Journal of Vector Borne Diseases

Permanent URI for this collection

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/117867

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 531

MBORS: Mosquito vector Biocontrol Ontology and Recommendation System
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-01) Jeyakodi, G; Shanthi Bala, P; Sruthi, OT; Swathi, K
Background & objectives: Mosquito vectors are disease-causing insects, responsible for various life-threatening vector-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, malaria, chikungunya, and lymphatic filariasis. In practice, synthetic insecticides are used to control the mosquito vector, but, the continuous usage of synthetic insecticides is toxic to human health resulting in communicable diseases. Non-toxic biocontrol agents such as bacteria, fungus, plants, and mosquito densoviruses play a vital role in controlling mosquitoes. Community awareness of mosquito biocontrol agents is required to control vector-borne diseases. Mosquito vector-based ontology facilitates mosquito biocontrol by providing information such as species names, pathogen-associated diseases, and biological controlling agents. It helps to explore the associations among the mosquitoes and their biocontrol agents in the form of rules. The Mosquito vector-based Biocontrol Ontology Recommendation System (MBORS) provides the knowledge on mosquito-associated biocontrol agents to control the vector at the early stage of the mosquitoes such as eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. This paper proposes MBORS for the prevention and effective control of vector-borne diseases. The Mosquito Vector Association ontology (MVAont) suggests the appropriate mosquito vector biocontrol agents (MosqVecRS) for related diseases. Methods: Natural Language Processing and Data mining are employed to develop the MBORS. While Tokenization, Part-of-speech Tagging (POS), Named Entity Recognition (NER), and rule-based text mining techniques are used to identify the mosquito ontology concepts, the data mining apriori algorithm is used to predict the associations among them. Results: The outcome of the MBORS results in MVAont as Web Ontology Language (OWL) representation and MosqVecRS as an Android application. The developed ontology and recommendation system are freely available on the web portal. Interpretation & conclusion: The MVAont predicts harmless biocontrol agents which help to diminish the rate of vector-borne diseases. On the other hand, the MosqVecRS system raises awareness of vectors and vector-borne diseases by recommending suitable biocontrol agents to the vector control community and researchers.
A case series of Mediterranean spotted fever and murine typhus with neurological manifestations
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-07) Hammami, Fatma; Koubaa, Makram; Chakroun, Amal; Rekik, Khaoula; Mezghani, Sonda; Hammami, Adnane; Marrakchi, Chakib; Smaoui, Fatma; Jemaa, Mounir Ben
Background & objectives: Severe cases with neurological manifestations of rickettsiosis have been reported. We aimed to identify the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of central nervous system rickettsial infec- tions and to describe the treatment. Methods: We carried out a retrospective study that included all patients hospitalized with rickettsiosis in the infec- tious diseases department of Hedi Chaker University Hospital in Sfax, Tunisia between 1993 and 2018. Results: We identified 47 patients with central nervous system rickettsial infections among 440 patients with rickettsial infections (10.7%). Skin rash (31.9% vs 87.8%; p<0.001) and eschar (4.2% vs 27.7%; p<0.001) were less frequent among patients with central nervous system rickettsial infections. Complications (6.4% vs 0.5%; p=0.01) and death (4.2% vs 0.3%; p=0.03) were more frequent among patients with central nervous system rickettsial infections. Interpretation & conclusion: Cardinal clinical features and typical laboratory results including thrombocytopenia were less frequent, and prognosis was more severe in patients with central nervous system rickettsial infections.
Seroprevalence study of dengue-malaria coinfection in an East-Cameroonian public hospital: A comparison between malarial and non-malarial groups
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-01) Ndeme, Elodie Ayangma; Tietcheu, Borris Rosnay Galani; Demanou, Sylvie Agokeng; Djamen, Dieudonne Pascal Chuisseu; Yanou, Nicolas Njintang
Backgrounds & objectives: Recent research in Cameroon reported several occurrences of dengue in urban settings, but concurrent dengue-malaria infection has received less attention, particularly in the East region. Methods: A two-month cross-sectional and comparative research was performed at Bertoua Regional Hospital which included 50 malaria-positive participants and 90 non-malaria subjects. Participants were selected and provided with a questionnaire to collect sociodemographic data. Blood samples were collected and tested for dengue infection and hematological parameters were assessed. Results: Dengue fever was found in 14% of malarial patients vs 66.66% of controls. Secondary dengue infection was more prevalent in malarial patients than in non-malarial patients. Gender, age, and place of residence were positively correlated to dengue seropositivity. Platelets were substantially lower (P<0.001) in the malarial group than in the non-malarial group. Interpretation & conclusion: In the study, coinfected patients were found to be more vulnerable to dengue, emphasizing the importance of epidemiological surveillance.
