Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/150269

Editor: Mr R Raveendran

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.jpharmacol.com/>

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 136

Assessment of Sodium Butyrate’s Pharmacological Effects on Gentamicin-induced Nephrotic Disorders in a Rat Model
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-12) Kumar, S; Sindhu, RK.
Background: Sodium butyrate (SB) used to increase oxidative stress was reduced and the glutathione redox pathway was boosted. It inhibits proliferation, induction of differentiation, and induction or repression of gene expression and it has also anti-inflammatory action. This is endorsed for suppression of nephrotic symptoms. Objectives: The present study was carried out to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of SB on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: Present research work was designed to estimate pharmacological potential of SB in gentamicin- induced nephrotic disorder. The pharmacological prospective was estimated in gentamicin-induced rats through the oral administration of SB formulation 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg BW. Results: The study observed that the SB significantly protects the kidneys from gentamicin-induced nephrotic disorders. Gentamicin 100 mg/kg for 7 days was used for induction of nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal administration. The administration of SB was observed to decrease the occurrence of glomerular congestion, vascular congestion, epithelial desquamation, inflammatory cell build-up, and kidney cell necrosis induced by gentamicin. The dose of SB maintained the gentamicin-induced increased creatinine (0.62±0.05), serum urea (18.10±0.79), uric acid (2.10±0.28), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (17.56±0.55) levels. This fact is further sustained by the histopathological examinations. Conclusion: Sodium butyrate formulation with antinephrotic activity in maintaining uremic solutes such as urea, uric acid, creatinine, BUN, ketone, urobilinogen, glucose, specific gravity, and urine pH in Wistar rats with gentamicin-induced glomerulonephritis (GN). The SB was administered to the animals at doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight. Pretreatment with the drug showed promising results in maintaining elevated parameters in nephritic rats within a short duration.
Pharmacovigilance Consideration for Ayurvedic Medicines in Pediatric Practice: Developing Protocols for Documenting Clinical Safety
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-12) Subramanian, DK; Balakrishnan, G.
Background: The rising global trend of traditional medicine and complementary and alternative medicine use necessitates a structured approach to ensure patient safety and efficacy. Due to its unique theoretical framework, directly applying modern pharmacovigilance principles to Ayurveda may be insufficient. Purpose: This study aims to highlight the need for a collaborative approach that integrates traditional Ayurvedic knowledge with modern safety and efficacy evaluation methods. It critiques the limitations of current pharmacovigilance practices, espe- cially in the context of Ayurveda, and proposes improvements to better capture the complexities of traditional medicine. Methodology: An analysis of the “AyushSuraksha” program, a key initiative for the pharmacovigilance of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and homoeopathy (ASU&H) medicines in India, was conducted. The program’s focus areas, including monitoring medications, specific materials, and procedure-based therapies, were reviewed in light of their efficacy and safety reporting mechanisms. Additionally, the applicability of current pharmacovigilance methodologies, particularly in the context of per- sonalized Ayurveda treatments, was evaluated through case studies and literature reviews. Results: The “AyushSuraksha” program, while focused on medication and therapy monitoring, overlooks the safety of food items used in Ayurveda. Current pharmacovigilance systems, designed for standardized medications, may be inadequate for Ayurveda, as demonstrated by positive outcomes in autism treatment despite the presence of microbiologically harmful products. Furthermore, existing pharmacovigilance proformas lack a distinction between physicians' and end-users perspec- tives, limiting the reporting scope. Conclusion: A transition to a holistic, evidence-based pharmacovigilance approach that incorporates Ayurvedic assess- ments and nonlinear herbal interactions is crucial. Separate proformas for physicians and end-users, along with disease- specific questions, are recommended to improve reporting accuracy. Expanding the scope of pharmacovigilance beyond standardized medication monitoring is essential for the evolution and refinement of Ayurvedic science.
Pharmaceutical Care in Patients with Side Effects to Oral Antineoplastic Agents: A Case Report
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-12) Alarcon, TC; Muñoz-Cejudo, BM; Mora-Mora, MA.
