Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/150269

Editor: Mr R Raveendran

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.jpharmacol.com/>

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Changing Pattern of Substance Abuse in Patients Attending a Regional Psychiatric Rehabilitation Center at Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-03) Ibrahim, YA; Hussain, SM; Syeda, AF; Farghly, AM; Nasr, MH; Alsaadi, RS; Alharbi, KAA
Background and ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to record the prevalence and the characteristics of substance abusers from the year 2007 to 2017 and also to find the most prevalent form of substance abuse and association, if any, between the abusers and their demographic characteristics. Materials and MethodsDescriptive and retrospective medical record review included patients of substance abuse attending a rehabilitation center in Buraidah from January 2007 to December 2017. A majority of 5,639 patients (63.6%) belonged to the age group of 31–50 years. Twenty-five and thirty-nine percent patients had secondary and higher education, respectively. Notably, more than half of them were unemployed. The commonly abused single drugs were amphetamine (40%), cannabis (11%), and alcohol (7%). High school goers’ cases have continuously spiked over the years. Substance abuse over the years from 2007 to 2017 was above 11% in 2007 and 2015. From 2009 to 2014, it was between 8 and 10%. However, the number of cases reported dropped to below 9% from 2016 onward. Amphetamine saw a downfall except peaking in 2010 and 2015. On the other hand, there was no substantial jump in the abuse of alcohol and cannabis over the years, but an increasing use from 2015 onward was visible. There was also a gradual rise over the years in the abuse of polysubstance (more than three drugs). ConclusionThere is a growing trend in the use of polysubstance and the combination of two substances. There is a high incidence of drug abuse in high schoolers and also in patients in the age groups of 10–30 years.
Red Rice DE 40 Alleviates High-fat Diet-induced Hyperlipemia by Lowering Lipid Profiles in Rats
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-03) Kalona, PA; Sundaresan, U; Muthiah, C; Ganesan, A
BackgroundHyperlipidaemia is characterised by an abnormal increase in one or more lipids in plasma, and is a major contributor to obesity, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke if they are not treated promptly. ObjectivesIn this study, we intended to discover the therapeutic actions of Red Rice DE 40 (RR DE 40) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced rats. Materials and MethodsThe experimental rats were fed with HFD for 90 days to initiate the hyperlipidaemia and subsequently treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg of RR DE 40 from 60th to 90 days. The body weight of the rats was measured regularly. After the scarification, the blood, liver, and adipose tissue specimens were collected for biochemical assays. The liver and adipose tissues were weighed properly. The levels of haematological indices were counted using a haemocytometer. The levels of biochemical markers and liver marker enzymes were assessed using standard methods. The levels of lipid profiles were determined by standard methods. The excised liver and adipose tissues were analysed microscopically by histopathological analysis. ResultsRR DE 40 treatment effectively decreased the body weight gain in the HFD-induced rats. The liver and adipose tissue weight was also reduced by the RR DE 40 treatment. The changes in the haematological parameters such as RBC, WBC, Hb, monocytes, lymphocytes, and polymorphs were modulated by the RR DE 40 treatment on EG-induced rats. The levels of total protein, albumin, glucose, and urea and activities of SGOT and SGPT were substantially decreased by the RR DE 40 treatment. The RR DE 40 treatment also diminished the status of TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL in the HFD-treated rats. The findings of histopathological analysis also witnessed the therapeutic effects of RR DE 40. ConclusionThe findings of this work highlighted that RR DE 40 is effective in HFD-induced hyperlipidaemia, probably due to its lipid-lowering potential. Hence, it may be used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia-associated diseases.
Amelioration of Neuronal Deficits in Aged Rats Via Ganoderma lucidum Extract Alone and Combination with Alpha Lipoic Acid
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-03) Kumar, H; Bansal, S; Chaudhary, R; Sharma, S; Gupta, S; Choudhary, S.
BackgroundAgeing is associated with progressive neuronal deficits, leading to cognitive decline and increased vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, there is no permanent treatment available which can cure ageing and associated neuronal deficits. ObjectivesThe purpose of this investigation was to examine the neuroprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE), both alone and in combination with alpha lipoic acid (ALA), on age-related neuronal deficits in old rats. Materials and MethodsEight groups of rats were used in this investigation. GLE and ALA were administered alone and in combination for 90 days orally. After 90 days, various physiological, behavioural, oxidative stress and histopathological parameters were assessed. ResultsTreatment with GLE and ALA significantly and dose-dependently modulates the neuronal deficits of aged rats. GLE 100 with ALA 50 showed synergistic effects on aged rats. ConclusionNew recent data supports the benefits of GLE for cognitive deficits in aged rats.
Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Abutilon crispum on Normal and Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Albino Wistar Rats
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-03) Manjeera, K; Sundararajan, R
BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is a disorder that affects the majority of individuals in the world. ObjectivesThe objective of the current study is to estimate the antidiabetic effect of methanol extract of Abutilon crispum entire plant, which is broadly cultivated in India’s arid and desert areas. This current investigation aims to estimate the efficacy of methanol extract of A. crispum to prevent streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in Albino Wistar strain rats. Materials and MethodsIn the current examination, methanol extract of the whole plant of A. crispum with doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/b.wt (body weight) is administered through the oral route to the streptozotocin-prompted diabetic animals where n = 6. We evaluated the differences in food and water intake, body weight levels, fasting glucose, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). When methanol extract of A. crispum was used to evaluate the OGTT for diabetic animals, levels of glucose were found to be pointedly lower when administered with 500 mg/kg b.wt as this is compared to the control group. A. crispum had specifically declined the levels of glucose elevated in diabetic rats. A. crispum is a vital alternative source for managing blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus that have increased during the condition and need to be further reduced by oral medications that cause hypoglycemia. Biochemical parameters were estimated as a part of the investigation. ResultsThe results demonstrated that the dried methanol extract of A. crispum (250 mg/kg/bwt and 500 mg/kg/bwt) considerably declined those levels of blood glucose during the treatment period when compared to glibenclamide (10 mg/kg), enhanced the metabolism, improved the health of animals and enhanced the OGTT. ConclusionAs a result, we can conclude that the whole plant of A. crispum methanol extract contains antidiabetic effects, as well as, hypoglycemic activities.
ML-powered Internet of Medical Things (MLIoMT) Structure for Heart Disease Prediction
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-03) Mulani, AO; Sardey, MP; Kinage, K; Salunkhe, SS; Fegade, T; Fegade, PG.
Background: ML-powered Internet of Medical Things (MLIoMT) is a burgeoning framework poised to transform healthcare, particularly in the timely identification of heart disease. Objectives: This article proposes an innovative MLIoMT structure aimed at leveraging machine learning (ML) algorithms for heart disease detection. Materials and Methods: Through the integration of wearable sensors, mobile applications, cloud computing, and advanced ML techniques, MLIoMT enables continuous monitoring of vital signs and cardiac health indicators in real time. By analyzing this data stream, abnormalities indicative of heart disease can be detected early, facilitating timely intervention and personalized healthcare recommendations. The MLIoMT framework employs diverse ML methods, such as deep learning and ensemble techniques to enhance the accuracy and reliability of heart disease prediction models. Results: The proposed structure holds promise for revolutionizing preventive healthcare, enabling proactive management of cardiac health, and ultimately reducing the burden of heart disease. Results in terms of accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score show that the proposed system has better performance and efficiency. Conclusion: Overall, MLIoMT represents a significant advancement in healthcare technology, with the potential to improve patient outcomes and enhance overall quality of life.
Reclaiming Calcicoles: New Insights into Lime Lovers
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-03) Parmar, RK; Arya, V; Gill, AK; Thakur, V
Calcicoles are never new to the evolutionary life forms in the ecological world. The ramifications of environmental extremes always facilitate the emergence of the functional and structural integrity of plants and calcicoles, which have been exuding through this. The word “calcicole” finds its roots in the writings of Nathaniel Colgan, “The Orchids of Country Dublin,” published in August 1895 in “The Irish Naturalist.” Calcicoles are likely to flourish under calcium-rich soil having a pH of more than five, which otherwise hinders the growth of plant species, causing detrimental effects on their physiology. They are often regarded as lime lovers or acidofuges and are classified based on Ca2+ stress resistance, soluble and insoluble Ca2+ and Mg2+, pH conditions of soil, occurrence, and habitat. There are various variables used to evaluate the calcicoles described in this review, such as the Index of calcifugy, Ellenberg’s indicator values, and Landolt indicator values to predict the influence of environmental factors in determining flora along with changes in vegetation in a particular area considering the ecophysiological or morphological features. Calcicoles have specific in-built mechanisms to cope with stress conditions by producing phytosiderophores (PS) and by involving ecto and ericoid mycorrhizal associations for the absorption of iron and phosphorus, and high control over cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations. Calcicoles are markedly distributed in various plant families like Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ericaceae, Primulaceae, Fabaceae, Gentianaceae, Rubiaceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Saxifragaceae, etc. The current review focuses on the ecological perspectives, special adaptive features, and phytopharmacological aspects of calcicoles.
