International Journal of Anatomy and Research

Permanent URI for this collection

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/158097

Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Ravindra Kumar Boddeti
ISSN: (Print)2321-8967 (Online) 2321-4287

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.ijmhr.org/ijar.htm

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Radiological Evaluation of Length of the Styloid Process of Temporal Bone in Multi-detector CT images- A Retrospective Study
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-03) Sarala, HS; Pravin, GU; Jyothilakshmi, GL; Sindhu, N
Background: Styloid process (SP) is a cylindrical piece of bony projection from petrous part of temporal bone. SP is clinically important anatomical entity due to pathologies caused by changes in its length. The average length is 25mm- 30mm, measurements of 30mm & greater indicate elongation of SP. It is necessary to have knowledge of normal anatomy of the structures involved & standardized morphometric measurements to evaluate the pathological changes related to the disease. Objectives: To evaluate the Length of the styloid process of temporal bone using 3D reconstructed images of MDCT (Multi-detector Computed Tomography). To investigate the possibility of occurrence of Eagle’s syndrome in asymptomatic individuals. Materials and methods: This study was conducted on CT(Computed Tomography) images of 400 patients who underwent para nasal and Head and neck MDCT between March 2024 and June2024. The images were assessed retrospectively. The length of the styloid process from its attachment on the temporal bone to the tip was measured in 3D reconstructed images using Volume rendering technique(VRT) and an inbuilt dedicated workstation. The measurements were undertaken in centimeters, obtained data was tabulated and analysed statistically. Results: The mean length of Styloid process among 400 CT images evaluated is 3.1± 0.5cm on the right side and 3.3± 0.61cm on the left side. Mean length of SP in males is 3.13±0.57cm on right side and 3.12±0.56 on the left side, in females it is 3.07±0.62cm and 3.08± 0.68cm on the right and left side respectively. Elongated Styloid process(e”3cm) is observed in 60.5% and 59% on the right and left side respectively. Elongated SP is noted in 23.75% of males and 21.75% of females. Conclusion: The average length of the styloid process is consistent with the results of other studies reported in the literature. This data guides the clinicians in diagnosing Eagle’s syndrome in asymptomatic individuals. It can also help the clinicians to avoid misinterpretation of symptoms like tonsillar pain, pain of dental or muscular origin.
Knowledge and Attitude of Medical Students toward the Risks of Formaldehyde in the Dissection Room: A Survey Study
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-03) Balla, Yousif; Elamin, Abdalla Ahmed Eldaw; Ahmed, Nasreldin Marhoum; Kumar, Naveen; Patni, Mohamed Anas; Idris, Saadeldin Ahmed
Background: Formaldehyde (FA) is used to keep the cadavers from decomposition. Medical students are at higher risk of exposure to formalin during anatomy practical sessions. The study aimed to assess the awareness of medical students at Al-Neelain University in Sudan regarding the health risks of FA exposure, and to inform interventions to improve safety practices in the medical training environment. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional institutional-based study was conducted among secondyear medical students, at the Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan, during the academic year from March 2023 to September 2023. A structured questionnaire was developed to assess the student’s knowledge, attitudes, and sources of information regarding the hazards of FA exposure. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 with t-tests and chi-square tests were applied to ascertain statistical significance. Results: This cross-sectional study involved 147 medical students, comprising a predominantly 88 females (59.9%) and 59 males (40.1%). An assessment of the participants’ comprehension of the potential hazards associated with FA exposure revealed that the majority exhibited a fair level of knowledge (68.0%), while smaller proportions demonstrated either a good (16.3%) or poor (15.6%) knowledge. Regarding attitudes, the data indicated that the overwhelming majority harbored a positive, or “good”, disposition (85.0%), in contrast to the minority who expressed fair (10.9%) or poor (4.1%) attitudes. The primary sources of information were cited as colleagues (44.9%) and academic literature (26.5%). Notably, no significant differences in knowledge and attitudes were found between genders, P= 0.735, and P= 0.368 respectively. Conclusion: Majority of medical students had fair knowledge about the risks of FA but exhibited a predominantly positive attitude towards the hazards.
