International Journal of Anatomy and Research

Permanent URI for this collection

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/158097

Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Ravindra Kumar Boddeti
ISSN: (Print)2321-8967 (Online) 2321-4287

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.htm

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Exploring the Intricacies of Pancreatic Duct Tributaries: Variations in Length, Angle of Entry, and Alternating Patterns in Human Cadavers by Dissection
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-03) Nath, Sutia Indra; Anuradha, Baruah; Pritanu, Deb Baruah; Ankita, Borah
Background: The pancreatic duct system plays a pivotal role in human physiology, facilitating the transport of digestive enzymes and secretions essential for gastrointestinal function. While anatomists have extensively investigated the pancreas’s ductal network, the intricacies of pancreatic duct tributaries, including variations in length, angle of entry, and alternating patterns, have continued to captivate scientific inquiry. Aim: To find out the variations in length, angle of entry, and alternating patterns of pancreatic duct tributaries, and discuss the potential clinical implications of our discoveries. Materials and Methods: This study, conducted on 50 human cadavers (comprising 35 perinates and 15 adults), aimed to comprehensively explore the complexities of pancreatic duct tributaries through meticulous dissection. Results: Our research unveiled the following key findings: Variations in Length and Angle of Entry: We observed a remarkable diversity in the number and length of tributaries that join the main pancreatic duct. Additionally, the entry angle exhibited substantial variation, with right-angled tributaries prevalent in 70% of specimens and acute angles in 30%. Understanding these anatomical nuances is crucial for surgical procedures to mitigate inadvertent ductal injury. Alternating and Herringbone Patterns: In 98% of specimens, tributaries alternated between superior and inferior positions along the main pancreatic duct. This alternating pattern may influence the flow of pancreatic secretions and the pathogenesis of pancreatic diseases. In contrast, the rare Herringbone pattern was observed in only 2% of cases, highlighting the unique nature of this anatomical variant. Conclusion: This study contributes valuable insights into the intricate world of pancreatic duct tributaries. By elucidating their anatomy and characteristics, we enhance the safety and efficacy of clinical interventions and expand our understanding of pancreatic physiology and pathology. Further research may delve into the functional implications of these anatomical variations, paving the way for advancements in pancreatic healthcare.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Study of Some Morphogenetic Traits in a Nigerian Population
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-03) Efe, Jaiyeoba-Ojigho Jennifer; Chris-Ozoko, Lilian Ebele; Taniyohwo, Enaohwo Mamerhi; Aforkogene, Ubogu Joseph; Okolie, Emmanuel Ikechukwu; Onyesom, Innocent
Background: The Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equilibrium studies the distribution of allelic and genotypic frequencies within a population. It provides a mathematical benchmark for a population that is evolving and not evolving. Aim: This study investigated six morphogenetic traits among families in a Nigerian population using the Hardy- Weinberg principle with the aim of evaluating if the population was in HW equilibrium. Methodology: A total of 45 families comprising a father, mother and at least one offspring were conveniently sampled in Ogbe- Ijoh district in Delta State, Nigeria. Earlobe attachment, Hand clasping, Hitchhiker’s thumb, Leg folding, Morton’s toe and Widow’s peak were studied for their allelic and genotypic frequencies. The Chi- square test was used to analyse the association between these traits and sex, and conformance to the Mendelian inheritance pattern was evaluated with a Mendelian Chi-square. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium compared the allelic frequencies of parents with those of offspring. Results: Males had higher frequencies for attached earlobes, Morton’s toe and widow’s peak (35.1, 51.9, 49.4%), while the females showed a predominance for hitchhiker’s thumb, right hand clasping and leg folding (50,72.4,70.7%). There was no association between the traits and gender (p>0.05). From the Mendelian Chi-square, free earlobe, right-hand clasping, right leg folding, Morton’s toe (SBt), the recessive phenotype of hitchhiker’s thumb as well as widow’s peak were the dominant traits in the studied population (X2 < 3.841 ). The H-W equation revealed a deviation of the offspring’s genotype from those of the parents for earlobe, hand clasping, leg folding, Morton’s toe and widow’s peak (1:1:2 [1:1; 4]; 2: 1: 3 [1:1:2]; 3:1:3 [1:1:2]; 5: 1: 4 [6:1:5}; 5:1:4 [7: 1:5]). However, parental and offspring alleles were identical for hitchhiker’s thumb (5:1:5 [5:1: 5]). The homozygotes for both parents and offspring outnumbered the heterozygotes for all traits (295: 245; 156: 119). Conclusion: The study showed that only the hitchhiker’s thumb was in HW equilibrium, suggesting that evolution may not occur at that locus.
