Medica Innovatica

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Scope of Bipaddled Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in the era of free flap
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) Pawar, Sanjay R; Koppad, Ravi; Guttedar, Dastayya; K, Shasidhar; Ishwarappagol, Sheetal
Background: Oral cavity malignancies present at locally advanced stage in our set up, requiring extensive resection and complex reconstruction. Free flap is the ideal method for reconstruction, which may not be available in a remote or resource-constrained facility. The alternative is the use of bipaddle Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap(PMMC). Aim: To assess the outcomes of bipaddle PMMC flap in reconstruction of locally advanced carcinoma oral cavity. Materials and Methods: We present a series of patients who underwent reconstruction of oromandibular defects with a bipaddled PMMC flap. The data pertaining to patients with carcinoma oral cavity who were selected to undergo bipaddled PMMC flap reconstruction in our department between July 2022 to July 2024 was collected and analysed. Results: Of the 34 patients, there were 33 male and 1 female patient. The median age group was 49 years. Average size of the bipaddled PMMC flap was 12X5cm. Ten patients underwent oral commissure reconstruction along with oromandibular reconstruction. Most common complication was neck wound surgical site infection in 10 patients, followed by complete loss of PMMC flap in 2 patients which was treated with contralateral PMMC flap. Successful outcomes after bipaddle PMMC flap was 32(94%). Conclusion: Bipaddled PMMC flap remains the workhorse of head and neck reconstruction. In full thickness defects bipaddled PMMC flap remains an alternative to free flap reconstruction in resource-limited countries like India. Owing to its versatility, definite vascular supply, and an easy learning curve, bipaddled PMMC flap remains a favoured choice for reconstruction of oromandibular defects.
Thrombotic stroke secondary to hyperhomocysteinemia: A rare presentation in the pediatric age group
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) Biradar, Praveengouda; Pol, Ramesh; Vanaki, Raghavendra; Katti, Arun; Badakali, Ashok
Cerebrovascular disease in childhood is relatively rare. Hyperhomocysteinemia is an important risk factor for vascular diseases including stroke. A 10-year-old child presented with headache, non-projectile vomiting, and weakness in the right half of the body for 2 days. The neurologic examination revealed right-sided hemiparesis and the diagnostic workup showed a small focal acute infarct in the MRI brain and increased homocysteine levels.
Association of Glycosylated hemoglobin and Blood pressure with proteinuria in diabetes mellitus patients
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) Mamatha, B.V; Samalad, Vijaymahantesh S; Crasta, Preeval Shreya; Navaneetha, U.S; D’Souza, Vivian
Background: Chronic type II diabetes mellitus(T2DM) has profound effects on various organs, contributing to increased morbidity and mortality rates. Diabetic kidney disease typically progresses from a normal level of protein in the urine to end-stage renal disease. The presence of protein in the urine is a sign of kidney damage. Monitoring the levels of urine protein accurately is crucial for managing the disease in diabetic patients. Higher levels of HbA1c are associated with an increased risk of developing proteinuria. High blood pressure can also damage the nephrons in the kidneys, causing proteins to be filtered through the glomerulus and potentially causing nephropathy. Aim: 1. To measure Blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin and urine protein levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. 2. To find out the correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin with Blood pressure and urine protein levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Materials and methods: An analytical prospective study was conducted at Kanachur Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalore, including 70 T2DM patients. Patients with HbA1c > 7.0% were grouped as poor control/ Group 1, while those with HbA1c ? 7.0% were considered as good control/ Group 2. Serum levels of Random blood sugar (RBS), HbA1c, Serum Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid and Urine protein levels were estimated. Blood pressure (BP) was recorded manually in supine position. Data were analyzed in SPSS software 21 using independent student t test. p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Increased levels of HbA1c, Blood pressure, Serum levels of Urea, Creatinine, and Uric acid levels were found in patients with poor control that is group 1 cases, and they were statistically significant. Urine protein levels were elevated in group 1 cases. Spearman rho correlation showed that HbA1c was positively and highly significantly correlated with Urine protein, Systolic BP and Diastolic BP.
