International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/151072

Editor in chief: Dr. Ghulam Subhani
ISSN: 2319-5886

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://ijmrhs.com/

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 326

Comparison of Muscle Mass between Obesity Classes by Different Formulas in Diabetes Mellitus
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Tuzun, Sabah; Çifçili, Serap; Dabak, Reşat; Tamer, İsmet; Sargın, Mehmet
Objective: Sarcopenia is a risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, however, to diagnose sarcopenia is difficult in these patients since they are generally obese. There is more than one method used to diagnose sarcopenia. The present study aimed to compare different formulas that evaluate muscle mass among age and BMI groups in overweight and obese DM patients. Methods: The study included DM over the age of 18 years with BMI ≥ 25 kg/ m2. In all patients, body weight, total appendicular muscle mass (ASM), total muscle mass, and total fat mass were measured by bioimpedance method. Thereafter, skeletal muscle index was calculated dividing ASM by height (kg/ m2); appendicular muscle mass percentage (%) was calculated dividing ASM by body weight; total muscle mass index (kg/m2) was calculated dividing total muscle mass by body height (kg/m2); and total muscle percentage (%) was calculated dividing total muscle mass by body weight. Results: Of the 486 DM patients enrolled in the study, the mean age was 54.47 ± 8.82 years, and the mean BMI was 38.58 ± 6.25 kg/m2. Skeletal muscle index was 8.16 ± 0.95 kg/m2 in overweight, 9.23 ± 1.04 kg/m2 in class-1 obese, 9.95 ± 1.05 kg/m2 in class-2 obese, and 11.59 ± 1.58 kg/m2 in class-3 obese (p<0.001). Total muscle percentage was 66.18 ± 6.63% in overweight, 58.89 ± 5.77% in class-1 obese, 54.35 ± 4.51% in class-2 obese, and 51.19 ± 3.92% in class-3 obese (p<0.001). Conclusions: Total muscle percentage may be useful in assessing muscle mass in obese subjects like DM patients.
Effect of Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles on Structural and Mechanical Properties of (PMMA) Blend and its Application for Denture Base
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Hilal, Israa H.; Mohammed, Mithaq R.; Shakir, Warqaa A.
The (PMMA-Ag) nano-composites films were prepared via photo polymerization method with different percentages (0.0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2%) of Ag. The structural, bacterial and mechanical properties of nano-composites were studied, FTIR spectra show a shift in peak position as well as a change in intensity. Scanning electron microscopy shows the surface morphology of the (PMM-Ag) nano-composites films. Three point bending testing, compressive strength, and impact strength were investigated and the results illustrate each mechanical property which improves the polymer characteristics. Then we reached that nano-composite materials are considered as the most important materials which are used as dental molds.
Quantifying the Soft Tissue Profile by Two Different Methods in Iraqi Adults: A Comparative Study
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Mohammed, Shahbaa A.; Saloom, Jinan Eliwey; Hussien, Hiba Mohammed; Jasim, Esraa Salman
Patient’s soft tissue profile plays a prominent role in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, many researchers have defined various facial soft tissue parameters based on lateral cephalometric radiographs by using either anatomic point method or tangent line method, however, these methods differ in the way of constructing straight lines along the soft tissue profile. This study aimed to compare the reliability of the two drawing methods (anatomic point and tangent line method). The sample consists of 100 true lateral cephalometric radiographs of patients with normal occlusion and accepted facial profile aged (18-30) years, ten angular measurements along the soft tissue contour were measured by the 2 drawing methods by 3 orthodontist examiners and analyzed statistically to fined means and standard deviation and to be compared by intra-class correlation coefficient. The results showed the non-significant difference between the measurements of the two drawing methods, and both methods were reliable and consistence in soft tissue profile analysis.