Morphometric Analysis of Major Sulci of The Cerebral Hemisphere and Their Variations: A Cadaveric and Radiological Study
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-03) Smita, Sudarshana
Background: Sulci are extensions of the subarachnoid space. Accurate knowledge of the brain’s sulci is important for neurosurgeons for many reasons: (a) sulci can be used as landmarks for cortical mapping, that is; to identify specific functional areas of the brain, (b) localize the craniotomy procedure, (c) can be used as micro-neurological corridors to access deep areas of the brain. Besides, knowledge of sulci can help reduce the risk of functional deficit after surgery and understand neuroimaging, which is crucial for image-guided procedures. Thus, knowledge of sulci and their variations helps neurosurgeons perform brain surgery safely and effectively. Objective: To locate and measure the extent of the major sulci of the cerebral hemisphere by using various anatomical landmarks in a cadaveric brain specimen and images of computed tomographic scans of the brain, and to observe their variations. Material and Methods: The study design was a descriptive cross-sectional survey. Twenty cerebral hemispheres (10 right and 10 left) of cadaveric brain specimens, well preserved in formalin, and one hundred randomly selected computed tomographic scans of the brains were examined meticulously. A total of 19 parameters (eight in cadaveric and eleven in radiological study) were assessed for measurement of sulci and its neighboring areas. The measurements of the various parameters were done using vernier calipers, thread, scale, and beaded pins. An Independent t-test was done to compare the means of the measurements of the parameters between the left and right-sided cerebral hemispheres; p-values were calculated to find if the results were significantly different in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Variations of the major sulci were also observed. Results: In the cadaveric study, no significant differences between the parameters of the right and the left hemispheres were observed, except for the posterior part of the calcarine sulcus (p-value=0.0248). On the other hand, significant differences were observed in many parameters of the left and right cerebral hemispheres in a radiographic study (p-value- <0.05). Variations were noted in 15 percent (3/20) of the cerebral hemisphere in cadaveric samples. Conclusion: The study provides further insights into identifying the important functional area of the brain located near the sulci and their variations which may aid neurosurgeons in planning and executing their surgery safely and effectively
Examination of the Effect of Lumbar Disc Hernia on Atrophy of Paravertebral Muscles
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-03) KIZILAY, Ömer Can; BAÞALOÐLU, Hulki
Aim: Present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the presence of lumbar disc herniation on the atrophy of the paravertebral muscles in patients who were admitted to the hospital with the complaint of lumbalgia. Material and Methods: Following the approval of Aydýn Adnan Menderes University clinical studies ethics committee, MRI images of adult patients who applied to our hospital with the complaint of lumbalgia between December 1, 2020 and June 1, 2021 began to be examined. Patients with structural deformities, lumbar region neoplasms, infectious diseases, vertebral fractures and lumbar region surgery were not included in the study. As a result of the examinations, 443 patients with low back pain and lumbar disc herniation formed the case group. The control group consisted of 135 patients with low back pain but without lumbar disc herniation. The patients were evaluated in terms of gender, age, number of lumbar disc herniations, lumbar disc herniation level, lumbar disc herniation degree, surface measurements of paravertebral muscles and atrophy of paravertebral muscles. Results and Conclusion: As a result of our study, statistical significance was found between atrophy of m.multifidus lumborum and m.quadratus lumborum muscles and LDH. In addition, the relationship of age and gender factors with LDH, lumbar disc degeneration and atrophy of paravertebral muscles were examined.
Variations of Inferior Alveolar Nerve: A Case Series
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-03) Gupta, Soniya Arunkumar; Agarwal, Tanya
Background: Inferior alveolar nerve block is mostly given during dental procedures. Inferior alveolar Nerve is the branch of posterior division of Mandibular Nerve. Method: A Cadaveric case study was performed in the dissection Hall of the anatomy department in 10 cadavers. Two unusual findings in infratemporal regions of two cadavers were observed unilaterally. Result & Discussion: The Inferior alveolar nerve was found to arise from dual roots, which joined after a certain distance to split again. In another case, it was communicating with other branches of mandibular nerve. Knowledge of such unusual observations are important for maxillofacial surgeons, dentists & Radiologists.