An Unusual Chiari Network: Potential Risk in Cardiac Interventional Procedures
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-03) Bajpayee, Pallavi; Kanasker, Neelesh; Vatsalaswamy, P
The Chiari network, seen in the right atrium, is a remnant of the right valve of the sinus venosus, resulting due to the incomplete regression of the valve during development. It is found in approximately in 1.5 to 3% individuals. During routine dissection for the first year M.B.B.S. students, we came across a cadaveric heart that exhibited an unusual Chiari network. The network observed was a combination of thread like strands and mesh with fenestrations. It was attached to the right margin of the opening of the coronary sinus. The shape of the coronary sinus opening was oval, with a transverse diameter of 15.2 mm and a maximum width of 6.5 mm. No other anomaly of the right atrium was found. The Chiari network is commonly related with patent foramen ovale and with thromboembolic phenomenon. Though found incidentally, its importance cannot be overlooked as the network is possibly associated with complications during certain intracardiac interventional procedures. The authors have presented this case with a view to add to both, the morphological and pictorial data of the said developmental variation.
Overview of Anatomical Variations in the Vasculature of Suprarenal Gland and Its Applied Surgical Importance
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-12) Sonje, Preeti Dnyandeo; Shevade, Sapna Athavar
Background: The suprarenal gland (SrG) presents a substantial circulatory supply compared to its size. The superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries (SrA) have one or more duplicate major branches, which supply each gland. this study aimed to observe the variable arteries and veins of the SrG. As the vessels of SrG are forming extensive network, they may get damaged during different surgical procedures like adrenalectomy, renal transplant surgeries Methods: Present study conducted with Twenty five cadavers embalmed in 10% formalin. The inclusion criteria for study were intact blood vessels along with SrGs and the exclusion criteria included the damaged blood vessels and SrGs. Dissection was carried out as per standard dissection protocol. Results: Origin of right superior suprarenal artery from inferior phrenic artery and superior mesenteric artery, Origin of right superior suprarenal artery from aorta and some other findings were noted. Conclusions: This study highlights the critical importance of understanding the anatomical variations in the vasculature of the SrG, particularly in the context of surgical interventions such as adrenalectomy and renal transplantation. The intricate and variable nature of the blood supply to the SrG, including the SrA, as well as their venous drainage, presents significant challenges during surgery.
Congenital Absence of Cervix with Atrial Septal Defect in an Adolescent Girl
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-03) Donel, Jissa; Mathew, Binu; R, Bagavathi
Background-Cervical agenesis is a rare congenital Mullerian anomaly. Its association with vaginal agenesis is further rare, reported in 39% of cases of cervical agenesis. Case Presentation-Case report of a 15-year-old adolescent girl congenital absence of cervix with atrial septal defect is reported here. Case presented with a history of Primary amenorrhea with cyclical pain in the abdomen for 3-4 months. Investigations were done. The diagnosis was made & was advised for surgical correction.