Impact of Frailty on Health Service Used: A Sample of Aksaray
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Kaymaz, Tugce Turten; Asiret, Guler Duru
Objective: Frailty has negative consequences such as reduced quality of life and increased need for specialized care. This study aimed to determine the impact of frailty on health service use among older adults. Methods: A sample of 189 patients (≥ 65 years) was recruited from internal and surgical disease services and polyclinics at the State Hospital in Turkey. Data were collected in face-to-face interviews using an information form, the Edmonton Frail Scale and the Nottingham Health Profile. Relationships between continuous variables were analysed using Pearson rank-correlation coefficient. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between frailty and each health service use variable. Results: In total, 49.2% of the participants were frail. The mean Nottingham Health Profile score was 163.58 ± 114.03. The Edmonton Frail Scale score increases by 1 unit, the frequency of using health care service increases by 0.892. There were statistically significant moderate positive linear relationships between The Edmonton Frail Scale score, and Nottingham Health Profile score (r=0.692, p<0.001). Conclusions: The frailty frequency was high. The results of this study showed a weak association between frailty and healthcare service application. The quality of life of frail older people is lower.
Bacteriological Assessment of Fresh Beef Sold in Birnin Kebbi Central Market, Kebbi State, Nigeria
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Yusuf, Abbas Bazata; Gulumbe, Bashar Haruna; Aliyu, Basiru; Kalgo, Zaharaddin Muhammad
Introduction: Microbiological quality of meat and meat products is of great public health significance since the consumption of contaminated meat has been reported as one of the major causes of food-related diseases. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the bacteriological quality of fresh beef sold in Birnin Kebbi Central Market. This was with a view to determining its safety for human consumption. Materials and methods: Beef samples were collected in triplicate from 10 different meat outlets from the market and were analysed using standard procedures. Results: The mean mesophilic aerobic bacterial counts from the 10 locations ranged from 3.2 × 105 to 3.9 × 108 cfu/g whereas a total of 49 isolates belonging to 7 genera including Bacillus subtilis 2 (4.1%), Proteus vulgaris 3 (6.1%), Enterobacter spp. 12 (24.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7 (14.3%), Escherichia coli 14 (28.6%), Salmonella spp. 3 (6.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus 8 (16.3%) were identified. The difference in the mean bacterial load among the 10 sampling location was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Conclusion: High mesophilic aerobic bacterial counts and the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in beef pose a serious potential health hazard. Authorities and stakeholders should, therefore, intensify efforts to ensure that quality control and hygiene measures strictly adhere during meat handing.
Neuroprotective Effect of Midazolam Low Dose against Glutamate Toxicity Induced to Olfactory, Cortex and Cerebellum Neurons Culture: In vitro Study
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Naldan, Muhammet E.; Taghizadehghalehjoughi, Ali
Different neuronal cells are found in olfactory bulb, cortex and cerebellum regions. Olfactory regulates complex behaviors, cerebellum has a great role in body balance and cortex mainly coordinate complex motor and sensory behaviors. The anesthetic is given to all patients (from birth to death) who undergo surgery. Midazolam is GABA agonist and used as an anesthesia. Glutamate an excitatory neurotransmitter can reach toxic levels in traumatic brain injury to cause schizophrenia and behavior disorders. In this study, we obtained 3 different olfactories, cortex and cerebellum cell culture. Glutamate 5-10 mM was added to all culture dishes except the negative control group. Midazolam was added in 4 different doses for 24th and then evaluation was done by MTT, TAC (Total antioxidant capacity), TOS (Total oxidant status) and flow cytometry (Annxin V-apoptosis marker). Our results show that although ketamine is NMDA antagonist there is an increased toxicity level of glutamate and reduce cell viability.
