International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences
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Editor in chief: Dr. Ghulam Subhani
ISSN: 2319-5886
Frequency: Quarterly
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://ijmrhs.com/
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Item Administration of Psychoeducational Treatment Programs Improves Depression, Eating Disorders, and Associated Psychological Traits(Sumathi Publications, 2020-02) Qadir, Shwan A.; Muhsin, Salwa ShakirBackground: Psychoeducation treatment sessions have been used to treat patients with major depressive disorder and eating disorder symptoms. These treatment sessions have also been used in patients with eating disorder and associated personality traits. Aim: This study investigated the impact of a psychoeducational intervention on personality traits of patients with both eating disorder symptoms and major depressive disorder. Methods: Fifty outpatients with diagnoses of major depressive disorder and bulimia were recruited in this study. Twenty-five patients received the psychoeducation treatment of six sessions, each of 90 minutes/week, whereas the other 25 patients did not receive the program. The Beck depression inventory (BDI), Eating disorders inventory (EDI), psychiatric and medical history information, and sociodemographic characteristics were measured in the initial assessment and again at the time of discharge from the program. Results: The psychoeducation program reduced the severity of depression and eating disorders of bulimia and body dissatisfaction in treated patients more than in control patients (p<0.0001). The program blocked further drive for thinness in treated patients in comparison to the control patients who continued to have increased drive for thinness (p=0.001). The intervention program also reduced the severity levels of psychological traits related to eating disorder named ineffectiveness, interpersonal distrust, interoceptive distrust, perfectionism, and maturity fears in treated patients when compared to control patients (p<0.001). Conclusion: Utilization of educational intervention in depressive patients with eating disorders can not only mitigate the level of depression and eating disorder symptoms but also improve the psychological traits associated with eating disorders.Item Air Way Bacterial Colonization in COPD Patients at Stable and the Exacerbated States(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Abdelraheem, Wedad M.; Mohamed, Ebtisam S.; Abdelghany, Elham A.; Emam, Rasha M.; Mohamed, Manar S.Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and load of airway bacteria in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and to detect the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolated strains. Methods: The current study included 50 COPD patients. Paired sputum samples were taken from all patients, one at the exacerbation state and the other at the stable state. Identification of bacterial species was done using standard microbiological techniques and PCR. Results: There were 41 samples out of 50 (82%) positive for bacteria at exacerbation compared with 12 samples out of 50 (24%) positive for bacteria (either by culture or PCR or both) at stable state samples (p=0.001). The most commonly detected species was H. influenza and S. pneumoniae. There were a total of 27 bacterial species detected by PCR not detected by culture and only 4 bacterial species detected by culture not detected by PCR (p=0.001). Isolated strains show a high resistance pattern to the tested antibiotics and multi drug resistant strains were detected. Conclusions: This study has shown that airway bacterial prevalence and load increase at COPD exacerbations, and there is a significant relationship between lower airway bacterial colonization and COPD.Item Anti-Dumping Policy and its Effect on Indian Pharmaceutical Sector(Sumathi Publications, 2019-08) Srivastava, Astha; Sinha, ShivangiTrade policy regimes are changing and growing towards a protectionist attitude. Liberal trade policies might harm the trade and commerce of a country. Therefore GATT contains some measures for the member countries to impose higher protection against imports. One of these measures is known as anti-dumping. When a country sends its products to another country and sells it at less than the normal value it is known as dumping. Dumping results in harming the established market practices and anti-competitive activities. Significance Statement: The paper aims at studying anti-dumping policies prevalent in our country and how dumping is affecting the pharmaceutical sector of the country.Item Anti-inflammatory Activity of Isolated Flavonoid from Sida cordifolia Leaves Extract(Sumathi Publications, 2019-08) Padhy, Ipsa; Dash, Prajnanjali; Sahu, Ram Kumar; Saha, GauravThe anti-inflammatory activities of Sida cordifolia leave extract were scientifically stated. However, no report has yet been published about the active component