Interrogating the Antiobesity Efficacy of Flacourtia inermis Roxb. Fruits in High Fat Diet-induced Obese Rats
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-03) Thelappilly, BB; Murali, R; Suriyaprakash, T; Venkatachalam, VV; Anbiah, SV; N, S; PT, S
BackgroundFlacourtia inermis Roxb. (Salicaceae) is an underutilized edible fruit known for its antioxidant-rich bioactive compounds. This study explores the antiobesity potential of F. inermis ethanolic fruit extract (FF2) in a high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity model using Wistar albino rats. Materials and MethodsWistar albino rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n = 6). Group 1 served as the normal control and received a normal diet (ND), while Groups II–V were induced with obesity by being fed an HFD for 10 weeks. Group II acted as the obese control, receiving 100% HFD throughout the study. Groups III, IV, and V also received HFD throughout the study but were supplemented with Orlistat (30 mg/kg b.w), and FF2 extract at doses of 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg, respectively, from week 11 until week 15. Treatment impact of FF2 on body weight, body mass index (BMI), serum lipid levels, glucose levels, liver function parameters, and histopathological evaluations of liver and adipose tissue were investigated. ResultsThe study unveiled that F. inermis fruits exerted potent antiobesity effects, with FF2 treatment (at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) substantially decreasing body weight gain and BMI in comparison to the HFD group. Supplementation of FF2 alongside an HFD reduced body weight gain, glucose levels, and serum lipid profile. Both doses of FF2 counteracted the adverse effects induced by HFD, with lower triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels, and higher HDL cholesterol levels in the treated groups compared to the positive control. Additionally, FF2 extract showed dose-dependent improvements in serum lipid and glucose levels, as well as, hepatic profile, indicated by decreased AST, ALP, and ALT levels, suggesting potential benefits in managing dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and liver health associated with obesity. Histological examination of white adipose tissue provided further evidence of the antiobesity effect. ConclusionThe study highlights FF2’s therapeutic potential in managing obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Further investigations into FF2’s mechanisms and clinical application are essential for its development as an antiobesity therapeutic agent in functional food formulations.
An Observational Study on Prescription Patterns of Drugs and Psychiatric Disorders Occurring in Child and Adolescent Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-06) Sowmya, AK; Pandey, SK
BackgroundMental health issues in children and adolescents are quite significant. Despite their impact, research on psychiatric disorders in these age groups is limited. This study aims to evaluate the prescription patterns of psychiatric medications and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children and adolescent age group patients. ObjectivesThis study aims to evaluate the prescription pattern of psychiatric medications and the pattern of psychiatric illnesses among child and adolescent age group patients at a tertiary care hospital in India. Materials and MethodsThis hospital-based observational study was conducted over 1.5 years at the Government Hospital for Mental Care in Visakhapatnam, India. A total of 150 patients aged 2–18 years, diagnosed with psychiatric disorders and prescribed at least one psychiatric drug, were included. Data on patient demographics, diagnoses, and prescription details were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 2022, following WHO drug use indicators. Cost analysis compared drug costs within the hospital pharmacy and external pharmacies. ResultsThe study population comprised 56% children (2–10 years) and 44% adolescents (11–18 years), with a male predominance in both groups. The average number of medications per prescription was 2–4, with 94% prescribed by generic names and no use of fixed drug combinations or injectable drugs. Mental retardation was the most common disorder, followed by attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) in children and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia in adolescents. Risperidone, trihexyphenidyl, carbamazepine, and valproate were the most commonly prescribed medications. Most drugs were available at the hospital pharmacy, minimizing the financial burden on patients. Cost analysis showed significant variations in drug prices outside the hospital. ConclusionThe study highlights the rational prescription trends among child and adolescent psychiatric patients. There was preference for atypical antipsychotics and newer drug classes over conventional medications. Polypharmacy was up to the mark. The findings emphasize the need for periodic prescription monitoring to ensure safe, effective, and cost-efficient treatment.
