Journal of the Indian Society of Toxicology
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Editor: Dr V V Pillay
ISSN: 0973-3558 (Print)
Frequency: Semi-annual
Language: English
Published by The Indian Society of Toxicology
Peer-reviewed open access journal indexed in Index Medicus
Web site: https://indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jist&type=home
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Item Biochemical toxicity study on rat brain upon co-exposure to aluminium and ethanol.(2005-06) Nayak, P; Das, S K; Vasudevan, D MAluminium and alcohol are well known neuro toxins. Co-exposure of these neuro toxins has been studied in rats. Alcohol exposure significantly affected the aluminium content, protein content, acid phosphatase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, alanine aminotransferase activity, glutathione-S-transferase activity, and glucose 6-phosphate dehy-drogenase activity of brain. Aluminium exposure, on the other hand, contributed significantly only in the alterations of aluminium content, acid phosphatase activity, and aspartate aminotransf erase activity of brain of rats in the present study. The interaction of both aluminium intoxication and alcohol exposure is significant only in the case of acid phosphatase and glutathione-S-transferase activities of brain. Therefore, from the observations of the present investigation, it can be suggested that the general neurotoxic-ity produced by aluminium is not modified by alcohol. However, the aluminium load and oxidative stress, caused by aluminium exposure, may be influenced by alcohol co-exposure.Item Acute and subacute toxicities of hydroethanolic extract of the ripe fruits of solatium torvum sw. (solanaceae).(2005-06) Kuete, V; Penlap, Beng V; Etoa, F-X; Lontsi, D; Tchouanguep, Mbiapo FAcute and subacute toxicity of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the ripe fruit of Solanum torvum Sw. was studied by force-feeding albino Wistar rats following the European Community and WHO toxicity guidelines. The results of the acute toxicity study indicated the median lethal dose (LD50; as I9g/kg body weight after 48 hours of treatment, and the significant variation (P < 0.05) of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total proteins (TP), total bilirubin (TBil), and creatinine at doses of 16–20g/kg body weight. These results also indicated significant variation of the liver alkaline phosphatase (ALP), AST, ALT, TP, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) at higher doses. The results of the subacute toxicity study showed significant variation in the body weight, but no modification (P < 0.05) of blood and liver parameters compared to the control group. In both acute and subacute toxicity, histological studies revealed that there were no major pathological changes of the liver and kidneys in treated rats. The results show that this extract is not highly toxic, but consumption of higher doses beyond 16g/kg could cause liver injury. Moderate consumption of small doses up to Ig/kg twice a week for 6 weeks appeared safe.Item Anticlastogenic activity of plumbago indica using mouse bone marrow: Micronucleus test.(2005-06) Rojwani, L S; Prabhu, D; Desai, P VCertain human cancers can be prevented by identification of mutagenic agents in the environment and protecting humans from exposure to such agents. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anticlastogenic activity of Plumbago indica in mouse bone marrow cells. The known clastogen used was mitomycin C at 1.5mg/kg body weight. The Plumbago indica extract is treated with mitomycin C at three different dose levels viz., 0.5, 1 & 2mg/kg at varying time periods. The pretreatment was carried out at 3, 6, & 12 hours, and the animals were sacrificed after 24 hours of the last administered injection. The percent inhibition of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) was found to be more than 50% at all time points of pretreatment. Plumbago indica was found to be effective at 12 hours before treatment of mitomycin C (−80%). The inhibition of micronuclei in MNPCEs induced by mitomycin C was not effective at simultaneous and post treatment of Plumbago indica.Item Poisoning surveillance and creation of protocol for the treatment of rare poisons in a private corporate hospital.(2005-06) Rexy, JA survey on the incidence of poisoning was conducted at Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The retrospective study by the Drug/Poison Information Center on incidence of poisoning in the department of Accident and Emergency Medicine indicated the requirement of treatment protocols for some rare poisons. Hence, the Drug/Poison Information Center developed and introduced the “Protocol for the Treatment of Rare Poisons” to the physicians of various departments and their response to the protocol was collected in the feedback form. Analysis of the feedback data revealed that the protocol was well appreciated by the physicians involved in the study.Item Homicidal aluminium phosphide poisoning.