responsible for anti-inflammatory activity of Sida cordifolia leaves extract. It was intended to isolate the flavonoids from the Sida cordifolia leaves extract and investigated its anti-inflammatory efficacy. Petroleum ether and ethanol extract were extracted out from the powdered of leaves. The phytochemical study was done for both extracts. The in vitro antioxidant activity was performed on ethanol extract on different models. The column chromatography was used for the isolation of flavonoid from ethanol extract, and further anti-inflammatory potency of the isolated compound was investigated. The phytochemical study indicates flavonoids and polyphenol were present in ethanol extract. The higher antioxidant activity was observed in ethanol extract from findings of antioxidant study. The isolated flavonoids exhibited Rf value of 0.46 on solvent ratio of chloroform: methanol (1:1), which was similar to standard quercetin. The significant anti-inflammatory activity was found for isolated flavonoid against carrageenan-induced edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in experimental animals. The findings confirmed that the flavonoid present in the Sida cordifolia demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity.Item Antimicrobial Profile of Clinical Isolates in Intensive Car e Unit at a Tertiary Care Hospital(Sumathi Publications, 2019-02) Chidambaram, N.; Rajan, Reena; Sasikala, G.; Anandi, V.Introduction: Intensive Care Units (ICU’s) provides a suitable environment for the proliferation and persistence of multidrug organisms. The burden of nosocomial infections among critically ill patients is much higher in developing countries. Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to know the prevalence of bacterial pathogens from various ICU’s of a tertiary care hospital and to determine their resistance profile. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was done on 188 isolates collected over a period of 10 months from January 2018 to October 2018. The isolates were identified by the conventional biochemical method and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby bauer disc diffusion method. Results: The most common gram negative isolate obtained in this study was Klebsiella spp. About 90/188 (47.87%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22/188 (11.70%), Acinetobacter spp. 21/188 (11.17%), and E. coli 20/188 (10.64%). The predominant gram positive cocci isolated were Enterococcus spp. 9/188 (4.79%). All gram negative bacilli were sensitive to Imipenem. About 23.33% of Klebsiella isolates were resistant to Piperacillin tazobactam and 18.89% to Cefoperazone sulbactam. The most effective drugs against gram negative bacilli were Imipenem, Piperacillin tazobactam, and Cefoperazone sulbactam. Conclusion: This study showed the prevalence of multidrug resistant Klebsiella spp. from various ICU’s. These isolates were resistant to third generation cephalosporins, quinolones, and aminoglycosides and were sensitive to carbapenems. Among the non-fermenting gram negative bacilli, the resistant rates were higher for Acinetobacter isolates compared to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Item Assessing Physician Knowledge and Attitude on Food Borne Illnesses in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(Sumathi Publications, 2019-06) AL-Mohaithef, Mohammed; Hazazi, Ahmed; Chandramohan, Sriram; Edrees, Hanan H.Background: Foodborne diseases are considered to be one of the emerging public health issues in the entire world. Poor standard of living is one of the main risk factors for the foodborne illness. The cases of foodborne diseases increase as a result of new emerging pathogens. It is evident that good knowledge of physicians helps in good diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, the objective of the current study is to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of public and private primary health care physicians and its association. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the selected public and private primary health care centers in the city of Abha located in the southwestern region of Asir in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from October 2017 to March 2018. A total of 84 public and private healthcare centers were included in the study. A structured questionnaire was developed by using the existing literature. Results: Total of 125 physicians from both public and private primary health care centers participated in this study. No significant difference was found between the physicians operating in private and public primary health care centers in terms of knowledge and attitude. Results indicate that knowledge varies according to age, gender and years of experience. Conclusion: The knowledge and attitude of both public and private primary health care physicians are adequate but still there is a necessity to conduct training programs in a regular interval for enhancing the knowledge about the foodborne illness among