Fractal Analysis of Chest Radiographs Using Image-J-FIJI Software- A Pilot Study
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-12) Shettannavar, Pooja I; Kopoori, Dishitha; Chail, Vivek; Kulkarni, Vasudha
Background: Lung vasculature has nutritive and functional roles. Unlike the bronchial tree which branches dichotomously into twenty-one generations, the pulmonary arteries give supernumerary branches to perfuse the neighboring parenchyma. The pulmonary arteries additionally branch for five more generations than airways before forming capillaries. Further pulmonary veins are interlobular in position. Hence the characterization quantifying the pulmonary vascular networks is challenging. Objective: In this study, we assessed the pulmonary vasculature in chest radiographs using the fractal analysis method on Image-J-Fiji software. Design: Cross-sectional study Settings: Patients referred to the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Akash Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Participants: One hundred and thirty-two chest radiographs of normal healthy individuals (aged 2 months to 80 years) were photographed. Each of these images was processed in the Image-J-Fiji software. A box-counting algorithm quantified the images. Data results of the fractal dimensions were validated at the probability of significance [0.05]. Results: The mean fractal dimension of the pulmonary vasculature was 1.39. For males and females, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the fractal dimension and age in years was 0.102 and 0.16, respectively. In males, a chi-square value of 0.58, in females, a chi-square value of 1.03, degree of freedom 2 and critical value of p-value 0.05, showed the relation was statistically not significant. Comparison between fractal dimension and Gender using Cramer’s V test in males, 0.066, and in females, 0.088, indicates a weak association between fractal dimension and gender. Conclusion: The applicability of the fractal dimensions is to screen the high risks of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. The determination of fractal values helps evaluate the complexity of lung tumors. The baseline data concerning fractal properties of pulmonary vasculature obtained from this study helps to evaluate lung diseases like emphysema and vascular abnormalities during the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary di sea se.
Impact of Online Anatomy Laboratory Video Supplementation on Students’ Performance in Gross Anatomy Assessment
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-03) Sirasanagandla, Srinivasa Rao; Al Aswami, Husain Ali; Al Lawati, Abdullah; Das, Srijit; Al Mushaiqri, Mohamed; Albalushi, Halima
Introduction: There are mixed reports on the effectiveness of online gross anatomy videos on medical students’ academic performance. Additionally, there is a paucity of research on the impact of gross practical videos on medical students’ performance. Hence, we aimed to study the impact of practical videos supplementation on students’ performance in the gross anatomy examination. Methods: In the present retrospective cross-sectional study, two different cohorts of medical students were exposed to different teaching methods for learning gross anatomy practicals. The two cohorts learned practical gross anatomy face-to-face in the laboratory, but one cohort was supplemented with online video demonstrations. An Independent T-test was used to evaluate the differences in students’ objective structured practical exam (OSPE) performances of the two cohorts. The gender differences in OSPE performances were also analysed using the one-way ANOVA test. Results: The mean score in the OSPE for the 2021 cohort was 17.35±0.2, while the mean score for 2019 was 16.44 ±0.15. The mean score in the OSPE was significantly higher among the cohort that received hybrid practical teaching than the cohort that only received traditional teaching (p= 0.001). Conclusion: Video supplementation was found to be effective in improving students’ performance. In addition to conventional face-to-face teaching, video supplementation for gross anatomy practical sessions may be beneficial for learning gross anatomy.
The Use of an Audience Response System in a Dental Gross Anatomy Practical Exam
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-03) Ahmad, Maha; Hanna, Fadia; Sleiman, Naama; MacDonald, Douglas A.
Background: Traditional methods for administering and scoring gross anatomy practical laboratory examinations are time and resource-intensive and can be susceptible to errors in grading. Alternative approaches, such as audience response systems (e.g., clickers) and computerized scoring, appear to hold promise to improve the examination experience for students and improve the efficiency and accuracy of grading. Method: To assess perceptions of using such systems, two cohorts of students who completed the gross anatomy practical examination using clicker technology at the University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry were invited to complete the survey. Results: A total of 155 students completed the study. Responses reflect a mostly positive appraisal of the use of clicker technology by most students. In particular, students reported that submitting responses was easier and that the speed of grading and feedback on examination performance improved considerably. Conclusion: Based on the survey results, the use of audience response systems appears to have more benefits than liabilities and seems to be a worthwhile technology to use for practical laboratory examinations.
A CT-Guided Analysis of the Morphology of the Thoracolumbar Pedicles in A South Indian Population
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-09) Mishra, Snigdha; H, Mamatha; Bhat, Shyamasunder N.