Cognitive Functions and Depression in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Kamal, Sanaa M.; Almousa, Abdulrahman Ibrahim S; Alotaibi, Atheer Mohammed D
Objective: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is associated with alterations in the gut-brain axis which influences various gastrointestinal and psychological functions. The cognitive performance and frequency of depression have not been previously assessed among Saudi patients with IBS so the primary aim was to study cognitive functions and depression in patients with IBS. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled Saudi males and females of more than 18 years of age living in Riyadh and Kharj cities, Central Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Participants were invited to complete 2 self-administered validated questionnaires. One questionnaire focused on Rome III criteria which classify functional GI disorders (FGIDs) in addition to the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) which includes a set of 3 self-report scales designed to measure the major depressive disorder. Individuals who did not show IBS criteria have been enrolled as control subjects. Results: The overall prevalence of IBS among the enrolled subjects was 17.3% of whom women constituted (73.4%). Among subjects with IBS, 71.3% had mixed (constipation and diarrhea) type, 5.3% had diarrhea predominant type and 23.4% had constipation predominant IBS. Depression was significantly higher in IBS patients compared to control subjects. Among IBS cases, 20.2% had minimal depressive symptoms and 20.2% had major depression, mild severity. Major depression with moderate severity was found in 18.1% and major depression with severe severity was found in 28.7%. Depression was associated with impaired cognitive function in 25% of IBS patients. Conclusion: IBS was associated with depression and mild impairment of cognitive functions. The frequency of depression in IBS subjects suggests the importance of the psychological assessment of these patients and the integration of cognitive therapy with pharmacologic IBS therapy.
Cleaning Efficiency of Root Canals using Differ ent Rotary Instrumentation Systems: A Comparative In vitro Study
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Al-Khafaji, Hussein A.; Al-Huwaizi, Hussain F.
Background: Smear layer is always formed during the instrumentation process due to the action of endodontic instruments during the shaping process and it should be removed as it might decrease the overall success of endodontic therapy. Aim of the study: To compare the cleaning efficiency of different rotary Ni-Ti systems: ProTaper Next, Xpendo Shaper and WaveOne Gold by assessing their ability to remove the smear layer from root canals walls. Methods and materials: A total of 24 palatal roots of maxillary molars were used in this study and randomly assigned into 3 groups (n=8) as follows: Group 1: instrumentation with ProTaper Next system (Dentsply Maillefer, Switzerland), Group 2: instrumentation with Xp-endo Shaper system (FKG Dentaire, Switzerland) and Group 3: instrumentation with WaveOne Gold system (Dentsply Maillefer, Switzerland). The samples were irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl. All samples were then examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) at the center of the coronal, middle and apical thirds. The data was statistically analyzed using Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: ProTaper Next files showed a lower average mean of smear layer when compared to WaveOne Gold and Xp-endo Shaper files at the coronal third. No significant differences between the average means of smear layer were found at the middle and apical thirds. Conclusion: None of the tested groups showed a completely smear layer free root canal walls. In general, ProTaper Next files showed the best performance at the coronal third. All the files showed comparable performance at the middle and apical thirds.
Recurrent Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma in a Two Years Child: A Case Study
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Kausar, Sofia; Yousef, Nazia; Abbas, Muhammad Arshad
Introduction: The most common childhood orbital malignancy is the rhabdomyosarcoma contributing almost 10% of all RMS cases. The mean age of orbital RMS is 6-8 years and rare case of RMS from birth to the 8th decade was reported. Male are more affected as compared to female. Total 60.4% male were affected with RMS as compared to female was 39.6%. Objective: The objective of the current study was to describe a case of recurrent orbital rhabdomyosarcoma and effectiveness of chemotherapy to RMS in a 2 year old child. Methods: Computer tomography, magnetic resonance images and excision biopsy were done for confirmation of tumor. After confirmation patient was treated with chemotherapy. Results: Excision biopsy showed tumor composed of round blue cells with high nodular cells ratio and hyper chromatic nuclei and finding also presented favors of Embreyonal rhabdomyosarcoma and child was treated with chemotherapy after completion of chemotherapy course this little child was came to his normal life but after 6 months sudden symptoms of recurrence has been appeared and this time tumor was most aggressive and cannot be controlled with only chemotherapy treatment. Conclusion: To achieve a good survival rate of RMS in children and elderly age there is a need to complete surgical tumor resection in anywhere of the body. Only chemotherapy should not be helpful and cannot be preventable from recurrence. Early diagnosis and stared treatment is the best approach and any delay in diagnosis can have a negative effect on health status.