physicians.Item Assessing the Need of an Integrated Research Assistance Program towards Aiding Students in the Progress of Medical Research during Undergraduate Studies, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia(Sumathi Publications, 2020-08) Alreefi, Mohammed; Alahmed, Salman; Elyahya, Fahad; Khoshaim, Abdulaziz; Hjji, Faris; Alhomaidan, FaisalAim: To assess the need of medical students for a research assistance program. Design and methods: This study was conducted at a medical college in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing an online questionnaire consisting of three parts: student demographics, students’ research proficiency, and problems faced when conducting research. Analysis: Data from the collected information was analyzed and all values of p<0.05, 95% confidence intervals for odds ratio that did not cross 1.00 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: Students who participated in this study were 228 (response rate=57%). 60.5% (n=138) were male, and 28% (n=64) were in their first year of medicine. The majority were working on at least one to two researches, 81.1% (n=185), with 5.3% (n=12) having a study published. 83% of participants reported to be skillful at data collection and data entry. Devising a research idea was measures most difficult (49%). More female students were able to write a research proposal (n=57; 63.3%. p=0.022), and seniors were more capable in research than freshmen (p<0.001). Conclusion: Results demonstrated that students are active and well acquainted with research activities; 81.1% (n=185). In order to enhance research performance, we recommend offering the opportunity to share efforts with senior students or professionals to be appraised, be provided with information regarding supervisors’ research interests, and creating online platforms for improved knowledge transfer and communication between the parties involved.Item Assessing the Period between Diagnosis of Breast Cancer and Surgical Treatment among Mastectomized Female Patients in Iraq(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Alwan, Nada A. S.; Tawfeeq, Furat N; Sattar, Safana A.; Yihya, FuratIntroduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the major cause of cancer related deaths among Iraqi women. Due to the relatively late detection of breast cancer, the majority of the patients are still treated by modified radicle mastectomy. Aim: To assess the time lag between diagnosis of breast cancer and mastectomy among Iraqi patients; correlating the findings with other clinicopathological characteristics of the disease. Patients and methods: This retrospective study enrolled 226 Iraqi female patients who were diagnosed with breast cancer. Data were registered on the exact time period between signing the histopathological report and the surgical treatment. Other recorded variables included the age of the patients, their level of education, number of parity, age at first child birth, family history and the stage at breast cancer presentation. Results: In general, 51% of the patients were under the age of 50 years, 93.8% were married, 10.6% were illiterate, only 1.8% were nulliparous while positive family history of cancer was noted in 25.6%. Overall 67.7%, 87.6%, and 92% underwent mastectomy during the first month, two months and three months after diagnosis respectively. Only 3.1% were operated upon after one year. With the exception of the age at first childbirth, there was no significant correlation between the waiting times to surgery and the patients’ age, education, number of parity, family history and the stage at breast cancer detection. Conclusions: The percentage of the patients who had surgical treatment during the first month following diagnosis seems rather satisfactory when compared to the corresponding findings reported in similar surveys from developing and some developed countries. Strengthening public education and adopting multimodality evidenced-based management protocols are crucial steps to control the waiting times among those who have delayed mastectomies.Item Assessment and Utilization of a Pharmacist-Assisted Drug and Poison Information Centre in Pakistan(Sumathi Publications, 2019-04) Batool, Madiha; Muzzamil, Umaimah; Qureshi, RuqaiyaObjective: To evaluate the utilization of the pharmacist-operated Drug and Poison Information Center (DPIC) services in Pakistan. Methods: All queries from 2015-2017 were retrieved from PharmAssist DPIC database and were retrospectively analyzed. The variables obtained for analysis were call types (drug or poison), type of callers, type of drug queries, and type of poison queries. Results: A total of 2209 queries were analyzed. The highest queries in the year 2015, 2016 and 2017 came from general public as 44.0%, 56.3%, and 80.6%, followed by consultants as 11.4%, 7.3%, 4.4%, general physicians as 7.20%, 3.40%, and 3.85%. Students and interns show least usage with students 2.20%, 2.30%, 0.29% and interns 0.27%, 0.23%, 0.09% in the year 