Journal of the Indian Society of Toxicology

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/134840

Editor: Dr V V Pillay

ISSN: 0973-3558 (Print)

Frequency: Semi-annual

Language: English

Published by The Indian Society of Toxicology

Peer-reviewed open access journal indexed in Index Medicus

Web site: https://indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jist&type=home

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 143

Accidental formaldehyde poisoning in aquaculture student.
(2005-06) Rodrigues, E J; Fernandes, A V; Kamat, G S; Rataboli, P V; Dhume, C
Formaldehyde is an eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritant. Inhalation of vapour can produce narrowing of the bronchi and pneumonia. Liquid formalin causes corrosion of mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Systemic effects of formaldehyde are primarily due to conversion to formic acid and may include metabolic acidosis, circulatory shock, and acute renal failure. We report a case of accidental ingestion of formalin in an aquaculture research student.
Accidental mass poisoning in children: A case report.
(2011-01) Prasad, Mahadeshwara D R; Kamble, Dnyaneshwar D; Aramani, Sunil C; Gouda, Hareesh S; Honnungar, Ravindra S; Jirli, Prasanna S
Accidental poisoning, a common paediatric emergency, is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality in children. More than half of all cases reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers involve children under the age of six. And sadly, the majority of these accidental poisonings occur at home. However in India, the precise incidence of accidental poisoning among children is uncertain due to lack of reporting of all the cases. In India, pesticides are used abundantly for cultivation and are stored negligently at home, making them a potential source of accidental poisoning in children especially in rural areas. The best way to minimize paedi-atric accidental poisoning is by creating awareness about safe use and storage of poisonous substances and constant supervision of children. A case of accidental paedi-atric mass poisoning due to organophosphorus pesticide is being reported in this article.
Acephate-induced alterations in acetylcholine and acetyl-cholinesterase of different brain regions of albino rat.
(2009-01) Siraj, Mohiyuddin S; Jacob, Doss P
Acephate (O,S-dimethyl acetyl phosphoramidothioate) is a racemic organophosphorus insecticide, and is effective against a wide range of insects and their larvae. The present study investigated the effect of acute sublethal dose of acephate on acetylcholine (ACh) levels and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in different regions of rat brain, viz., cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. The LD50 of acephate (1080mg/kg) was evaluated by probit analysis method. Albino rats were divided into 4 groups with group I serving as control, while II, III and IV groups were given single, double, and multiple doses of acephate (1/5 LD50, i.e., 216mg/kg) orally, respectively. After a pre-determined time period, the rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and the brain tissue was isolated in cold conditions to carry out estimations of ACh content and AChE activity. In contrast to increased AChE inhibition, ACh levels were elevated in all brain regions in a dose-dependent manner.
Acute and subacute toxicities of hydroethanolic extract of the ripe fruits of solatium torvum sw. (solanaceae).
(2005-06) Kuete, V; Penlap, Beng V; Etoa, F-X; Lontsi, D; Tchouanguep, Mbiapo F
Acute and subacute toxicity of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the ripe fruit of Solanum torvum Sw. was studied by force-feeding albino Wistar rats following the European Community and WHO toxicity guidelines. The results of the acute toxicity study indicated the median lethal dose (LD50; as I9g/kg body weight after 48 hours of treatment, and the significant variation (P < 0.05) of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total proteins (TP), total bilirubin (TBil), and creatinine at doses of 16–20g/kg body weight. These results also indicated significant variation of the liver alkaline phosphatase (ALP), AST, ALT, TP, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) at higher doses. The results of the subacute toxicity study showed significant variation in the body weight, but no modification (P < 0.05) of blood and liver parameters compared to the control group. In both acute and subacute toxicity, histological studies revealed that there were no major pathological changes of the liver and kidneys in treated rats. The results show that this extract is not highly toxic, but consumption of higher doses beyond 16g/kg could cause liver injury. Moderate consumption of small doses up to Ig/kg twice a week for 6 weeks appeared safe.
Acute oral toxicity and histopathological studies of cypermethrin in rats.
(2011-01) Nagarjuna, A; Jacob, Doss P
Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used to control pests in domestic, industrial and agricultural situations. This study was carried out to investigate acute oral toxicity and histopathological changes of cypermethrin in albino rats. As per Finney's probit analysis method, at 48 h, LD50 value of cypermethrin in rats was found to be 205 mg/kg bw by gavage method. Behavioural changes were mostly in the form of motor signs. On exposure to sublethal doses (41 mg/kg bw) of cypermethrin as single dose, double dose and multiple dose, mild to severe histological changes in duodenum, lungs and tes-tes could be demonstrated by haematoxylin and eosin staining.