Isolation and molecular detection of dengue and chikungunya virus from field-collected adult mosquitoes in Kelantan, Malaysia
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-01) Jusoh, Tuan Nur A Mat; Jaafar, Izhan S; Shueb, Rafidah H
Background & objectives: Dengue and chikungunya infections are one of the major health problems that have plagued the human population globally. All dengue virus (DENV) serotypes circulate within Malaysia with particular serotypes dominating in different years/outbreaks. In the state of Kelantan, an increasing number of DENV and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) new cases have been reported, including several deaths. This study aimed to isolate and detect these arboviruses from adult mosquitoes in Kelantan. Methods: Adult mosquito samples were collected from January to August 2019 and were identified according to gender, species and locality. The isolation of the virus was done in C6/36 cells. Dengue NS1 antigen was carried out using direct mosquito lysate and mosquito culture supernatant. Detection and serotyping of the DENV was performed using multiplex RT-PCR and CHIKV detection using a one-step RT-PCR assay. Results: Of 91 mosquito pools, four were positive for NS1 antigen comprising two pools (2.2%) of male Ae. albopictus (Pulau Melaka and Kubang Siput) and two pools (2.2%) of Ae. aegypti (Kampung Demit Sungai). DENV 1 was detected in one pool (0.9%) of female Ae. albopictus among 114 tested Aedes pools. Two pools of 114 pools (1.7%) from both male Aedes species were positive with double serotypes, DENV 1 and DENV 2 (Pulau Melaka). However, no pool was positive for CHIKV. Interpretation & conclusion: The presence of DENV and the main vectors of arboviruses in Kelantan are pertinent indicators of the need to improve vector controls to reduce arbovirus infections among people in the localities.
Dengue encephalitis: A rare manifestation of dengue fever
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-07) Harshani, Hewa Babarandage Chathurika; Ruwan, Denagama Vitharanage Rishan Geeth; Chathuranga, Gamage Don Diluk; Weligamage, Dedunu C U Dias; Abeynayake, Janaki I
Dengue fever, which is caused by the dengue virus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, usually manifests as flu-like symptoms and is a prevalent tropical illness. However, there are rare cases where the infection takes an unusual course, resulting in severe complications like dengue encephalitis. This case report delineates an occurrence of dengue encephalitis in a patient from Sri Lanka. It provides insights into the clinical presentation, diagnostic difficulties, and treatment approaches linked to this uncommon manifestation of dengue fever.
Efficacy and safety of Artemisinin Combination Therapy for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria across international borders of India
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-01) Sinha, Swati; Sharma, Supriya; Singh, Kuldeep; Swarnkar, Deendayal; Ahmed, Naseem; Rajput, Priyanka; Srivastava, Bina; Anvikar, Anup R.