Background: Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a haematopoietic stem cell disease characterised by the proliferation of granulocytes and their immature myeloid precursors. The treatments recommended are oral treatments dispensed in the outpatient unit (OU) of the hospital’s pharmacy service (PS), where patient-centred pharmaceutical care (PC) is essential to enhance therapeutic adherence, detect drug interactions and create a pharmacist-patient relationship to educate the patient on the main potential toxicities derived from the treatment and warning signs or symptoms requiring immediate attention. Methodology: We present the case of a 55-year-old woman, followed up in consultation by the Haematology Service (HS) since October 2021 for CML in the chronic phase. Results: She started treatment on nilotinib 300 mg every 12 hours. The patient attended OU and was offered PC. After 12 months, nilotinib was well tolerated, but our patient experienced a loss of effectiveness, so HS decided to switch to dasatinib 100 mg daily. After one year of treatment, our patient was presented with symptoms of swelling and dyspnoea on moderate exertion. In January 2024, following a joint Haematology-Pharmacy session, a switch to bosutinib 400 mg daily was decided. After 15 days of treatment, the patient presented without an appointment due to a pruritic generalised rash on the torso, face, and extremities, being diagnosed with leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Conclusion: In conclusion, we describe case reports of a patient who has a lack of effectiveness and ARs in several TKIs and the importance of identifying side effects, through early and close PC, in order for the patient’s evolution to be favourable.
Management of Lumbar Radiculopathy with Ayurveda: A Single Case Study
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-12) Makode, A; Parwe, S; Nisargandha, M; Sawarkar, P.
Background: Lumbar radiculopathy refers to the compression of a nerve root as it exits the lumbosacral column. The word “radiculopathy” describes symptoms that develop when the lumbosacral nerve roots are compressed. This comprises vary- ing degrees of radiating pain, numbness or tingling, weakness, and irregular gait. The patient was treated with Panchakarma procedures and Ayurvedic oral medications, resulting in satisfactory outcomes with no reported side effects. Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Panchakarma and Ayurvedic oral medications in treating lumbar radiculopathy. Methodology: A single case study of a 21-year-old male suffering from pain in the lumbar region radiating to the right leg, restricted movement, and difficulty walking and standing for nine months. He was treated with Panchakarma, including local massage, Katibasti, Matravasti, Niruha Vasti, and Patrapottali Sweda, followed by oral medications. Treatment was continued for 14 days. Results: The patient’s symptoms have been monitored for 14 days. The outcome was satisfactory, and the patient’s quality of life significantly improved. Conclusion: Interventions stated earlier give significant relief in the management of lumbar Radiculopathy.
Non-invasive Anemia Detection and Prediagnosis
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-12) Aiwale, S; Kolte, MT; Harpale, V; Bendre, V; Khurge, D; Bhandari, S; Kadam, S; Mulani, AO.
Background: Anemia is a significant global health concern, often stemming from iron deficiency or deficiencies in folate, vitamins B12, and A. Anemia disproportionately impacts vulnerable populations like children, adolescent girls, and pregnant or postpartum women. Purpose: Anemia is a serious public health issue, impairing productivity, cognitive development, and increasing mortality rates. Anemia is usually detected through blood tests measuring hemoglobin levels, but non-invasive solutions are rquired to lower discomfort, enhance accessibility, and allow for regular monitoring. These methods are essential for early detection in vulnerable populations. Methodology: The research methodology involves extracting valuable information from nail images using data mining algorithms. The focus is on calculating the percentage of blue- and red-stained cells within specific regions of interest in the nail images. Machine-learning algorithms are employed to transform these data into actionable insights for disease diagnosis. Results: The system demonstrates effectiveness in accurately detecting anemia and providing prediagnosis reports to health- care providers. The reports include comprehensive information such as patient symptoms, health history, test results, and the doctor’s preliminary assessment. This aids in timely and accurate treatment decisions. Conclusion: This research showcases the potential of image processing and machine learning in improving anemia diagnosis and facilitating personalized healthcare interventions.
Therapeutics Effects of the Genus Citrus in Anxiety Disorder
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-12) Kaur, H; Kaushik, U; Choudhary, N.