A clinicopathological study of Tumor budding in invasive breast cancer
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) K V, Reshma; J, Hemalatha; Naik, Preeta; T.S, Sowmya; Ramaiah, Purushotham
Background: Tumor budding is defined as a small cluster of tumor cells located at the invasive edge of tumor and was assumed to be linked with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is an early event in metastasis. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate clinicopathologic significance of tumor budding in carcinoma breast and to correlate with other clinicopathological prognostic parameters of breast cancer. Method: It was a retrospective study consisting of 60 resected specimens of primary breast carcinoma. The number of foci (tumor budding) was counted in Haematoxylin & Eosin slides under 20x magnification and were categorised into low and high tumor budding. Subsequently tumor budding association with other clinicopathological parameters were studied. Chai square test was performed to find the association between tumor budding and each of the clinicopathologic variables and p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant Result: Cases were categorized as low (0-10 buds) and high (?10 buds) tumor budding groups based on the count of foci. High tumor budding shares significant positive association with lymph nodal status, necrosis and adipocyte infiltration and does not show association with tumor grade, tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, calcification, type of carcinoma and insitu component. Conclusion: In conclusion, tumor budding in carcinoma breast is associated with undesirable pathologic factors, such as positive nodal status, adipocyte infiltration and necrosis. In the future, standardized quantification criteria for tumor budding may further aid in its implementation as a prognostic marker.
Assessment of Cardiovascular risk factors among Autorickshaw drivers: A cross-sectional study from Central Karnataka, India.
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) Tatte, Anusha; G S, Vidya; Davalagi, Shubha; S, Poojitha
Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major public health concern in India, with autorickshaw drivers being a high-risk group due to their sedentary lifestyle and exposure to various risk factors. This study aimed to assess the determinants of cardiovascular risk factors among autorickshaw drivers in Davangere, Karnataka, India. Objectives: To assess Cardiovascular risk factors and its determinants among auto-rikshawdrivers. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 randomly selected autorickshaw drivers in Davangere city for a period of 3months. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and anthropometric measurements were collected by using a structured questionnaire for the study population and chi square test was used to analyse the data. Results: The study encompassed a total of 100 auto-rickshaw drivers. The majority of the drivers fell within the age group of 40 to 49 years (37%), followed by the 30 to 39-year age group (28%). Among the study population, the prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors was as follows: 31% were current smokers, 48% reported alcohol consumption, 63% were classified as obese, 35% exhibited central obesity, and 44% had hypertension. Conclusion and Recommendations: The study revealed a high prevalence of behavioural risk factors, hypertension, and obesity among autorickshaw drivers, putting them at an elevated risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. It is advised to implement health education and targeted interventions to encourage healthy lifestyles, as well as to conduct regular health check-ups to identify and manage risk factors in this particular group.
Effects of menopause on lipid profile parameters and body mass index in postmenopausal women
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) B.V, Mamatha; Samalad, Vijay Mahantesh; Gomes, Venchal; Devang, Nayana; Crasta, Preeval Shreya
Background: Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the present era. The incidence of this cardiovascular disease in women increases with age and after menopause. Postmenopausal rise in the risk of coronary artery disease has proven to be associated with dyslipidemia in many studies. Aim: To assess the association of body mass index and lipid profile in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: 38 women of postmenopausal age (47 to 55 years) and 38 women of perimenopausal age (40 to 47 years) were included in the case-control study after obtaining written informed consent. Body mass index was measured and serum lipid levels were measured in a VITROS 5600 analyzer. Association between body mass index and lipid parameters was done using SPSS software version 20. p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The body mass index of the postmenopausal women was significantly higher compared to perimenopausal women. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL levels of postmenopausal women were significantly higher compared to perimenopausal women. There was a strong positive correlation between body mass index, total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL cholesterol. Conclusions: Ageing and decrease in female sex hormones increases the risk of coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women. This study throws light on the usefulness of assessing dyslipidemia and body mass index to identify high-risk women to enable early therapeutic intervention for coronary artery disease.