Knowledge of Scientific Misconduct in Publication among Medical Students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Alghamdi, Bassam; Alomair, Abdulrahman; Alsultan, Abdullah; Albuthi, Saud; Alrashed, Meshal; Omair, Aamir
Background: The recent requirements from the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties encourage medical students to conduct more research to increase their chances of acceptance in residency programs. This may influence the students to focus on publishing with less emphasis on avoiding scientific misconduct. Aim: To assess the knowledge of scientific misconduct in publication among medical students at King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Settings and Design: A questionnaire based cross-sectional study was conducted at the College of Medicine in KSAU-HS, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: The 3rd and 4th year male medical students were selected by purposive sampling after their Problem based learning (PBL) sessions. The questionnaire included questions related to publication ethics and scientific misconduct. The SPSS version 22 was used for data analysis and management. Chi-square test was used for comparing the correct response for each question in the questionnaire with the academic year of the students. Results: A total of 117 (3rd year=56, 4th year=61) students participated in the study. There were 87 (74%) students who had heard about the term “publication ethics”. Of the participants, 19 (16%) had correct knowledge about fabrication in research and 42 (36%) knew what gift authorship is. Knowledge about the fabrication of data was found to be statistically higher in the 3rd year (25%) vs. 4th year (8%) students, (p=0.01). Conclusion: The study identified areas of deficiencies in knowledge of different aspects of publication ethics among medical students at KSAU-HS. There is a need to raise awareness of publication ethics in research among medical students during their academic years.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about Pap Smear among Married Women Attending Primary Health Care Centers in Duhok City
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Abdulmalek, Iman Yousif; Kalary, Kawther Mahmood
Background: Cervical Cancer (CC) is the only preventable cancer among all the female genital tract cancers when is detected in its pre-malignant stage, but it is a fatal disease once it gets its invasive stages. Early detection of it is performed by a medical screening procedure Pap smear (PS), which is an inexpensive and effectual procedure to look for any cervical cytological changes (pre-malignant or malignant). Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) about PS, to identify the barriers that are an impediment to having it, to find out the association between KAP of PS, and find out the association between married women socio-demographic characteristics and their KAP of PS. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 400 women at the time of data collection from 7th April 2015 to 30th May 2015. A structured questionnaire was administrated to gather the data related to the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding PS, in addition to the barriers that impeded women to practice it. Result: Among all women who were interviewed, about 35.9% heard of the Pap smear and 57.1% heard about cervical cancer. Only 7.3% of women had good knowledge about Pap smear, 33% of them had a positive attitude, and 9.5% of them practiced it. The main reason for having the PS was the health provider’s advice. Conclusion: The majority of women had low knowledge of PS, and a negative attitude and was not practicing it. Effective media and providing health education are required to improve the level of awareness towards it. A healthcare professional should be contributing to knowledge transfer whenever the opportunity arises.
Impact of Human Milk Interleukin 6 in Lactating Mothers with Chronic Periodontitis on Infants Growth
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Hassan, Liqa Sabah; Diab, Ban Sahib
Background: Chronic periodontitis is a multifactorial disease which has several promoting effect on general health and when the lactating mothers are affected the cytokines associated with it is secreted in milk that had a severe effect on the health of the infant. Interleukin-6 is an anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokine with extensive range as a biological mediator in chronic inflammation of periodontal disease; its elevation had an effect on infant growth. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of interleukin-6 in human milk on infant’s growth. Materials and methods: A comparative study includes lactating mothers with age range 30-40 years and their infants with age range 3-12 months. The study group includes mothers with chronic periodontitis and the control group includes 45 mothers with healthy periodontium. Milk interleukin-6 is measured in lactating mothers by using the enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Infant growth was recorded according to CDC growth charts and National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys in 2007. Results: The results show mothers with chronic periodontitis have a higher level of milk IL6 than mothers with healthy periodontium; the result was statistically highly significant, even though the result of the effect of milk IL6 on infant’s growth wasn’t significant statistically. Conclusion: Mothers with chronic periodontitis have a higher level of milk IL6 than mothers with healthy periodontium. High level of proinflammatory milk IL6 will effect infant growth and result in retardation of normal infant growth like underweight, overweight and short stature infants. High level of milk interleukin 6 in mothers with chronic periodontitis could influence negatively on their infant’s growth.