Background: Anxiety and mood disorders are among the mental health diseases that have exponentially increased in preva- lence owing to the hectic and stressful lifestyle. In addition to negatively impacting people’s physical health, this has resulted in a major psychological, social, and financial burden. A lot of emphasis has been placed on dietary and lifestyle modifications in the ongoing search for medication-free treatments. Investigating the connection between the consumption of specific fruits and vegetables and mental health issues such as depression has produced some intriguing and occasionally encouraging results. The genus Citrus with over 1300 species of plants is enriched with a plethora of polyphenolic compounds on the one hand and multicomponent volatile oil content on the other hand. Purpose: The current work is centered on examining the range of phytoconstituents found in various citrus species—both underutilized and utilized—as promising avenues for future anxiolytic research. The work also details the proposed pharma- cological mechanisms of isolated components and clinical trial advancements of selected citrus species. Methodology: Various databases, including PubMed and ScienceDirect, were used to search and collect relevant litera- ture published in the past 10 years (2014–2024). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) criteria recommended for drafting methodical reviews were followed. Results: Initially, 1791 articles were collected through an electronic database search, irrelevant titles/abstracts (1449) and other types of articles (05) were excluded. Out of 342 assessed reports, 187 duplicate articles were excluded. Finally, list of 67 articles was included in this narrative review. Conclusion: Although research and development, as well as the commercial use of several citrus varieties, have attracted some interest recently, analyzing neglected citrus species closely can help to improve their processing into well-known anx- iolytic leads by revealing their untapped potential. The work emphasizes the extensive exploration of underutilized citrus species, which have a rich bioactive pro file and enormous potential in pharmaceutical research and development.
Assessment of Awareness and Knowledge of Proton Pump Inhibitors Among the General Population in Lahore, Pakistan
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-12) Kalsoom, N; Riaz, H; Ajmal, W; Ali, Z; Akram, U; Baig, MR; Ahmad, S; Khan, TM; Bukhsh, A.
Background: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used for various conditions and are generally considered safe drugs; how- ever, there has been a surge in their usage over time, partially related to their safety and overprescription. Purpose: This study is aimed to assess how much the public of Lahore knows about PPI, and how they use it, and if they follow their physician’s instructions or not. Methods: A cross-sectional study was planned to attain the objective of the study. Respondents visiting various community pharmacies were inquired about their willingness to participate in this study. Chi-square was used to find the association between sociodemographic parameters and awareness of PPIs. p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were mostly university students (73.7%), with 82.2% having heard of PPIs. Prevalent use (86.85%) is observed, often after a medical condition. Notably, 60.1% use PPIs as needed, but only 52.3% complete the prescribed course. PPIs were taken before meals only by 69.3% of participants. Associations exist between having heard of PPIs, and age with younger participants (p < 0.001) exhibiting less awareness. Females also have heard lesser of PPIs (p = 0.011). Education correlates with unawareness (p < 0.001), and many participants are unaware of PPI side effects (51.04%). Conclusion: The study contributes valuable insights to the understanding of PPI usage perspectives, offering implications for healthcare practices and public health awareness campaigns. Overall, the public shows signs of awareness but those are not enough to eliminate the misuse of PPIs in Lahore.
Application of the Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms-Clinical Index to a Cohort of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Undergoing Phlebotomy at an Endocrinology Clinic
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-12) Tajudin, NHM; Fahrni, ML; Ghani, RA; Awang, MH; Chopra, H; Alkhoshaiban, AS.
Background: Statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS), the commonest statin-induced adverse effects, could hinder patient adherence and possibly lead to discontinuation of therapy, which then increases patients’ risks for developing cardiovascular events. Although statins are the most frequently prescribed lipid-lowering medication, the occurrence and severity of SAMS among the Malaysian population are less known. Objectives: To examine the likelihood and types of muscle symptoms attributable to statins, and the risk factors for developing the symptoms among statins users. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with convenience sampling of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing phlebotomy at an endocrinology clinic of a secondary hospital in a suburban city. Demographic and clinical data for the evidence of SAMS were retrieved from the hospital information system. A total of 214 patients were screened, and 50 subjects were recruited for interviews based on the study’s inclusion and exclusion criteria. Muscle symptoms that were evident through clinician notes, and self-reported signs and symptoms by patients during the interview were assessed to determine whether they were SAMS or not. This was done using a pre-structured published questionnaire via patient interview, and the likelihood was then determined using the SAMS-clinical index (SAMS-CI) tool. Results: In this cohort, the probability of having had a statin-associated muscle adverse event was 0.48, i.e., 48% “probable” and “possible” likelihood of SAMS having occurred for a patient who consumed a statin. The mean SAMS-CI score was 6.32 ± 0.470 (±7.4%) [CI: 5.85–6.79], which fell under an “unlikely” category. The most frequent type of muscle symptom was myalgia, which was experienced as muscle aches, stiffness, cramps, symptoms worsening after exercise, muscle tenderness, and trouble moving knees or arm joints. These symptoms were proximal and symmetrical in nature and commonly involved large muscle groups such as the thighs, buttocks, calves, and back muscles. An elevation in creatinine kinase was not commonly observed. Conclusion: A minority (6%) of the patients that we sampled experienced SAMS, which were probably attributable to statins. Nevertheless, caution must be exercised for female patients with a familial history of heart disease being prescribed with the lipophilic statins, atorvastatin, and simvastatin, and those who report aches in the large muscle groups.