The effect of iodine impregnated incise drapes on the incidence of surgical site infections following abdominal surgeries in children in Nigeria
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) Ugwunne, C A; Osuigwe, A N; Ekwunife, OH; Ugwu, J O; Modekwe, V I
Background: Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) impose a substantial burden of morbidity and mortality which in turn imposes a heavy demand on health care resources. Considering this burden, SSI initiatives have shifted from treatment to prevention as majority of SSIs are preventable. Antibiotic impregnated drape is one of the strategies to reduce SSI and has been shown in adults to reduce SSI. This has not been tested in children. Objective: To determine the effect of iodine impregnated incise drapes on the incidence of SSI following abdominal surgeries in children. Method: This study was a prospective randomised study in which 120 children undergoing clean and clean contaminated abdominal surgeries were randomised into two groups: A and B, of 60 each. Iodine impregnated incise drapes was used in Group A while it was not used in Group B. Postoperatively, the patients were followed up for 30 days and SSI identified and graded with the modified Southampton wound grading system. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS Statistics V21.0. Result: The SSI rate for clean abdominal surgeries with the use of iodine impregnated incise drapes was 10% compared to 13.3% without the use of iodine impregnated incise drapes (P = 0.668). For clean contaminated abdominal surgeries, the SSI rates were 13.3% and 26.6% with and without the use of iodine impregnated incise drapes respectively (P = 0.155). Conclusion: Iodine impregnated incise drapes did not have any significant effect on SSI rate following clean and clean contaminated abdominal surgeries in children.
Assessment of Hs-CRP (high sensitive c-reactive Protein) as a prognostic indicator in acute ischemic stroke
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) Patil, Shridhar; Kadagud, Anuja; Kattimani, Ravi; Indikar, Muddasir
Introduction: The measurement of markers of inflammation or thrombosis has been proposed as a method to improve the prediction of risk in patients with vascular disease. The role of High sensitive C-reactive protein (Hs- CRP) as a novel plasma marker of atherothrombotic disease is currently under investigation. We related plasma Hs-CRP levels to first ever ischemic stroke and its role as a diagnostic aid. Aim And Objectives: In view of the different observations by various studies about the source of inflammatory stimulus and significance of value of High sensitive C-reactive protein in thrombotic stroke and relation between different risk factors, the present study was undertaken with the following aims and objectives. To determine the levels of Hs-CRP levels in acute ischemic stroke. To compare the Hs-CRP levels in patients of acute ischemic stroke with healthy controls. To determine the role of Hs-CRP in predicting the outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods: Fifty patients with first ever acute ischemic stroke patients were examined with the exclusion from the exclusion criteria. CT scan of brain was done to confirm the diagnosis. Plasma Hs-CRP level was determined after 12 hours and before 72 hours of onset of symptoms in all CT confirmed ischemic stroke patients. This clinical study was done during September 2022 to February 2024. Hs-CRP was randomly measured in 50 age and sex matched individuals matched in all possible criteria except the disease under study as a control group. Results: The Hs-CRP concentration in ischemic strokes independent of infarction site, the value was more between 51-70 years of age group and male predominance. All of the 50 ischemic strokes studied had CRP value >1 mg/l and chi square test value is 66.14 which is statistically significant. Only 9 of the 50 control group had CRP >1mg/l, which is insignificant. Conclusion: The Hs-CRP level is significantly higher in ischemic strokes and by its elevation between 12-72 hours of symptom onset was a bad prognostic indicator. Elevated Hs-CRP values were also raised in all the patients who expired.
Perception regarding family adoption programme among medical students: A cross-sectional study in a medical college of Haryana (India)
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) Sharma, Seema; Poonia, Ankesh; Diksha
Background: National Medical commission (NMC) has introduced the Family Adoption Program (FAP) in the undergraduate curriculum to provide a learning opportunity towards community-based health care for Indian medical graduates. This study aims to understand the perceptions of medical graduates regarding family adoption program. Material and Method: This was a cross–sectional study carried out among first year medical undergraduates of Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha, Hisar, Haryana. Appropriate statistical tests like mean, mode, percentages and chi-square (?2) test were applied. Result: Mean age of participants was 19.29 years with age ranging from 17 years to 23 years. Out of 126 students 93.7% perceived that family adoption programme is beneficial to students and 80.2% perceived that it is beneficial for families. Out of total 93.7% perceived that first year is the ideal time to initiate FAP, only 19% students have opinion that it affects their academics. Conclusion: FAP is helpful to improve medical graduates’ communication skills; formation of long-lasting bond with community but participants also perceived that it affects their academics and their inadequate level of knowledge make them hesitant to communicate with community.