Background & objectives: Malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) remains a major public threat in India. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been the country’s first-line drug for uncomplicated Pf malaria. In 2013–2014, Artesunate plus sulfadoxine (AS+SP) was replaced by Artemether Lumefantrine (AL) as the first- line antimalarial in North East (NE) states of the country which are endemic for Pf malaria. Regular monitoring of antimalarial drugs is of utmost importance to achieve the goal of elimination. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of ACT for treating uncomplicated Pf malaria in the NE states of India. Methods: A prospective study of 28-day follow-up was conducted to monitor the efficacy and safety of AL from 2018–2019 in four districts, Udalgiri, Meghalaya, Lawngtlai, and Dhalai of NE, India. The clinical and parasitological response and the polymorphism analysis of the Pfdhps, Pfdhfr, and Pfkelch13 gene were evaluated. Results: A total of 234 patients were enrolled in the study out of 216 patients who completed the follow-up to 28 days. One-hundred percent adequate clinical and parasitological responses (ACPR) were observed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) correction. The genotype results suggest no recrudescence in the treatment-failure patients. The classical single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the Pfdhfr gene was S108N (94.9%), followed by C59R (91.5%), whereas, in the Pfdhps gene, the common SNP was A437G (79.6%), followed by S3436A. No associated or validated mutations were found in the propeller region of the PfKelch13 gene. Interpretation & conclusion: AL was efficacious and safe in uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in North East India. In contrast, mutations in the genes responsible for sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine resistance have been fixed in northeast India’s population.
Dengue dynamics: Prognostic and disease monitoring through molecular and serological profiling of clinical isolates
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-07) Tiwari, Vikas; Afzal, Mohd; Sharma, Abhishek; Tiwari, Jaishree
Background & objectives: Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne illness that affects millions of people worldwide every year. With no vaccination available, early detection and treatment are critical. It is found in 112 countries and poses a risk to travellers, particularly in metropolitan areas. Laboratory diagnoses vary according to objectives, resources, and schedule, with sensitivity and specificity must be balanced for effective testing. Methods: The current study is a cross-sectional diagnostic study and samples from suspected patients of dengue was collected from May to November 2023 and transported to laboratory. RT-PCR and Dengue Duo Rapid test diagnosis techniques were used and total 48 clinical samples were included in this study. Results: A total of 48 clinical samples were collected. Blood was collected from the suspected cases of dengue and further subjected to different molecular and serological parameters. Serum was separated from all blood samples. RNA was isolated by silica column extraction method which is further utilized as a template for amplification and detection of dengue serotyping. Master Mix was prepared for the amplification and detection of dengue virus by Rotor-Gene Q Real-Time PCR Machine and further serological profiling of positive dengue cases was studied by conventional PCR. Interpretation & conclusion: Our laboratory effectively standardized an RT-PCR-based approach for molecular identification of dengue virus in clinical specimens. This adaptive technique, which uses numerous primer sets, displayed good specificity and sensitivity in serotype detection. The technology provides for quick and reliable identification of dengue virus infections, allowing for targeted treatment and preventative actions for successful disease management in highly populated regions.
Antimalarial potential of Kerala Ayurvedic Water “Pathimugam”
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-07) Kaushik, Naveen Kumar; Sahal, Dinkar
Background & objectives: The persistent threat of drug resistant malaria demands new cures. Low prevalence of malaria in the Indian state of Kerala compared with other proximal states led us to explore if there is any tradi- tional practice in Kerala which may confer protection against malaria. In this context, our attention was drawn to “Pathimugam” i.e., Ceasalpinia sappan whose heartwood is used to prepare a red aqueous extract which is a uniquely popular drink all over Kerala. Methods: Aqueous and methanolic extracts of various organs of C. sappan were prepared and tested against Plas- modium falciparum grown in vitro culture using SYBR Green-I assay. The cytotoxicity of active extracts/fractions was studied using mammalian HeLa cell line. In vivo efficacy was determined using Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice. Results: The highest antiplasmodial activities in the alcoholic and aqueous extracts were observed in leaf methanolic extract (IC50 2 ?g/ml) and heartwood aqueous extract (IC50 12.5 ?g/ml). C. sappan extracts were equipotent against both chloroquine sensitive Pf3D7 and resistant Pf INDO strains and showed suppression of % parasitemia in P. berghei infected mice. Activity guided chromatographic fractionation of aqueous wood extract led to the fortification of antiplasmodial activity (IC50 5 ?g/ml). Interpretation & conclusion: Our results establish the antiplasmodial potential of C. sappan and suggest that its regular use might have prophylactic or curative actions that may assist in keeping check on malaria in the Indian state of Kerala.
