Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal
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ISSN: 2321–7227
Frequency: Quarterly
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://www.sciencedomain.org/journal-home.php?id=23
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Item Butterfly-shaped Pattern Dystrophy : Findings of Retinal Imaging(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-02) Bezza, H; Mounsif, A; Algouti, Z; Bennouk, Y; Lhaj, HA; Kriet, M; Elasri, F.Butterfly shaped pattern dystophy (BPD) is a inherited macular disease which is characterized by the accumulation of pigment/lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium, it might be misdiagnosed as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Retinal imaging is a useful tool for the differential diagnosis of pattern dystrophy. In this report, we describe a 64 year old man presented metamorphopsia and reduced visual acuity in both eyes. Fundus examination showed an area of depigmentation delimited resembling a butterfly. The OCT revealed a subfoveal hyperreflective deposit above the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) while fundus autofluorescence (FAF) shows hypoautofluorescent areas outlined by a lipofuscin deposits as hyperautofluorescent Finally, fluoroscein angiography (FFA) revealed early macular hyperfluorescence.Item Exploring Lipid Abnormalities in Senile Cataract: A Cross-Sectional Investigation(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-02) Sahare, H; Barapatre, A; Shah, MP; Vengurlekar, SG; Kinage, KG; Pathare, SS.Background: Age-related cataracts (ARC) are a common cause of vision impairment in older adults. Previous studies have suggested that abnormal Lipid profile and oxidative stress may contribute to the development and progression of ARC. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the serum Lipid profile levels in patients with ARC and healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This was a case-control study involving 50 patients with ARC and 50 age and gender-matched controls. Serum Lipid profile levels were measured using standard methods. The data were analyzed using t-test. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results showed that the mean serum level of HDL Cholesterol was significantly lower in the ARC group than in the control group, while the mean serum level of triglyceride was significantly higher in the ARC group than in the control group. Conclusion: This study indicates that altered lipid profile may be a risk factor for ARC.Item Retinitis Pigmentosa in Awka, Nigeria: A Survey Study(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-03) Ochiogu, BC; Apakama, AI; Udeaja, AC; Otuka, OAI; Onwuegbuna, AA.Background: Retinitis pigmentosa which causes irreversible blindness and affects all gender is usually inherited. Objectives: To describe the incidence and pattern of retinitis pigmentosa at the Eye Unit of Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital Awka, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The case files of all the new patients seen at the Eye Unit of the Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital Awka between January 2014 to December 2021 were reviewed. Those with clinical diagnosis of Retinitis Pigmentosa were selected and information bordering on age, sex, occupation, disease duration. associated morbidity and fundus findings were extracted and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Out of the 5461 new patients seen at the Eye Clinic within the study period, 29(0.5%) were diagnosed of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Of the 29 patients 18 (62.1%) were males and 11(37.9%) females, with male to female ratio of 1.6:1. The age range was 7 years to 69 years. Thirteen patients (44.8%) were between 16 years and 44 years. Median age was 33 years while the mean age was 34. 8+15. 2 years. Nine (31.0%) patients were students. The most common complaints of the patients were poor vision, 27(93.1%) and refractive error 8(27.68). Seven patients (24.18) were blind at presentation while retinal pigmentation was the most frequent fundus finding 29 (100%). Conclusion: Retinitis Pigmentosa is a cause of visual impairment and blindness which reduces the quality of life of affected persons. Early diagnosis and visual rehabilitation should be encouraged.Item Statistical Investigations on Relationship of Intraocular Pressure with Environmental Factors(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-02) Pedro, L; Ana, L; María, LJ; Beatriz, P; Cristina, S; Carmelo, B; Irene, S.Clinical relevance: Intraocular pressure (IOP) has a significant role in glaucoma pathophysiology. There are factors that influence in the IOP value, such as central corneal thickness or the biomechanical properties of the cornea. However, other less studied factors may influence the IOP, such as environmental pollution. Background: The increase in air pollution is related to acute respiratory pathologies. Regarding the eyes, is related to conjunctivitis or dry eye disease. The purpose was to analyse the correlation of environmental factors (atmospheric pressure, temperature, O3, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations) with intraocular pressure in young healthy patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on patients treated at General Optica centres in Spain and Portugal in collaboration with the University of Valladolid. This study included healthy patients (between 18 and 40 years old). IOP measurements were taken with different air tonometers (CT-80, CT-800, NCT-200, NT-510 and NT-530) for one week and correlated with environmental factors (atmospheric pressure, temperature, O3, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations). Correlation (Spearman’s Rho) analyses were performed between IOP and the different environmental parameters. Moreover, groupings were performed as a function of the values for healthy exposure levels recommended by the WHO. Different comparisons were performed using the Mann?Whitney U test. Results: Statistically significant correlations were found (p < .04) between IOP and temperature (r = 0.37), atmospheric pressure (r = 0.20), NO2 (r = 0.14), PM10 (r = 0.21), O3 (r = 0.16) and PM2.5 concentrations (r = 0.16). Regarding the IOP values of people who were exposed to unhealthy concentrations (AQI > 20) versus those who were not, higher IOP values were only found in people exposed to PM2.5. Conclusion: Slight correlations were found between higher temperature, atmospheric pressure and concentrations of pollutant gases and increased IOP. More clinical studies are needed to understand the role that these environmental factors play in the aqueous humour flow and the value of IOP to know if and to what extent these factors may be risk of glaucoma.Item A Case Report on IRVAN Syndrome(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-03) Bezza, H; Adrari, AE; Mansouri, OE; Zaoui, K; Lhaj, LA; Kriet, M; Elasri, F.Idiopathic retinal vasculitis, arteriolar macroaneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN) is a rare condition predominantly affecting young, healthy females without systemic disease. We present the case of a 35-year-old female who presented with a 3-month history of decreased visual acuity without associated symptoms. Ophthalmological examination revealed reduced visual acuity in both eyes, papillary oedema, stellate macular oedema, and haemorrhages bilaterally. Retinal imaging confirmed IRVAN syndrome. Treatment included pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) and intravitreal bevacizumab injections, resulting in macular oedema regression.Item Asian Blepharoplasty with Concurrent Ptosis Correction by Lps Plication: Our Experiences in Northeast India(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Ete, N; Darang, K; Gongo, T.Background: Asian blepharoplasty is one of the most performed facial cosmetic procedures in northeastern India. Undiagnosed ptosis often goes unnoticed in many Asian blepharoplasty patients. To achieve proper symmetry, its essential to address ptosis simuntaneously during Asian blepharoplasty. In this study, the author discuss ten cases of Asian blepharoplasty in which simultaneous ptosis correction was performed by lps plication.Item Objective Visual Acuity Estimation via the Optokinetic Response to High-pass Filtered Stimuli: An Exploratory Study(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-10) Aleci, C; Tabasso, C; Dutto, K; Rosa, C.Aims: Optokinetic-based paradigms used to derive objective visual acuity suffer so far from low predictive power. Arguably, the contribution of the peripheral stimulation and the discrepancy between detection and discrimination threshold can bias the outcomes. In this respect, high-pass filtered stimuli (HPSs) have the advantage of activating only the foveal region and their detection and discrimination thresholds converge. In this exploratory study a novel optokinetic-based induction method (named “ghost oktotype”) that uses HPSs is probed. The aim was to establish whether this type of procedure is worth being extensively investigated. Study Design: Analytical transversal study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Turin, Italy, between June 2023 and June 2024. Methodology: After testing for their subjective acuity (expressed as logMAR) at ten different defocusing conditions, four normal and cooperative subjects were repeatedly administered sequences of HPS-Landolt rings arranged on a serial pattern that drifted horizontally. Their angular size was logarithmically reduced and objective acuity was computed for each defocusing condition as a function of the smallest size of the rings that evoked the optokinetic reflex (logMAER). The estimate was compared to the subjective values obtained both at the conventional Landolt-C ETDRS charts and with modified ETDRS charts made up of high-pass filtered Landolt Cs. Results: The repeatability of the HPS-based optokinetic paradigm was good in the three subjects (ICC=0.77; 0.86; 0.89) and the outcomes were significantly correlated with the conventional ETDRS values (R2=0.96, R2=0.88, R2=0.81: P<0.001). Nevertheless, objective visual acuity was lower (higher logMAER) compared to the subjective, conventional assessment with the ETDRS chart, especially at the highest acuities. This difference decreased when logMAER was compared to the subjective discrimination acuity (logMAR) measured with the HPS-ETDRS charts, and, supposedly, to detection acuity. Conclusion: According to these preliminary results, high-pass filtered stimuli