2015, 2016 and 2017 respectively. The most frequent queries received at PharmAssist DPIC were related to miscellaneous queries (14.7%), indications (13.6%), strength (13.4%) and drug availability (12.1%). The majority of poison calls were for ingestion (80.3%), followed by animal bite (6.6%), dermal contact (5.5%), injection (2.2%) and inhalation (2.2%). Conclusion: It was concluded that as the awareness of our service enhanced, the utilization also increased. In order to have enhanced usage of the service, more frequent awareness activities need to be performed to have improved patient care.Item Assessment of Community-Based Home Health Programs among Children with Chronic Disease in Tertiary Care Center, Riyadh(Sumathi Publications, 2019-11) Almutairi, Seba; Albassri, Tala; Masud, Nazish; Said, Feryal; Aljohani, Ibrahim; Bawazeer, ManalBackground: Home health care (HHC) is a newly developed model of care that helps patients to be treated at their home and avoid hospital admission with the aim of promoting, maintaining or restoring health as part of their comprehensive services. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of HHC in reducing the days of admissions and ED visits for children with chronic diseases. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study held at a tertiary care center. Consecutive sampling technique was used to review all patients’ files registered for HHC program from 2016 to 2018. Continuous variables were reported as mean and standard deviation, whereas categorical were reported as percentages and frequencies. Wilcoxon rank test was used to assess differences before and after enrolment in the HHC program. SPSS V22.0 was used for analysis. Results: A total of 92 patients were involved in this study; 57% were males and 44% were females. 42% of them had neurodevelopmental diseases. Among all the services provided, nursing care was the most needed service. The total number of days of admission was reduced from 28 ± 0.6 to 6.75 ± 0.39 days in 4 months period and from 38.37 ± 62 to 9.02 ± 14 days in 6 months period with p-value<0.001. However, the ED visits were not affected by the p-value of 0.19 and 0.33 for both 4 months and 6 months period, respectively. Conclusion: HHC program showed an effective result in reducing the frequency of hospital admission and days of children’s admission, yet it had no effect on lowering the ED visits.Item Assessment of Computer Vision Syndrome in Software Professionals(Sumathi Publications, 2020-06) Iyer, Swati; Kharche, Jayshree SBackground: According to National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, computer vision syndrome affects 90% people who spend more than 3 hours a day on the computer. It is a group of eye and vision related problems. It is a temporary condition resulting from focusing the eyes on a computer display for prolonged, uninterrupted period of time. Also different reactions of the eye and the brain to the characters on the screen cause strain. Hence, this study is planned to assess computer vision syndrome in software professionals. Objectives: To assess Computer Vision Syndrome by history and clinical examination. Material and Methods: An assessment survey was conducted in a convenient software company. A total number of 60 people in age group 28-40 years having minimum exposure of three years to computer everyday were recruited in the study. A questionnaire was developed to collect data about perceived symptoms on computer vision syndrome. Results: It was observed that 80% of subjects suffer from backache, wrist and shoulder pain. 72% subjects complained of eyestrain and 70% complained of dry and irritated eyes. 62% subjects complained of headache. More than 50% subjects gave history of watering and redness of eyes. Conclusion: Study shows that more than 50% subjects suffer from some or the other symptom of computer vision syndrome. Early detection and prevention of computer vision syndrome is necessary to prevent future complications and better health of software professionals.Item An Assessment of Eating Disorder among Adolescents and Young Adults(Sumathi Publications, 2020-03) Chaudhry, Kalsoom Akhtar; Jamil, Fatime; Batool, Tahira; Farooq, Pashma; Ayub, Aiza; Sumbal, RidaYoung males and females are highly concerned about their body image and physical appearance. They refrain themselves from eating that effect the physical and social well-being. This study aims at identifying the presence of eating disorder and to explore as well as confirm four factor solution of eating disorder among adolescents and adults. The study is conducted obtaining data from a sample of 600 adolescents and young adults studying in private and public educational institutions using EDE-Q questionnaire. Chi-square test has revealed the relationship between age and eating concern scores. Pearson correlation test suggested that age is related with global score whereas all the eating disorder scores are inter-related. No gender-wise difference between shape