driving the extreme climate change that is destroying life on Earth. So it is not an article limited to a conventional science perspective because of course the perspective of the Earth is not documented in the literature. The author is the only climate scientist working to present the perspective on Mother Nature in the science literature, because it is part of the reality we must deal with. This article will review my past work, and reframe in familiar social terms four keys to understanding the perspective of the living Earth. Some current climate extremes will then be reviewed.
Acute Toxicity of Commonly used Insecticides to Red Pumpkin Beetle, Aulacophora foveicollis
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-10) Kallathuru, Kruthi Reddy; G., Preetha; R., Srinivasan M.; M., Kavitha; Parameswari, E.
Acute toxicity of commonly used insecticides viz., fipronil, cyantraniliprole, fluxametamide, phenthoate and thiamethoxam were determined against Red pumpkin beetle, Aulacophora foveicollis collected from the unsprayed pumpkin fields in the orchard of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore using filter paper disc bioassay method. Based on the LC50 values (ppm) of different insecticides, the order of toxicity was found to be fipronil (6.822) > fluxametamide (11.953) > phenthoate (14.732) > cyantraniliprole (14.793) > thiamethoxam (29.465) at 24 and 48 hours after treatment (HAT). The respective LC95 values were 65.396, 87.077, 42.090, 203.017 and 205.013 against A. foveicollis at 24 HAT and 46.585, 54.242, 37.445, 223.682 and 146.267 at 48 HAT for fipronil, cyantraniliprole, fluxametamide, phenthoate and thiamethoxam, respectively. The study results clearly indicated that the phenyl pyrazole insecticide, fipronil was highly effective against the pumpkin beetle, A. foveicollis.
Adaptation Approaches for Direct Seeded Rice to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emission in the Perspective of Climate Change
(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2019-11) Choudhury, S. R.; Das, A.; Bharati, V.; Dutta, S. K.
A field experiment was conducted at research farm, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, India during 2017 and 2018 to gain insight crop phonology mediated greenhouse gas emission under different tillage and nitrogen management practices in direct seeded rice (DSR). The experiment was conducted in split plot design with two tillage viz. zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) as main plot and four nitrogen management practices viz. 100% nitrogen through neem coated urea (S1), SPAD based nitrogen management (S2), 75% through neem coated urea + 25% nitrogen through vermicompost, (S3) and ¼ nitrogen as basal and rest in equal three splits at 20, 40, 60 DAS (S4) as sub plot, in three replication. The highest yield (4.69 t ha-1), net return (Rs 46440 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.44) were recorded from zero tilled DSR. Further, highest yield (4.82 t ha-1), net return (Rs 44880 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.36) was obtained under split application of nitrogenous fertilizers among other subplot treatments. The range of methane (0.57- 1.47 mg m-2 hr-1) carbon dioxide (0.32- 0.61 mg m-2 hr-1) and nitrous oxide (19.58- 38.79 µg m-2 hr-1) emission was recorded lowest in zero tilled plots and split application of nitrogenous fertilizer also emitted lowest values of 1.59 mg m-2 hr-1 methane, 0.86 mg m-2 hr-1 carbon dioxide and 46.76 µg m-2 hr-1 nitrous oxide at maximum tillering stage of crop growth. Moreover, methane and nitrous oxide emission was gradually decreased from maximum tillering to harvesting stage. Zero tilled DSR with split nitrogen fertilizer application ascribed lowest greenhouse gas intensity among the other crop establishment and nitrogen management options. Thus, zero tilled method of crop establishment with split application of nitrogenous fertilizer could be a remunerative and environmentally stable method for direct seeded rice cultivation.
