Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์

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Biological Properties of Medical Devices
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-02-07) Preeya Pinnil; Sirinun Thaitrakunpanich; Sirima Sairoumyard
During BE.2548 to BE.2550 test for biological properties of medical devices i.e. surgical gloves, sterile hypodermic syringes for single-use, sterile single-use syringes for insulin, sterile blood transfusion sets for single-use, infusion for single-use, feeding catheter for single-use, suction catheter for single-use and sterile hypodermic needle for single-use in the respiratory tract, totally 434 samples, were performed. The sterility, the safety and the pyrogen tests were carried out following the requirements in the Notification of the Ministry of Public Health (No.14-16 BE. 2537), TIS .720-2546 TIS.1426-2546, TIS.1050-2547, TIS.1394-2548 and TIS.1398-2540. The results showed that 1 out of 226 samples of the surgical gloves, 1 out of 38 samples of the hypodermic syringes for single-use, 1 out of 5 samples of sterile blood transfusion sets, 1 out of 30 samples of feeding catheter for single-use and 1 out of 66 samples of catheter for single-use did not pass the sterility test, while 15 samples of sterile single-use syringes for insulin, 4 samples of infusion for single-use and 50 samples of sterile hypodermic needle for sing-use passed all of the test.Key words : Medical devices
The Cut-Off Values for Single Serum of Leptospirosis Detection
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-02-07) Wimol Petkanchanapong; Supraluk Yasaeng; Pornchai Chantapetch; Nongluk Bhudhilukul
Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is the gold standard for serological diagnosis of leptospirosis. The criterion for definite diagnosis of current leptospiral infection is four fold rise in titer of paired sera or seroconversion. Making a diagnosis on results of a single MAT is difficult because of the uncertainty about the cut-off titer. The present study was conducted to determine the cut-off titer for a single MAT in areas of high and low endemicity for leptospirosis. A total of 1,447 serum samples were collected from 1,105 healthy individuals and 171 confirmed patients residing in areas of high ( northeast Thailand) and low endemicity (other regions). All the sera were tested by MAT. The optimal cut-off points for presumptive diagnosis of leptospirosis was selected by Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. In endemic area , the best cut-off being 1:100 where the sensitivity was (95% CI) 70.7 (64.3 -76.6) per cent and specificity was 95.0 (93.0 – 96.6) percent. LR+/ LR- was 45 .8 indicating reasonable separation between the positive and negative test results. In other regions, the best cut–off being 1:100 where the sensitivity was 68.3(52.2-76.5) percent, specificity was 96.5(94.5- 97.8) per cent , accuracy was 90.9(84.4- 93.0) percent and LR+/ LR- was 59.5. This indicates that the best cut-off titer to be used will be 1: 100 in both high and low endemic areas for presumptive diagnosis of leptospirosis. However, in low endemic areas, the suspected cases of leptospirosis with MAT titer 1:50 should be monitored for further investigation of the optimal cut-points. Key words: Leptospirosis, Microscopic agglutination test, cut-off titer,
Detection of Vibrio Cholerae From Patient, Coarrier, Water and Other Environment Samples in Areas of Phop Phra District, Tak.