Measurement of Nuchal Translucency Thickness in First Trimester Ultrasound Foetal Images Using Markov Random Field
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-01) Chaudhari, Kalyani; Oza, Shruti
Background: The first-trimester ultrasound assessment of nuchal translucency (NT) thickness has lately been recommended as the most helpful sign in early screening for prenatal chromosomal disorders. Increased foetal NT thickness between 11 and 13+6 weeks of gestation is a frequent phenotypic manifestation of chromosomal abnormalities as well as a variety of foetal deformities and genetic disorders. Purpose: At the moment, clinicians conduct the measurement manually. The measurement may take a long time to complete, requires highly competent operators, and is susceptible to mistakes. So, an automatic method is required for NT measurement. Materials and Methods: This study proposes a Markov random Field-based approach for contextually segmenting the NT area from foetal pictures and offering a quick and inexpensive diagnostic even during the early stages of pregnancy. Results: Proposed method gives maximum NT thickness error 0.03 and minimum NT thickness error 0.04. Conclusion: The proposed research work developed a prototype for an automated NT thickness measuring system. This study proposes an MRF-based model for segmentation and detection of NT area from foetal pictures which gives error is less than other methods.
Phytochemical Characterization and Anticancer Screening of Cladophora goensis and Cladophora glomerata Extracts
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-01) Sundaramoorthy, Sharanya; Dakshinamoorthy, Anusha; L. V. K. S., Bhaskar
Background: Cladophora goensis and Cladophora glomerata has been widely identified in the Indian Oceans. Marine algae have been identified as potential pharmacological agents useful in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension, infections, and cancers. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the phytochemicals in C. goensis and C. glomerata using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and to study the molecular interactions with cancer-related proteins using molecular docking techniques. Materials and methods: GC-MS analysis was done using electron impact ionization at 70eV and the data was evaluated using total ion count for compound identification and quantification. AutoDock 4.0 version was used for the molecular docking analysis. Results: The methanolic extracts of algae when subjected to GC-MS analysis, 19 compounds from C. goensis and 11 phytocompounds from C. glomerata were identified. The significant molecular interactions of phytochemicals of C. goensis (6-nitro-3H-quinazolin-4-one, Isoquinoline, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-methoxy-2-methyl-8-(phenyl methoxy) and 9-Decen-1-ol, pentafluropropionate) and C. glomerata (phytol, palmitic acid, and octadec-9-enoic acid) against human epidermal growth factor receptor (4WRG), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (4UND), human estrogen receptor alpha ligand-binding domain (3ERT), human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha ligand-binding domain (3VI8), and human topoisomerase (1EJ9) have been demonstrated. Conclusion: The phytochemicals of methanolic extracts of C. goensis and C. glomerata showed potential interactions with cancer-related proteins.