Background: Pedicle screw fixation is a method of choice to treat spinal instabilities. Pre- operative CT scan measurements are important in determining the screw sizes in accordance to the pedicle measurements. A mis-sized screw can violate the pedicle leading to breaches. Context and purpose of study: Present literature shows pedicle measurement studies in caucasian population. The study in Indian population are sparce. This study aims to assess the morphology of thoracolumbar pedicle parameters bilaterally using CT scans of patients and to compare the measurements between genders in a south Indian population. Results: Gender-based variations were observed in the pedicle width for upper thoracic vertebrae (T1-T5). Screw path length was consistent in thoracic and lumbar vertebrae except T11, L1, and L2 which showed significant differences in mean between genders and screw path angle showed a significant variation in vertebrae T1, T8-T12 and L5. Bilateral symmetry was present in screw path length of thoracic vertebrae and asymmetry was noted in L2-L3 among males. Correlation was observed to be strong bilaterally with high reliability in pedicle measurements. Conclusions: This study helps to understand gender-based variations in morphology of thoracolumbar pedicle which is important for enhancing pedicle screw fixation outcomes in spinal surgeries and reducing complications.
Morphometric Analysis of Vertebral Artery in the Scaleno Vertebral Triangle
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-12) B, Rajesh; R, Rahe; G, Durga Devi; Sharath, Krishnaveni; Koshy, Jinu Merlin
Background: The vertebral arteries (VA) play a vital role in supplying blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. Vertebral artery anomalies, including abnormal origins, courses, and structural irregularities, heighten the risk of cerebrovascular events. Typically, the vertebral arteries arise from the posterosuperior aspect of the first part of the subclavian artery. The aim of this study is to present the presence of variation in the origin of vertebral artery Material and Methods: Twenty-eight embalmed cadavers allotted for 1st year MBBS dissection in the Department of Anatomy were used for the study. The triangle of vertebral artery was exposed in all the cadavers, and examined the origin of vertebral artery. Dimensions of the Triangle of Vertebral artery (TVA) and vertebral artery were then measured using a digital vernier caliper and the area and height of the TVA were calculated. Result: In the present study, we have evaluated the morphometric parameters of the TVA and vertebral artery. Even though there were no noticeable differences in the boundaries of TVA of both sides, the morphometric parameters showed slight difference in the measurements, but not significant. Among the 28 cadavers the unilateral origin of VA in one cadaver was from the arch of aorta between the left common carotid artery (LCA) and left subclavian artery (LSCA) . Discussion & Conclusion: The mean height of TVA was 26.3mm (range, 23.7-33.7 mm) on the left and 26.2mm (range, 23.5-32.8 mm) on the right. In the current study it was observed the origin of VA from the arch of aorta between the left common carotid artery (LCA) and left subclavian artery (LSCA). The current study found that 3.6% of the variations in the origin of VA. This study highlights the variation in the origin of the vertebral artery and accentuates the importance of identifying these variations in clinical practice.
Carousel Brainstorming – An Innovative Small Group Teaching Method to Augment Anatomical Knowledge of MBBS Students
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-12) Priyadharshini, S.; Parimala, N.B.S; Nagaguhan, V.; Sreenivasulu, Kanaka; Fernandes, Sanjay Joseph
Introduction: This study investigated the impact of Carousel Brainstorming, a collaborative and interactive teaching method, on student learning in anatomy education. Emphasizing active participation and knowledge exchange, Carousel Brainstorming aims to enhance critical thinking, teamwork, and the comprehension of complex medical concepts. The research addresses the need for objective measures in real-world settings and explores the effectiveness of Carousel Brainstorming compared to traditional Tutorials. Methodology: Phase-1 MBBS students (n=100) in the academic year 2023-2024 participated in the study through simple randomization. The research spanned four months, and after a didactic lecture on Mammary Gland, students were divided into two groups: Group A (Tutorials) and Group B (Carousel Brainstorming). The latter engaged in a structured session involving pretests, subgroups, and rotating discussions. Post-tests were administered, and a questionnaire assessed students’ perceptions. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in pre-test, post-test, and difference scores between Carousel Brainstorming and Tutorials groups (p < 0.001). Carousel Brainstorming exhibited higher post-test mean scores (7.6) compared to Tutorials (5.0). Students strongly agreed (56.8%) that Carousel Brainstorming was effective. Conclusion: Carousel Brainstorming emerges as a well-received and beneficial teaching method in anatomy education. Its collaborative and interactive nature positively influences knowledge acquisition and retention, fostering active learning. Future research may explore long-term impacts and diverse applications of Carousel Brainstorming in educational settings, offering a promising avenue for innovative pedagogy.