Shifting spatial, temporal and demographic patterns of dengue incidence and associated meteorological factors in Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia from 2015–2020
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-07) Alqassim, Ahmad Y; Badedi, Mohammed; Muaddi, Mohammed A.; Alharbi, Abdullah A; Jareebi, Mohammad A; Makeen, Anwar M; El-Setouhy, Maged; Albasheer, Osama B; Sabai, Abdullah; Sahly, Ahmed
Background & objectives: Dengue poses a considerable public health threat in Saudi Arabia, with escalating out- breaks in Jazan, where seasonal rains create ideal mosquito breeding conditions. Elucidating local epidemiological dynamics is imperative to strengthen evidence-based prevention policies. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal, demographic, and meteorological patterns of dengue in Jazan from 2015–2020. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study utilized surveillance records for 3427 confirmed dengue cases. Descriptive analyses characterized geographic, seasonal, age, gender, and nationality distributions. Forecasting models project expected epidemics through 2025. Regression analysis identified climate factors associated with monthly case counts. Results: Dengue exhibited shifting seasonal peaks, transitioning into year-round transmission by 2019, indicating endemic establishment. Cases clustered in different high-burden sectors annually, requiring localized vector control. The majority of affected individuals were young male adults, with gender gaps narrowing over time. Saudi nationals had an escalating incidence, but non-citizens showed a higher risk, signaling importation threats. Seasonal outbreaks were associated with temperature, wind speed, and direction. Interpretation & conclusion: Enhanced surveillance, outbreak forecasting, targeted control activities, and integrated prevention policies grounded in continuous evidence assessment can effectively address endemic dengue transmission in Jazan. This study provides key insights to optimize data-driven decision-making for dengue control in Saudi Arabia.
A comparative study on the vector competence of Anopheles stephensi from geographically distinct malarious and non-malarious urban areas in India to the malarial parasite, Plasmodium vivax
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-07) Ravindran, John; Eapen, Alex
Background & objectives: Anopheles stephensi is responsible for the transmission of malaria in urban areas. Vector competence of An. stephensi from a non-malarious (Coimbatore) and highly malarious (Chennai) urban area were investigated to find out the reason for the non-transmission of malaria in Coimbatore. Methods: Vector competence (Susceptibility/refractoriness) of An. stephensi mosquitoes from Chennai (Malarious) and Coimbatore (Non-malarious), Tamil Nadu, India to Plasmodium vivax (Chennai) were investigated. Bioassays were carried out concurrently in both these strains by artificial membrane feeding technique using the same malaria infected blood. An. stephensi were dissected to observe infection in the midgut and salivary glands. The parasite infection, oocyst and sporozoite positivity rate, the oocyst load, correlation between male-female gametocyte ratio and infection, and Survival Analysis of parasitic stages during sporogony were analyzed and compared. Results: The overall infection rate was 45.8 and 41.2 per cent in Chennai and Coimbatore. Oocyst count ranged from 1–80 and 1–208 respectively and not statistically significant. Oocyst positivity was high from Day 8–21in both strains. The Mean Survival Day (MSD) for oocyst was Day 14 in both strains. Sporozoite was observed in four experiments in each of the strains and the MSD for sporozoites was Day 20 and Day 17 in Chennai and Coimbatore. Interpretation & conclusion: An. stephensi of Chennai and Coimbatore are equally susceptible to P. vivax infec- tion and the non-transmission of malaria in Coimbatore can be attributed to external factors such as the presence of preferential breeding habitat, vector density, vector survival, and weather. The only difference observed was the comparatively shortened oocyst maturation time in the Coimbatore strain which requires further investigation.