Assessment of burnout syndrome among postgraduate medical residents working in a tertiary health care centre of central Karnataka
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) Javalkar, Sandhya Rani; G S, Vidya; Mishra, Ratnesh
Background: Burnout syndrome refers to a condition characterised by the experience of emotional, physical, and mental depletion resulting from extended exposure to high levels of work-related stress. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of Burnout syndrome among postgraduate medical residents and to study the various factors associated with it. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Tertiary Health care centre, Davangere, Karnataka; over a period of 6 months. Postgraduate medical residents working in various departments were recruited for the study. Copenhagen Burnout Inventory was utilized to assess the prevalence of burnout. Burnout was recorded on three parameters, personal burnout, work-related burnout, and client-related burnout. Data was analysed using SPSS software. Results: In this study, the burnout among study participants according to Copenhagen burnout inventory was 104(77.6%). The personal burnout was observed among 93(69.4%), work related burnout among 101(75.4%) and patient related burnout among 118(88.0%). On studying the various factors associated with Burnout syndrome we observed it statistically significant association between burnout syndrome and gender 0.024, with female preponderance. Burnout was also observed to be more among 2nd year students than 3rd year students with p value 0.016 and increasing duty hours with p value of 0.026 Conclusion: In this study, the high rate of burnout was observed among postgraduate medical residents working at the tertiary health care centre. The focus should primarily be on the identification of symptoms associated with burnout syndrome and the implementation of methods at all levels to manage symptoms.
A Cadaveric Study of the Variations in Coronary Arterial System
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) Shah, Dharmil Chetan; Desai, Saasha Sanjiv; Bhimalli, Shilpa M.; Pattanshetti, Sheetal V.
Background: The human heart is a muscular, hollow organ that circulates blood throughout the body. Normally, the Left Coronary Artery (LCA) and Right Coronary Artery (RCA), along with their branches, supply the heart. The RCA and the LCA show variations in terms of their origin, course, termination, branching pattern, and distribution. The posterior interventricular artery (PIVA), which is the branch of the RCA, or the LCA, or both, determines the dominance pattern of the heart. Aim: This study aims to identify the variations in the origin and branching pattern of coronary arteries and to determine the dominance of the heart. Materials and Methods: 60 formalin-fixed human cadaveric hearts were collected from Dept. of Anatomy, KAHER’s J.N. Medical College, Belagavi. The coronary arteries and their branches were dissected. The variations were photographed and documented. Result: The data obtained after the examination of the 60 hearts shows that: • The RCA originates from the anterior aortic sinus and the LCA originates from the left posterior aortic sinus. • The LCA terminates into bifurcation (45%), followed by trifurcation (41.6%), and quadrifurcation (13.3%). • Right dominant hearts were found in 76.6% of cases. The left dominant hearts were found in 21.6% of cases and a balanced condition was found in 1.6% of cases. Conclusion: Interpreting coronary angiography requires a thorough understanding of the coronary artery’s branching pattern. Cardiologists and radiologists may benefit from this study by having a better grasp of and ability to manage cardiac disorders.
Low birth weight and its determinants in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Central Karnataka, India.
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) T, Anusha; S, Poojitha; Davalagi, Shubha; T, Akarsh
Introduction: Childhood mortality and morbidity has become a significant public health concern in India. One of the most crucial factors that determines the survival and development of a newborn is their birth weight. This is because most low-birth-weight babies do not make it through the first year of life. Objectives: 1). To assess the proportion of low birth weight. 2). To determine the factors associated with low birth weight. Methodology: For a period of four months, a hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Davanagere. The study includes postnatal mothers and their newborn babies at J.J.M. Medical College and Hospital in central Karnataka. A pretested questionnaire was used to determine the factors associated with low birth weight (LBW). Results: Our study involved 270 postnatal mothers, of which 93 (34.44%) delivered babies with Low Birth Weight (LBW). We found that maternal education, with 15 out of 28 (53.57%) illiterate mothers delivering LBW babies, was significantly associated with LBW. Other factors that showed a significant association with LBW include first pregnancy 53 out of 129 primiparous mothers (41.1%), gestational age at birth preterm delivery 26 out of 36 births (72.22%), and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) 23 out of 45 mothers (51.11%). Conclusions: Low birth weight is a health indicator of maternal health, nutrition, healthcare delivery and poverty. Newborns with low birth weight have a greater than 20-fold risk of death within the first month of life.