Neuroprotective Effects of Centella asiatica Against AlCl3 and D-Galactose-Induced Astrocyte Activation and Hippocampal Neurodegeneration in Male Albino Wistar Rats
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-03) Vishnumukkala, Thirupathirao; Boddeti, Ravindra Kumar; Gopalakrishna, Prarthana Kalerammana; Karikalan, Barani; Jagadeesan, Saravanan; Baharuldin, Mohamad Taufik Hidayat B.; Nor, Nurul Huda Mohd; Moklas, Mohamad Aris Mohd
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) a neurodegenerative disorder is a leading cause of dementia in the elderly population. The concurrent dosing of rats with aluminium chloride (AlCl3) and D-galactose (D-gal) is regarded an effective approach for developing an animal model to study AD. Centella asiatica (CA) demonstrates neuroprotective effects in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This research investigated the protective effects of CA against neurodegeneration of the hippocampus and activation of astrocytes in rats treated with AlCl3 and D-gal. Materials and methods: Rats received AlCl3 at a dosage of 200 mg/kg body weight daily, D-gal at 60 mg/kg body weight daily, and CA at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight daily, in conjunction with donepezil at 1 mg/kg body weight daily, for a duration of 70 days. Following treatment, the brain tissue was fixed in 10% formalin for further histological analysis. Nissl staining was applied to examine the survival of CA2 neurons in the hippocampus, whereas Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP) was employed to assess active astrocytes in the CA2 hippocampal area. Results: The findings indicated that AlCl3 and D-gal could substantially harm the hippocampus CA2 pyramidal neurons in rats. Furthermore, it induced the activation of astrocytes in the rat hippocampus. Co-administration of CA at doses of 100mg, 200mg, and 300mg mitigated neurodegeneration and astrocyte activation in the hippocampus of the rats. Conclusion: The findings indicate that CA may safeguard against morphological changes induced by AlCl3 and D-gal in rats. Molecular investigations are under underway to clarify the potential effects of CA.
Anatomical Study of the Coronary Arteries of the Grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus, TEMMINCK 1827)
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-03) Sogan, Ananivi; Hounakey, Mawunyo Afanvi; Laleye, Christel Marie; James, Yaovi Edem; Maman You, Esperance Broalet; Agbonon, Amégnona; Hounnou, Martial Gervais
Background: The grasscutter is an animal model increasingly used in fundamental research in Africa. Aim: To describe the anatomy of the coronary arteries of the grasscutter. Methods: This was a preliminary, experimental, cross-sectional and descriptive study involving four grasscutters, aged four months and older each. An injection of non-fractionated heparin was given to the grasscutters before the beginning of the experiment. A dissection and an extraction of the heart from the thoracic cavity were performed after killing animal under general anaesthesia. A washing of the coronary arteries was performed before the injection of latex with red dye on the left and unstained latex in the right coronary. After latex injection, the coronary arteries were described by direct observation of the fresh specimens. Results: The two coronary arteries arise at the base of the aorta in anterior left and right positions respectively. The left coronary artery terminates in two branches, the circumflex artery and the ventral interventricular artery; the left marginal artery arises from the ventral interventricular artery. The right coronary artery, from its origin, gives a branch for the sinu-atrial node, an infundibular branch and the right marginal artery. It then passes into the right atrioventricular sulcus to terminate at the dorsal surface of the heart, giving rise to the dorsal interventricular artery. Conclusion: The distinctive features of coronary artery anatomy described in this preliminary study will be useful in the carrying out of a model of ischaemia in a myocardial territory for fundamental research.
A Study of Patterns of Congenital Malformations of Musculoskeletal System in Perinates
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-03) Sarangsa, H C; Biswas, K K; Rabha, B; Pal, S
Background: The term congenital malformation signifies disruption in the normal process of organogenesis before birth. This may result in complete or partial absence of a structure or in alteration of its normal configuration.The knowledge of prevalance of congenital malformations help in establishment of preventable programmes. Hence the present study was carried out to find out the frequency of congenital malformations of musculoskeletal system both in live and still born perinates. Methods: All live and stillborn babies of both sexes, with congenital malformations, were collected from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, from July 2022 to June 2023, and were examined, and epidemiological information was collected from parents in a pretested structured proforma. Results: Out of 7985 births, 38 cases of congenital malformations were found, 31 (17.41%) were stillbirth and 7 (0.09%) were live birth. The musculoskeletal system involvement was seen in 8 cases with congenital talipes equinovarous (CTVS) deformity and polydactyly being the commonest malformation followed by rudimentary forearm and a case of achondroplasia. Central nervous system anomalies were mostly associated with musculoskeletal system anomalies. Conclusion: The findings of the present study will help to plan future strategies for prevention, early diagnosis and timely management of cases of congenital malformations of musculoskeletal system.