Alpha Tocopherol (Vitamin-E) improves renal dysfunction in rats in acrolein-induced nephrotoxicity.
(2007-01) Rengaswamy, Gopal
Acrolein, one of the most common environmental and industrial pollutants is mainly formed during the combustion of organic matter. Due to the widespread presence of acrolein (1%-13%) among the total atmospheric aldehydes, and its potential health hazards, the present study was carried out to evaluate the biochemical mechanism of acrolein on oxidative stress-mediated nephrotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of a-tocopherol (a form of Vitamin E), against acrolein-induced nephrotoxicity. Male Wistar rats weighing 90–100 g were used in the study. The rats were divided into three groups: Group I was given distilled water; group II was given acrolein at a concentration of 2.5 mg/kg body weight/day through oral intubation, for a period of 45 days; group III was given an oral dose of acrolein (2.5 mg/kg body weight/day) supplemented with α-tocopherol in the diet at a concentration of 65 mg/kg diet/day. The levels of reduced glutathione, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and the activity of catalase were decreased significantly (P<0.001), whereas the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (P<0.001) and glutathione-S-transferase (P<0.01) were increased in acrolein-treated rat kidney. The levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were increased significantly (P<0.001) in experimental animals, whereas the level of blood glucose was decreased significantly (P<0.001). These results suggest that supplementation of vitamin E effectively scavenges free radicals in tissues, regenerating the antioxidants and the antioxidant enzymes which prevent renal deterioration in acrolein-induced toxicity in rats. It appears that in the case of renal impairment, α-toco-pherol therapy could emerge as an additional therapeutic modality in reducing the damage that often results from certain anti-cancer drugs like cyclophosphamide, where acrolein is one of the toxic metabolites, forming acroleinprotein adducts.
Alteration in protein metabolic profiles in gastrocnemius muscle tissue of rats during cypermethrin toxicosis.
(2008-01) Nagarjuna, A; Prasad, S Rajendra; Mohyuddin, S Siraj; Sekhar, P Ravi; Doss, P Jacob
Cypermethrin is the most widely used Type II pyrethroid pesticide in India because of its high efficacy against target species, and its reportedly low mammalian toxicity. It is a fast-acting neurotoxin and is known to cause free radical-mediated tissue damage. This paper is an attempt at estimating its toxicity in rats at a molecular level. Following exposure to oral, sublethal doses (41 mg/kg bw) of cypermethrin as single dose, double dose, and multiple dose with 48 h interval, the various profiles of protein metabolism were studied in different groups of rat muscle tissue. Total proteins showed decrement, whereas free amino acids, and the activity of protease, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase as well as ammonia significantly increased in cypermethrin-exposed rats. Urea content increase at all doses of exposure was not statistically significant. These effects on the protein metabolism of rats exposed to cypermethrin, which cause impairment of protein synthetic machinery, indicate its toxic effects on cellular functioning.
Alteration of haematological profiles due to cypermethrin toxicosis in rana hexadactyla.
(2008-07) Jayakumar, R; Nagarjuna, A; Devaraju, T; Rao, K Jayantha
Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide with low mammalian toxicity but high insecticidal activity. Following exposure to sublethal concentration of cypermethrin (1/10 LC50 1.63mg/l) in frogs, the haematological profiles were investigated over 7 days and 30 days. The results revealed statistically significant decrease of red blood cells, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, and neutrophils, and increase of the other white blood cells, including lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils.
Analysis of Pyrethroids in Mosquito Mats, Coils and Spray Canisters.
(2011-07) Merchant, S P; Bhise, R S; Carpenter, Shelina S
Use of mosquito mats, coils and spray are popular methods of avoiding mosquito bites. There are many commercially available mosquito mats, coils and spray canisters which contain pyrethroids, that can cause nervous system toxicity on substantial exposure. Prolonged use of these mosquito repellents can affect human health. When cases of pyrethroid poisoning are reported to a forensic toxicologist, it is very important to be able to extract, isolate, separate and detect the pyrethroid compound. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is widely used today for the detection of pyrethroids. More sophisticated techniques such as Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) or High Pressure Liquid Chro-matography (HPLC) can be used for the confirmation of the compound. It is therefore important to create a laboratory database, which can be helpful in forensic examinations in future.
Anaphylaxis due to indian black ant bite [Camponotus compressus] and a short review of literature.
(2012-01) Naik, B Sadananda; Prabhu, Krishna Mohan; Jyothi, C S
Anaphylaxis and death have been reported due to bite by many species of ants such as fire ant, carpenter ant, black ant (samsum), etc. But anaphylaxis due to the bite of the Common Indian Black Ant (Camponotus compressus) is unusual, and has rarely been reported. We are reporting a case of anaphylaxis due to Indian black ant bite. Though the patient did not provide any previous history of a bite by this ant species, it could be presumed that he could have been bitten earlier. This case report emphasizes the need for precautions against bites by this species of ant which is widely regarded as relatively harmless.