Mucormycosis outbreak during second wave of COVID-19 in southern India- Clinical and biochemical characteristics from Tertiary care hospital
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) Kadagud, Anuja M; Ramdurg, Santosh; HT, Lathadevi; Kankanala, Akhil Reddy; Warad, Vijaykumar G
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by a surge in cases of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) in India. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological trends, clinical features, risk factors, and outcomes of CAM in a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of CAM cases in our center, focusing on patient demographics, clinical presentations, diagnostic modalities, and associated comorbidities. We also assessed laboratory findings, imaging results, and treatment. Results: Of the 125 CAM patients, 95 (76%) were male and 95 (76%) were aged between 30 and 60 years. Diabetes mellitus was present in 112 (89.6%) patients and 7 (5.6%) patients were presented with diabetic ketoacidosis. Common clinical presentations included headache in 77 (61.6%), facial pain in 57 (45.6%), and eye pain and swelling in 27 (22.4%). History of steroid therapy and oxygen therapy for COVID-19 management were present in 74 (58.7%) and 52 (41.3%) patients respectively. MRI findings revealed significant mixed organ involvement in 90 (72%) patients with nasal and orbital involvement being the most common in 70/90 (77.7%) patients. In-hospital mortality was observed in 10 (8%) and the cumulative mortality rate after three months was observed in 23 (18.4%) patients. Conclusion: CAM remains a serious concern during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among patients with diabetes and those receiving steroids. Early diagnosis, aggressive treatment, and optimized glycaemic control are crucial in improving outcomes. Efforts should also focus on minimizing the indiscriminate use of steroids and ensuring clean oxygen administration.
Cytomorphological study of major salivary gland lesions with histopathological correlation.
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) Marisetty, Manikanta Swamy; Tamanara, Sarojini Naidu; Thurlapati, Satyaprakash
Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a very useful test for evaluating the salivary gland lesions. FNAC is useful to differentiate between benign and malignant and non-neoplastic lesions. A preoperative diagnosis will guide the surgeon to plan a surgery according to the nature of the tumor and proper management of the patient. FNAC is the most preferred method to biopsy because incisional biopsy is associated with the risk of contamination and infections. Methods: A prospective observational study was done in the pathology department of a medical college after obtaining approval from the institutional ethical committee. FNAC from all patients with salivary gland lesions and surgically resected specimens sent for histopathology. Results: A total of 173 cases were studied, of which 84 (48.55%) cases were reported as non-neoplastic lesions and 89 (51.44%) cases were reported as neoplastic lesions on FNAC. Among these, 71 (79.77%) cases were benign and 18 (20.22%) cases were malignant. Among non-neoplastic lesions, sialadenitis was the most common lesion. Pleomorphic adenoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma were the most common benign and malignant lesions, respectively. Parotid gland was the most frequently involved gland. Histopathology correlation was seen in 66 cases that underwent surgery. Conclusion: FNAC is a safe, reliable, and accurate method of diagnosis of salivary gland lesions. FNAC provides effective information about salivary gland lesions and prevents unnecessary surgery of non-neoplastic lesions, and it can establish the diagnosis of the major salivary gland neoplastic lesions and can be recommended as an adjunct to histopathology.