(2005-06) Agarwal, S S; Kumar, L; Kumar, S; Sheikh, IDead body of a female was brought for postmortem examination at the mortuary of New Civil Hospital, Surat. History revealed that her husband had given three tablets to her on the pretext that these tablets would help in the birth of a male child. She became ill soon after consuming the tablets and died within 12 hours of ingestion while under treatment. Autopsy revealed death from aluminium phosphide poisoning. This unusual case is presented here.Item How safe is ryle’s tube feeding.(2005-06) Kuligod, F S; Jirli, P S; Hareesh, S G; Gurudut, K SAdministration of fluid diet by nasogastric tube is indicated in patients who are unable or unwilling to take sufficient nourishment by mouth. Ryle's tube is one among such devices, which is commonly used for feeding unconscious patients, and for performing stomach wash in cases of suspected poisoning. But before using this tube for any procedure it is imperative to check the correct position of the distal end of the tube. This is because, occasionally the tube may inadvertently enter the airway instead of the gastrointestinal tract. In rare cases, even when the tube is positioned in the gastrointestinal tract, fatality can result. A case is reported here in which, an adult male with a history of head injury was admitted to the hospital in an unconscious state, and died after a period of about 12 hours following admission. At autopsy, food particles were seen in the lung parenchyma, which indicated faulty positioning of Ryle's tube that had led to fatality. Chest X-ray showed the Ryle's tube curving at the fundus of the stomach and re-entering the oesophagus.Item Mass poisoning with jatropha curcas - A case report.(2005-06) Ghodkirekar, M S G; Joshi, V M; Kantak, M P; Perni, S; Sapeco, S DIn India, accidental poisoning due to ingestion of plant seeds is common among children, especially under 12 years of age. It varies from relatively mild poisoning to fatal poisoning. Since unripe fruits of Yellow Oleander (Cerbera thevetia; Thevetia peruviana) resemble the fruits of Jatropha curcas, and symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain are common to both when ingested, differentiating the two is occasionally difficult. In this paper, the authors share their experience of a mass poisoning with Jatropha curcas that was initially mistaken to be due to Cerbera thevetia.Item Luminescent bacteria as biosensor for mercury toxicity.(2005-06) Seema, Nair; Ammu, Thomas; Neema, Job; Girija, D S; Unni, A K KAgricultural activities and human industrialization are mainly responsible for the release of heavy metals into the environment, especially the air and the water. The first step towards the effective management of water resources is the assessment of pollution levels. Biosensors for the detection of pollutants in the environment can complement analytical methods by distinguishing bioavailable from inert, unavailable forms of contaminants. A bioassay system for detecting heavy metals in water using bioluminescent bacteria, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio fischeri has been developed, which offers the advantages of simplicity and rapidity for screening heavy metals in water sources. Bioluminescence was found to be species specific and strain specific. Mercury, zinc and copper showed definite microbial toxicity and inhibition of bioluminescence. The inhibition range for each strain of a species was standardized and its reproducibility verified. The utility of the biosensors to detect heavy metals in tap water was demonstrated with samples supplemented with Hg (II).Item Auramine poisoning: How was it confirmed.(2005-06) Arun, M; Palimar, VItem Detection of paracetamol in skin tissue by GC-MS: A case study.