reduce the mismatch between subjective and objective acuity. Within this frame, the “ghost” oktotype could be a promising tool to assess visual acuity in non-collaborative patients and is worth being extensively investigated. Forthcoming studies could support our impression i.e., that detection and not resolution is the main requisite for the optokinetic response. This peculiarity must be considered when investigating the potential of the optokinetic-based paradigms to derive resolution acuity.Item Clinical Profile of Ocular Trauma at a Tertiary Care Hospital(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-07) Bhaskar, A; Gupta, RK.Background: Ocular trauma is preventable and one of the leading causes of ocular morbidity and blindness. Approximately 6 million people are blind from eye injuries, 2.3 million with bilateral visual impairment and 19 million with unilateral visual loss worldwide. In developing countries like ours the incidence of eye injuries is very high. This study has been conducted in the view of public health importance to provide information on magnitude, clinical and epidemiological profile of ocular injuries. Methods: A hospital based, cross sectional observational study, conducted during September 2014 - March 2016 in tertiary care center in Jharkhand, all cases of ocular trauma were included in the study. Demographic profile (age, sex, locality, occupation), nature and cause of injury was recorded. Detailed ophthalmological examination including visual acuity, slit lamp examination, indirect ophthalmoscopy, B-scan, intraocular pressure measurement, gonioscopy, computed tomography brain with orbit, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, X-Ray were done in relevant cases. Results: Total of 948 patients of ocular trauma were included. Most patients belong to the age group 21-40 years (60.87%), with mean age of 29.79 + 16.47 years. Males were affected more (73.52%) than females (26.47%). Closed globe injuries were more (75%) than open globe injuries (25%). Anterior segment was involved in (94.30%) and posterior segment in (8.86%). Work-related ocular injuries formed the commonest mode of injury (41.8%) followed by road traffic accident (30.37%). Conclusion: Ocular trauma is one of the most common causes of unilateral blindness. Targeting groups most at risk with health education, providing effective eye protection and strict implementation of traffic rules may decrease the occurrence of ocular injuries.Item Expert Perspectives on the Prescription Practice and Management Strategies for Dry Eye Disease in Indian Settings(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-08) S, M; M, KK.Background: Artificial tears have been recognized as the first-line treatment for dry eye disease (DED), however, the clinician’s opinion regarding the management of dry eye remains uncertain. This study evaluated the Ophthalmologist’s perspectives on the treatment for DED, with a special focus on polyethylene glycol + propylene glycol (PEG + PG) and Lifitegrast in Indian settings. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted using a multiple-response questionnaire distributed electronically to clinicians. It included 30 questions on prevalence, demographics, diagnostic practices, treatment strategies, patient education, treatment adherence pertaining to DED, and the perceived benefits of newer treatments like PEG + PG and Lifitegrast. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. Results: This study involved 350 clinicians and revealed that 57.43% preferred PEG + PG eye drops as the first-line treatment for lipid-deficient dry eyes. Approximately 44% recommended PEG + PG thrice daily for mild cases and 53% reported switching to PEG + PG for patients unresponsive to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) 0.5%. Additionally, 65% preferred using PEG + PG for moderate symptoms. Lifitegrast was considered effective by 79.43% for targeting LFA-1/ICAM-1 and reducing ocular inflammation. About 61% believed that Lifitegrast provides significant benefits due to its inhibition of T cell adhesion, with noticeable effects within two weeks. According to 80% of the survey participants, compared to traditional lubricants, Lifitegrast offers longer-lasting relief, targeted action, and reduced application frequency. Furthermore, 78% noted the advantages of Lifitegrast over cyclosporine, such as faster relief, no burning sensation, no refrigeration, fewer side effects, and no drug interactions. Conclusion: The survey highlighted PEG + PG combination eye drops as the preferred primary treatment for lipid-deficient dry eyes. Lifitegrast effectively targets LFA-1/ICAM-1, offering rapid relief with minimal side effects, and outperforms traditional lubricants and cyclosporine. These findings underscore Lifitegrast as a key therapeutic option for managing DED.Item Epidemiology of Common Eye Diseases in North Kordofan, Sudan(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-09) Ibraheim, KA.Introduction: Eye illness epidemiology is critical because it identifies the most dangerous diseases in the community and helps decision-makers make better management decisions. This study aims to explore the epidemiology of prevalent eye diseases in north Kordofan State. Methodology: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted at El-Obeid Teaching Hospital's Ophthalmology Department, North Kordofan State, Sudan, and Dr. Khalil's Ophthalmology Center. Out of almost 50000 patient files, we selected 1000 files for this study using a random systemic selection of 1 in 50. The data collection sheet was created, and all data were collected. Results: The corneal diseases made up 19.6% of the 1000 cases in this study, followed by conjunctival 17.7%, lens 15.3%, eye surface 9.8%, uveal tract 9.1%, refractive errors 6.4%, eye lids 5.4%, orbital 5.4%, glaucoma 4.3%, retinopathy 4.6%, anterior chamber diseases 2.1%, lacrimal drainage system disorders 1.8%, and nerve palsies 0.5%. Conclusion: The western Sudan is heavily affected by eye diseases, with corneal diseases being the most common, closely followed by conjunctival diseases. This report delves into the eye disease situation in western Sudan. With absence of such literature from Sudan, the findings of this study presenting baseline of future research in this context.Item Evaluation of the Types and Drug Sensitivity Patterns of Bacterial Isolates from Patients with Eye Discharge at Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Nigeria(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-01) Otuka, OAI; Ngwogu, AC; Ngwogu, KO; Eweputanna, LI; Ochiogu, BC; Udeaja, AC; Madukairo, UD.This study aimed to evaluate the types and drug sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates from patients with eye discharge at the Abia State University Teaching Hospital (ABSUTH), Aba, Nigeria. A total of 100 samples were collected, with the most prevalent bacterial isolates being Staphylococcus aureus (26%) and Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (21%), while no bacterial growth was reported in 42% of samples. In terms of patient demographics, a significant proportion of the patients were females (64%) aged between 61-70 years. In relation to contact lens use, a high percentage (97%) of the bacterial isolates were detected in patients who did not use contact lenses. An occupational distribution analysis revealed that bacterial isolates were more frequent in farmers and traders compared to students and retirees. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing of the bacterial isolates showed varying degrees of resistance, with significant resistance observed against Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin, and Perfloxacin. In contrast, higher sensitivity was noted towards Chloramphenicol and Gentamycin. The findings underscore the importance of regular microbiological evaluation and sensitivity testing in patients presenting with eye discharges to guide effective antimicrobial therapy. These findings could guide the selection of empiric antibiotics for treating ocular infections in this region and suggest the need for routine microbiological surveillance to monitor and guide antibiotic prescription to mitigate against antibiotic resistance.Item Etiological Factors Contributing to Orbital and Oculoplastic Conditions at University Teaching Hospital in Zambia: A Comprehensive Analysis(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-01) Mulenga, J; Ng’andwe, B; Moonga, P; Buchan, J; Foster, A.Purpose: Orbital, Oculoplastic including Ocular Oncology are not only sight threatening but potentially life threatening. This study examines the causes of these conditions at University Teaching Hospitals-Eye Hospital in Lusaka Zambia. Methods: A retrospective review of 150 case files of patients with an Orbital, Oculoplastic and Ocular Oncology diagnosis presenting at UTHs-EH over a 4-year period, 2018-2021. Results: Of the 150 cases 54% were under the age of 40 years. The most common condition seen was squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva (SCC), usually confined to the globe, but sometimes spreading to the orbit. There was a positive association between HIV infection and SCC. Conclusion: This study at University Teaching Hospital revealed a spectrum of orbital and oculoplastic diseases, with Squamous Cell Carcinoma emerging as a predominant concern. The insights gained pave the way for enhanced service delivery. These findings, while specific to Zambia, hold relevance for the broader African context, offering a basis for future assessments, interventions, and policy enhancements.Item The Effects of Excessive Use of Computer Screen on Visual Acuity among Non-academic University Staff(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-10) Eni, CG; Uahomo, PO.Background: The increasing prevalence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) necessitates a thorough understanding of its impact on visual health among users. This study aimed to investigate the adverse effects of long-term computer usage on the visual acuity of non-academic staff at the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 321 non-academic staff members aged 18-45 years with at least two years of computer usage experience. The participants were randomly selected and completed a structured questionnaire assessing demographic details, computer usage habits, and visual health status. Visual acuity was measured using the Snellen eye chart, and the data were analysed using SPSS version 25, applying descriptive statistics and chi-square tests for significance. Results: Among the 159 