Air Way Bacterial Colonization in COPD Patients at Stable and the Exacerbated States
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Abdelraheem, Wedad M.; Mohamed, Ebtisam S.; Abdelghany, Elham A.; Emam, Rasha M.; Mohamed, Manar S.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and load of airway bacteria in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and to detect the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolated strains. Methods: The current study included 50 COPD patients. Paired sputum samples were taken from all patients, one at the exacerbation state and the other at the stable state. Identification of bacterial species was done using standard microbiological techniques and PCR. Results: There were 41 samples out of 50 (82%) positive for bacteria at exacerbation compared with 12 samples out of 50 (24%) positive for bacteria (either by culture or PCR or both) at stable state samples (p=0.001). The most commonly detected species was H. influenza and S. pneumoniae. There were a total of 27 bacterial species detected by PCR not detected by culture and only 4 bacterial species detected by culture not detected by PCR (p=0.001). Isolated strains show a high resistance pattern to the tested antibiotics and multi drug resistant strains were detected. Conclusions: This study has shown that airway bacterial prevalence and load increase at COPD exacerbations, and there is a significant relationship between lower airway bacterial colonization and COPD.
Study the Association of Serotonin and Serotonin Transporter Concentration with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Sample of Iraqi Primary School Children
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Jawad, Shatha Q.; Mutlak, Shaimaa S.; Hussein, Sumaiah I.
Objective: The current research focuses on neurotransmitter serotonin levels and the work was planned to study the comparison between children (female and male) as well as the special need children (with abnormal behaviors ADHD). Materials and methods: Total 86 children from certain primary school were selected, 56 of them were with ADHD (27 boys and 29 girls were present) and 30 healthy individuals (16 boy and 14 girls). ADHD was diagnosed by certain questionnaire form prepared for this study, blood samples were gathered, and were send for serotonin examination which was achieved with a certain enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Results were analyzed using special statistic program (SPSS version 18). Results: The collected data indicate that serotonin level was high (121.70 ± 4.05 ng/ml) in ADHD children compared with normal children (85.64 ± 2.43 ng/ml), and highly significant decrease in level of serotonin transporter in ADHD than in control samples (9.87 ± 0.29; 13.17 ± 0.50 ng/ml correspondingly). Conclusion: The increase and decrease in the level of serotonin serum and serotonin transporters could be related to the environmental issues that contribute to the disruption of behavior particularly rise in poor security and hot regions.
Association and Correlation between Body Mass Index, Blood Pressure, and Visual Acuity in Students of Health Care Institution
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Palve, Suchitra Sachin
Background: Obesity is one of the major public health problems with its prevalence increasing at overwhelming rates. It also increases the risk of several systemic diseases such as coronary heart disease. Aim and Objectives: To study the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) on visual acuity among apparently healthy young individuals and to compare these variations between boys and girls of the same age group. Methodology:This cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted amongst 200 subjects (100 male and 100 female subjects), age group (18-25 years) for whom blood pressure and BMI were measured with standard procedure, visual acuity was measured using Snellen’s chart. Results: The study population consists of 100 male and 100 female (mean age 20.72 ± 2.23 years). The majority (n=165) of the respondents had normal visual acuity. However, compared to the respondents of normal BMI and visual acuity in males (𝑅 19.16 ± 1.5; L 19.05 ± 3.50), visual acuity of underweight (𝑅 18.53 ± 2.30; 𝐿 18.45 ± 2.70) and obese (𝑅 15.68 ± 4.79; 𝐿 17.73 ± 1.70) were more deviated. In case of females, normal visual acuity was (R 19.5 ± 2.72; L 19.07 ± 1.13) while visual acuity of underweight (𝑅 17.03 ± 2.30; 𝐿 17.53 ± 2.70) and obese (𝑅 14.08 ± 4.71; 𝐿 17.03 ± 1.70) respectively. Blood pressure range and visual acuity in normal respondent males subject was (SBP 121.21 ± 10.20 DBP 76.6 ± 6.08 mmHg); (𝑅 18.03 ± 2.54; 𝐿 18.04 ± 4.11), in hypotensive (𝑅 15.9 ± 7.45; 𝐿 15.03 ± 10.18), and in hypertensive (𝑅 15.07 ± 21.28; 𝐿 15.06 ± 11.87) respondents had deviated visual acuity, while in case of females (SBP 107.5 ± 10.20 DBP 72.3 ± 10.03 mmHg) (𝑅 18.00 ± 1.54; 𝐿 18.03 ± 43.11), hypotensive (𝑅 16.9 ± 6.48; 𝐿 16.03 ± 10.19), and hypertensive (𝑅 14.07 ± 19.28; 𝐿 14.06 ± 10.87) respondents had deviated visual acuity. Conclusion: Abnormal body weight (underweight and obese) and BP (hypotension and hypertension) have potential negative impacts on visual acuity.