A Comparative Study on Traditional and Case Based Teaching Learning Methods and Its Impact on Academic Performance Among First Year Medical Students
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-12) C, Shivaleela; Borle, Anjali; Anjankar, Vaibhav; Kumar, G V; Ahmed, Riyaz
Background: The goal of medical education is to develop skilled practitioners who are attuned to the health issues faced by the community. Although lectures are commonly employed to impart new information, a drawback is that the audience tends to be passive and may thus become disengaged. Learning is made up of various interconnected components and involves complex mental processes like problem-solving and analytical thinking. The goal of using structured methods and organized resources is to equip students with effective learning tools. This enables them to gain a deep understanding of cognitive processes and develop the relevant skills needed for their careers. Case-Based Learning (CBL) involves examining a health issue presented by a patient, analysing and understanding pertinent details from past cases, systematically exploring and evaluating the situation, and planning the appropriate management for the patient. Materials and methods: The present study was cross sectional case control study conducted in the department of anatomy, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur, Karnataka, India. Results: A total of 192 first year MBBS students participated in the first session of the study and 172 first year MBBS students participated in the second session of the study. The pre-test and post-test total scores of first and second session shows that students have performed better in CBL group when compared to the traditional lecture method of teaching. In the Critical Thinking Exercise scores of session -1 and 2, CBL group was found to be higher when compared to the traditional lecture group which was statistically significant. Comparison of means of internal assessments scores of CBL and Traditional lecture groups showed that the mean internal assessments score of CBL group was higher compared to Traditional lecture group which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Incorporating case-based learning (CBL) into our medical curriculum as a regular teaching method for large group settings should be considered. The integration of didactic lectures with CBL proves to be an effective educational approach. Positive feedback from both students and faculty suggests that CBL has been successfully introduced in departments like anatomy. However, further research is needed to evaluate how well students learn, understand, and retain the course content to fully support the implementation of this method in large undergraduate classes.
A Study on Position and Lumen Geometry at the Origin of External Carotid Artery in Human Adult Cadavers
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-12) Peruri, Pushyami; Chandrika, P.V.; Vathsalya, Sajja Keerthi; Kumar, B. Naveen
Background: External carotid artery is the predominant source of blood supply to the structures in the head and neck region. Morphological anomalies in the external and internal carotid arteries may lead to severe complications, when radiographic evaluations and surgical proceedings are done in the neck without any prior knowledge. Normal arterial diameters of external carotid arteries were important in-patient selection, preoperative planning, and design of new endovascular devices for arterial reconstruction. Material and Methods: A descriptive study was performed on 60 formalin fixed male and female Human adult cadavers, aged between 45 to 75 yrs in the department of Anatomy, Dr.Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research foundation, chinoutapalli and Mamatha academy of medical sciences, Hyderabad , during the academic years, 2018- 2023 during the academic years . Observations from both right and left external carotid arteries (total- 120 sides) were noted. Results: In the present study, positions of external carotid artery observed were, antero-medial in 90%, anterolateral in 6.66% and lateral position in 3.33% of cases. The mean ± standard deviation calculated for the diameter of lumen at the origin of external carotid artery on the right side was 0.623±0.048 cm and on the left side was 0.608±0.050cm. For both right and left sides was 0.616±0.049cm. Conclusion: Positional variations of external carotid artery observed in the present study were anterolateral and lateral positions. In such cases Carotid endarterectomy can be safely done, after transposing the internal carotid artery to normal location. Data on normal arterial diameters were helpful during reconstructive surgeries and manufacture of endovascular devices, respective to different ethnic groups.