Comparison and Estimation of Salivary sTREM-1 and IL-1? in Periodontitis and Diabetes Mellitus Patients before and after Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy using Hyaluronic Acid and Diode LASER: A Clinical Trial
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-06) MG, V; Ravindran, DM; SK, B; Ashokkumar, L
BackgroundPeriodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that activates the innate immune response. Activation of the TREM-1 signaling pathway promotes the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 beta (IL-1?), tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). Hyaluronic acid (HA) can be used to treat periodontitis as an adjunct to mechanical debridement due to its healing properties. ObjectivesTo evaluate and compare soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (sTREM-1) and IL-1? in periodontitis patients with and without diabetes mellitus before and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy using conventional root planing and adjuncts like HA (Gengigel®) and diode LASER (940 nm). Materials and MethodsChronic periodontitis patients were allocated to groups based on with and without diabetes mellitus (groups I and II), respectively. Assessment of periodontal parameters: periodontal probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), plaque index (PI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), and periodontal inflammatory surface area (PISA) index were done. About 5 mL of unstimulated whole saliva was collected from every patient at baseline and 1 month. Patients were subgrouped based on the treatment protocol (subgroup A: conventional scaling and root planing (SRP), subgroup B: SRP + HA (0.8% Gengigel®), and subgroup C: SRP + 940 nm diode LASER). The primary and secondary outcomes before and after therapy were determined. ResultsIntragroup comparison of group I showed the statistical significance of parameters in subgroups B and C. Intragroup comparison of group II in all three subgroups. Intergroup comparison of groups II and III showed the statistical significance of all periodontal parameters and salivary biomarker levels in A–C subgroups. ConclusionTherefore, within the study’s limitations, the use of adjuncts to nonsurgical periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis had an additional improvement in all clinical parameters and salivary biomarkers over conventional root planing.
Comparison of Problem-based Learning and Didactic Lecture as a Teaching–Learning Method among Undergraduate Medical Students: An Interventional Study
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-03) Anthony, L; A, R; T, I; Banerjee, S
BackgroundDidactic Lecture (DL) is a teaching method that has been there for a long time in our educational system, but student involvement is minimal. Problem-based Learning (PBL) differs in that it involves students in the learning process. Various skills are learned, such as self-learning, group discussion, communication skills, teamwork and knowledge retention. Critical thinking, analysis and the ability to solve real problems are some benefits of PBL, which can help medical students understand clinical scenarios and analyse, interpret and come up with possible solutions based on sound knowledge. Thus, there is a need to assess the effectiveness of PBL in recall, interpretation and problem-solving skills as compared to the traditional lecture method, as there are very few Indian studies related to PBL in Indian medical students. Materials and MethodsA non-randomised interventional study was carried out in the Department of Pharmacology at East Point Medical College, Bengaluru. Groups A and B, each with 60 medical students, participated in PBL and DL for either of the two competencies (myocardial infarction and iron deficiency anaemia). After the completion of the DL and PBL sessions, 20 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) were given to the students. The effectiveness of the teaching method was determined by comparing the mean scores of MCQs of both groups. ResultsThe group scores were compared using an independent sample t-test and expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The total mean score of PBL for the topic myocardial infarction (11.00 ± 2.64, p value = .001) was statistically significant compared with the total mean score in the DL group (9.38 ± 2.52), and the total mean score of PBL for the topic iron deficiency anaemia (15.28 ± 3.53, p value = .001) was significant compared to the total mean score in the DL group (12.98 ± 3.61), respectively. The mean score for recall and problem-solving for the topic of myocardial infarction was statistically significant in the PBL group compared to the DL group. The mean score for recall, interpretation and problem-solving for the topic of iron deficiency anaemia was statistically significant in the PBL group compared with the DL group. ConclusionPBL showed marked improvement in recall, interpretation and problem-solving abilities compared with DL. So, including PBL as a teaching–learning method can promote active and student-centered learning.