Anticlastogenic activity of plumbago indica using mouse bone marrow: Micronucleus test.
(2005-06) Rojwani, L S; Prabhu, D; Desai, P V
Certain human cancers can be prevented by identification of mutagenic agents in the environment and protecting humans from exposure to such agents. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anticlastogenic activity of Plumbago indica in mouse bone marrow cells. The known clastogen used was mitomycin C at 1.5mg/kg body weight. The Plumbago indica extract is treated with mitomycin C at three different dose levels viz., 0.5, 1 & 2mg/kg at varying time periods. The pretreatment was carried out at 3, 6, & 12 hours, and the animals were sacrificed after 24 hours of the last administered injection. The percent inhibition of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) was found to be more than 50% at all time points of pretreatment. Plumbago indica was found to be effective at 12 hours before treatment of mitomycin C (−80%). The inhibition of micronuclei in MNPCEs induced by mitomycin C was not effective at simultaneous and post treatment of Plumbago indica.
Antiteratogenic effects of caffeine on external, visceral, and skeletal anomalies of rat foetuses.
(2008-01) Dwivedi, V; Rashmi, C
This study reports the antiteratogenic effects of caffeine on various anomalies on Charles Foster rat foetuses. The antiteratogenic activity of caffeine was assessed against two teratogens, cyclophosphamide and tolbutamide, both having different teratogenic potentials. External, visceral, and skeletal anomalies were assessed among the foetuses of both control and treated groups. Controls showed 2.5%, 0.0% and 5% external, visceral, and skeletal anomalies respectively. The offspring of caffeine-treated females showed 2.43% and 4.36% of external and visceral anomalies, while there were no skeletal anomalies. Foetuses of females treated with caffeine-tolbutamide combination showed 4.34% and 9.09% external and skeletal anomalies, which were comparatively higher than the control and caffeine-treated subgroups. However, no visceral anomalies were seen in this group. The offspring from dams treated with tolbutamide showed the highest incidence of external, visceral, and skeletal anomalies (10%, 4.6% and 13.04%) respectively. This preliminary study reveals that caffeine at dose levels of 12.5 mg/kg body weight has a protective effect on tolbutamide-treated foetuses. No foetuses could be obtained for the study of anomalies from the cyclophosphamide-treated dams because of total resorption.
Aripiprazole overdose causing neuroleptic malignant syndrome: A clinical report and brief review.
(2009-07) Vaswani, R; Vaswani, V
A student on aripiprazole (an atypical second generation antipsychotic drug) was admitted with deliberate overdose of the drug, and in the course of her hospital stay developed a clinical picture of mild neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). She survived after supportive care. A brief review is included on the incidence of NMS secondary to aripiprazole overdose, and reveals an increasing incidence
Assessing the suitability of vitreous humor as a sample for toxicological analysis – A prospective study.
(2009-01) Kumar, Ashwini; Sharma, Harish D
The incidence of poisoning and substance abuse have been steadily rising in India over the last few decades. Accurate diagnosis of poisoning is essential, both in the living as well as in the dead, for therapeutic and medicolegal purposes respectively. Poisons are generally detected in body fluids such as urine, blood, or gastric lavage during life, while they are detected in the contents of stomach, bowel and the viscera, besides urine and vomitus, after death. In a dead body, one of the better samples to complement blood is vitreous humor, because it is less likely to degrade quickly, and is fairly easy to collect at autopsy. In this study, an attempt has been made to assess the role of vitreous humor as a suitable sample for toxicological analysis in the detection of all kinds of poisoning after death. The study was done on alleged cases of poisoning subjected to medicolegal autopsy at the mortuary of Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh. Attempt was also made to corelate the vitreous humor findings with that of the official report from the Chemical Examiner's Laboratory at the state or central level.
Assessment of diethylphthalate reproductive toxicity: A three generation chronic exposure study in wistar rats.
(2007-01) Pereira, C; Mapuskar, K; Vaman Rao, C
The present study was undertaken to understand the reproductive toxic effect of DEP over three generations of male and female Wistar rats. Healthy male and female albino rats of Wistar strain weighing 75–100g were randomly assigned to two groups of six each. Group I (Control) male and female rats were fed on normal diet and water ad libitum. Group II (DEP) male and female rats were given DEP dissolved in corn oil mixed with the diet at 50 mg/kg of the diet/day. 100 days after the treatment, females were mated with males for 10 days. Exposure to DEP was continued throughout mating, gestation until termination at weaning, which was 150 days of total treatment period of parental generation. The F1 and F2 generation pups were then segregated on the basis of their sex, and six male and female pups of both generations were allowed to grow till they were 75–100g in weight. The treatment was then carried out similar to the parental generation but with reduced dose of 25 mg/kg of the diet/day for F1 generation, and 10 mg/kg of the diet/day for F2 generation. 