Unveiling the Impact of Allethrin-Related Mosquito Coil Exposure on Testicular Histology: Investigating the Protective Role of Vitamin C and withdrawal dynamics
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-12) Singh, Heena; Singh, Raghvendra; Diwan, R.K.; Rani, Archana; Manik, Punita; Kumar, Navneet
Introduction: Allethrin is a common pyrethroid, one of the major component of mosquito coils that is noxious. The aim of the current study is to see the protective effect of Vitamin C on an induced testicular damage by Allethrin as well as comparing it to withdrawal prognosis. Material and method: The Wistar rats comprised of following groups: Group 1-control group , Groups II, III, and IV- exposure groups. Each group consisted of 12 rats. These were subjected to mosquito coil fumes continuously overnight for eight hours every day for a duration of twelve weeks. To demonstrate the effects of withdrawal, Wistar rats from group III were kept in an environment free from additional exposure for eight weeks after the 12-week exposure period. In addition, Group IV received Vitamin C. Result: Group II exhibited significant alterations in the testicular architecture, including conspicuous shrinkage of seminiferous tubules, an increase in intertubular space, thickening and disruption of the basement membrane, decreased thickness of the germinal epithelium, sloughing of germinal cells into the lumen, reduced numbers and size of spermatogenic cells, retracted cytoplasmic processes of Sertoli cells, interstitial edema, lipid vacuolation, and deformation of Leydig cells. Withdrawal in group III showed some histopathological improvements, while group IV, treated with Vitamin C, demonstrated even more remarkable enhancements. Conclusion: Exposure of Wistar Albino rats to mosquito coils containing allethrin led to notable histopathological changes. However, these adverse effects can be ameliorated by incorporating daily antioxidant intake, such as Vitamin C supplementation.
Effectiveness of Peer Assisted Learning on Academic Performance of First Phase Medical Students in Comprehending Difficult Topics of Neuroanatomy
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-12) Sethi, Ruchira; Jha, Shweta; Tripathi, Alok; Venkatesh, Vimala
Background: Peer assisted learning (PAL), a dynamic teaching tool, fosters collaborative learning, knowledge acquisition, and skills development in medical education. Neuroanatomy is a critical and complex part of medical curriculum which students need to understand during initial period of anatomy learning. With the help of PAL, the struggle faced by first phase medical learners to complex learning patterns is addressed. The study aims to quantitatively define PAL’s outcomes by comparison of academic scores and evaluate learner’s perception towards PAL. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in UNS Autonomous State Medical College, Jaunpur in a batch of 99 first phase medical learners (year 2022-23). Teaching material, teaching learning methods and assessment material were created from select topics of neuroanatomy. PAL session was conducted for each (5) topic with 10 tutees in each session. After every session post-test analysis was done for both tutees and tutors, followed by a survey questionnaire assessing the benefits of PAL. Results: The results show a significant increase in performance metrics for learners after the PAL session, though the results were non-significant for tutors. The survey report suggests benefits from PAL in form of active engagement, improved problem-solving skills and enhanced critical thinking. Conclusion: The study underscores PAL as a valuable and effective teaching tool in medical education that can be used at the very outset of medical learning. It works as a supportive aid to low performers who face challenge in handling the complex parts of a curriculum.