FEA-based Virtual Operation and Stress Distribution Analysis of DHS Screws in Proximal Femoral Bone Fractures: A Strategic Guide for Orthopedic Surgeons in Operational Planning
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-06) Joshi, A; Karande, K; Gunaki, R
BackgroundAccidents are the major reasons causing hip bone fractures. These are due to reduced bone density due to aging effect which may cause fractures typically in proximal part of the femur bone. ObjectivesThe purpose of this work is to concentrate on preoperative planning by using a 3D model developed with a virtual operation using a dynamic hip screw (DHS). Materials and MethodsDHS is generally preferred for the stabilization of stable fractures. The virtual operation was performed on the proximal femoral fracture site, typically for stable fractures. Finite element analysis (FEA) of operated bone was performed to estimate Von Misses stress distribution on the implant post-operatively, resulting in less stress on the fracture site. ResultsFEA indicates a transfer of stress of the fracture site (35–62%) on the implant, resulting in the operation’s success. Such work will assist orthopedic surgeons in determining load-bearing capacities after the mobilization of the patient. ConclusionVirtual surgery helps the surgeon to identify fracture geometry, the success of the operation, and proper fixation of the implant to avoid post-surgery complications. This aids in the quick recovery of patients, resulting in early rehabilitation.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Use of Small Laboratory Animals in Preclinical Research: A Five-Year Quantitative Descriptive Analysis
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-06) Gattani, A; Khurade, K; Tripathi, R; Seetharaman, R; Jalgaonkar, S
Background: Animal models play a critical role in biomedical research, yet comprehensive data on the types and distribution of animals used in different research contexts are sparse. Objectives: This study aims to provide a detailed analysis of small laboratory animals used in preclinical research, highlighting the types of animal species used, study types, and disease systems targeted. Materials and Methods: A total of 841 freely available full-text original research articles indexed in the PubMed database from January 2016 to January 2021 were analyzed. Variables recorded included a) type of animal species used for research, b) type of animal studies (in vivo, in vitro, mixed, transgenic, xenograft, others), c) distribution of animals across different study types, d) system and disease-wise distribution of studies, and e) type of animal used and type of studies conducted for different systems/diseases Results: Mice were used in 75.98% of studies, followed by rats at 22.12%. Most studies were in vivo (35.43%), followed by mixed studies combining both in vivo and in vitro methods (24.49%). The gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems (GIT/GU: 21.04%) and the central nervous system (CNS: 15.33%) were the most studied. GIT/GU research focused on diseases like nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and various carcinomas. For CNS, studies predominantly addressed Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. In GIT/GU studies, mice were the most commonly used species (140/177), with in vivo (55/177), mixed (43/177), and xenograft (36/177) approaches. For CNS diseases, in vivo approaches (72/129) were prevalent, utilizing both mice (39/129) and rats (32/129). Conclusion: The distribution of animal species in these studies validates that mice, followed by rats, are still very commonly used small animals for preclinical research. In disease areas like GIT/GU and CNS, there is a notable use of mixed and transgenic models, which offer a comprehensive understanding of disease mechanisms. The preference for mixed and transgenic mouse models in cancer research, particularly xenografts, underscores the shift towards more sophisticated and disease-relevant animal models.
Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Persistent Thrombocytopenia among Pediatric Patients after Bone Marrow Transplant in Saudi Arabia: A 3-Year Retrospective Observational Analysis from Tertiary Hospital
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-06) Kanan, M; Almotairi, A; Alrumaih, F; Hammad, R; Almotairi, M
BackgroundBone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a crucial treatment for pediatric patients with various hematological, oncological, and genetic diseases. However, persistent thrombocytopenia (PT) post-transplantation poses a significant challenge, affecting recovery and prognosis. ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify the clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with PT in pediatric patients post-BMT, specifically in Saudi Arabia. Materials and MethodsA retrospective cohort study design was employed, involving pediatric patients who underwent BMT between January 2020 and January 2023. Clinical characteristics, laboratory results, treatment data, and outcomes were collected from electronic medical records. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors associated with PT. ResultsAmong the 77 pediatric patients in the study, no significant differences were observed in demographic characteristics, transplant types, or treatment modalities between early-onset and late-onset thrombocytopenia groups. However, the duration of thrombocytopenia post-transplant differed significantly between the groups, with early-onset cases experiencing shorter durations. Infections and graft-versus-host disease were common post-transplant complications. Chemotherapy and antiviral therapy were frequently administered treatments. Pediatric patients undergoing BMT are susceptible to PT, with varying durations based on the onset timing. ConclusionThe study emphasizes the importance of risk assessment and tailored management to mitigate thrombocytopenia in pediatric BMT patients. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and optimize therapeutic interventions for thrombocytopenia in this population.