Investigating public understanding and actions regarding Aedes mosquitoes and dengue prevention across altitudinal range in central Nepal
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-07) Sukupayo, Punya Ram; Poudel, Ram Chandra; Ghimire, Tirth
Backgrounds & objectives: Dengue fever, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, is a significant public health concern in Nepal. An extensive Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) survey related to Aedes mosquitoes and prevention of dengue was conducted along the route from Matihani (62 m above sea level) to Kalinchok (3840 m asl) in central Nepal. This research examined residents’ awareness of Aedes mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit, aiming to support the World Health Organization’s national and global fight against mosquito-borne diseases. Methods: The survey included 550 participants aged 18–75 years (249 males and 201 females). Door-to-door cam- paigns were conducted to gather data on knowledge scores, practices, and attitudes about Aedes mosquitoes using a standard structured questionnaire. Results: Findings of this study revealed a moderate level of knowledge across the study area, with a mean knowledge score of 5.525±2.58 (correct answer rate of 46.05%). While 99.6% of respondents were aware of dengue transmis- sion by mosquitoes, only 64.5% were able to report Aedes mosquitoes as the key transmitter. Less than one-third of the participants (27.8%) were familiar with black-and-white stripes in Aedes. Additionally, only 36.7% were knowledgeable about the day-biting behavior of Aedes mosquitoes. Interpretation & conclusion: This KAP survey provides valuable insights into community understanding of Aedes mosquitoes and dengue prevention practices associated with various Nepalese communities residing in low to high altitudes of central Nepal. These findings can be adopted to address the increasing health burden faced by countries with low-to-high altitude regions within the Hindu Kush Himalayas.
Examining trends in epidemic typhus using historical texts
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-07) Walker, Mark David
Background & objectives: Although associated with conflict, epidemic typhus was endemic across Europe into the modern period. The extent of the problem it caused is uncertain as record keeping in the most affected socio- economic groups was rare. Google Ngram Viewer details the frequency of word usage in written language over time. The objective was to examine whether use of the word typhus reflected potential patterns in epidemic typhus. Methods: The frequency of the word ‘typhus’ was used in British English was studied between 1800 and 2019 and trends were examined. Results: Clear differences in word usage were apparent; use increased throughout the 19th century corresponding to increasing industrialization. Peaks coinciding with World Wars 1 and 2 were apparent. Strong correlations with the words “conflict”, “warfare” and “industry” were seen. Mean shifts corresponded to public health legislation in the UK and the introduction of antibiotics. Interpretation & conclusion: This study illustrates how examination of word usage can illuminate aspects of disease occurrence where official data sources are lacking.
Status of vector protection measures and awareness regarding vector borne diseases in families residing in a “Nirmal Gram Puraskar” village in India
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-07) Rohit, A; Mangasuli, Vijayalaxmi; Amrutha, AM; Sidenur, Bhagyalaxmi; Vijeth, SB
Background & objectives: Mosquito-borne diseases are increasing problems in various parts of the world, causing high mortality and morbidity for humans. This study was done to assess the vector protection measures taken by rural below poverty line (BPL) families, and to assess the awareness about vector-borne diseases along with Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) in rural BPL families. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural area which won “Nirmal Gram Puraskar” Award i.e., “clean village” among 96 below BPL families for a period of three months. These families (every 5 th ) were selected by systematic random sampling until we reached a sample size. Basic socio-demographic details, status of vector protection measures, solid waste management, vector-borne diseases and total sanitation campaign details were col- lected from the study participants. Pretested, semi-structured questionnaire was applied to the head of the families which included sanitation status at home by house-to-house visit. Data collected was analysed using SPSS version 20 and presented as frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation. Results: Among 96 families studied (454 adults and children), 84 (87.5%) were males and 12 (12.5%) were females. Among these, 291 (64.1%) were using one or the other mosquito protection measures, 52 (54.2%) were using bednets and 23 (23.9%) used coils. 12 families (12.5%) were not using any mosquito protection measures. In our study, 66 (68.8%) families had individual household latrine (IHHL) and 50 (52.1%) had open drainage. Even though 314 participants had an access to individual household latrine, 20 (6.36%) had practice of open air defecation compared to 127 (90.7%) who practiced open air defecation without an access to individual household latrine. When asked about the awareness regarding vector-borne diseases, 56 (58.3%) were aware about chikungunya, 47 (48.9%) about dengue, 46 (47.9%) about malaria, 14 (14.6%) and only 5 (5.2%) families were aware about Japanese encephalitis. In this study, 37 (38.5%) were aware about the total sanitation campaign and 40 (41.6%) about the government support for sanitation. Interpretation & conclusion: While there is a general awareness of vector-borne diseases, the implementation of vector protection measures is not uniform across the village. There is a need for targeted interventions to improve the effectiveness of vector protection measures and increase awareness among the community.