Patterns of Physical Activity and its Association with Gender and Academic Year Among Undergraduate Medical Students
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-01) Nishanthi, Anandabaskar; Agilan, Packirisamy; Vimal, Mourouguessine; Shanthi, Manickam
Aim: This study aimed to determine the patterns of physical activity (PA) and its association with gender and academic year among undergraduate medical students of a tertiary care hospital in South India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate medical students from August to October 2022 at a tertiary care teaching hospital in South India. PA was determined using the self-administered long form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: A total of 223 students aged 18 to 25 years completed the questionnaire, with the majority being females (59.2%). Their median total PA (metabolic equivalent [MET] minutes/week) was 1320, with 2073 and 771 MET minutes/week among male and female students, respectively. Fourth-year students were the most physically active, with higher energy expenditure per week, followed by second-year, third-year, and first-year students (p = 0.007). Out of the total 223 students, 141 (63.2%), 62 (27.8%), and 20 (9%) students belonged to low, moderate, and high PA levels, respectively. There was a greater proportion of students with low PA among females (70.5%) compared to male (52.7%) participants (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Most undergraduate medical students had a low level of PA, especially females and students in the first academic year. To increase the PA levels among medical students, curricular reforms by incorporating sports/exercise training, and ensuring the availability of adequate facilities and trainers for sports in every college/university is warranted. Future research focusing on the exploration of barriers to PA and designing innovative strategies to promote PA among medical students is the need of the hour.
The Management of Bronchial Asthma (Tamak Shwasa) through Panchakarma Procedure with Ishvaku (Lagenariasiceraria) Vamana: A Case Report
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-07) Parwe, Shweta; Nisargandha, Milind; Wanjari, Anita; Nakade, Mamata
Background: Bronchial asthma, a hypersensitivity illness, is rising quickly in the modern world, particularly in wealthy nations. However, according to clinical features, bronchial asthma and Ayurvedic Tamaka Shwasa are similar diseases. Asthma is incurable, according to traditional medical knowledge. Both patients and doctors are looking at complementary and alternative systems of medicine as options because current prescriptions do not offer adequate treatment for terminal and long-term cures. Ayurvedic medicine has the potential to be a viable and efficient treatment option for bronchial asthma. Vaman karma is helpful for treatment globally so that people worldwide can keep faith in it based on scientific evidence. The first line of treatment for Tamakshwasa’s Utkleshita vastha is Vamana. To determine Vamana Karma’s involvement in Tamak shwas, a season it connected to Tamak shwasa has been searched for and attempted to be established in this case study. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of Ayurvedic management, including specific Ishwaku vaman karma, in Tamaka Shwasa. Materials and Methods: A single case study of a 21-year-old man diagnosed with bronchial asthma. He was presented with frequent allergy due to dust, had an onset of sneezing due to cold weather, had a complaint of cold and cough on and off since childhood, and had a history of pneumonia in childhood. Observation and Outcome: A 9-day symptomatic patient assessment was completed. The patient’s overall quality of life was greatly enhanced, and the outcome was satisfactory. In conclusion, the above-mentioned regimen significantly improved the management of bronchial asthma.
Management of Kampavata (Parkinson’s Disease) through Panchakarma: A Successful Case Study
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-07) Mandal, Sonia; Sawarkar, Punam; Singh, Varinder; Parwe, Shweta; Sawarkar, Gaurav
Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects the central nervous system and is primarily characterized by the degen- eration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra. Early signs include tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, with later cognitive, sensory, sleep, and emotional issues. Ayurveda correlates these symptoms with Kampavata, primarily linked to Vata (bio-entities) imbalance. The prime aim of this paper is to study Panchakarma’s efficacy in managing Kampavata (PD). Case Presentation: This is a case presentation of a 55-year-old male patient who has experienced tremors in the left upper and lower limbs, numbness in the left lower limb, loss of balance for 10 years, abnormal facial expression (masked face), difficulty in speech, and sleep disturbance for 5 years. The patient was treated with Panchakarma therapy for 30 days. Results: Following treatment, the patient exhibited significant improvement in symptoms, assessed using the PD composite scale, with the total score decreasing from 68 to 19, along with evaluated by specific examination, bradykinesia test, reflexes, functional activities, and clinical features also notably improved. Discussion: Panchakarma therapy, rooted in Ayurvedic principles, shows promise in managing Kampavata, associated with PD. Conservative management focuses on Vata balance, which offers substantial comfort and enhances patient quality of life. Conclusion: Panchakarma therapy presents a potential avenue for treating Kampavata, addressing symptoms associated with PD, and improving patient satisfaction and well-being. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and explore the broader applicability of Ayurvedic approaches in neurodegenerative conditions.