computer users, 32.7% reported using screens for more than six hours daily. Common symptoms included eye strain (17.6%), blurred vision (14.7%), and headaches (13.2%). Visual acuity assessments indicated that 66.9% of computer users had normal vision in the left eye, whereas 82.6% of computer users exhibited abnormal visual acuity compared with non-users (?2 = 29.89, p = 0.00). A significant association was found between increased screen time and reduced normal visual acuity, with 27.3% of users with over five years of screen time reporting normal vision. Conclusion: This study highlighted the adverse effects of prolonged computer usage on visual acuity among non-academic staff, emphasizing the need for awareness and preventive measures to mitigate the risk of CVS in this population.Item Sustainable Development Goals and Eye Care in Nigeria(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-07) B., V. O; M., A. I; C., O. A; B., A. E.Introduction: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted at the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in September 2015. The Outcome Document adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [2] with 169 targets, ensuring that ‘no one is left behind’ and its importance to eye care. Methodology: Different WHO articles were reviewed, this was then related to eye health in Nigeria. Goals: The seventeen SDGs were related to the eye care services in this write up. This highlights key policy, institutional and regulatory measures put in place to create necessary enabling environment for mainstreaming of SDGs in national policies, plans and programmes, [1] and its coherent coordination. The need for making better use of prevalence data in strategic planning processes for eye care services in Nigeria. Results: From this review of articles it was found out that there was great relationship between the SDGs and the eye. Conclusion: The 2030 Agenda comprises 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), or Global Goals, which will guide policy and funding for the next 15 years, beginning with a historic pledge to end poverty and to leave no one behind.Item Antimicrobial and Immunostimulatory Effects of Senna occidentalis Ethanolic Extract against Aspergillus flavus-Induced Mycotic Keratitis: A Promising Therapeutic Approach(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-06) El-Badry, AS; El-Mowafy, EE; Amer, SM; El-Shourbagy, MS; Saad-Allah, KMBackground: Mycotic keratitis (MK) poses a significant risk as a severe and difficult-to-treat corneal infection with potentially life-threatening consequences. Fungi are commonly implicated as causative agents. Additionally, improper care of contact lenses increases the susceptibility to MK. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and therapeutic potential of Senna occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract in the treatment of Aspergillus flavus-induced mycotic keratitis. Methodology: The selected plant extract was tested for antimicrobial activity, analyzed for active ingredients and evaluated in vivo for physiological (Kidney and liver functions), histological (corneal tissue healing rates) and immunological responses (IgM levels). Results: The GC/MS analysis revealed high levels of some active components, including o-methyl glucose, tetramethyl hexadecenol, hexadecenoic acid, and octadecatrienoic acid. The ethanolic extract of S. occidentalis demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against A. flavus in an albino rabbit model. Treatment with the extract at a concentration of 12.5 mg/ml resulted in a significant healing rate without any side effects, as evidenced by reduced levels of blood urea, creatinine, AST, and ALT in infected rabbits. Moreover, S. occidentalis extract effectively stimulated the immune system, as indicated by increased levels of IgM in both infected and non-infected rabbits. Histopathological analysis of the eye cornea further confirmed the complete disappearance of inflammation and restoration of normal tissue appearance and layer arrangement. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of S. occidentalis extract as a safe, affordable, and easily accessible treatment for A. flavus-induced mycotic keratitis, owing to its rich content of safe and bioactive phytochemicals.Item Two Cases of Ocular Trauma with Air Gun Pellets(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-06) Verma, N; Khan, B; Anand, V; Sandhu, ATwo healthy males presented on separate occasions to the emergency room after sustaining trauma by air-gun pellets during farmer’s agitation against the government. Clinical examination indicated that the foreign bodies (air-gun pellets) were imbedded in different locations (subconjunctival and subcutaneous in eye lid.). The management of this traumatic injury is discussed and concurs with the published literature.Item Malignant Hypertension: Importance of the Fundus in Emergency Services(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-06) Hassina, S; Bardi, S; Cheikhna, B; Bekkar, B; Bouradouane, K; Akkanour, Y; Serghini, L; EL, A.In this article, we highlight the importance of the ophthalmologist in the diagnosis of hypertensive emergencies. It is crucial to know how to make the correct diagnosis and correctly refer the patient. We report a case of a 23-year-old female patient with a history of undocumented nephropathy since the age of 10 years that was admitted for a sudden decrease in visual acuity and persistent headaches that did not respond to pain medication. Diagnosis is often difficult and delayed, the role of the ophthalmologist remains crucial, as our case illustrates. It underlines the urgent need to reduce blood pressure, and highlights the importance of regular follow-up and compliance with treatment to prevent serious complications.Item Genetic Insights and Epidemiological Models in Understanding Primary Open Angle Glaucoma(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-11) Umezurike, BC; Akhimien, MO; Chukwuka, C; Ejike, TC; Ugwulor, L; Ajoku, B; Ijioma, SN.Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a multifactorial chronic optic neuropathy with significant genetic heterogeneity. The pathogenesis of POAG involves an imbalance between the production and drainage of aqueous humor (AH). Genetic theories suggest that transgenic mice demonstrating the GLU50LYS mutation in optineurin (OPTN) experience retinal ganglion cell apoptosis, while mutant myocilin (MYOC) proteins induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, leading to an unfolded protein response (UPR) and subsequent apoptosis of trabecular meshwork cells (TMC). Furthermore, the interaction between MYOC and mitochondria in the trabecular meshwork (TM) and astrocytes may lead to mitochondrial membrane depolarization and calcium channel dysregulation, contributing to POAG. Overexpression of MYOC variants (P370L, Q368X) is also implicated, as are epigenetic modifications and signaling pathways such as histone and DNA modification. POAG has been associated with autosomal dominant inheritance, with mutations in MYOC and OPTN being prominent causative factors, although many cases involve multiple genetic loci. Currently, over 20 genetic loci have been linked to POAG, with 14 chromosomal loci (GLC1A to GLC1N) identified, 5 of which contribute to juvenile-onset open-angle glaucoma (JOAG). Of these loci, MYOC, OPTN, WD repeat domain 36 (WDR36), and neurotrophin-4 (NTF4) are the most studied causative genes. The ongoing study of molecular genetics offers potential pathways for future therapeutic advances in the treatment of POAG.Item Amplitude of Accommodation in Young Caucasian Adults in Greece(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-07) Pateras, E; Chrysanthopoulos, ?.Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence of accommodation insufficiency among young Caucasian adults in Greece. Methods: Accommodation amplitude was assessed using the minus to blur method (PRA). Results were compared against Donder's and Hofstetter's values. Participants were categorized into "normal," "borderline," and "insufficient" based on deviations from expected values. Results: Over 50% of participants exhibited accommodation insufficiency. Men had significantly lower rates of normal accommodation amplitude compared to women. Further research is required to explore the impact of refractive errors on accommodation issues. Conclusions: Accommodation insufficiency is a significant issue among young adults, necessitating further studies and the establishment of standardized measurement methods. Investigating the role of the ciliary muscle in accommodation is also recommended.Item The Genetics of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Interventions: Therapeutic Directions and Future Predictions(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-08) Umezurike, BC; Akhimien, MO; Chukwuka, C; Ejike, T; Ugwulor, L; Ajoku, B; Ijioma, SN.The “multifactorial chronic optic neuropathy” known as primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is typified by a “progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC), structural damage to the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and optic nerve head (ONH), as well as abnormalities in the visual field.” High intraocular pressure (IOP), age, genetics, family history, race, etc. are the main risk factors. One of the pathological implications of POAG is “pressure-induced” ONH damage, which results in modifications to the expression of retinal genes. The ensuing fluid backup raises IOP, which damages optic nerve and results in POAG. Numerous susceptibility genes and environmental factors contribute to the “genetic heterogeneity” of POAG, according to genetic studies. “A set of twelve chromosomal loci, referred to as GLC1A through GLC1L, have been mapped for POAG. Three genes—myocilin (MYOC), optic neuropathy-inducing protein (Optineurin, OPTN)), and WD repeat domain 36 (WDR36)—have been identified as the GLC1A, GLC1E, and GLC1G”. A better understanding of the molecular genetic pathways and the pathological mechanisms involving the disease-causing genes, may help clarify the pathophysiology that leads to the disease and a targeted treatment. The role of genetics in POAG highlights the importance of genes in recent research advances, their future directions, applications, and therapy. The advent of modern genetic discoveries and future directions in vector engineering makes the cure for POAG possible. The paradigm shift in glaucoma treatment has moved from direct RGC and ONH therapy to targeting associated brain centers.