The Effect of Die Spacer Thickness on Retentive Strength of all Zirconium Crowns (An In vitro Study)
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Taha, Farah Adnan; Ibraheem, Adel Farhan
Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different die-spacer thicknesses on the retentive strength of all zirconium crowns using self-adhesive resin cement (Relyx Unicem). Materials and method: A total of 24 freshly extracted sound human maxillary first premolar teeth were mounted and then received a standardized preparation for full contour zirconia crown restorations with a deep chamfer finishing line, planner occlusal reduction, 6° overall taper. The teeth were scanned directly using Sirona Omnicam digital intra-oral scanner. Preparations surface areas were measured using Auto CAD architecture software. Teeth were then randomly assigned into 3 main groups according to the die spacer thickness selected during the designing phase by inLab SW 16.1 designing program (n=8): Group A: 80 μm; Group B: 100 μm and Group C: 120 μm. Monolithic zirconia crowns were constructed using Sirona In-Lab MC X5 milling unit. Each group was cemented with Relyx Unicem self-adhesive luting cement. Statistical analyses: The data were statistically analyzed using 1-way ANOVA and Post-hoc Bonferroni test at 0.05 level of significance. Results: The statistical analysis showed that die spacer thickness had a significant effect on the crown retentive stress and the highest mean of retentive stresses was recorded for Group A (7.4 ± 0.7 SD) while Group C recorded the lowest mean of retentive stresses (5.5 ± 0.8 SD). In addition, the predominant mode of failure was type 3 (cement principally on ceramic). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the use of 80 μm spacer thickness resulted in significally higher retention values than 100 μm and 120 μm spacer. In contrast, there was no significant difference in retention between 100 μm and 120 μm.
Status of Prolactin and Thyroid Hormone Level among Primary Infertility Patients Visiting Tertiary Care Hospital, Nepal
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Pratigya, Bhandari; Bhattarai, R; Baral, BK; Yadav, BK; Jha, B
Background: Infertility is defined as the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Hyperprolactinemia and thyroid dysfunction are associated with reproductive dysfunction and infertility. Hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia are found to be closely interrelated. This study aimed to observe the level of serum prolactin, free Tri-iodothyronine (fT3), free Thyroxine (fT4) and Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in women with primary infertility and to correlate the level of serum prolactin with TSH. Methods: This study was conducted on patients visiting infertility OPD at the Institute of Medicine (IOM), Nepal from February 2016 to January 2017. Total 50 women with primary infertility were included in this study and 50 age-matched healthy controls were taken. Serum levels of prolactin, fT3, fT4, and TSH were measured in all subjects. Results: The mean age of participants was 26.8 years. The median serum prolactin (21.8) and TSH levels (4.5) were found to be significantly high in the case group (p<0.001). Out of the total subjects with hyperprolactinemia, 51.1% were found to have hypothyroidism. There was a moderately strong, positive and significant correlation between serum prolactin and TSH levels (r=0.62, p<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that at a cutoff value of 22.5 ng/ mL for serum prolactin, a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 82% could be achieved for detecting hypothyroidism. Conclusion: The high prevalence of hyperprolactinemia and thyroid disorders in primary infertility stresses the fact that all women coming for consultation due to infertility should be recommended to undergo thyroid function tests and prolactin estimation at early stages of infertility checkup.