100 days after the treatment, females were mated with males for 10 days. Exposure to DEP was continued throughout mating, gestation (21 days) until termination at weaning (21 days), which was 150 days of total treatment period of the F1 and F2 generation. After 150 days of treatment, the animals were sacrificed. A significant decline in relative body and testis weight was observed in DEP treated F1 and F2 generation male rats as compared to control rats of all three generations. On the other hand, a significant increase in relative ovary weights was observed in DEP treated parental, F1 and F2 generation female rats, while relative body weights of the female rats were significantly decreased in F1 and F2 generation treated rats. Significant decrease in litter size was observed over generations in the treated group as compared to controls. A significant increase in testicular LDH and glycogen levels were observed in DEP treated F2 generation male rats as compared to control rats. Significant increase in ovarian LDH, cholesterol and glycogen levels was observed in DEP treated F2 generation female rats as compared to control rats. It can be concluded from this study, that continuous exposure over three generations, inspite of dose reduction to DEP, leads to an enhanced reproductive toxic effect in latter generations.
Assessment of Mercury Contamination of Eloor Region of Periyar River in Kerala by Dithizone Method.
(2011-07) Mohapatra, Sudhesna; Pillay, VV; Arathy, SL
Pollution in Periyar River in Kerala is increasing rapidly and mercury is a major pollutant that is released by the industries situated on its banks. Mercury toxicity is difficult to diagnose and can eventually result in conditions such as Minimata disease if not controlled. An attempt has been made in this study to assess the extent of mercury contamination in the river by dithizone method and compare it with the maximum permissible level for river water. A comparison has also been attempted to assess the extent of mercury contamination of Periyar with that of other contaminated rivers of India. A total of 40 water samples each were collected from 10 different locations of Periyar river at surface level and at 1 metre depth. The samples were analysed by dithizone method of heavy metal extraction with the help of spectrophotometer. The mean mercury value obtained (at both levels) was 0.03 mg/L, which is 30 times more than the permissible level allowed in water (0.001 mg/L). The values obtained at 1m depth are slightly higher than at the surface. The mercury levels are comparable to that of polluted tributaries of other rivers such as Ganga and Yamuna in north India. It is imperative that the use of out-dated, inefficient methods of water treatment should be replaced with controlled release of mercury through separate sewer systems, and employing membrane cells, chitosan and granulated slag as adsorbents.
Auramine poisoning: How was it confirmed.
(2005-06) Arun, M; Palimar, V
Bamboo shoot – Is it edible or poisonous.
(2011-07) Kumar, GN Pramod; Chandrakant, HV; Verghese, Annie Joseph; Manjunatha, B; Balaraj, BM; Murthy, KA Sudharshan
Bamboo is just another grass with an endless list of uses. Bamboo shoot contains a cyanogenic glycoside ‘amygdalin’ composed of glucose, benzaldehyde and cyanide. We present a case of a 14 year old female patient with history of consumption of bamboo shoot extract (juice) who was brought in an unconscious state and admitted to the Department of Medicine in our hospital. She was treated symptomatically with supportive therapy after conducting relevant laboratory investigations. The patient recovered consciousness after 2 days and was discharged after 10 days of admission.
Bioaccumulation, recovery and toxicity of copper in some vital organs of freshwater crab barytelphusa gureini.
(2011-01) Siddiqui, Akhter Ali; Dikki, Dieanna
Observation and results are presented of a detailed study of accumulation of copper measured from gills, muscles, hepatopancreas and small intestine of crab Barytelphusa gureini. The results indicate marked differences in the accumulation of copper in the above organs. Maximum accumulation of metal was observed in the gills and muscle as compared to hepatopancreas and small intestine. After recovery, the levels of copper in the various organs of the crab were below the maximum permissible limits, and appear to be safe for human consumption.
Biochemical and histopathological changes in liver due to chlorpyrifos toxicity in albino rats.
(2010-07) Savithri, Y; Sekhar, P Ravi; Doss, P Jacob
The present study was conducted to examine the biochemical and histopathological changes in liver of albino rats with oral sub-lethal (20 mg/kg) administration of chlorpyrifos as single, double and multiple doses with 48 hr intervals. Protease and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) enzyme activities increased in a dose and time dependent manner. Chlorpyrifos-induced histopathological changes included central venous congestion, sinusoidal haemorrhages, and focal necrotic areas in liver. Diffuse haemorrhagic areas were observed in the heart. Degenerative changes in the muscle layer, hypertrophy of goblet cells, and infiltration and hyperaemic changes in blood vessels were observed in the intestine. These results suggest that structural integrity of certain organ systems can be disrupted to a great extent from chlorpyrifos exposure.

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