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-01-26) Siriporn Chantaroj; Kazuhisa Okada; Namphong Hiangksamsao; Amornrattana Roobthaisong; Private Saorong; Chitti Chansang; Yongyut Natenirundorn; Nattawut Tongplub; Pathom Sawanpanyalert
In Thailand there are occasional outbreaks of cholera near Thai-Myanmar Border, PropPhra district. It is a diarrhoeal disease caused by a gram negative bacteriaVibrio cholerae, which is anautochthonous inhabitant of fresh and marine waters worldwide systems. Only O1 and O139 serogroupsofV. cholerae have potential to cause of dehydrating diarrhoeal condition called cholera, that can producecholera toxin controlled byctxAB gene. In this study we detected Vibrio cholerae from rectal swab of patients,carriers and normal hosts as well as collected water and environment samples for a total 1,452 samples.We performed conventional culture method, and using duplex PCR method targetedV.choleraespecies-specific gene (ompW) and cholera toxin encoding gene (ctxA) as a screening test on anyyellow bacterial colony on TCBS.Vibrio cholerae O1, El Tor, Inaba could be found 0.48 % (5 rectalswabs and 2 environment samples) andVibrio cholerae nonO1/nonO139 8.82 % (6 rectal swabs and122 environment samples). All of these strains were resistant to colistin 71.9 %, ampicillin 28.9 % andtrimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole 11.1%. The results of duplex-PCR method were identical to thosebiochemical and specific antiserum testing method. It can be used as a rapid method for detection andidentification ofV. cholerae. This experiment can be a useful for prevention and control of cholera outbreak.Key word : detection, duplex PCR, Vibrio cholerae
A Determination of the Antioxidant Activity of Proanthocyanidin of
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-02-02) Penpun Wetwitayaklung; Terarat Yamrote; Nuanchan Phunttumatamat; Nuannit Kaewnuan; Puttachart Makchumnum
The research objectives were to quantify the amount of proanthocyanidins and determinethe antioxidant property of grape seeds, cinsaut variety, cultivated in Nakhon Ratchasima province. The defattedgrape seeds powder was extracted by 2 methods. The first method was soxhlet extraction with ethanol, andthe product hereby was a precipitate of crude proanthocyanidins 0.223%. The second method was macerationwith ethylacetate and water (90:10). The extract was concentrated under vacuum and then redissolved inethylacetate. The crude proanthocyanidins were precipitated out 0.216%, when petroleum ether was added intothis crude extract solution. The antioxidant activities of these two crude proanthocyanidins were compared withthose of L-ascorbic acid and of trolox by spectrophotometry using Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power assay.The antioxidant activities per milligram of L-ascorbic acid, trolox and crude proanthocyanidins by soxhlet andmaceration were equal to 14.01, 10.50, 2.98 and 3.22 mmole of Fe2+, respectively. The total amounts offlavonols in crude proanthocyanidins from soxhlet extraction and maceration were 48.47% and 46.28%,respectively, calculated in catechin equivalent by vanillin-HCl assay.Key words : grape seeds, proanthocyanidins, Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power assay, vanillin-HCl assay
Development Model for Unit Cost Analysis of Infectious Diseases Laboratory Testing in 2007
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2010-01-22) Suphitchaya Thermserekul; Chaiwat Poonsrikarn; Piya Kittiwuthisak
Unit cost analysis is essential for resources management of an organization. We studied to develop a model for unit cost analysis of laboratory testing on infectious diseases at National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences by comparison between project management and Microsoft Excels programs. In this study, information, including core and supportive activities of each laboratory testing, was collected from Medical Bacteriology, Medical Virology, Clinical Immunology, Mycology and Parasitology Groups. A total of 112 testing items was included in this study. Based on Activity Base Costing, differences in percentages of each item, ranging from 1.50 to 31.74, were found between the two programs. Statistical significant differences in unit cost analysis for group analysis were demonstrated between Medical Virology and Clinical Immunology Groups. Our study suggested that an appropriate model for unit cost analysis could be useful for setting criteria on budget allocation, project monitoring, resources management, project planning and management.