Knowledge and Attitude Towards Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine on Colorectal Cancer Among Northern Malaysians
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-01) Ashruf, Ruksana Binti; Seng, Tan Boon; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Parasuraman, Subramani; Thamby, Sam Aaseer
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide causing approximately 10% of all cancer cases and is the second most frequent disease which is one of the leading causes of cancer-related fatalities. Traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) refers to a broad range of health practices, therapies and products typically not part of the ‘conventional medicine’ system, and its use is substantial among the general population. The knowledge and awareness levels about TCAM and the use of allopathic medications for the treatment of cancer are varied among individuals. The studies were conducted on the knowledge and awareness of the public on cancer, however, no studies specifically addressing the knowledge, attitude and practice of TCAM about CRC were found in Malaysia. Purpose: The present study aims to assess the knowledge of CRC and attitude towards TCAM in terms of CRC among a representative sample in Malaysia and identifying the sources of information about CRC and gauging the satisfaction levels with the services of a traditional medicine practitioner. Materials and Methods: A validated self-administered questionnaire and educational brochure were utilized for this study. Convenience sampling was employed to recruit respondents (n = 548) from Kedah and Penang. The calculated sample size was 500. SPSS v25 was used to analyse the data. Results: The demographic data were statistically significant (p < 0.05), the inference could be the sampling technique. Of the 548 respondents, 50.7% (n = 278) of them were CRC survivors. About 96.2% (n = 527) understood that CRC occurs in the colon or rectum. The majority were aware that rectal bleeding (75.4%) and blood in the stool (80.7%), are CRC’s signs and symptoms, while only 24.6% identified weakness and fatigue as CRC’s signs and symptoms. The respondents had poor knowledge scores (13.72 out of 31.00) as per Bloom’s cut-off scoring system. In terms of attitude towards TCAM, the majority had a ‘neutral’ (neither agree nor disagree) opinion for all the statements, meaning that the respondents surveyed were very undecided (neither positive nor negative opinion). Conclusion: Knowledge of CRC was poor for the cohort, while the attitude towards TCAMs was neutral. The average ‘neutral’ response in the attitude domain could indicate that the respondents had minimal understanding of TCAM about CRC. Further, longitudinal studies can be conducted to better gauge the public’s knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards CRC and TCAM. This highlights the importance of educational interventions which may help to improve the public’s KAP towards CRC and TCAM.
Modulation of Stem Cell Factor by Forskolin Inhibits the Progression of Tubule Interstitial Fibrosis
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-01) Vadnal, Prashant; Babu, D. Ravi Krishna; Manikantha, K.G.V; Chitalkar, Kishor; Reddy, Ch. Sandeep; Mohan, Mahalaxmi
Purpose: Forskolin is primarily found in the roots of the Coleus forskohlii plant, historically employed in Southeast Asian and Indian Ayurvedic medicine. Mast cells play a crucial role in fibrosis progression, yet their activation and inhibition in animal models are understudied; thus, we explored forskolin’s impact on kidney fibrosis. Materials and Methods: Forskolin was evaluated in a mouse model for stem cell factor-induced histamine release, and plasma histamine levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Kidney fibrosis was developed by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Renal function was assessed by spectrophotometric measurements of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. The gene expression of collagen, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-?), ?-smooth muscle actin (?-SMA), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1?), and mast cell protease-5 (MCPT-5) in the kidney was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Histopathological changes in the renal tissues were examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson’s trichome stain. Results: Our results showed that 3 mg/kg forskolin inhibited SCF-induced plasma histamine release in a mouse model. In the 7-day UUO model, forskolin significantly showed inhibition of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen compared with the disease group. Forskolin significantly inhibited elevated expression of collagen, TGF-?, ?-SMA, IL-1?, and MCPT-5 in the kidneys. Histopathological observation of H&E and Masson trichome-stained kidney forskolin demonstrated a reduction in inflammatory cells, pelvic and tubular dilation, and fibrosis. Conclusion: Forskolin showed an anti-fibrotic effect in UUO-induced renal fibrotic mice. Most significantly, forskolin administration showed a decrease in the expression of the mast cell protease MCPT5 in the kidneys. These results imply that forskolin, through modifying SCF activity, may be a viable potential treatment for the attenuation of tubule-interstitial fibrosis.