Review on Exploring Role of Vitamin D on Alzheimer’s Disease: Mechanistic Insights and Implications
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-06) Bandaru, N; Bonthu, MG; Gayatri, AP; Metri, S; Kumar, PK; Addanki, A; Nallapaty, S; Priya, KS; Nadheddy, DT; Gowravi, PNS
BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurological disorder characterized by neuronal loss and progressive cognitive decline. The disease progression is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Recent research highlights the significant role of vitamin D in the pathological progression of AD. ObjectivesThis review aims to comprehensively analyze the interplay between vitamin D and Alzheimer’s disease, focusing on its molecular mechanisms, epidemiological evidence, and therapeutic implications. MethodologyAn extensive literature review was conducted to explore the molecular pathways by which vitamin D affects key pathological processes in AD, including amyloid-beta deposition, oxidative stress, neuronal inflammation, and tau phosphorylation. Epidemiological studies linking vitamin D status with AD prevalence and clinical outcomes were also analyzed, along with data from research trials investigating the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in AD prevention and management. ResultsVitamin D deficiency is associated with increased cognitive decline and heightened risk of developing AD. The review highlights the therapeutic potential of vitamin D supplementation in mitigating AD progression through its effects on pathological processes. However, challenges and controversies remain regarding the efficacy, optimal dosing regimens, and therapeutic strategies of vitamin D intake. ConclusionThis review underscores the role of vitamin D as a modifiable factor and therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease. Further research is required to establish definitive dosing regimens and strategies to optimize the use of vitamin D in preventing and managing this debilitating neurological disorder.
Multiomics and Molecular Docking Approaches to Elucidate Desmostachya bipinnata-Derived Multitargeting Agents for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-06) Krishnasamy, N; Ramadoss, R; Niranjan, KC; Amberkar, VS; Sahoo, HC; Devadoss, P.
BackgroundOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent form of head and neck cancer characterized by aggressive behavior and a poor prognosis. Conventional therapies have demonstrated limited effectiveness, underscoring the need for innovative strategies that target the molecular mechanisms involved in OSCC progression. Multitargeting agents present a promising approach by simultaneously addressing several key pathways, potentially addressing issues of treatment resistance. Desmostachya bipinnata, a medicinal plant renowned for its anticancer properties, contains bioactive compounds that may serve as effective treatments for OSCC. ObjectivesThis study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds from Desmostachya bipinnata in treating OSCC. It uses bioinformatics and molecular docking techniques to identify key molecular targets and pathways, evaluate compound binding affinities, and propose novel multitargeting agents for OSCC therapy. Materials and MethodsThis study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of Desmostachya bipinnata compounds for OSCC using bioinformatics and molecular docking. Six of the 19 compounds screened were excluded due to toxicity, leaving 14 for further analysis. GeneCards, DisGeNet, and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases identified 3,278 OSCC-related genes, and SwissTargetPrediction predicted 221 targets. Protein–protein interaction and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis pinpointed significant hub genes. Molecular docking of four selected compounds (linoleic acid, kaempferol, daucosterol, stigmasterol-glucoside) with six key targets (MMP2, PTGS2, STAT3, MAPK1, MMP9, AKT1) revealed strong binding affinities, suggesting potential therapeutic efficacy. ResultsThis study evaluated potential therapeutic compounds from Desmostachya bipinnata for OSCC through a comprehensive approach. After assessing the toxicity of 19 compounds, six were excluded due to predicted adverse effects, leaving 14 for further analysis. We identified 3,278 OSCC-related genes by integrating data from GeneCards, DisGeNet, and GEO databases. Using SwissTargetPrediction, we narrowed down 221 unique targets for these compounds and identified 95 common targets with OSCC genes. Protein–protein interaction analysis via STRING and Cytoscape, along with Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE), highlighted a significant gene cluster. Expression analysis with Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) led to the exclusion of low-expressing genes (IL6, MAPK3, ESR1, BCL2), focusing on