(2005-06) Jain, R K; Jayshanker, G; Sarin, R KA 13 year-old child suffered an anaphylactic reaction to a drug combination and died in the clinic. The Investigating Officer collected an assortment of drugs and injection vials from the clinic and forwarded them along with the injection site of the victim's skin and some viscera to the laboratory for examination. At the laboratory, the samples were subjected to chemical and chromatographic analysis. After extracting the drug from the biological samples, TLC was done using a new solvent system, which improved the separation of drug from the matrix. A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method devised for the determination of paracetamol residue in skin tissues was done. This method allows for detection of residual drug in biological tissues by using single-ion monitoring, and confirmation by a full scan electron impact (El) mass spectrum. Paracetamol was extracted with ether/chloroform from the samples after acidic and basic extraction procedures, cleaned up and washed, followed by partition between chloroform. The cleaned up extract was injected into the GC-MS, and detection was done using single ion monitoring at m/z 109.Item Profile of methyl parathion poisoning in Manipal, India.(2005-06) Palimar, V; Saralaya, K M; Arun, M; Mohanty, M K; Singh, BThe main objective of this study was to collect data with regard to the pattern of acute methyl parathion poisoning in this part of the world. One hundred and fifty three patients with organophosphate poisoning presented to Kasturba Hospital, Manipal between January 2001 and December 2002, out of which 58 cases (37.9%) were due to methyl parathion exposure. The commonest reason for poisoning was suicide (98.2%). A significant proportion of victims were male (72.4%), many in the 21–30 years age group (43.1%). In 77.5% of the cases, the poisoning incident occurred during daytime. Manifestations were predominantly muscarinic in nature, and the median value of serum pseudocholinesterase at admission was 2407.5 IU/L. Respiratory failure was the commonest complication (41.2%). 25.8% of the cases ended in death, and 40% of these succumbed within 24 hours of exposure.Item Accidental formaldehyde poisoning in aquaculture student.(2005-06) Rodrigues, E J; Fernandes, A V; Kamat, G S; Rataboli, P V; Dhume, CFormaldehyde is an eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritant. Inhalation of vapour can produce narrowing of the bronchi and pneumonia. Liquid formalin causes corrosion of mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Systemic effects of formaldehyde are primarily due to conversion to formic acid and may include metabolic acidosis, circulatory shock, and acute renal failure. We report a case of accidental ingestion of formalin in an aquaculture research student.Item Clonidine for organophosphate poisoning: Some doubts.(2005-06) Menezes, R G; Singh, B; Mohanty, M KItem Management of toxicological emergencies at different health care levels: A comparative study.(2005-06) Sharma, B R; Harish, D; Sharma, A K; Bangar, S; Gupta, M; Sharma, RThe proliferation of numerous poisonous substances due to rapid development in science and technology, coupled with the vast growth in industrial and agricultural sectors has substantially increased the incidence of poisoning in recent times. Today, a number of chemical substances, which were originally developed to protect agricultural products from rodents and pests, are at the forefront of suicidal ingestions. The aim of this retrospective comparative study is to analyze the characteristics of toxicological emergencies reporting at three different levels of health care centers-primary, secondary and tertiary - in order to find out the problems faced at each level with reference to their management, and to highlight the need to redress such problems to reduce the ever-increasing deaths due to poisoning.Item Metformin overdose: A case report.(2005-06) Dogru, O; Koken, R; Bukulmez, A; Yurumez; Yavuz, Y; Ovali, FMetformin is widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Overdose with this drug in children may cause profound, wide anion-gap metabolic acidosis and may be potentially lethal. After correction of circulation deficits, bicarbonate replacement may be sufficient for the treatment of acidosis, and there may be no need for haemodyalisis. A case of a teenager is reported in this paper who ingested one of the largest amounts of metformin reported in the literature in a suicide attempt.Item Perfect takeoff.(2005-06) Pillay, V VWhen we first decided to start a professional society exclusively (and yet comprehensively) devoted to the field of toxicology about a year ago, little did we anticipate that it would grow so quickly, or that it would become so popular among a wide range of professionals, that we can now boast of a membership spanning the entire gamut of toxicology: clinical, forensic, pharmaceutical, occupational, you name it, and we have some member or the other who represents that area. In less than a year, the Indian Society of Toxicology has grown almost to a 200-member strong contingent that is continuing to record its precocious growth even as this editorial is being written, so much so that the figures being mentioned would undoubtedly have changed by