Copper Induced Hepatic Toxicity in Male Albino Rats and the Possible Protective Effect of Vitamin D
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-06) Riad, Miriam Ramzy; Hassan, Ahmed Abdelghany; Abdelghany, Abdelghany Hassan
Background: Copper (Cu), a trace element is safe to consume at low levels. Copper toxicity is often caused by unintentionally ingesting too much Cu from corroded water pipes and from Cu salt-containing creams for burn treatments due to its antimicrobial properties if applied to large areas of burned skin. Unfortunately, Cu-toxicity can extend up to liver cirrhosis. Vitamin D3 (VitD) is known for its efficient antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects, antiapoptotic and antifibrotic properties. Aim: The present study is designed to detect the possible protective effect of VitD against the toxic effects of Cu on the liver in rats. Material and Methods: Thirty adult rats were divided into three groups (10 mice each): Control group, Cu Group B received Cu at a dose of 0.03 mg/kg body weight by gastric gavage and VitD+ Cu Group C received Vitamin D3 at a dose of (600 IU daily) 10 IU/ kg daily together with Cu for 14 days. Blood samples were collected to assess liver functions, liver tissue was examined for oxidative markers, histological and immunohistochemical examinations. Results: The Cu group B revealed significant increase in AST, ALT and oxidative stress markers. Light microscopic examination showed disturbed hepatic architecture, ballooning of hepatocytes around widened central vein with less acidophilic cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei and vacuolation. Hepatic sinusoids were dilated and congested between the rays of hepatic cells with dilated portal tracts and inflammatory cellular infiltration around. Liver sections stained by Masson trichrome detected fibrotic changes with increased fibrotic index. Immunohistochemical study showed increase in the proinflammatory cytokine TNF ? and decrease in antiinflammatory IL-10, while TUNEL technique detected increased number of apoptotic cells. Administration of VitD in group C led to a significant reduction in liver dysfunction and oxidative stress, accompanied by marked improvements in histological, immunohistochemical findings and decreased fibrosis and apoptosis. Conclusion: VitD offers significant protective effects against Cu induced liver damage It has antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-apoptotic and antifibrotic properties on the cellular and functional levels. So, VitD supplementation is recommended either as a therapeutic or a prophylactic measure in liver diseases to reduce OS, alleviate hepatic damage and interrupt the fibrotic process.
Evaluating the Impact of an Intensive Head and Neck Anatomy Workshop on Recently Graduated Dental Practitioners
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-06) Malik, Vivek Singh; Soni, Gargi; Khatri, Vaishali
Background: Knowledge of head and neck anatomy is crucial for dentists to ensure safe and effective clinical practice. Short courses and workshops can aid in the assimilation, retention, and application of anatomical knowledge, providing a strong foundation for clinical advancements. This qualitative study examines the perceived effectiveness of a six-hour intensive head and neck anatomy short course designed as an intensive review for recently graduated dental practitioners preparing for membership of the faculty of dental surgery (MFDS). Material and Methods: This was a qualitative, questionnaire-based study analysing participant feedback from workshops conducted between 2022 and 2024. A structured feedback questionnaire comprising eight openended questions was administered at the end of the course. Responses were received from all participants (N=51). The qualitative data were analysed thematically to identify common insights, challenges, and areas for improvement. Results: Participants unanimously agreed that revisiting core and clinically relevant anatomy was essential for daily clinical practice. They found the workshop beneficial in reinforcing anatomical knowledge, enhancing their understanding of clinical applications, and preparing for professional licensing exams. However, some participants suggested modifications in pacing and content delivery to optimize learning outcomes. Conclusion: The analysis revealed that participants valued the comprehensive and interactive nature of the course; content density was felt by some to be challenging. Insights from this evaluation will inform further enhancements to better prepare candidates for postgraduate professional exams such as MFDS part 1.