Pharmacodynamic Interaction of Areca catechu with Gliclazide in Wistar Rats
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-01) Al-Omran, Suliman Abdullah; S, Dharmashree; KV, Anil Kumar; Nagaraja, Sreeharsha
Background and Purpose: In alloxan-induced diabetic rats, this study sought to evaluate the hypoglycemic potential of the hydroalcoholic seed extract of Areca catechu, also referred to as areca nut, both as a stand-alone treatment and in combination with the diabetic drug gliclazide. Materials and Methods: The hot percolation method was used to produce the hydroalcoholic seed extract of A. catechu. Rats were given alloxan monohydrate and developed type II diabetes. The hydroalcoholic seed extract of A. catechu (1000 mg/kg p.o.) alone or in different combinations of gliclazide (25 mg/kg p.o.) and A. catechu extract (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg p.o.) were administered to the six diabetic rats. Body weights and blood glucose levels were measured on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 of the treatment. On the 28th day, the kidney, liver, and pancreas underwent histological investigations in addition to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Results: Blood glucose levels were significantly lowered upon administration of A. catechu’s hydroalcoholic seed extract, both alone and in conjunction with gliclazide. Comparing the diabetic control group to the A. catechu extract-treated group, histopathological examinations showed that high amounts of the extract, either by itself or in conjunction with gliclazide, caused the active proliferation of pancreatic beta cells, protecting against damage to the liver and kidneys. Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic seed extract of A. catechu showed promise as a monotherapy for controlling blood glucose levels, and as a co-administer for gliclazide, it showed signs of hypoglycemia. These results indicate A. catechu’s possible therapeutic benefit as an adjuvant diabetic treatment. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of action and evaluate its safety and effectiveness in clinical settings, more study is necessary.
Competitive Analysis of the Binding Affinity of Montelukast, Zafirlukast and Gemilukast to CysLTR1, P2Y12 and PPAR-? and their Possible Cardioprotective Effect: Using in silico Methods
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-01) Roy, Matrika Saha; Sarkar, Bidduth Kumar; Nadvi, Md Rohan; Sarkar, Arghya Prosun; Kundu, Sukalyan Kumar; Ahmed, Hossain; Islam, Md Jahirul; Sarkar, Barno Kumar; Singh, Peter; Maitra, Tanushree; Hasan, Maruf
Background: Asthma is a very common respiratory disorder, affecting more than 360 million people worldwide. It is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways with the symptoms of shortness of breath, coughing, chest tightness, wheezing, and sometimes chest pain. Leukotrienes play an important role in bronchoconstriction during the allergen or exercise- induced acute asthma attack. Aim: The study aims to predict the interactions between leukotriene antagonist drugs and CysLT receptor-1 (CysLTR1), P2Y12 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-?) on a competitive basis. The study also has the objective of understanding the cardioprotective roles of the drugs. Introduction: Asthma is strongly linked to the development of acute coronary syndrome by the leukotriene-induced activation of CysLTR1, platelet aggregation and thrombosis by activating P2Y12. PPAR-? is considered to show benefits against atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, obesity and dyslipidaemia, which are risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disorders. Leukotriene receptor inhibitors act with these three types of receptors to show therapeutic effects. Materials and Methods: To predict the possible interactions between the drugs and the receptors, the study has used in silico methods. Results and Discussion: Montelukast, Zafirlukast and Gemilukast are potential antagonists of CysLTR1 and P2Y12. They are also responsible for the upregulation of PPAR-?. Thus, these drugs show a cardioprotective role in asthma-induced cardiac disorders. Conclusion: A competitive in silico study of Montelukast, Zafirlukast and Gemilukast to predict their binding to CysLTR1, P2Y12 & PPAR-? revealed that Montelukast is more effective than the other two drugs for showing a cardioprotective role.