the time this issue of the journal reaches the hands of its subscribers (your hands). While it took a premier national society devoted to forensic medicine (of which the editor is a life member) decades to cross the 500 member mark, at the rate at which 1ST is growing currently, it will not be surprising if that milestone is crossed in less than 5 years (touchwood!). What is even more heartening is that nearly half the existing members are life members, the long haulers in contrast to transient wayfarers, who actually dictate in the long run as to whether a Society is going to be able to achieve its goals. And there are so many goals to achieve, so many miles to go before we sleep! This brings us to the Inaugural Conference of the Society, which will hopefully be the forerunner for regular annual conferences in the years to come. Holding regular conferences, symposia, and workshops in various areas of toxicology is one of the most important objectives of the Society, since that is the principal manner by which we can highlight the importance of the subject to our scientific brethren, and even the lay public at large, besides serving as a forum where we can interact with each other and learn from each other. By the time you get to read this issue, the Inaugural Conference (TOXOCON-1) should be well under way, since the release of the former has been designed to coincide with the date of the Conference (28 November 2005). The next issue of this journal (JIST), i.e., the Jan-June 2006 issue will carry a detailed report of TOXOCON-1, including full text versions of invited lectures and award winning papers presented at the Conference, as well as abstracts of all other papers. So, if you are just an annual (2005) member, or your subscription runs out by the year end, you would do well to renew the membership/subscription, or better still become a life member of 1ST and receive all future issues without break in continuity. Coming to this issue of JIST, a look at the contents will indicate the range and depth of the articles published, as well as the international nature of the journal. We have articles not only from various parts of India, but also from other countries such as Malaysia, Cameroon, and Turkey. And the waiting list of articles to be published keeps growing inexorably. What better indicator of the success of a professional journal can there be than the length of its waiting list of prospective authors! The hugely popular features (Toxiquiz and Toxicology Snippets) of course find a place in this issue as in the previous one, and in fact will be made permanent fixtures. In future issues, it is proposed to add more innovative features that will be specifically designed with a view to make them useful and interesting. After all it is our avowed aim to make JIST the gold standard for professional journals published on the subject from India.Item Cyfluthrin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.(2006-07) Omotuyi, I O; Oluyemi, K A; Omofoma, C O; Josiah, S J; Adesanya, O AThis study was designed to evaluate the nephrotoxic effect of cyfluthrin in rats. Cyfluthrin at 0ppm (control), 100ppm and 200ppm (test-groups) was administered orally for 15 weeks. The micronutrient level (iron, zinc, copper, and selenium), the nutritional status (total carbohydrate, total glucose, total protein, total amino acids, total lipid, and total cholesterol), the lipid peroxidation level (reduced glutathione and thiobarbiturate) and the antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) were estimated. The results were statistically compared (p<0.05) with the control. A significant decrease in the organ-to-body ratio was observed in the test groups. The concentration of the micronutrient in the test groups increased significantly. The total carbohydrate, total glucose, total amino acids, total lipids and total cholesterol showed a significant decrease in the test groups, but a significant increase was observed in the tissue protein level of the test groups. Lipid peroxidation was increased in the test groups as indicated by a significant increase in the thiobarbiturate level and a significant decrease in the reduced glutathione level. All the antioxidant enzymes studied increased significantly in the test groups when compared with the control. Cyfluthrin is nephrotoxic under continuous administration in rats.Item Co-induction of regenerative DNA, proteins and glucose-6-phosphatase activity after treatment of partially hepatectomized rats with nigerian light crude oil.