Frequency of Lyme disease in patients with tick contact and identification of ticks from Bolu province of Turkey
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-07) Arslan, Nebil; Gozdas, Hasan Tahsin; Yaman, Kerem; Karabork, Seyda
Background & objectives: Lyme disease is a multisystemic disease caused by the bacteria in the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, which is transmitted by ticks of the Ixodes genus. Although there are seroprevalence studies and case reports of Lyme disease from various regions in Turkey, there is no widespread epidemiological research. This study aimed to determine the frequency of Lyme disease in the cases followed-up after tick contact and to examine the isolated ticks to reveal tick population from Bolu province. Methods: In this study, cases who applied to the emergency department due to tick contact between April and Sep- tember 2020 were firstly evaluated in our infectious diseases and clinical microbiology outpatient clinic on the third day of exposure and antibodies against Lyme disease were investigated with the IFA method to exclude the patients who were previously exposed to B. burgdorferi. Thereafter, patients were requested to continue outpatient visits at the 1 st and 3rd month control. At these controls, serum samples were taken to study B.burgdorferi antibodies with the ELISA method which were stored at -20°C until the study day. Results: Out of 123 patients who came to first control, 69 patients continued later to at least one of the two controls (either at first or third month). Of these 69 patients, only one (1.4%) was diagnosed with Lyme borreliosis accord- ing to clinical and laboratory features. Erythema migrans did not occur in any of the cases. Serum samples were assessed by ELISA method. Asymptomatic infection was detected in 22 cases (30.5%). In addition, we could obtain 46 ticks from our cases and two genera were identified. Forty-two (91.3%) were Ixodes spp., and two (4.3%) were Hyalomma spp. Interpretation & conclusion: In this study, which was carried out for the first time in the province of Bolu, it was concluded that the cases presenting with a history of tick contact were most frequently exposed to Ixodes spp ticks, and the probability of developing Lyme borreliosis was low (1,4%) during the three-month follow-up period. Further studies with more number of cases and more extended follow-up period are needed.
Malaria infection and associated household level risks in an urban and rural areas of West Bengal, India
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-07) Bag, Noor Islam; Paul, Bobby; Bhattacharyya, Madhumita; Sarkar, Subhrajit
Background & objectives: Malaria is one of the critical public health problems globally as well as in India. Recent times have seen an increase in the importance of the possible effects of environmental and demographic factors on the local transmission of malaria. We conducted a community-level study between urban and rural areas to find out the factors associated with malaria infection. Methods: A community-based observational cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2020 and September 2022 among 330 households from urban areas of Chetla, Kolkata and rural areas of Singur district of West Bengal state of India. Households were selected by two stage random sampling method. Study was done by face-to-face interview, review of medical records and observation of the households. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Multivariable logistic regression (hierarchical model) was done and p-value equal to or less than 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: The prevalence of malaria infection among participants and household level risks of malaria infection were found to be 6.1%, 1.8% and 18.8%, 6.7%, respectively in the urban and rural areas. Significant predictors of malaria infection were households with ?5 family members [AOR=2.91{CI (1.19–7.15)}], households not using any mos- quito protective measures [AOR=3.71{CI (1.04–13.13)}], presence of mosquito breeding places [AOR=4.93{CI (1.53–15.93)}], absence of effective window screen [AOR=3.19{CI (1.16–8.71)}], absence of separate kitchen [AOR=2.38{CI (1.06–5.34)}], and inadequate lighting condition in the house [AOR=4.35{CI (1.78–10.64)}]. Interpretation & conclusion: This study provides important insights into the epidemiology of malaria in a high and low-transmission setting in West Bengal, India. Intensified efforts strengthening community mobilization for prevent- ing breeding places for mosquito. Policy should strengthen investment in housing programs that may complement reduction of malaria transmission. Disease reduction effects of Government and local non-governmental organiza- tions should be directed towards those areas in order to decrease disease load.