Adaptation Strategies for Enhancing Sustainable Smallholder Dairy Cattle Productivity under the Regime of Climate Change in Bungoma County, Kenya
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-11) Nalianya, Gregory
The study evaluated adaptation strategies for enhancing sustainable dairy cattle herd productivity under the present of climate change scenario. The study was conducted in three selected Sub Counties of Bungoma County that is Tongaren, Mt. Elgon, and Kimilili, Sub Counties with estimated total population of 900 smallholders. A cross-sectional, correction and evaluation research designs was used to provide an accurate portrayal of the characteristics of the respondents. A sample size of 415 respondents was used and served with questionnaires to solicit their responses. A review of empirical reports, interviews of key stakeholders, NGOs, professionals in the Kenya Metrological Department as well as ministry of agriculture was used to compliment data gathered through questionnaires. Quantitative data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software. From the results farmers use the following adaptation strategies as a matter of priority of strategies to enhance productivity; - growing of early maturing and drought resistant crops varieties. Making silage and preserving of farm residues for dry spells. Farmers are collaborating with veterinary officers during breeding so as to improve on the quality of cows kept. This study recommends to all stakeholder to formulate policies to empower farmers to effectively adapt to climate change and variability for enhancing smallholder dairy cattle herd productivity in the county.
Adapting Plant Protection Strategies to Meet the Challenges Posed by Climate Change on Plant Diseases: A review
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-12) Kumar, S; Thilagam, P; Shikha, D; Saikanth, DRK; Rahmani, U; Huded, S; Panigrahi, CK.
Climate change poses a significant challenge to global agriculture, with profound implications for plant disease dynamics and plant protection strategies. This review aims to synthesize current research on the impact of climate change on plant diseases, particularly focusing on how these changes affect pathogen life cycles, host resistance, and disease distribution. Emphasizing the Indian context, this paper explores the adaptation of plant protection strategies in response to these challenges, including the integration of traditional methods and advanced scientific approaches. It provides a comprehensive overview of the key aspects of climate change relevant to agriculture, including changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and atmospheric CO2 levels. It delves into the direct and indirect impacts of these climatic changes on plant diseases, highlighting how altered environmental conditions influence pathogen virulence and the susceptibility of host plants. This section also discusses the shifted patterns in pest and disease distribution due to climate change, with a focus on the Indian agricultural scenario. Then it examines the current challenges in plant protection, assessing the limitations of traditional methods like chemical, biological, and cultural control in the context of a changing climate. It identifies critical areas such as increased disease incidence, pathogen resistance development, and the necessity for sustainable and adaptable plant protection strategies. Further it explores various adaptive strategies, including Integrated Disease Management (IDM), advances in breeding for disease resistance, biotechnological approaches, and climate-smart agricultural practices. It outlines how IDM principles and practices are being adapted to new climate scenarios, the role of genetic engineering and traditional breeding in developing disease-resistant varieties, the development of biopesticides and biocontrol agents, and the application of climate forecasts in disease management. Case studies and practical applications from different regions of India provide real-world examples of effective adaptation strategies, drawing lessons and best practices. The review concludes by identifying research gaps, advocating for multidisciplinary collaborations between plant pathology, climatology, and agronomy, and emphasizing the critical role of policy in supporting adaptive strategies. This comprehensive synthesis and analysis aim to contribute to the broader understanding of plant protection in the era of climate change and guide future research and policy-making in this vital field.
Adaptive Responses to Climate Change: Evaluating the Implementation and Effectiveness of Water Resource Management Strategies in Selected Hotels within the Environs of Lake Naivasha
(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2019-05) Kinyanjui, D. N.
Aims: This study sought to evaluate the adoption of water resource management strategies in hotels in an attempt to attain water sustainability. Specifically, the research sought to assess the current structural and non-structural water resource management strategies adopted by selected hotels in the environs of Lake Naivasha; establish the perceived effectiveness of both the structural and non-structural water resource management strategies adopted to enhance water sustainability; and compare the structural and non-structural water management strategies in terms of their effectiveness in promoting water sustainability in hotels within environs of Lake Naivasha. Study Design: The study adopted a case study design. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in hotels within the environs of Lake Naivasha between May and December 2010. Methodology: A census of 30 Class (A) registered hotels was conducted, and purposive sampling was used to select 120 respondents from the management staff within the selected hotels. Convenience sampling was used to select 8 managers of water management bodies who acted as key informants during personal interviews. Primary data was collected from the hotel management staff using questionnaires and from managers of water management through personal interviews. Data from questionnaires were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) to derive descriptive statistics on the implementation of WRM strategies. Results: Findings revealed that a majority of the sampled hotels had embraced water resource management strategies through the development of alternative water resources, use of water saving technology, treatment of recycled water and use of water saving manuals. Further, the structural water resource management strategies were perceived to be more effective as they impacted more on reducing the operating costs, promoted environmental conservation and were more preferred than the non- structural strategies despite being more expensive to implement. Conclusion: It is concluded that water sustainability is however achievable through a combination of a variety of WRM strategies.