(2006-07) Oruambo, Ibiba FThe effect(s) of two doses of Light Crude Oil (LCO) on the concentrations of regenerative DNA, total protein and glucose-6-phosphatase activity, as molecular indices of potential carcinogenicity was determined in liver homogenates of partially-hepatectomized and non-hepatectomized (normal) rat liver. Rats were treated with intraperitoneal injection at six hours, and sacrificed twenty-four hours post-partial hepatectomy (pph); control rats were partially hepatectomized but not treated; while reference rats (with normal liver) were non-hepatectomized and not treated. Regenerative DNA was partially purified from liver homogenates and quantified by the diphenylamine method; total protein concentration was determined directly in the homogenates by the Biuret method; and glucose-6-phosphatase activity by a modification of the Fiske-Subbarow method. Results showed a 21.5% increase in glucose-6-phosphatase activity in partially-hepatectomized rat liver over non-hepatectomized controls, 59.3% and 9.8% increases in total homogenate protein concentration at 2.5 and 5.0ml/kg body weight (bw) LCO respectively; 68.2% and 46.0% increases in glucose-6-phosphatase activity at 2.5 and 5.0 ml/kg bw over the control, respectively. Increases in partially-purified regenerative DNA concentrations also occurred at 13.7% and 20.5% over the controls at 2.5 and 5.0 ml/kg bw, respectively. Nigerian light crude oil (LCO) apparently induced increases in both regenerative DNA and protein syntheses at the first wave of synthesis (24hrs. pph) at the two dose levels tested, while also inducing increases in the bio-transformation by, or perhaps synthesis of, microsomes (cytochrome P450 and 448 detoxification enzymes) as judged by the increased level of the marker enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase. These results may shed more light on the probable molecular mechanism of LCO's potential carcinogenicity and/or toxicity.Item The protective role of vitamins (C&E), selenium, silymarin and rehydran-N against lead toxicity under heat stress conditions.(2006-07) Shalan, M G; Abd, Ali WDh; El-Batanony, M HThis study was done to investigate the use of vitamins C & E, selenium, silymarin and rehydration solution to ameliorate lead toxicity under heat stress conditions. Male albino rats were subdivided into four groups: the first was a control group, the second was exposed to heat stress (40 ± 2°C) in a closed and controlled chamber, the third received 25 mg/100 g body weight lead acetate day by day and exposed to the same heat stress conditions, the fourth was exposed to the same lead and hyperthermia conditions and supplemented three times per week with 1 mg/100 g body weight of each of vitamins C & E, silymarin, and 0.01mg/100g B.W. of selenium, and a daily drink of rehydran-n solution. Blood samples were collected after 25 days of treatment. Lead was found to induce significant elevations in blood glucose, total protein, cholesterol, lead, ALT, AST, GGT, ALP and LDH levels under heat stress conditions. Hyperthermia induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation, which was aggravated under lead intoxication. A reduction in body weight was observed in heat stressed groups. Hepatomegally was observed in heat stressed animals, which was aggravated with lead intake. Under heat stress condition, randomly scattered hepatocytes showed acidophilic and apoptotic changes. Under heat and lead exposure, these changes were enhanced and showed midzonal distribution, in addition to marked periportal microvesicular steatosis. Treatment of rats with vitamins C & E, silymarin, selenium, and rehydran-n resulted in marked improvement in the biochemical, molecular, physiological, and histopathological parameters.Item Victimologic study of snakebite envenomation.(2006-07) Palimar, V; Arun, M; Mohanty, M KSnakebite is of grave concern in most parts of India. Being a tropical country with an extensive coastline, India is home to a variety of snakes both poisonous and non-poisonous. This is a retrospective research study conducted at Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, which is a tertiary care teaching hospital situated in Coastal Karnataka, South India. During a three-year period starting from 1st January 2001 to 31st December 2003, one hundred and twenty six cases of snakebites that were admitted at Kasturba Hospital, Manipal were studied. The commonest age group affected was 21-30 years with a male preponderance (66.7%). The victims were agriculturists in 54 cases. Most of the bites occurred during summer. Bites occurred when the victim was outdoors in 72.2% of the cases. Lower limb was commonly involved. Double fang mark was seen in 47.6% of the cases. Non-poisonous snakebite was seen in 38.1% of the cases. One hundred and twenty patients survived, and 6 persons died, representing a mortality of 4.8%.