Structural exploration of the PfBLM Helicase-ATP Binding Domain and implications in the quest for antimalarial therapies
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-07) Gattan, Hattan S; Al-ahmadi, Bassam M; Shater, Abdullah F; Saeedi, Nizar H; Alruhaili, Mohammed H
Background & objectives: The battle against malaria has witnessed remarkable progress in recent years, character- ized by increased funding, development of life-saving tools, and a significant reduction in disease prevalence. Yet, the formidable challenge of drug resistance persists, threatening to undo these gains. Methods: To tackle this issue, it is imperative to identify new effective drug candidates against the malaria parasite that exhibit minimal toxicity. This study focuses on discovering such candidates by targeting PfRecQ1, also known as PfBLM, a vital protein within the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PfRecQ1 plays a crucial role in the parasite’s life cycle and DNA repair processes, making it an attractive drug development target. The study employs advanced computational techniques, including molecular modeling, structure-based virtual screening (SBVS), ADMET profiling, molecular docking, and dynamic simulations. Results: The study sources ligand molecules from the extensive MCULE database and utilizes strict filters to ensure that the compounds meet essential criteria. Through these techniques, the research identifies MCULE-3763806507-0-9 as a promising antimalarial drug candidate, surpassing the binding affinity of potential antimalarial drugs. However, it is essential to underscore that drug-like properties are primarily based on in silico experiments, and wet lab experi- ments are necessary to validate these candidates’ therapeutic potential. Interpretation & conclusion: This study represents a critical step in addressing the challenge of drug resistance in the fight against malaria.
Comparison of conjunctival swabs and blood samples in dogs for molecular and serological detection of Leishmania infantum infection in Colombia
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-07) Mejía-Chimá, Wilmer A; Hernández-Vera, Samuel D; Pérez-Vargas, Oscar Y; Rivero Rodriguez, Matilde E; Paternina Luis, E; Bejarano Eduar, E
Background & objectives: Surveillance of canine leishmaniasis in Colombia is restricted to the appearance of vis- ceral leishmaniasis cases in humans, and is mainly performed by serological tests. This requires blood sampling by veterinarians or technicians according to Colombian laws. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of conjunctival swabs in the molecular detection of Leishmania in dogs from the municipality of Ovejas, Sucre. Methods: The present study was cross-sectional and descriptive. The collection source of samples and information was primary. Blood samples and conjunctival swabs from 121 dogs were analysed by PCR-ITS1 to detect Leishmania spp. Positive samples were used to amplify a conserved region of the Leishmania infantum kinetoplast minicircle. Performance of both sample types was calculated by proportion of positive samples of each type and the degree of agreement between them was determined by Cohen’s kappa (?) agreement index. Results: Leishmania infection was detected in 17.4% (21/121) of blood samples and in 16.5% (20/121) of conjunctival swabs. In total, 28.1% (34/121) of the canines were infected, of which 11.8% (4/34) were infected with L. infantum in the conjunctival swabs and 5.9 % (2/34) in the blood samples. The agreement between blood and conjunctiva was medium (? = 0.207) by PCR-ITS1 amplification. Interpretation & conclusion: The use of conjunctival swab as a non-invasive sample could be used as an alternative method for surveillance of canine leishmaniasis.
Repellent activity of Vitex negundo and Curcuma longa herbal extract against Simulium species in India
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-07) Bhuyan, Chinmoy; Saha, Dipankar; Rabha, Bipul
Background & objectives: At present, use of synthetic pesticides to manage insects and other arthropods creates a number of issues that are related to the environment and public health. The goal of the present study is to find repel- lent activity of Vitex negundo and Curcuma longa herbal extracts against the wild species Simulium (blackfly) bite. Methods: We have studied Simulium biting behavior and tested the repellency of herbal extract obtained from Vitex negundo L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) and Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberal: Zingiberaceae) along with their essential oils in three locations in Arunachal Pradesh, India on human volunteers’ resistance to Simulium (blackflies). The reported herbal extracts were incorporated to topical drug delivery vehicle as a cream and gel. Results: The methanolic extract of Vitex negundo cream and gel formulation showed >2 h safety at 5% concentration and >5 h safety at 10% concentration in all the testing sites followed by ethyl acetate extract. Whereas, chloroform extract of Curcuma longa cream and gel formulation provided >1 h safety at 5% concentration and >4 h safety at 10% concentration. Interpretation & conclusion: At an optimum concentration of 10%, the methanolic extract of Vitex negundo cream provided complete protection times (CPTs) 320.4, 358.6, and 346.4 min, respectively. These findings offer confirma- tion of the methanolic extract and chloroform extract potential for use in new blackfly repellents.