MMP2, PTGS2, STAT3, MAPK1, MMP9, and AKT1, which are involved in cancer-related pathways. Molecular docking studies showed that linoleic acid, kaempferol, daucosterol, and stigmasterol-glucoside exhibit strong binding affinities to these targets, suggesting their potential as effective therapeutic agents. Activity predictions confirmed their antineoplastic properties, underscoring their potential utility in OSCC treatment. ConclusionThe findings indicate that Desmostachya bipinnata compounds exhibit promising multitargeting activity against OSCC. The strong binding affinities and interaction profiles of these compounds with key OSCC-related targets support their potential as effective therapeutic agents. Further experimental validation is needed to confirm these results and explore the clinical applicability of these compounds in OSCC treatment.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Andrographis paniculata Leaf Extract in Cyclophosphamide-induced Immunosuppressed Mice
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-06) Kalona, PA; Sundaresan, U; Muthiah, C; Ganesan, A
BackgroundCyclophosphamide is one of the most extensively used chemotherapeutic drugs and is employed to treat several malignancies. Cyclophosphamide often comes with several unpleasant side effects. The primary negative consequence of cyclophosphamide in clinical chemotherapy is immunosuppression, which can lead to life-threatening complications. ObjectivesThe present work was dedicated to exploring the therapeutic effects of Andrographis paniculata against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice. Materials and MethodsThe BALB/c mice were treated with 80 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide to achieve immunosuppression and treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg of A. paniculata extract. 10 mg/kg of levamisole was used as a standard drug. After the completion of the treatments, the body weights of the experimental animals were measured. The immune organs (spleen and thymus) were determined by standard methods. The levels of blood components were studied using an automated hematological analyzer. The macrophage phagocytic index, humoral response, and delayed immune response were studied by standard methods. The histopathological analysis was done on the heart, spleen, and thymus. ResultsThe treatment with 250 and 500 mg/kg of A. paniculata extract substantially increased the body weight and elevated the immune organ index in the immunosuppressed mice. The changes in the levels of hematological parameters were successfully modulated by A. paniculata. The levels of macrophage phagocytic index and delayed and humoral immune responses were boosted by the A. paniculata extract treatment in the immunosuppressed mice. The outcomes of histopathological analysis exhibited that the A. paniculata extract attenuated the cyclophosphamide-induced damage to the heart, thymus, and spleen tissues. ConclusionThe findings of the current work validate the immunomodulatory properties of A. paniculata extract in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. Hence, it was clear that A. paniculata can be a talented immunomodulatory agent to treat immunological complications.
An In-depth Review of the Off-label Use of Apremilast in Dermatology
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-06) Bubna, AK; Viplav, V.
BackgroundApremilast is a phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor approved by the US-Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) for the management of adult patients with plaque psoriasis (who are candidates for phototherapy/systemic therapy), moderate-to-severely active psoriatic arthritis and Behcet’s disease associated with oral ulcers. ObjectivesThis review aims to summarize the current evidence for the off-label use of apremilast in various dermatological disorders. MethodologyA comprehensive search of relevant literature was conducted using databases like PubMed, MEDLINE and Embase. Studies investigating the use of apremilast for dermatological conditions beyond its approved indications were included. ResultsThe use of apremilast has been outlined in a number of reports for inflammatory dermatoses. Randomized controlled trials showed promise for atopic dermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa and vitiligo. Open-label trials suggested potential benefit in cutaneous sarcoidosis, discoid lupus erythematosus, rosacea and lichen planus. ConclusionApremilast can be considered a valid therapeutic option for a range of inflammatory dermatological conditions beyond its approved uses. Further, owing to lack of immunosuppression, apremilast delineates an added advantage when compared to the usual immunosuppressive drugs used by dermatologists. However, stronger evidence from well-designed clinical trials is needed to establish its role in these aforementioned disorders.