Addressing Challenges and Opportunities: A Critical Assessment of RFID Adoption in Agriculture
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-10) Divya, T.; Patil, Atish Ajit; Roy, Deepjyoti; Saikanth, D. R. K.; Kashyap, Namrata; Singh, Budhesh Pratap; Kumar, Kailash; Singh, Rajesh Kumar
This review paper critically assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) adoption in agriculture. RFID technology has the potential to revolutionize agricultural processes, offering benefits such as improved supply chain management, enhanced livestock tracking, and data-driven decision-making. However, its implementation also faces various obstacles, including technical, economic, and integration challenges. Through an in-depth analysis, this review explores the socio-economic and environmental implications of RFID adoption, considering its impact on labor dynamics, job displacement, rural communities, energy consumption, and waste generation. The paper concludes with insights into the future prospects of RFID integration in agriculture and provides strategic recommendations for overcoming challenges and ensuring responsible adoption.
Adoption Behavior among Farmers of Tamil Nadu towards District Agro-meteorology Unit (DAMU) Agro Advisory Services in Agriculture and Allied Sectors
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-10) A., Kanimolzhi; Hanif, Noorjehan A. K. A.; N., Sriram; K., Sathyamoorthy N.; R., Gangai Selvi
An ex post facto research was undertaken during 2022 to assess farmers' adoption of District Agro-Meteorology Unit (DAMU) Agro Advisory Services (AAS) in Cuddalore, Ramnad, and Aruppukottai districts of Tamil Nadu with sample size of 180. Data was collected using a standardized questionnaire. DAMU offers specialized weather information to support local agricultural activities. The study revealed that 70 per cent of farmers fall into the "Medium" adoption category adopting weather-based timing for planting, harvesting, and irrigation. The respondents fully adopt the practice of scheduling sowing time using weather-based farm advisories (77.78%), 62.22 per cent adopt the practice of scheduling harvesting operations, illustrating a substantial majority using this approach to enhance efficiency and yield during crop harvesting and 56.67 per cent fully adopt the practice of scheduling supplementary irrigation. The farmers attributes viz., education status, annual income, extension agency contact, extension participation, mass media participation, information seeking behaviour, knowledge level and perception had shown a positive and significant correlation with the dependent variable adoption of DAMU services at one per cent level of significance. The study revealed that traits like media engagement, scientific thinking and information seeking are closely tied to DAMU AAS adoption, along with extension involvement, knowledge, and perception, contributing to a notable 68.30% variance in adoption.
Adoption of Agronomic Practice Wise Green Technologies Utilization Behaviour of Trichy and Madurai District Farmers in Rice-Based Ecosystem
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-10) Deepika, M.; A., Jeevapriya; S, Brinly Sasitha
The current study was carried out in Madurai and Trichy districts of Tamil Nadu. Two blocks from each district were chosen. For this study, a total sample size of 240 people was used. More than half (60.00%) of the farmers had fully adopted the seed treatment practices in which 62.50 per cent of Trichy district farmers had fully adopted and more than half (57.50%) of Madurai district farmers had fully adopted the above practices. More than three-fourths (83.33%) of the farmers had fully adopted in which 86.66 per cent followed by 80.00 per cent of Trichy and Madurai district farmers had fully adopted the application of farm yard manure respectively. Exactly half of the Trichy district respondents (50.00%) had fully adopted summer ploughing followed by 52.50 per cent of Madurai farmers.
Adoption of Drones in Agriculture: Social, Economic and Personal Factors
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-08) Sundar, C. Bala Vivin; Asokhan, M.; Karthikeyan, C.