Efficiency of Rabies Isolation by Using Mouse Neuroblastoma Cells
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-02-02) Patcha Incomserb; Sanit Kumperasart; Karan Suthivarakom; Sirima Pattamadilok
Rabies is an infectious agent in mammal which causes a fatal disease. In present severalcountries have an attempt to use cell culture for diagnosis and confirmation of rabies. In this study, we developedthe method for isolation of rabies virus in cell culture and evaluated its efficiency in comparison withmouse inoculation test (MIT). The result revealed that the cell isolation method has 100% sensitivity, specificityand efficiency, respectively when compared with mouse inoculation test method. From this study, the isolationand confirmation of rabies can be considered to substitute the cell culture method for the mouse inoculationtest method.Key word : Rabies, cell isolation, mouse inoculation, mouse neuroblastoma
Evaluation of the Performance of Laboratories for Chemical Analysis
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-02-07) Kanya pukson; Kannika Jittiyossara; Tipawan Ningnoi
The quality of drinking water is very important to health, analysis for quality and safety is, there, important in order to obtain the results that are accurate and accurate and reliable. Science there are a vast number of laboratories distributing country wide that are capable of analysis of water including drinking water, in 2007, the Bureau of Quality and Safety of Food, Department of Medical Sciences, conducted a program to evaluate the competence of laboratories in determining pH, solids, total hardness, chloride, fluoride nitrate and sulfate in water. In this study, portions of homogeneous water sample were distributed to participating laboratories to be analyzed. Then the analytical results from laboratories were analyzed and evaluated statistically. The value of z-score was used to evaluate the competence of the individual laboratories. There were 45 laboratories involved in this study. Among these, 26 laboratories submitted 1-6 test results and 19 laboratories submitted the results of all tests, 8 of which reported all 7 results that are satisfactory. It was found that the percentage of laboratories that reported the satisfactory results for pH, total solids, total hardness, chloride, fluoride, nitrate and sulfate from 43, 40, 40, 39, 28, 31 and 28 laboratories were 90.7, 85.0, 80.0, 76.9,89.3, 87.1 and 85.7 respectively, questionable results were 0, 10.0, 5.0, 7.7, 3.6, and 10.7 respectively, unsatisfactory results were 9.3, 5.0, 15.4, 7.1, 9.7 and 3.4 respectively. The results that are questionable or unsatisfactory might be caused by, for example, inappropriate chemical and regents, malfunctioning instrument, deviation from the procedure, transfer of data, reporting the wrong result. It is recommended that laboratories investigate the sources of problems and implement corrective action to prevent the recurring of problems and to improve the performance. In conclusion, most of participating laboratories were competent in analyzing water samples. Moreover from this study, individual laboratories could compare itself with other laboratories. However, in order to predict the long term performance, more data from further studies are neededKey words : laboratories performance, drinking water, inter laboratory comparison,
Evaluation of incubator performance for microbiological testing
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-01-24) Preecha Chungsamanukool; Sompob Wattanamanee; Ladawan Chungsamanukool
Four incubators for microbiological testing were evaluated to ensure their performance by being calibrated twice at 22.5 °C 30°C 35°C and 37 °C. The first calibration was conducted by measuring the temperatures under unloaded condition and the second under loaded condition, in culture broth and in the middle of 10 pieces of pertrifilm® agar stack. Results of the first calibration of two incubators at 22.5 °C 30°C and 32 °C. did not comply with the acceptance criteria. These due to the uncertainty of measurement, ± 2.8 °C ± 2.3 °C and ± 2.2 °C respectively, beyond the maximum permissible error (MPE) for the analysis of yeasts/ molds in foods (± 2.3 °C), Bacillus cereus in foods (± 1 °C), and total plate count in milk and milk products (± 1 °C) respectively. Also, the results of the other two incubators at 35°C and 37°C which included their uncertainty of measurement, beyond the MPE for the analysis of coliforms (35 ± 1°C) and salmonella spp. In foods (37 ± 1°C) in some positions. The second calibration revealed that every incubator passed the evaluation which indicates that they can be used for the analysis of the above-mentioned microbiological test items. Therefore, the performance evaluation of incubator calibrated under loaded condition in preferable because of its higher accuracy and lower uncertainty of measurement. It is likely that the evaluation of incubator will pass. So, there is no need to by the new incubators and this help save a lot of budget. Key words : incubator, calibration, performance, microbiological testing
Exposure Assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus for Shrimp Consumption
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-02-07) Pensri Rodma; Poonsap Viroonkul; Varapa Mahakranjanakul; Niracha Wongjinda; Aurasa Suttienkul; Kanokpan Srimanopath
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a significant food borne bacteria which causes the gastroenteritisand septicemia infection, the of type of food poisoning from seafood consuming was the highest incidence of outbreak in Thailand. The exposure assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus is conducted in order to use as basis of information for risk assessment. Fresh shrimp 100 samples, shrimp in fish sauce and Thai-style shrimp salads (Pla Kung) 30 samples are studied. The assessment procedures comply with Codex Committee of Food Hygiene principle guideline. The assessment comprised the enumeration’s of Vibrato parahaemolyticus contaminated in fresh shrimps. The study on average weigh of shrimp in fish sauce and Thai-style shrimp salads (Pla Kung) and the information collected from the interview and consumer behavior questionnaire on 1,000 populations. Moreover, international and local publications are reviewed as supporting data for exposure evaluation, such as 2.7% pathogenic strains from 100 fresh shrimp analysis, dose response is 10,000 cfu/g. Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection from exposure assessment of shrimp consuming are 1,325 illnesses/year/100,000 capita in Bangkok. The exposure data will be enabled the enhancement of Vibrio parahaemolyticus risk assessment in Thailand.