Cephalosporins Use in Pediatric Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review and Policy Considerations in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-06) Alshammari, MK; Osaimi, HMA; Alshehri, NF; Masoud, RF; Abdulaal, AO; Qaidi, BZA
BackgroundPediatric wellbeing and health outcomes are among the leading indicators of World Health Organization (WHO). Growing infections and risk of antibiotic resistance have appeared to be one of the main cause if mortality and morbidity in the pediatric population. Cephalosporins, due to their better comparative efficacy and safety, are often first line therapy approach among the pediatric population. ObjectivesThis review is aiming to elaborate the use of cephalosporins in pediatric patients within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In addition, this review shall also sum up the clinical outcomes after use among the pediatric patients. ResultsThis review highlights the use of clinical efficacy and use of cephalosporins among pediatric population in variety of infections. It was observed that among the included studies the cephalosporins were found effective in combating infections caused by gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus [MSSA], and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae [ntHi]), while recognizing their ineffectiveness against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and enterococci. In Saudi health care setting use of Cephalosporins is frequent and this recommendation is based on their broad-spectrum efficacy and clinical safety profile among variety of pediatric infections in different clinical settings. ConclusionThis review emphasizes the need to ensure the supervised use of cephalosporins in Saudi health care setting. Implementation of the national clinical guidelines and their synchronization with the global standards shall be a way to ensure long term availability of cephalosporins as 1st line regimen. Promoting rational prescribing methods can reduce the risks of resistance and maintain efficacy in pediatric care.
Unveiling the Ecological and Pharmacological Perspectives of Lithophytic Life Form
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-03) Arya, V; Parmar, RK; Gill, AK; Jamwal, A
Environmental extremes such as high temperature, cold, alkalinity, drought, and rocky substrate modulate plant growth and promulgate adaptive characteristics in plants. The same plants can be found inhabited in different life forms, namely epiphytic, lithophytic, terrestrial, halophytic, and psammophytic, based upon adaptive characteristics essential for their survival. Microorganisms residing on the surface or within rocks make a unique habitat referred to as “lithobiontic habitat,” which further facilitates weathering phenomena and accumulates water and nutrients from the ecosystem to form a lithobiontic ecological niche. Lithobionts are divided into two groups, namely epiliths and endoliths, based on their presence on rock surfaces. Lithophytes, the rock-inhabiting plants, thriving under extreme stress conditions adapted successfully and their extraordinarily challenging atmosphere encouraged them to make new forms of life. Many biotic and abiotic factors are responsible for dwelling in such environments. Lithophytes interact with their surroundings to obtain vital elements necessary for their metabolism and, because of natural selection, their morphology and physiology help them with better adaptation. Another factor that facilitates such adaptation in lithophytes is the association of a fungus with lithophytic roots to ensure nutrient supply for their survival and facilitate growth in extreme conditions. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) root fungal associations commonly found among plants under stressed conditions help hosts adapt and promote plant life. In lithophytes, AM association aids in nutrient uptake from soil and facilitates plant survival under harsh conditions. The present review provides a comprehensive account of lithophytic life forms and covers different aspects of rock-dwelling plants concerning their historical background, classification, habitat, distribution in various families, root adaptive mechanisms, and phytopharmacological status. This review focused on plant species that can be considered among the most common representatives of lithophytes. This manuscript furnishes insights into different perspectives on the ecological and biological properties of the most common lithophytic species adapted to extreme rocky structures and explains their wide array of applications for pharmacological use.
Evaluation of Awareness and Perception Regarding Conflict of Interest in Research Among the Postgraduate Students in a Tertiary Care Center
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2025-03) Ghajbhiye, S; Tripathi, R; Jalgoankar, S; Pohregaonkar, A; Ourasang, S.
Background and ObjectivesConflict of interest (COI) exists when a set of circumstances creates a risk that a secondary interest will unduly influence professional judgment or actions regarding a primary interest. This knowledge regarding ethics and rights is given to postgraduate students in their first year of residency through various training programs. In this training, one of the concepts taught is COI. There is no available literature regarding awareness of COI among postgraduate students who are going to be future researchers; hence we decided to conduct this study. Materials and MethodsIt was a cross-sectional, observational, single-center, questionnaire-based Study. The validated questionnaire was administered to the postgraduate students after obtaining their written informed consent. These questions were designed based on four domains: Awareness, perception, case scenarios, and application of COI. The responses were recorded as Yes/No & presented in descriptive statistics. ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 28.67 years with a standard deviation (SD) of 1.92. Sixty-one percent of were female. More than 85% of postgraduate residents have an awareness of COI. Also, 70% of participants felt that increased protocol deviations and 91% reported research study outcomes are likely to be positive when there is COI in the study. Ninety-three percent of participants thought that education regarding COI was necessary. ConclusionThe majority of postgraduate students had an awareness of COI. Postgraduate students perceived that the results of the study involving COI may not be credible, and formal education and training are required in this area.

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