Aims: The acceptance of drone technology is gradually rising up owing to its potential being understood by businesses. It is in this aspect that an outlook on the various factors that are responsible pertaining to the drone technology in the recent times has been carried out. Study Design: Ex-post Facto. Place and Duration of Study: Dindigul, Tiruppur, Erode and Namakkal districts of Tamil Nadu. Methodology: Simple Random Sampling was used to select the respondents and to find out the association between the different factors, chi-square test was used. Results: There was a highly significant association between all the factors such as economic, social and personal with that of the utilization of drones in agriculture since the calculated chi–square values are more than the table values. Conclusion: The perceived factors which has been discussed in this article are a positive sign and can be used as an eye-opener to develop more farmer-friendly drones at a reasonable cost for owning them by the farmers.
Adoption of Recommended Package of Practices of Chickpea Varieties (JG-11 and JAKI 9218) in Dharwad District of Karnataka, India
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-11) Reddy, SL; Shree, DAN; Vineeth, H. T.; Yamini, T.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is mainly a rabi season crop of India grown in diverse agroclimatic conditions under various cropping systems and a major pulse crop in Karnataka state. JG-11 and JAKI-9218 are two prominent chickpea varieties cultivated by farmers in Dharwad district along with Annigeri-1 (local variety). The study throws light on profile characteristics and level of adoption of recommended package of practices of the above chickpea varieties. The study was conducted in Dharwad, Navalgund and Kundagol taluks of Dharwad district of Karnataka state during 2020-21 with a sample of 135 chickpea farmers. “Ex-post facto” research design was employed for the study. The data was elicited through personal interview method. Nearly half (48.89 %) of chickpea farmers belonged to low adoption category of recommended chickpea package of practices followed by medium (36.30 %) and high (14.81 %) categories. The probable reasons for low to medium adoption of recommended practices because majority of the farmers are not aware of the recommended package of practices and also farmers expressed disbelief towards the recommended package of practices because if they practice other methods, they have a fear of losing the yield.
Adoption of Scientific Practices in Fish Farming in Telangana State, India
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-08) Uttej, Dubany; Sailaja, A.; Savitha, B.; Sagar, G. E. Ch. Vidya; Meena, A.; Rajani, V.
The study was undertaken in six districts of Telangana state viz. Karimnagar, Kamareddy, Medak, Wanaparthy, Mahabubabad and Yadadri Bhuvanagiri during 2019-2022 with an aim to study the extent of adoption of scientific fish farming practices. Ten fish farmers were selected from each of the selected districts using simple random sampling technique thus constituting 60 fish farmers. A structured questionnaire was used to collect responses about the adoption of scientific fish farming specifically based on preliminary survey as well as focus group discussions. The results depicted that nearly half (48.33%) had medium level of adoption followed by high (38.33%) and low (13.34%) level of adoption respectively. The variables such as fish farming experience, annual income, Pond size, Economic motivation and innovativeness reflected the strong association and effect on the extent of adoption.
Advancement in Tissue Culture Techniques for Fruit Crops
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-11) Jain, S; Sharma, R; Nidhi, N; Behera, SD; Baksh, H; Sharma, R; Mishra, S; Kumar, V; Anushi
Tissue culture is a highly promising approach that enables the efficient propagation of many plants from tiny fragments of the parent plant within a relatively brief timeframe and confined area. Tissue culture, a contemporary approach, is primarily employed for the efficient and extensive replication of many commercially significant plant species, such as the date palm. Utilizing the tissue culture technique presents a potential approach for generating a substantial quantity of genetically homogeneous palm plants that resemble other plants and yield typical fruit within four years from initial planting. Furthermore, this technique allows to produce date palm plants devoid of diseases, exhibiting an exceptionally high survival rate of nearly 100% when compared to the traditional vegetative propagation of shoots, owing to the robustness of their root system. The process of surface sterilization holds significant importance in the production of explants for in vitro studies, as it effectively addresses the issue of bacterial and fungal contamination originating from field sources, which might vary considerably across different fruit plant species. The efficacy of tissue culture techniques for date palm acclimatization in vitro is contingent upon the observation of leaf count prior to transplantation in the greenhouse. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the determinants that govern the tissue culture of fruit trees. India is known for being the native land of various fruit crops that are both significant and minor in terms of their importance. These crops include Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), Karonda (Carissa carandas L.), Bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.), Jamun (Syzygium cuminii L.), and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.), etc. These fruits possess considerable nutritional, medicinal, and therapeutic value, making them highly valuable in commercial sectors such as medicine, food, and cosmetics. The limited availability of suitable planting materials imposes constraints on the commercial production process for these crops. Using plant tissue culture techniques holds promise in substantially augmenting the number of novel cultivars or genotypes inside fruit crops. The primary aim of this review study is to consolidate and synthesize the extant body of knowledge about the tissue culture techniques employed in cultivating various fruit crops.