Cephalometric Assessment of the Maxillary Air Sinus for Gender Determination Using Cone-Beam Computer Tomography Study
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-06) Jaafar, Nuraddeen Ibrahim; Katta, Prashanth Kumar; Adamu, Lawan Hassan; Bello, Sanusi Muhammad; Hussein, Tarig Abdelrahman; Dauda, Ibrahim Muhammad
Background: Maxillary sinus (MS) is the largest of the cranial bony sinuses and the first to develop fully. It has been suggested that cephalometric analysis of the parameters of the MS can be applied for gender determination among different population. Must of the studies have observed that the MS dimensions vary significantly in their relevance for gender determination. Aim: To investigate the dimensions of the MS among ethnic Saudis, and tests which of the MS parameters has the greatest reliability and accuracy for use in gender determination. Methods: Four hundred and fifty-five (n = 455) Cone Beam computer tomogram (CBCT) images were included in the study. MS dimensions including height, width and depth were calculated using an iCAT software. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to test for reliability and contribution of each parameter for gender prediction. Results: The mean MS height and MS width were found to be significantly higher in males, except for right and left MS depth. The binary logistic model obtained indicated an 80% prediction accuracy, with right maxillary height (RsH) and left maxillary sinus width (LsW) having highest individual contribution. The RsD and LsD had minimal contribution for gender estimation. Conclusion: It can be concluded that in the Saudi population, RsH and LsW provided the best and more accurate contribution in gender determination. Both can be used used as reliable tools in gender determination, and therefore be useful for surgical and forensic analysis. This would add to the body of medical knowledge as none of such study was conducted on the ethnic population of Saudi Arabia.
The Possible Protective Effect of Vitamin C on the Developmental Toxicity of Polytherapy in Epilepsy in Pregnant Albino Mice
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-06) Riad, Miriam Ramzy; Saqr, Mennat Allah Abdefattah
Background: Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent chronic neurologic disorders. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may impact fetal development, however pregnant women are unable to discontinue using them to avoid seizures that could endanger the mother and the fetus. Forty percent of women need polytherapy to control seizures which make their fetus at a higher risk to have deformities than for those who receive monotherapy. Both Lamotrigine and Gabapentin are among the new AEDs, that are relatively safe however when used combined there is increasing evidence to have adverse reproductive effects especially neurological congenital malformations. Vitamin C, a hydrophilic potent antioxidant, can cross the placental and blood brain barrier. Aim: This research aims to assess the antioxidant effect of VitC on AEDs polytherapy. Material and Methods: Forty-eight pregnant mice were categorized into 3 groups of 8 pregnant mice each: group I (control), group II (Lamotrigine 20 mg/kg and Gabapentin 200 mg/kg), group III (Vitamin C 40mg/kg with Lamotrigine and Gabapentin) from gestational days (GD) 6-15. On GD 18 they were sacrificed and the uteri and placentae examined and blood collected to assess oxidant markers while fetuses were removed for gross, skeletal and histopathological examinations. Results: AEDs polytherapy caused significant signs of developmental toxicity as decreased maternal body weight, decrease in absolute and relative placental weight. Also, it caused significant decrease in number of implantations, live fetuses, fetal weights and increase in number of resorptions. MDA was increased, while SOD decreased thus oxidative stress. Gross examination showed reduced size of fetuses with not well-developed limbs. Stereomicroscopic findings of the skeleton revealed incomplete ossification of parts of the skeleton. Light microscopic examination of the frontal cortex showed loss of neurons with dark pyknotic nuclei and vacuolization. Ultrastructural examination revealed the nucleus with chromatin aggregates, clumps and crescents, vacuolated organelles in cytoplasm. Administration of Vitamin C caused significant increase in maternal and fetal parameters, decrease in oxidative stress, accompanied by marked improvements in gross and histological findings. Conclusion: Vitamin C regimen appeared to be protective against AEDs induced developmental toxicity, therefore intake of Vitamin C as adjunctive therapy to AEDs should be mandatory in pregnant epileptic women.