Assessing the Period between Diagnosis of Breast Cancer and Surgical Treatment among Mastectomized Female Patients in Iraq
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Alwan, Nada A. S.; Tawfeeq, Furat N; Sattar, Safana A.; Yihya, Furat
Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the major cause of cancer related deaths among Iraqi women. Due to the relatively late detection of breast cancer, the majority of the patients are still treated by modified radicle mastectomy. Aim: To assess the time lag between diagnosis of breast cancer and mastectomy among Iraqi patients; correlating the findings with other clinicopathological characteristics of the disease. Patients and methods: This retrospective study enrolled 226 Iraqi female patients who were diagnosed with breast cancer. Data were registered on the exact time period between signing the histopathological report and the surgical treatment. Other recorded variables included the age of the patients, their level of education, number of parity, age at first child birth, family history and the stage at breast cancer presentation. Results: In general, 51% of the patients were under the age of 50 years, 93.8% were married, 10.6% were illiterate, only 1.8% were nulliparous while positive family history of cancer was noted in 25.6%. Overall 67.7%, 87.6%, and 92% underwent mastectomy during the first month, two months and three months after diagnosis respectively. Only 3.1% were operated upon after one year. With the exception of the age at first childbirth, there was no significant correlation between the waiting times to surgery and the patients’ age, education, number of parity, family history and the stage at breast cancer detection. Conclusions: The percentage of the patients who had surgical treatment during the first month following diagnosis seems rather satisfactory when compared to the corresponding findings reported in similar surveys from developing and some developed countries. Strengthening public education and adopting multimodality evidenced-based management protocols are crucial steps to control the waiting times among those who have delayed mastectomies.
Effects of Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercises on Blood Sugar Levels in Working Class Females with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Khanum, Asiya; Khan, Shaier; Kausar, Samina; Mukhtar, Farhan; Kausar, Saima
Background: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome that leads to hyperglycemia and complications in many organ systems. There are many ways to control hyperglycemia including diet, exercise, drugs, and insulin. Aim of the study: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of diaphragmatic breathing exercises on blood sugar levels and to identify the effects of regular diaphragmatic breathing exercise on HbA1c. Subjects and Methods: The study design used was a randomized controlled trial. Random sampling technique was used. Data was collected from working female nurses of Services Hospital Lahore and Jinnah Hospital Lahore who had type-2 diabetes mellitus. By using Ballot method 64 subjects were selected and equally divided into 2 groups randomly (32 subjects were in an interventional group and 32 in the control group). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Mean difference was measured by using independent sample t-test and paired t-test to see the pre and post effects of the same group. Results were summarized as mean and standard deviation. Results: The study results indicated that there was a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar level (p=0.009), post prandial blood sugar level (p=0.002) and post interventional blood sugar level (p=0.000) in the 9th week of the activity (breathing exercise). Pre and post the interventional mean difference in fasting blood sugar level was highly significant in the 12th week of intervention (p=0.000). No significant difference was found in the results of HbA1c (p=0.963). Conclusion: Diaphragmatic breathing exercise has favorable effects in controlling blood sugar levels among diabetes type-2 patients if it is combined with other exercises or therapies. Only breathing component cannot maintain the normal blood sugar level.
Epidemiology and Patterns of Leukemia in Northern Saudi Arabia
(Sumathi Publications, 2019-01) Elasbali, Abdelbaset Mohamed; Alharbi, Hisham Hussain; Al-Onzi, Ziad; Al-dahr, Mohammed H. Saiem; Hamza, Alneil; Khalafalla, Ezeldine; Alshammari, Dina; Ahmed, Hussain Gadelkarim
Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the patterns of leukemia in Northern Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This was a retrospective descriptive study conducted in King Khalid hospital, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) including records of leukemia from 2008 to 2016. Results: The overall Crude Incidence Rate (CIR) of leukemia was 7.45 per 100.000 person-year, including patients diagnosed with different patterns of leukemia in Northern Saudi Arabia. The mean age of patients was 45.4 years with a minimum of 5 years and a maximum of 107 years old. Around 43 (59%) were males and 30 (41%) were females. Conclusion: The incidence rates of leukemia are relatively higher in Northern Saudi Arabia, with an increase of all subtype.

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