Filth in Imported Pasta
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-01-24) Kuntong Pednog; Tanongpan Satjapala; Kokeiat Sarttarin; Kanongwan Toonsakool
Pasta is one of the favorite for Thai consumers which almost imported from aboard, In order to protect consumers and for risk communication, during October 2005 to August 2009, light filth determination in 142 samples were studied by Bureau of Quality and Safety of Food, Department of Medical Sciences. The visual examination by naked eyes and light filth determination by wide field zoom stereoscopic microscope and compound microscope were done for quality assessments. The results revealed, insect fragment,human-hairs,insects,worm larva,mites,ants, book lice, cat/dog hairs, rat/mouse hairs, feather and insect eggs were found in142 , 85 , 27 , 18 , 16 , 15 , 13 , 8 , 6 , 5 and1 samples,respectively.27 pasta samples (19.02%)were exceeded USFDA Defect Action Level. This information data will enhance regulatory agency to consideration on the quality criteria establishment for imported pasta.
Hydroquinone Retinoic acid and Mercury Compounds in Acne-Melasma Cosmetics Distributed in Five Provinces in Lower Southern Part of Thailand
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-01-26) Apichart Tantanawat; Tassanee Panpadung; Prisana Niyomkam
Hydroquinone, Retinoic acid and Mercury compounds are restricted for their use in acne-melasmacosmetics, according to Ministry of Public Health Regulation announcement, B.E. 2551. However their presencein such products have still been detected. In the year 2006, Regional Medical Science Center, Songkhla surveyedthe marketed products in Songkhla Province and its border area, for the presence of the aforementioned substances.Identi\ fication of these chemicals was done by thin-layer chromatographic technique and chemical reactions test.Sixty-six percent of samples found these restricted substances. All contaminated are registered for labelingproducts. In 2007, investigation at cosmetic products collected in Songkhla Province and its neighboring area (Satoon,Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat) revealed the presence of these substances in forty-eight percent of the testedcompound. This information indicate the high proportion of unsafe products. The incidence likely increasesrisk for users to the toxic effects originated from these substances. For the safety of cosmetics users, strictlaw enforcement is therefore necessary to limit the violated use of these substances in the acne-melasmacosmetics.Key words : Hydroquinone, Retinoic acid, Mercury and its compounds, Acne-Melasma Cosmeti
Incidence of Hospital Acquired Pneumonia Caused by Multidrug
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-02-02) Patpong Udompat; Sasithorn Thaichareon; Montha Chobchon; Urai Poonawagul; Vithayut Namsiripongpun
Not only have Acinetobacter spp. been increasingly reported as the cause of outbreaks inhospital but the emergence and rapid spread of multidrug-resistant isolates causing nosocomial pneumonia areof great concern worldwide. To understand the trend, crude mortality rate antimicrobial susceptibility, lengthof stay and antibiotic cost of these isolates. The study of hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) from surveillancedata report during January 2003 to December 2005 found that 34 (29.2%) were dead from 86 HAP withMDRAB. From 2003-2005, the incidence density of VAP with MDRAB were 1.02 , 1.28 and 1.23 per 1000ventilator-days respectively and antimicrobial susceptibility to imipenem are decrease from 65.5 %, 39.3 and17.9 respectively. Moreover, the comparative analysis shows that patients admitted in ICUs were more afflictedwith HAP with MDRAB than 6.5 times of those admitted in general wards. (Relative risk [RR], 6.5; 95%confidence interval [CI], 3.9 to 10.6), In accordance with nosocomial infection control policy, a combinedinfection control strategy should be designed and implemented, including decontamination for colonizedpatients, infected patients and environment, strict compliance with cross-transmission prevention protocols,and a program that restricted the use of carbapenemKey words : Incidence Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB), Hospital AcquiredPneumonia (HAP)
Method Development of 18 Organochlorine Pesticides in Animal Tissue by Gas Chromatographic Technique