Diagnostic efficiency of Cytologic Smears and Cell-blocks in body cavity effusions - A prospective study and the way forward
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) B S, Vani; Pabbu, Architha; Kannedari, Rindu Sahithi; Abraham, Anu; Mallipeddi, Pravallika Reddy
Background: Cytosmears (CS) are cytologic preparations from the centrifuged sediment of effusions. Cell- block (CB) technique is used to process tissue fragments in the residue left behind following cytosmear (CS) preparation. This residual tissue often contains valuable diagnostic evidence. The study compares the diagnostic efficiency of the two methods. Aim: The study aimed to observe the cytomorphologic features of body cavity effusions on conventional cytology smears and cell-block preparations and to identify their sensitivity and limitations in providing a diagnosis of neoplasms. Material and Methods: This was an observational study. Cytosmears and cell-blocks of patients with body cavity effusions were analyzed. Cytosmears were stained with Papanicolaou and Leishman stains; cell-blocks were processed by Plasma-Thrombin clot method and stained with hematoxylin and Eosin. Special stains were done on need basis. The cytology and cell-block impressions were classified as neoplastic and non-neoplastic and the agreement between the two techniques determined. Results: 84 effusions from the pleural, peritoneal and pericardial cavities were studied. The yield with the two techniques were compared for non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. The agreement between the two methods was 91.3%; cell-blocks showed an improvement rate of 8.3% over cytosmears in identifying neoplastic effusions. Conclusions: Cell-blocks were superior, but should be used as an adjunct to cytosmears, in diagnosing neoplastic cases to complement each other. Optimal utilization and processing of the sample for cytosmear and cell block preparation, diligent technical and morphological analysis and appropriate ancillary studies give the best diagnostic results.
Clustering of health-related behaviours and health outcomes among medical students in KIMS, Hubballi
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) Kurugodiyavar, Mahesh D.; Kapfo, Tewe U; Bant, Dattatraya D; Lokare, Laxmikant; Godbole, Maneesha; Nekar, Manjunath S; Shiddaraddi, Kantesh
Introduction: Health-related behaviours such as smoking, alcohol use, excessive screen time and unhealthy nutritional habits cluster together and contribute significantly to the public health burden. A better insight in the clustering of those behaviours can help to identify groups who are at risk in developing chronic diseases. Objectives: To assess the health-related behaviours and outcomes among the undergraduate medical students of KIMS, Hubballi. To identify the pattern of clustering of health-related outcomes, behaviours and socio- demographic factors among them. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 MBBS students of KIMS, Hubballi for duration of one month. A Two-Step Cluster Analysis was used to identify groups of participants with similar behavioural patterns and health-related outcomes. Results: Cluster analysis identified three clusters of medical students. 85.4% of cluster-1 consume/smoke tobacco as compared to 8.9% from cluster-2 and 0.8% from cluster-3. The mean SAS scores for cluster 1, 2 and 3 were 41.90, 31.57 and 31.08 and the SDQ scores were 20.44, 13.94 and 13.83 respectively. Having healthier patterns of behaviour was associated with lower levels of psychological distress and better physical health. Conclusion: Health related behaviours and outcomes occurred in clusters. Therefore, to develop effective prevention strategies, it is essential to consider multiple health indices when identifying high risk groups.
An overview of Perception of first year medical students on Foundation course under Competency Based Medical Education (CBME) curriculum: A Cross sectional Study
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) Waghmare, Rupali Vijaykumar; Rebello, Clevin Rashmi
Background: Foundation course was introduced by National Medical Council to make first year MBBS students acclimatise to professional course. Aim: Present study was aimed at evaluating the perception of overall content, quality, and usefulness of each module of Foundation course. Materials and methods: A crosssectional study was conducted among first year medical students admitted in 2022 at Karwar Institute of Medical Sciences, Karwar. 129 students fulfilling inclusion criteria were asked to respond to feedback form by grading overall content, quality and usefulness of all modules of the foundation course on 5point Likert scale. Collected data was entered on Microsoft Excel worksheet. Percentages were used to present the data. Result: In our study we observed that 25.84% of students found that overall content of all the modules was Good and 31.50% of students reported that the overall quality of foundation course modules was Very good, whereas 29.84% of students felt that all the modules were extremely useful. More than 80% of students were satisfied over the way in which foundation course was conducted at this college. Conclusion: students appreciated the inclusion of foundation course at entry level for effective understanding and application of basic science. Feedback given by them would certainly help us in further improvisation and betterment in conduct of foundation course in successive years.