Voluntary Body Donation-Trends, People’s Perceptions, Beliefs and Practices: A Review
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-12) Shankar, Veena Vidya; Appaji, Ashwini C
The Development of basic sciences in health care field depends on a strong foundation of Anatomy. Cadavers are required for training of students of health professionals. The source of these cadavers, in earlier days, were executed criminals, unclaimed bodies and voluntary body donations. Though the most ethical way of procuring cadavers for education and research purposes is body donation, the incidence of body donations varies across the world. The reasons could be different from person to person and from region to region. Factors that influence this opinion has been shown to be spiritual, religious and cultural/traditional beliefs. Other factors which might influence the willingness to donate are age, gender, education, occupation, economy and law of the country. Spirituality with the sense of detachment and altruistic characteristics promote body donation. Age, males, education and awareness of body donation, occupation and economy also affect the intent to body donations. The health care community who understand the benefits of body donation are mostly not willing to donate because of personalized opinions of being dissected by colleagues, disrespectful behavior towards cadavers. The law of the country which encourages body donations try to address the fears and concerns of the common man to facilitate body donation. This could be in the form abiding to cremate as per his will after the utilisation of the body, written consent for the same and prioritizing his wish over others, providing due respect to the deceased in the form of memorial services, religious ceremonies and public display and honour of the donors
Histological and Immunohistochemical Study of the Beta Cells In Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats Treated with Cynodon Dactylon Aqueous Extract
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-09) Janakiram, Madhan Kumar Soutallu; Sugavasi, Raju; Kommanda, Radhakrishna Shetty; Govindarajoo, Parthiban; Mani, Muthuvel
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects human body in terms of physical, psychological and social health. Traditional medicines have been widely used in treatment of diabetes and its complications. After administrating the aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, we evaluated the histological and immunohistochemical effects of the ? – cells in the pancreatic islets. Objectives: The objective of the present study is to investigate the antidiabetic effect of Cynodon dactylon aqueous extract in ? – cells of islets, against streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this study adult male albino rats were used. Aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon (500 mg/kg.bw/day) administered orally for 45 days. At the end of experimental period, animals were sacrificed, pancreas was isolated and processed for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Results: The pancreas of Cynodon dactylon aqueous extract treated diabetic rats showed improved islet morphology; and the pancreatic islets of the Cynodon dactylon aqueous extract treated diabetic rats showed consistent elevation in the insulin levels from the ? – cells. Therefore, the antidiabetic activity of Cynodon dactylon aqueous extract might be due to the compounds present in the Cynodon dactylon aqueous extract which stimulate the insulin secretion and protect the intact functional ? – cells from streptozotocin induced destruction. Conclusion: Cynodon dactylon aqueous extract increased the insulin secreting ? – cells in the pancreatic islets and protecting the intact ? – cells from oxidative damage.
Usual and Unusual Variations of Marginal Mandibular Branch of Facial Nerve – Nerve That Helps Symmetrical Smile
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-09) Das, Sarbani; Bhattacharjee, Swapan
Background: Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve , one of the motor terminal branches of facial nerve if injured inadvertently during different operative procedures in head & neck region, it produces neurodeficit as a – weakness of the lower lip muscles on the injured side. This study will increase our understanding about the anatomical details of this nerve in question, so that damage to this nerve during surgical intervention can be avoided. IN spite of considerable surgical importance, there are not many studies on Marginal Mandibular Nerve particularly from this zone of India which drives the present researcher to pursue this cadaver based study on Marginal Mandibular Nerve, one of the terminal branches of Facial Nerve with respect to its course relations and communication. Aim: The aim of the present study is to provide information regarding the number of branches of Marginal Mandibular Branch of Facial Nerve (MMBFN), relation of these branches to the facial vessels, communication between branches of MMBFN with other branches of Facial nerve and its relation to lower border of the body of the mandible. This knowledge will definitely help the surgeons performing Parotidectomy, Carotid end- arterectomy, Submandibular gland excision, Deep dissection of neck, Mandibular advancement surgery etc. Materials and Methods: A Cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College Kolkata, West Bengal within 2021 to 2023 after Institutional Ethical clearance. In this study 50 halves of faces of embalmed cadavers of both sexes were dissected & analysed. Number of branches, course & relation with facial vessels, relation with lower border of mandible & to deep fascia and communications of MMBFN if any was noted after meticulous dissection. All the variables collected for statistical analysis were then evaluated by SPSS 20.0.1 Results: In the present study, MMBFN was represented by Single branch in 42 (84%) cases, exhibit two rami in 14% cases and as three rami in 2% cases. 55(93.2%) out of 59 rami of MMBFN , crossed facial vessels externally and in 4(6.8%) branches, the MMBFN divided into two branches and reuniting again to form a single nerve trunk. The loop so formed enclosed facial artery. 20.3% of MMBFN passed above the inferior border of mandible,45.8% along the inferior border of mandible and 33.9% passed below the inferior border of mandible. Communication between the main or subsidiary branches of MMBFN was present in 10% cases and communication between MMBFN with Buccal branch of FN in 30% cases. Conclusion: Anatomical knowledge about the branching pattern and relationship of the MMBFN will help the Maxillofacial, Plastic/Cosmetic, General Surgeons to safely identify and preserve the Marginal Mandibular Nerve, during different operative procedures.