Leptospira infection and carrier survey on rats from wet market areas in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-01) Noh, Mohamed Asyraf; Masri, Siti Norbaya; Zulkapli, Azlina; Mohd Ali, Mohammad Ridhuan; Amran, Fairuz
Background & objectives: Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic infection that has caused significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. This disease is endemic in Malaysia and as a developing tropical country, leptospirosis is concerning as it threatens Malaysian public health and the country’s economic sectors. However, there is limited information on leptospirosis in Malaysia, especially regarding leptospiral seroepidemiology among carriers in Malaysia. Therefore, more epidemiological information on the source of the disease and reservoir are needed for better disease control and source intervention. The objectives of this study are to gather information on Leptospira infection and the carrier status of rats captured from selected wet markets of Kuala Lumpur metropolitan city in Malaysia. Methods: Live rat trappings were performed in four major wet markets in Kuala Lumpur, namely, Pudu, Chow Kit, Datuk Keramat, and Petaling Street. Animal samplings were performed for 12 months in 2017, where blood and kidney samples were collected and tested for anti-leptospiral antibodies via Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) and pathogenic Leptospira screening via Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of flaB gene. Results: MAT showed that 34.7% (n = 50/144) of the captured rats were positive for anti-leptospiral antibody of which the most prominent serovar was Malaya followed by a local strain, IMR LEP 175. In parallel, 50 rats were also positive for pathogenic Leptospira DNA. Interpretation & conclusion: This study showed that there are persistent Leptospira infections among rats in Kuala Lumpur wet markets and these rats are important reservoir hosts for the bacteria.
Enhancing healthcare access and malaria management via mobile clinics and phone call services in Nuh district of Haryana, India
(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-07) Rahi, Manju; Nazmeen, Aarifa; Kumar, Sanjeev; Yadav, Chander Prakash; Kumar, Gaurav; Mittal, Peeyush; Joy, Sam; Sharma, Sachin; Baharia, Rajendra Kumar; Bhati, Gaurav; Goel, Pawan; Sharma, Amit
Background & objectives: Malaria remains a complex challenge in India due to its diverse epidemiology, multi-ethnic population, and multiplicity of malaria vectors. While progress has been made in reducing malaria nationally, persistent pockets hinder elimination efforts. These challenges include hidden reservoirs, inadequate healthcare, suboptimal surveillance, non-compliance, and subclinical infections. Shortage of grassroot level and primary care health staff, transportation issues and general inaccessibility and unavailability of healthcare services are additional challenges. Methods: Mobile healthcare vans have been tried and found useful in enhancing healthcare availability in several health conditions in different settings. Nuh district in Haryana, India is a malaria endemic region; it is indeed one of the districts included by India’s NITI Aayog in the Aspirational Districts Programme, a government initiative that focuses on rapidly transforming and developing the most underdeveloped districts in country. With an aim to improve the healthcare seeking behavior of malaria-endemic community of selected villages of Nuh district, we carried out a study using interventions in two villages of the district, that had mobile malaria clinics and toll-free telephone services in enhancing healthcare access. Results: We found that Sangel village had higher literacy rates (60.6%) as compared to 39.4% in Naushera. Simi- larly, the unemployment rate was higher for Naushera. It the mobile malaria clinic was deployed from December 2019 to July 2020 and a total of 269 phone calls were received from both the villages. A similar number of rapid tests and microscopy smears were examined and all were negative for malaria. The febrile patients were referred to the nearest healthcare facility. Interpretation & conclusion: The study shows that the community is open to using these healthcare interventions. These initiatives of mobile malaria clinics and toll-free telephone services can bridge healthcare gaps, especially in malaria-endemic regions, aligning with India’s malaria elimination and equitable healthcare access goals.

Browse

Recent Submissions