Comparison between Histomorphometry of Wharton's Jelly of Umbilical Cord in Intrauterine Growth Retarded Foetus and Normal Foetus – Cross Sectional Study
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-06) Kumar, Dinesh; Soni, Jagdish S.; B, Ravindra Kumar; Dave, Mitesh
Background: In normal pregnancies, sonographic investigations produced a nomogram for the Wharton’s jelly(WJ) area for varying gestational ages. Up to 32 weeks of pregnancy, the WJ area significantly increased; after that,it was steady. Extra-embryonic mesoderm is the source of WJ, Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is relatedwith not only an increased risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality but it is also may influence health of adult.Hence the basic research is very essential to understand the altered morphology of foetal tissues causing IUGR.Methods: This was an observational case series study. Just after delivery, 5 cm of umbilical cord was collectedfrom 5 cm of the placenta and preserved in 10% formalin. Sections were embedded in paraffin wax and thenprocessed for slide preparation. The sections were examined and analyzed. Result: The mean values of UC Diameter, UC Area, WJ Area, Total Vessel Area, UV Area, UA1 Area, UA2 Area in inIUGR group are 7.76±1.06 mm, 48.12±10.98 mm2 , 43.66±43.66 mm2 , 4.46± 0.13 mm2 , 1.69 ± 0.08mm2, 1.23±0.08 mm2 and 1.54±0.09 mm2 respectively. The mean values of UC Diameter UC Area, WJ Area, Total Vessel Area,UV Area, UA1 Area, UA2 Area in normal group are 11.86±2.09mm, 56.40±17.21mm2 , 50.56±34.21 mm2, 5.83 ±0.24mm2 , 2.45 mm2 , 1.52 mm2 and 1.87 mm2 respectively. Conclusion: The Present study has revealed changes in the thickness of umbilical cord blood vessels that lead toIUGR. Significant changes in the Wharton’s jelly of umbilical blood vessel walls may be used as a very goodindicator to detect IUGR or related conditions. Since the UC acts as a portal between the developing baby andthe placenta, its shape may indicate the fetus’s health.
Dorsal Digital Expansion of Thumb – A Cadaveric Study and Its Clinical Significance
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-06) S.R, Jyothi; B.R, Chaithra Rao; T.K, Vasudha
Background:Human hand is a prehensile organ & is endowed with grasping, precision movements for skilled work. Broad representation of thumb in the brain reflects the functional importance & complexity of movements of thumb. A succession of activity occurs among the extensor tendons & the thenar muscles during opposition. Dorsal digital expansion has been reported in our study & contribution made by muscular elements which go into its formation has been described.Many authors are not in consensus regarding its anatomy, hence the study was undertaken. Methodology: An observational descriptive study, using 50 free upper limbs, in the department of Anatomy was carried out. Dissection was performed following instructions from the standard practical manual. Observations were described, photographed & tabulated. Results:The DDE (Dorsal Digital Expansion) of thumb, a pearly white translucent triangular expansion on dorsum of its proximal phalanx, is the tendinous fibers of the EPL (Extensor Pollicis Longus) & EPB(Extensor Pollicis Brevis) was found in all specimens. Medial margin being more prominent,in addition to EPL & EPB received fibers from Adductor pollicis & first palmar interossei (if present). The lateral margin received contribution from APB(Abductor Pollicis Brevis)& FPB(Flexor Pollicis Brevis). The percentage of each tendon contribution towards DDE has been tabulated & variations in the insertion of extensor tendons to the phalanges are also discussed. Conclusion:Human thumb plays a crucial role in the smooth functioning of hand. The knowledge of DDE adds to analyze the biomechanics of thumb & in the management of de Queverain’s Tenosynovitis (DQT). Multiple tendons may attribute to disturbance in joint movements.