Morphometric Study of Asymmetry of the Interhemispheric Sylvian Fissure - A Cadaveric Study
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-09) Yousuf, Syed Mubashir; Jalal, Rukaiya; Itoo, Mohd Saleem; Bhat, Gh. Mohammad
Background: The most intricate outcome of biological evolution is the human nervous system. One of the earliest sulci to form on the cerebrum is the lateral sulcus, also known as Sylvian fissure (SF), of the cerebrum. The study was done to observe the morphometry, asymmetry, and variability of the Sylvian fissure (SF) and the sulci surrounding and inside the pars-opercularis (PO) and pars-traingularis (PT). Method: the present is cadaveric study and was undertaken in the Department of Anatomy at Government Medical College Srinagar. All the parameters of the lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure), which include measurements of its posterior ramus (PR), anterior ascending ramus (AAR), and anterior horizontal ramus (AHR) were taken with the help of thread. The thread was held in position on both sides with the forceps and the length of thread was measured with vernier caliper. Results: The present study was carried out on 20 formalin fixed adult human cadaveric brains. The sylvian fissure mean length on right was found to be 84.8mm and on left side 85.8mm. the mean length of AAR was found to be 25.96mm on the right side and 28.6mm on the left side, and the mean length of AHR was 29.16mm on the right side and 33.44mm on the left side. Conclusion: Both left and right Sylvian fissures had a significant association, and the left was found to be noticeably longer than the right. The frontal and parietal lobes are separated from the temporal lobe below by the SF, a major surgical gateway.
Is Low Lying Pubic Tubercle A Risk Factor for Inguinal Hernia?
(IMED Research Publications, 2024-09) A, Deepika C.; K., Harish Rao
Introduction: Inguinal hernia is the most common clinical entity which one comes across in surgical practice. According to recent research, the anatomical structure of the inguinal region is crucial for the development of hernias. Variations in the position of the pubic tubercle, especially a low-lying pubic tubercle, may alter the tension and integrity of the inguinal canal, potentially facilitating the development of hernias. This study compares the pubic tubercle locations in people with and without inguinal hernias by a thorough investigation of patient anatomical data and, to find any statistically significant associations which may help guide clinical practice and advance our knowledge of the pathophysiology of inguinal hernias. Methods: A hospital-based case control study carried out from October 2018 to October 2022 for a period of 24 months. 70 individuals who met inclusion criteria were selected for each group. In supine position of patient, the measurements of the perpendicular distance between the inter-spinal line and the pubic tubercle (PT line) and the distance between two anterior superior iliac spines (AA line) were taken and evaluated in all patients along with height, weight, BMI and pelvic circumference. The PT distance of 7cm and more was considered as low lying pubic tubercle. Results: Right sided inguinal hernia was found in 47.2 % of the cases. And most of them were indirect inguinal hernia (71.4%). Among the patients with hernia, the mean PT line distance was found significantly greater (7.807+/- 1.143) compared to the control group (6.60+/- 0.7846) with p value <0.0001. In our study, 71.4 % of patients with hernia had PT line >7 cm whereas in 81.4% of controls, the PT line was under 7 cm. Conclusion: Pubic tubercle being low i.e. more than 7 cm of PT line could be the risk factor for development of inguinal hernia owing to the widening of Hasselbach’s triangle along with the alteration in the internal oblique muscle insertion resulting in less effective shutter mechanism.

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