concern and global score is found whereas the global scores and shape concern scores are significantly different with respect to type of institution. Global score and shape concern scores are same for adolescents and young adults. Mean ranks are higher for males compared to females whereas there is significant difference among restraint scores gender-wise however shape concern, weight concern and restraint scores were significantly different in private and public institutions. Mean ranks for young adults are higher for restraint, shape concern, weight concern and eating concern scores compared to adolescents whereas the significant difference was observed between young adults and adolescents for restraint scores. EFA has identified four-factor solution for the EDE-Q subscales whereas CFA has also confirmed it. The four factor solution is weight and shape concern, fear of gaining weight, restraint and eating concern.Item Assessment of Nutritional Status and its Related Factors among Female Adolescent Girls: A School based Study in Arar city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(Sumathi Publications, 2019-02) Fatima, Waseem; Alqhatani, Nasser Salem Misfer; Ahmad, Leena MohammadObjective: The objective of the present study was to assess the nutritional status of adolescent girls and to investigate its association with socio-economic status, eating and physical activity pattern. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among adolescent girls (15 and 19 years) and stratified random sampling technique was done in 4 schools of Arar city, KSA. Subjects were asked to fill pre-tested questionnaire about socio-economic status, dietary and physical activity pattern and their height and weight were measured and BMI (kg/m2) was calculated. SPSS version 22 (2017) was used in entering, managing survey data and to analyze the obtained data. A p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant for individual variables. Results: The final study sample consisted of 322 adolescent girls (response rate of 90.96%), with a mean age of 17.14 ± 1.15 years. More than one-fifth of the study population was overweight and obese, moreover, about three-fifth of the study population were of normal weight, while 19.2% were underweight. A significant relationship was observed between nutritional status with the mother’s occupation and education, family size, and a number of meals taken per day. Conclusion: Adolescent’s populations face two contrasting nutrition situations, under and over nutrition. This study will help in generating imperative data and recommendations for managing nutrition-related problems in adolescent girls in Saudi Arabia.Item Assessment of Parents Knowledge about Oral Health in National Guard Primary Schools, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia(Sumathi Publications, 2019-02) Aldosari, Mohammed Nasser; Aljabali, Ibrahim; Altammami, Abdullah; Obaid, Abdulrahman; Fakih, Abdulaziz; Alshehri, Emad; Shraim, Nasser AlAim: Evaluation of parents’ knowledge about oral health in primary schools of the National Guard, Riyadh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in King Abdullaziz Iskan City. Parents of 257 school children, who completed a self-administrated questionnaire, were involved in this study. Results: It was revealed that there was a lack of knowledge and awareness of the importance of fluoride, regular dental visit, and plaque. In contrast, good knowledge about brushing and the relation between oral health and general health was observed. Also, a mother with a high level of education has knowledge better than mothers who have a low level. In addition, the families with higher income have more knowledge especially about fluoride and dental visits. Conclusion: Parents’ knowledge about the importance of oral health needs to be improved because children mostly gain knowledge about oral health and hygiene from their parents and then start establishing their habits. Coordinated efforts by dentists and other health professionals are required to impart dental health education about oral health and preventive care among parents.Item Assessment of Predictors for Severity in Scrub Typhus-A Case-Control Study(Sumathi Publications, 2019-12) Sandhu, Ashneet; Rao, Raghavendra; Kamath, Asha; Bhat, RamaObjective: Scrub typhus is a rickettsial febrile condition caused by bacteria called Orientia tsusugamushi. It spreads to people through bites of infected larval mites. The objective of this study was to predict the severity of scrub typhus. Methods: A case-control study was done at Kasturba Medical College Hospital (2012-2015) retrospectively on patients admitted with scrub typhus. Patient demographics, lab parameters, investigations and treatment courses were noted. Subjects were divided into two groups, non-severe and severe group. Patient clinical details and laboratory parameters were compared in both the groups. The lab parameters associated with the severity of disease and mortality were also analyzed. A