Phases and Steps in Team-Based Learning: Clearly Outlined Activities at Each Stage for Easy Adoption
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-06) Melovitz-Vasan, Cheryl; Huff, Susan; Vasan, Nagaswami
Student involvement is crucial for meaningful learning and improved performance in higher education. Over the past 40 years, several instructional methods, including problem-based learning (PBL) and case-based learning (CBL), have been implemented in medical education with varying degrees of success. Increasing evidence suggests that team-based learning (TBL) is an effective and practical approach to incorporating interactive, small-group teaching while fostering enthusiasm for learning. TBL incorporates various theories of adult learning, including lifelong and self-directed learning. The concept of TBL focuses on learning, defined by pre-class preparation and subsequent in-class team discussion. Faculty organizes the learning material to enable students to accept ownership of their own and their peers’ learning. This results in groups that function as powerful learning teams. TBL is based on individual accountability and ensures rigorous team interaction. This accomplishes both competence (what individuals know or can do in terms of knowledge, skills, and attitude) and capability (the extent to which individuals can adapt to generate new knowledge and continue to improve performance).
Analysis of Facial Phenotype Based on Facial Index Classification Using Cone-beam Computer Tomography in the Saudi Population
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-03) Jaafar, Nuraddeen Ibrahim; Katta, Prashanth Kumar
Aim: To provide normative values of facial height, width, and facial index, and determine the distribution of facial phenotypes among adults in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The sample comprised 261 cone-beam computer tomographic images, examined using vision iCAT software. The facial height and width were measured linearly, from which the facial index was calculated. Facial phenotype was determined based on the facial index classification and the samples were grouped accordingly. Results: The mean facial height was 118.94mm (SD= +7.73), facial width was 129.27mm (SD = +6.64), and facial index was 92.09mm (SD= +5.50). Males show statistically higher means of the variables, (facial height: t=9.66, p=0.001), facial width: t=7.05, p=0.001), and facial index (t=3.25, p=0.021). All five facial phenotypes were observed, distributed as 6 hypereuryprosopic, 18 euryprosopic, 81 mesoprosopic, 96 leptoprosopic, and 60 hyperleptoprosopic. The majority (38% and 29%) of the males in the samples were categorized as leptoprosopic and hyperleptoprosopic, respectively. Of the 96 females, only three were observed to be hypereuryprosopic. Mesoprosopic and leptoprosopic made up 38%, and 34% of the females whereas hyperleptoprosopic and euryprosopic each made up 13%. Persons’ gender was found to influence the facial phenotype among the sample. Conclusion: Leptoprosopic was the most common facial phenotype in the samples, whereas the least type was hypereuryprosopic. For males, leptoprosopic was the most common while mesoprosopic was the most common for females. Our study’s data may be used as a guide for facial analysis, which will be helpful for forensic investigations, orthodontics and reconstructive surgery, and anthropological studies.
Advancing Foot Arch Diagnostics: A Comparison of plantar surface (PSA) index and convolution neural network (CNN) Deep Learning Models
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-03) M, Haripriya; S, Vijayakumar; K, Vijayakumar.
Introduction: Accurate assessment of foot arch morphology is crucial for diagnosing and managing various musculoskeletal conditions. The objective of the study is to test and compare the ability of the plantar surface area (PSA) index and a convolutional neural network (CNN) deep learning model to classify various foot arches normal arched foot (NAF), (FAF) and high arched foot (HAF) from plantar scan images. Methodology: This is a comparative study in which a total of 896 male participants, aged 25–45, were randomly selected and evaluated for foot arch classification into three categories: NAF, FAF, and HAF. 360 images were taken to train, test and validate the CNN model. The PSA index method involved traditional footprint analysis using a self-designed foot scanner, while the CNN model was trained on a dataset of foot images to automate classification. Results: Descriptive statistics was used to tabulate the demographics, and the performance of CNN and PSA was done which showed 100% sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV); both approaches were able to classify all 130 instances in each category with flawless precision. For both approaches, there were no false positives (FP) or false negatives (FN) noted. Conclusion: Future studies should develop hybrid models that harmonize anatomical precision and biomechanical accuracy with CNN efficiency paving the way to personalized medicine and real-time diagnostics. If these challenges are met, researchers would be able to fully leverage this interdisciplinary approach to affect both clinical practice and biomechanical work
Health Impacts and Hygiene Practices In Cadaveric Dissection Among Medical Students – A Questionnaire Survey