Pharmacological Study of Guben Yifei-Tang on a Rat Model of Pneumoconiosis
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-07) Yang, Zhou; Wenting, Shi; Lei, Haiming; Shi, Weihong
Background: Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis is a progressively worsening lung disease that poses a serious threat to human health. Current treatment options are limited and generally ineffective. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of GubenYifei-Tang (GB) in a rat model of pneumoconiosis. Materials and Methods: We established a chronic pneumoconiosis model in rats through intratracheal injection of silica dust. Subsequently, the rats were randomly assigned to various groups, including the model group (NC group), Hanfangji Masu tablet group (TET group), high-dose GB group (GB-H group), low-dose GB group (GB-L group), and a blank control group comprising 12 normal rats (NC group). We assessed blood biochemical, vascular endothelial function, immunoinflammatory factors, and oxidative stress indices in four rats from each group at the 1st, 3rd, and 6th months of administration. Results: Throughout the 6-month administration period, rats in the GB-L and GB-H groups displayed no significant abnormalities in their general condition or body weight. Both high and low doses of GB significantly reduced the respiratory rate and increased the respiratory amplitude of the pneumoconiosis model rats (p < 0.05). Additionally, they significantly decreased the mean pulmonary arterial pressure of these rats (p < 0.05). Moreover, we observed noteworthy improvements in blood gas indices and hypoxemia symptoms, including increased pH, decreased arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, increased arterial oxygen partial pressure, and arterial oxygen saturation. Compared to the NC group, the model group rats exhibited significantly elevated concentrations of serum transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-?), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?), and interleukin-1 (p < 0.01). High-dose GB significantly reduced serum levels of TGF-?, TNF-?, and interleukin-10 in rats, while low-dose GB partially improved serum inflammatory factor levels. Additionally, the lung mass index, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and hydroxyproline levels were significantly increased in the model group rats compared to the NC group (p < 0.01), accompanied by decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Both high and low doses of GB demonstrated substantial improvements in lung mass index, MDA, SOD, and hydroxyproline levels in rats (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In the rat model of pneumoconiosis, GB exerts a positive therapeutic impact on lung tissue lesions and respiratory function, with its effectiveness being both time- and dose-dependent.
Diabetic Brachial Plexopathy: A Case Report
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-07) Hegde, Megha; Raj, Saurav; Tikadar, Dhananjay; Nyamagoud, Sanatkumar B.
Diabetes is known to cause an array of central and peripheral neurological conditions. Among the neuropathic complications associated with diabetes are distal symmetrical polyneuropathy, amyotrophy, polyradiculopathy, autonomic neuropathy, and cranial mononeuropathies. Notably, brachial plexopathy has not been documented as a complication of diabetes. A 50-year- old man with a history of diabetes mellitus presented with severe pain and progressive weakness in his right upper limb. Laboratory investigations, immunopathological analyses, and cerebrospinal fluid examination yielded normal results. The electrodiagnosis and imaging studies were consistent with bilateral brachial plexus neuritis. This unique presentation does not align with the rare diabetic polyradiculopathy of the upper limbs commonly linked to diabetic amyotrophy. The association between diabetes mellitus and brachial plexopathy is uncommon, indicating a possible occurrence of a rare subtype within diabetic neuropathies.
Anthelmintic Activity of Alcoholic Leaf Extract of Tectona grandis
(Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., 2024-07) Nair, Devu B.; S., Sujith; Rajaselvi, Divya; Sivapriya, Aparna S.; Shajan, Nikitha; A. R., Nisha; M. N., Priya
Background: Helminthiasis is a major concern in the livestock sector due to the immense afflictions in the production and economy of the farmer. Chemical anthelmintics are used to combat them and parasites are acquiring resistance against these drugs. Hence, the development of new drugs or alternatives is the need of the hour for combating such infestations. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of methanolic leaf extract of Tectona grandis on strongyles. Materials and Methods: The dried leaves of Tectona grandis were subjected to Soxhlet extraction using methanol, and the extract was tested for its anthelmintic activity in vitro using egg hatch assay and larval motility assay. A dose of 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.625, and 7.8125 mg/ mL was used for the study. Fresh strongyle ova were exposed to different concentrations of the extract and observed after 48 hours for the hatch. L3 larvae obtained from coproculture were subjected to treatment with extract at different concentrations, and mortality per unit time was calculated. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were performed to identify the chemical nature of the extract. Results: There was a dose-dependent inhibition of hatch and larval mortality with a maximum inhibition of hatch at 250 mg/mL. There was a cent percent hatch in control wells and no loss of progressive motility in the larval motility test. On exposure to the extract, the larvae progressively lost their motility, and finally, there were caesurae of movement which indicated their death. The extract at 250 mg/mL killed all the larvae by 30 min, whereas, at 31.25 mg/mL, the mortality was 66.6% after 2 hr. Conclusion: The results suggest that methanolic extract from Tectona grandis leaves has a promising anthelmintic property and further studies are required for the isolation of active molecules.

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