total of 210 patients out of which 140 controls (non-severe group) and 70 were cases (severe group). Results: The overall mortality due to scrub typhus infection was 14.3%. Eschar was present in 21.4% of the patients. Among the cases, the common symptoms were cough, chest pain, abdominal pain and distension, pedal edema and facial puffiness. Lymphadenopathy was observed with non-severe cases of scrub typhus and was statistically significant whereas, icterus, maculopapular rash, and hepatomegaly were associated with severe scrub typhus infection. Hemoglobin, platelet count and serum albumin were considerably lower in patients who died, whereas AST, aPTT, serum urea and creatinine were higher in them. Conclusion: Lower levels of hemoglobin, platelet count, serum albumin and higher levels of total leucocyte count, hepatic transaminases and serum creatinine correlated with severity. Doctors need to be watchful for such lab parameters and act quickly.Item Assessment of Serum Ferritin Levels in Sudanese Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia(Sumathi Publications, 2019-07) Hamad, Mosab N. M; Kamal, Mogdad; Saeed, Mohamed A; Suliman, Mazin ABackground: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy. Although there are known increase in serum ferritin with many forms of malignancy, the pattern of elevation with different stages of ALL have not yet been elucidated. Objectives: To assess serum ferritin, uric acid, and LDH in Sudanese patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Materials and Methods: This is a case-control study conducted in Khartoum state, Sudan during the period from May 2018 to November 2018. A total of 160 subjects were enrolled in this study, 80 patients of ALL as cases; and gender-matched, 80 healthy subjects as controls. All tests result were statistically analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: This study included 160 subjects, 80 patients with ALL among which 42 subjects (52.5%) were males and the reminder 38 subjects (47.5%) were females. The mean age of the cases group was 17.6 ± 5.6 years old. The control group included 80 healthy subjects which were matched in age (17.8 ± 12.1) and gender (52.5% males, 47.5% females) with the cases group. Among ALL patients, statistically significant positive correlations were observed between number of blast cells serum ferritin level (r=0.735, p<0.0001), uric acid (r=0.618, p<0.0001) and LDH (r=0.570, p<0.0001). Conclusions: ALL was associated with elevated serum ferritin levels. The level of serum ferritin was significantly correlated with various stages of the disease and had a positive linear correlation with serum uric acid, LDH, and blast count, therefore determination of serum ferritin could be used as ALL prognostic markers.Item Assessment of the Quality of Life among Diagnosed Hypertensive Patients Attending Primary Health Centers in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia(Sumathi Publications, 2019-05) Ahmed, Syed Meraj; Almuqhim, Raed Jarallah; Alkanhal, Hammam Fahad; Alalem, Ahmed AmmarIntroduction: Very few studies have been successful in assessing the health-related quality of life among diagnosed hypertensive patients attending clinics or hospitals for follow-ups. Since the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia has dedicated a separate webpage to tackle this problem; feedback through community-based studies is needed to ensure proper planning and implementation. Methodology: A community based cross-sectional study was done to find out the correlation between the quality of life and hypertensive patients undergoing treatment in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia. Results: A total of 184 participants with a mean age of 57.8 years completed this study. Female participants (26.8%) overwhelmingly rated their quality of life as excellent as compared to male participants (4.9%) even though an equal number of both participants (20.2%) considered it to be good. Conclusion: A longitudinal study is needed to find out this significant difference in the symptomatology of Saudi male and female hypertensive patients on long term medication.Item Assessment of Thrombin Generations in Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases(Sumathi Publications, 2019-09) El Satar, Mohammed F Abd; Hamed, Eglal MS; El Fattah, Mohammed E Abd; Kheder, Mahmoud H; Mohamed, Mahmoud R; Abdel-Ghany, Wael M; Fatah, Aliaa S Abd ElBackground/objectives: The area of hypercoagulability in cirrhosis and its potential contribution to certain clinical aspects have received a lot of attention. The clinical manifestations of the hemostatic disorders of cirrhosis have been traditionally related to bleeding due to multiple procoagulant factor defects, excessive fibrinolysis, and thrombocytopenia. Aim: Assess the function of blood coagulation in patients with chronic liver diseases and improve the knowledge of the pathophysiology of haemostasis. Patients and methods: This is a prospective case-control study which