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-01-24) Rattiyakorn Srikote; Whichada Jongmevasna
The determination of 18 organochlorine pesticides in animal tissue was developed and validated by using pork as a representative matrix. Initially, fat was extracted from pork with n-hexane and then pesticides were isolated from fat by acetonitrile saturated with n-hexane extraction. After that, organochlorine pesticides in sample were purified by liquid-liquid partition and alumina column. Finally, types and amounts of 18 compounds were identified and quantified by using gas chromatograph (GC) with mECD, simultaneously. As a result of method validation, limit of detection (LOD) was defined as 0.002 mg/kg and limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.005 mg/kg. The accuracy and the precision expressed as a percentage of recovery and HORRAT at LOQ level were found to be in acceptable ranges of 82-117 % and 0.2-1.2, respectively. Moreover, the trueness of the method was evaluated by using the analytical result of certified reference material (BCR-430), pork fat with certified reference value of organochlorine pesticide residues. It was found that there was a non-statistically significant difference between reference and measured value obtained from the developed method. In order to improve the quality of analytical result, confirmation of residue identity could be certainly performed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Consequently, the method performance for the determination of 18 organochlorine pesticide residues in animal tissue was found to be satisfactory to achieve the regulation of food quality and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides or some persistent organic pollutants exposure.Key words: Organochlorine pesticides, animal tissue, method validation, gas chromatograph (GC), mass spectrometer (MS)
Method Development of Benzo(a)Pyrene in Charcoal–Grilled Animal Tissue
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-01-26) Jitpaka Suntudrob; Thongsuk Payanun; Kanokporn Atisook
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is one of the compound of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons incharcoal–grilled animal tissue as a result of incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of organic matter which areprobable human carcinogen. Determination of benzo(a)pyrene was studied and developed. The sample wassaponififfiified with base and separated by solid phase extraction. Sep-Pak C18 was used for clean-up procedure.BaP was detected and quantitatively determined by HPLC-Fluorescence detector. The method was validatedby using grilled pork as represented matrix for charcoal–grilled animal tissue. The results showed thatthe limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.3μg/kg and 0.5 μg/kg, repectively. The linearworking range was 0.5 – 10.0μg/kg with the correlation coeffiffiificient of 0.9893. Accuracy of the methodwas shown by % recovery of spiking BaP standard to sample matrix throughout the linear range was 88 – 95.Precision was shown by % relative standard deviation was 4.8 – 15.4. From validation data, the method’sperformance characteristics of the developed method were complied to Commission Directive 2005/10/EC(4 February 2005). On the conclusion, the developed method was valid and fiffiifit for using as analytical methodfor monitoring hazard of intake of BaP from charcoal grilled food.Key words : Benzo(a)pyrene, Food, Method validation, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Method Validation for Determination of Mercury in Mushroom and Surveyed
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-02-07) Supat Sangsuay; Pipat Noppakun; Kanchana Phantuvech
Analytical method of mercury in fish was modified for determination of determination of mercury in mushroom, because of texture different between fish and mushroom. Samples were digested with mix concentrated acid then analyzed by mercury analyzer. The method validation showed that working range and linearity gave the correlation coefficient ® of 0.9999 at the range of 10-100 ng. There was a linear relationship between added and found amount of mercury in mushroom sample, at the range of 10.75-85.01 ng/g of fresh sample which the correlation coefficient was 0.9999. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of mercury were 7 and 10 ng/g of fresh sample, respectively. Accuracy and precision were performed by adding known amount to mercury to mushroom, the percent recoveries of mercury from 3 levels were 75.1-113.1 % and percent relative standard deviations were 4.7-6.7%. The method was used to monitor mercury in 102 samples of mushroom during BE.2549-2550. By converting the amount of mercury in dried mushroom to fresh mushroom, it was found that most kind of mushroom was conformed to the Notification of the Ministry of Public Health. Key words : mercury, mushroom, mercury analyzer