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-06) Kathiresan, Muthu Prathibha; Shaelyn, Melissa; Johnson, Priscilla
Background: Teaching and learning of Anatomy is predominantly based on cadaveric dissection for threedimensional understanding of structure of human body. Phase 1 MBBS students experience few difficulties during their first exposure to dissection. Formalin exposure causes irritant symptoms while few students experience apprehension. Negligent handling and close proximity lead to spread of infections in the dissection hall. Methods: Using a validated instrument, an online cross-sectional survey was conducted on 445 Phase 1 medical students of 18-21 years of age. The survey evaluated physical symptoms, psychological impact, hygiene practices and awareness of risk of infection during or after cadaveric dissection. Results: The most commonly experienced symptoms were lacrimation and eye soreness while skin problems were the least experienced. Physical and psychological symptoms showed an association with gender and diet, though not statistically significant. Despite moderate awareness and prior sensitization among Phase 1 students, there were lapses in hygiene practices, inadequate sanitization following dissection or injury or exposure. Most of the students preferred the learning experience with cadaveric dissection while few participants expressed fear, and discomfort. Male students wished to lessen their voluntary participation in dissection and preferred alternate learning modes. Conclusion: Although students experience physical and psychological symptoms during their initial exposure to cadavers, they prefer dissection for learning Anatomy. Sensitisation and counselling the students might reduce the health impacts on exposure to cadaveric dissection. With hygiene protocols and sanitization measures in place, students might develop a positive attitude towards learning the fundamentals of Anatomy using cadaveric dissection.
Pterygospinous Bar: An Ossified Ligament at the Base of Skull and Its Clinical Importance
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-03) Gupta, Vimal; Sharma, Anshu
Introduction: Lateral pterygoid plate of Sphenoid on its upper part of posterior border usually presents a spine. This spine gives attachment to Pterygospinous ligament. Ossification of this ligament may cause compression system for the neurovascular structures. Material and method: Total 39 human skulls present in Government Medical College; Chandigarh’s bone bank was included in study. Skull with complete base and lateral wall of skull were included. The presence of Pterygospinous bar, its completeness, bilaterality, and size were noted. Result: Out of 39, three skulls had pterygospinous bar bilaterally. In these three skulls too One skull had incomplete bars bilaterally while two others had complete bar forming foramen on right side. In other two skull incomplete bars were present unilaterally. The shape of the Foramen formed by the complete bar was round in two while oval in one skull. Conclusion: Complete ossification of Pterygospinous ligament can result in formation of a foramen through which mandibular nerve branches which can manifest as various clinical symptoms. Therefore, this knowledge is important to neurosurgeons, radiologists, maxillofacial surgeons, anesthetists along with anatomists and anthropologist
Impact of Self-Directed Learning (SDL) in Anatomy among first year Medical Students in Competency Based Medical Education (CBME) Curriculum
(IMED Research Publications, 2025-03) Saha, Nirmalya; Anjankar, Vaibhav
Background: The Indian Medical Graduate (IMG) needed to be a life-long learner by self-directed learning. The majority of the classes for first-year medical students were taken by anatomy, with a large number of competencies. So, it was of utmost importance to know whether implementing self-directed learning (SDL) among first-year medical students of anatomy had led them to become self-directed learners? So, the objectives were to assess the impact of SDL in anatomy among first-year medical students and to evaluate the attitude of them towards SDL. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 first-year medical students for 06 months. SDL orientation session on Anatomy was conducted, followed by a pre-test on SDL by Self-Rating Scale for Self-Directed Learning (SRSSDL) Tool in the first session of SDL. Four SDL classes with assessment and evaluation of the attitude of students on SDL were conducted. In the 6th SDL session, a post-test on SDL was conducted for evaluation of attitude on SDL. Results: Statistically significant increase in post-test score was observed than pre-test score. Almost 1/3rd of students definitely needed guidance with specific changes and re-structuring the methods of learning. Majority of students were between moderate range on SRSSDL Tool scoring. In SDL Session 6, majority of the students (80%) had high score on that tool. Conclusion: Majority of students were identified as half way to self-directed learner before commencement of SDL sessions. After completion of all the SDL sessions, majority of the students had become towards effective self-directed learner.

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