was conducted at outpatient clinic of internal medicine dept., Minia University Hospital, Minia Governorate, during the period from March 2017 to August 2018. Results: Protein C and S concentrations decreased significantly in Group (II A, II B, and IIC) compared to control and also, Group (II C) decreased significantly than Group (II A, II B). Regarding Thrombin fragments (F 1+2), Child score A patients had significantly higher concentration compared to the other three groups. However, as regards, Thrombin-antithrombin (TAT), Child score C group had a significantly higher level compared to other groups. Conclusion: Thrombin fragments and thrombin antithrombin complex are considered as the main specific markers for thrombin generations which were elevated strongly depending upon the pathogenesis and the severity of the liver diseases.Item Association and Correlation between Body Mass Index, Blood Pressure, and Visual Acuity in Students of Health Care Institution(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Palve, Suchitra SachinBackground: Obesity is one of the major public health problems with its prevalence increasing at overwhelming rates. It also increases the risk of several systemic diseases such as coronary heart disease. Aim and Objectives: To study the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) on visual acuity among apparently healthy young individuals and to compare these variations between boys and girls of the same age group. Methodology:This cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted amongst 200 subjects (100 male and 100 female subjects), age group (18-25 years) for whom blood pressure and BMI were measured with standard procedure, visual acuity was measured using Snellen’s chart. Results: The study population consists of 100 male and 100 female (mean age 20.72 ± 2.23 years). The majority (n=165) of the respondents had normal visual acuity. However, compared to the respondents of normal BMI and visual acuity in males (𝑅 19.16 ± 1.5; L 19.05 ± 3.50), visual acuity of underweight (𝑅 18.53 ± 2.30; 𝐿 18.45 ± 2.70) and obese (𝑅 15.68 ± 4.79; 𝐿 17.73 ± 1.70) were more deviated. In case of females, normal visual acuity was (R 19.5 ± 2.72; L 19.07 ± 1.13) while visual acuity of underweight (𝑅 17.03 ± 2.30; 𝐿 17.53 ± 2.70) and obese (𝑅 14.08 ± 4.71; 𝐿 17.03 ± 1.70) respectively. Blood pressure range and visual acuity in normal respondent males subject was (SBP 121.21 ± 10.20 DBP 76.6 ± 6.08 mmHg); (𝑅 18.03 ± 2.54; 𝐿 18.04 ± 4.11), in hypotensive (𝑅 15.9 ± 7.45; 𝐿 15.03 ± 10.18), and in hypertensive (𝑅 15.07 ± 21.28; 𝐿 15.06 ± 11.87) respondents had deviated visual acuity, while in case of females (SBP 107.5 ± 10.20 DBP 72.3 ± 10.03 mmHg) (𝑅 18.00 ± 1.54; 𝐿 18.03 ± 43.11), hypotensive (𝑅 16.9 ± 6.48; 𝐿 16.03 ± 10.19), and hypertensive (𝑅 14.07 ± 19.28; 𝐿 14.06 ± 10.87) respondents had deviated visual acuity. Conclusion: Abnormal body weight (underweight and obese) and BP (hypotension and hypertension) have potential negative impacts on visual acuity.Item The Association between Hypoglycemia Requiring Emergency Medical Intervention and Patient Health Outcomes(Sumathi Publications, 2019-10) Abdalla, Mariam H; Layqah, Laila; Altuwayjiri, Abdullah M; Alshaharani, Ziad M; Abujamal, Mohammed; Al Daham, Hind S AlmodaimeghDaham NObjectives: To examine the association between hypoglycemia requiring presentation at an emergency department and patient health outcomes in terms of duration of hospital stay and mortality rate. Method: A retrospective chart review study of all patients with hypoglycemia as the primary diagnosis admitted to the emergency department and met the inclusion criteria was conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) between January 2015 and March 2016. Data were collected from an electronic health records database (Best care) and medical charts and pharmacy records were reviewed. Results: A total of 51 patients were included in the study. Twenty-two patients (42.31%) were admitted because of hypoglycemia. The total mortality rate was 3.92% (2 patients). The total length of hospitalization was higher in deceased patients (4.00 ± 4.24 days) compared to that in surviving patients (1.45 ± 1.21 days). At presentation, 22 patients (44.00%) had no prior interventions; nine were hypoglycemic, while 13 were non-hypoglycemic. In contrast, five patients (10.00%) received hypoglycemic intervention prior to arrival in the ER; one was hypoglycemic, and four were non-hypoglycemic. There was a zero mortality rate among patients who received pre-arrival interventions compared to a rate of 9.09% among patients who did not receive pre-arrival interventions. The chi-square test was used to assess statistical significance. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study shows no correlation between hypoglycemia and mortality or the total duration of hospitalization. In addition, there was no significant relationship between the incidence of hypoglycemic events and different comorbidities.