Method Validation of Brombuterol, Clenbuterol, Ractopamine and
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-02-02) Ladda Kaewklapanyacharoen
ABSTRACT m g/kg and limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.5 mg/kg. The linear working range for brombuterol, clenbuterol,ractopamine and salbutamol was 0.5-10.0 mg/kg with the correlation coefficient 0.9989, 0.9986, 0.9974and 0.9988, respectively. Accuracy of the method was shown by mean % recovery of spiking standard tosample matrix at 5 different levels within linear working range were 61.7-84.3, 69.1-100.7, 64.8-104.4and 88.1-104.8 for brombuterol, clenbuterol, ractopamine and salbutamol, respectively. Precision wasshown by relative standard deviation percentage (%RSD) were 8.7-14.9, 8.6-12.6, 7.8-13.9 and3.6-11.6 for brombuterol, clenbuterol, ractopamine and sabutamol, respectively. Validation data proved thatthis method could be used for determining brombuterol, clenbuterol, ractopamine and salbutamol in animaltissues for food quality control by law. This method was used to analysed 30 samples of pork that hadbeen analysed by ELISA method. It showed that both methods gave the equivalent results for 90% ofthe total samples.Key word : brombuterol, clenbuterol, ractopamine, salbutamol, animal tissue, LC-MS/MSA simultaneous determination of brombuterol, clenbuterol, ractopamine and salbutamolresidues in animal tissue using LC-MS/MS was validated. The meat sample was digested by dilute hydrochloricacid, extracted and cleaned up on solid phase extraction mixed mode cation exchange/reverse phase(MCX mode), followed by determination of residues by liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectometryusing electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. The result showed that the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.3
Microbial Contamination in Raw Vegetables
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-01-24) Preecha Chungsamanukool; Nawarat Rattanadilok Na Phuket; Kamonwan Kantaeng
There have been reported cases of food poisoning due to consumption of fresh vegetables including warning from some imported countries for the existence of microbial contamination in Thai fresh vegetables. Therefore, during July to September 2008, ninety-seven samples of raw vegetables from 8 fresh markets and 4 supermarkets in Bangkok and Nonthaburi were examined for microbial contamination, both sanitary index microorganisms and food-borne pathogens. The results showed that the sanitary index microorganisms, coliforms found more than 500 MPN per gram and Escherichia coli found more than 10 MPN per gram were detected in 88 samples (90.7%) and 44 samples (45.4%), respectively. The food-borne pathogenic bacteria comprising Salmonella spp., Vibrio cholerae non O1/ non O 139, Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria spp. (the group of Listeria related to L. monocytogenes) were also detected in 16, 14, 2, and 47 samples or 16.5, 14.4, 2.1, and 48.4 percent respectively whereas other pathogenic bacteria including Shigella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, were not detected in all samples. The statistical evaluation for the relation between microbial contamination and sources fresh vegetable samples was demonstrated that the number of positive samples for E.coli, Listeria spp., and other food-borne pathogenic bacteria collected from supermarkets were significantly different from fresh markets (p
Quality of Adverse Event Related Vaccines between 2003 and 2007
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2010-01-22) Wereyarmarst Jaroenkunathum; Puntawit Natakul; Usa Kittisakchai; Chanittra Maenmeun
The Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL) of Division of Radiation and Medical Devices is a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and World Health Organization (WHO) network of SSDL to provides the dosimetry calibration services to maintain the radiation standard.A Reference standard dosimeter has been calibrated at Osterreichisches Forschungszentrum Seibersdorf Ges. M.b.H. Austria. According to ISO/IEC 17025, calibration laboratory shall evaluate the uncertainty of measurement for all calibrations entities. The uncertainty budget for survey meter calibration are uncertainties from the calibration certificate from primary standard, temperature, pressure, distance, working standard dosimeter reading, resolution and stability of working standard dosimeter and test dosimeter reading. The expanded uncertainty, found to be 5.1% at confidence level of 95% (k=2)
Radiation Attenuation of Gypsum Wallboard
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-02-02) Jare Wutthisas; Chaiyut Natheetorn; Arnon Srisook
ABSTRACT Key words : x-ray, gypsum wallboard, attenuation, HVL, TVLThis research was to study radiation attenuation and to investigate the thickness of gypsumwallboard used as radiation shielding for general diagnostic x-ray and dental x-ray machines. The radiationattenuation of the gypsum wallboard was comparatively tested by using a dental x-ray machine (at 60 kVp),a general x-ray machine in single phase system (at 60, 80 and 100 kVp) and a general x-ray machine inthree phases system (at 60, 80 and 100 kVp). The parameters of attenuation including of a , b, g, HVL andTVL were obtained from fitting curve according to the Douglas J. Simpkin (1995) method. Levels of radiationattenuation at 60 kVp were high for all x-ray machines. Nevertheless, at 80 kVp and 100 kVp, low radiationattenuation was found both for a single phase and three phase general x-ray machines. Although a greaternumber of gypsum wallboard were used, the radiation attenuation was found to be constant. The resultssuggested that gypsum wallboard is not suitable for using as primary and secondary radiation shielding for generaldiagnostic x-ray machines. It is also not suitable for using as primary protective barrier of dental x-raymachines. However, It was found that gypsum wallboard can provide suitable protection for using assecondary radiation shielding of dental x-ray unit at the workload of 200 mA*min/wk for the distance of1.5 meters from the x-ray tube, if its thickness is at least 2.1 centimeters.
Risk Assessment of 3-MCPD in Food to Thais
(Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences - วารสารกรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทย์, 2011-01-24) Laddawan Rojanapantip; Pakping Saengdee; Puntip Teeyapan; Rungrueng Kijphati; Natenapit Dhananiveskul
In 2004-2005, a research on 3-MCPD risk assessment among Thais was carried out nation-wide to obtain the most recent data for Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additive (JECFA) further exposure evaluation and for the CODEX decision on the international maximum level standard and also for the Thai FDA decision on the standard revision. The study of hazard identification and dose - response characterization were conducted based on literature review and exposure assessment derived from the consume amount of foods together with 3-MCPD content in those foods. For 3-MCPD content in foods were determine by GC-MS using d5 3-MCPD as internal standard. Risk Characterization was performed by comparing the dietary exposure of 3-MCPD to safety level (Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake, PMTDI) specified by JECFA. Two hundred and sixty eight samples of 11 kinds of seasoning products taken from 512 households in 4 regions (North, South, North East and Central) of Thailand and 98 samples of 24 kinds of food products include tap water and beers were analyzed for 3-MCPD content. It was found that the median of 3-MCPD in most of food and seasoning products were less than 0.01 milligram per kilogram except seasoning sauce (Acid-HVP) and soup powder were 0.19 and 0.03 milligram per kilogram respectively. When calculated 3-MCPD amount in food with consumption amount, it was found that the daily intake of 3-MCPD by Thais was 55.6 times lower than PMTDI. When taking the 1 milligram per kilogram as the maximum level of 3-MCPD in seasoning sauces which produced by acid hydrolysis, it was found that the exposure amount of 3-MCPD in Thais was still 6.3 times lower than PMTDI. In conclusion, Thai population are safe from 3-MCPD in food. Key word : risk assessment, 3-MCPD in Food, Thais

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