Advancements in Drone Technology for Fruit Crop Management: A Comprehensive Review
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-11) Anushi; Jain, S; Bhujel, S; Shrivastava, U; Rishabh; Mohapatra, A; Rimpika; Mishra, G.
Drones, or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), equipped with advanced sensors and imaging capabilities, have revolutionized the way farmers monitor and manage fruit crops. Aerial surveillance enables high-resolution imaging of orchards and vineyards, allowing for early detection of diseases, pests, and other stress factors that can impact crop health. The data collected by drones facilitate precise and targeted interventions, optimizing resource use and enhancing overall crop productivity. Additionally, drones contribute to yield estimation, canopy management, and post-harvest monitoring. While the technology offers significant advantages, challenges such as payload limitations, weather sensitivity, and regulatory compliance must be addressed. Ongoing research and technological advancements are expected to overcome these limitations, further establishing drones as indispensable tools for sustainable and efficient fruit crop management. This review consolidates current knowledge, highlights emerging trends, and outlines future prospects for the integration of drone technology in fruit agriculture.
Advancements in Modeling Protocols for Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources: A Review
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-04) Ray, Soubhagya Laxmi; Pati, Ansuman; Jhankar, Anwesha; Sahoo, Ambika Prasad; Paul, Jagadish Chandra; Sahoo, Bharat Chandra; Das, Dwarika Mohan; Majhi, Pradipta
The scientific community has dedicated significant attention to climate change and climate variability in the past two decades, with numerous investigations focused on these topics. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's third and fourth assessment reports have provided clear evidence that the planet's climate has undergone significant changes since the pre-industrial era, resulting in a warmer phase. These changes have had severe effects on hydrological processes and the availability of water resources due to shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns. A better comprehension of climate change's impact on water resources can aid in developing sustainable strategies for their management and development. Hydrological models combined with climate models can offer a framework to comprehend and explore the interplay between climate, human activities, and water resources.
Advancements in the Use of Entomopathogenic Microbes for Pest and Disease Management- A Review
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-10) Shukla, Puskar; Bankar, Devanand R.; Kumar, Arun; M., Muhammad Suhaib Ismayil; Aman, Ashutosh Singh; Mishra, Pramod Kumar; Raghuvanshi, Himendra Raj; Gayithri, Mateti
This comprehensive review presents an in-depth analysis of the role of entomopathogenic microbes in insect pest and disease management. The study covers the taxonomy and classification of these organisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes, all of which have shown efficacy in controlling various insect pests. Entomopathogenic microbes represent a valuable, sustainable, and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides, highlighting their significant role in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. The review reveals that entomopathogenic microbes affect pests at different developmental stages through various mechanisms, including disease induction, parasitism, and competition for resources. The effects are not just lethal but also sub-lethal, affecting pest reproductive capacity, growth, and development. The microbes secondary metabolites often have antimicrobial properties, contributing to plant disease management by suppressing plant pathogens. Despite their promising potential, challenges exist in the widespread application of these microbes. Factors such as formulation, delivery, and environmental conditions can influence their effectiveness. The paper also discusses the importance of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in understanding the complex interactions between microbes, insects, and plants, which could lead to the development of more targeted and efficient bio-control agents. The review outlines future directions for this field, emphasizing the necessity for more extensive research to enhance our understanding of entomopathogenic microbes, optimize their use, overcome the current challenges, and harness their potential for sustainable pest and disease management. The need for regulatory frameworks to ensure safe and effective utilization is also underscored. This paper underscores the untapped potential of entomopathogenic microbes as acritical component of sustainable agriculture.

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