Study of Serum Cystatin-C Levels as a Biomarker and Urinary Microscopy in Severe Kidney Damage
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) Indikar, Muddasir; Tonsalli, Bheemashankar; Patil, Sandeep; Sinnur, Deepa; Pati, Santosh
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden loss of kidney function. It was formerly known as acute renal failure (ARF) traditionally, which has been described as a rapid loss of kidney function accompanied with dysregulation of extracellular volume and electrolytes, retention of urea and other nitrogenous waste products, and other symptoms. There is no reliable early detectable biomarker for AKI. Aims and Objective: The aim of the research is to investigate the potential of Cystatin-C as a biomarker of AKI to forecast the need for renal replacement treatment in the later stages of ARF. Materials and methods: This research included 50 individuals diagnosed with AKI who were hospitalized at a tertiary hospital during the period of December 2011 to August 2013. The study encompassed both outpatient and inpatient environments. Various tests like Serum creatinine, blood urea, Serum cystatin C, Urine routine, Serum electrolytes and Urine microscope were performed through blood and urine samples. Results: Serum cystatin C levels and serum creatinine levels are statistically significant with p value of 0.02. Conclusion: In conclusion, patients who experienced acute renal failure (ARF) displayed a notable increase in Serum Cystatin C levels. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant correlation between Serum Cystatin C levels and serum creatinine. Therefore, Serum Cystatin C emerges as a promising early predictive marker for acute kidney injury (AKI).
Clinico-etiological and laboratory profile of infants with febrile illness: a retrospective analysis
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) Gani, Shreeshail S; T A, Sowndarya; Pattar, Mounesh; S, Roopashree
Background: Febrile illness in infants is a common and challenging presentation due to the broad differential diagnosis, including serious bacterial infections (SBIs) and viral causes. SBIs, especially UTIs, occur in 7-20% of febrile infants under three months, while viral infections like human herpesvirus-6 are also significant contributors. Despite existing research, gaps remain in understanding the full clinical and laboratory profiles of febrile infants. Our study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the clinico-etiological and laboratory profiles of infants presenting with febrile illness. Methods: Our retrospective study at Shridevi Institute of Medical Sciences, Tumkur, included 100 infants aged 1-12 months with a fever over 100.4°F lasting more than three days. Exclusions were patients leaving against medical advice and those with immunodeficiency, HIV, or malignancy. Data from Pediatrics records were collected using a validated proforma, covering clinical examinations and laboratory findings. Data analysis was performed with SPSS, presenting categorical data as frequencies/proportions and continuous data as mean/ standard deviation. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Our study analyzed 100 febrile infants aged 1-12 months, with 62% under six months, 53% female and 67% from rural areas. Respiratory tract infections (56%) and gastrointestinal infections (25%) were the most common causes. Fever, cough, and cold (64%) were the primary symptoms, with vomiting and diarrhea in 47%. Laboratory findings showed a median hemoglobin of 10.9 g/dL, with elevated CRP in 23% of cases, indicating infection or inflammation. Culture sensitivity was positive in 55.2% of tested cases, aiding targeted therapy. Conclusion: Our study effectively identified respiratory and gastrointestinal infections as the primary causes of febrile illness in infants, with significant clinical and laboratory findings, including elevated CRP levels and culture positivity, underscoring the need for targeted diagnosis and treatment in this vulnerable population.
Study of ACE gene and its allele polymorphism in Chronic Kidney Disease patients.
(B.V.V. Sangha's S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital & Research Centre, 2024-12) Kulkarni, Umesh K; Padeyappanavar, Kiran; Nikam, Kiran S; Naglikar, Amarappa S; Kulkarni, Deepali U; Mishrikot, Harsh H
Introduction: Functionality of any organ depends on its vascular supply. Among plethora of factors affecting vascular tone, the most important contribution is of Rennin-Angiotensin system (RAS). This system has been implicated in pathological changes of organ damage through modulation of gene expression, proliferation and inflammatory response. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a key component of RAS. ACE I/D polymorphism varies as per individual, Ethnicity, geography and is associated with common diseases like Hypertension, Coronary heart disease (CHD) and Nephropathy.The aim of this study is to identify the role of ACE gene alleles and also to find out the effect of these damage in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Material and Methods: The patients available in medicine department diagnosed as CKD for a period of 12- 15 months were included in this study. The patients who have given consent were included. Patients with co existing other illnesses, cancer patients, patients on chemotherapy or drugs likely to cause kidney damage were excluded. The peripheral venous blood was used for DNA isolation as per kits available. The isolated DNA was amplified by PCR using primer for ACE gene as per protocols. The PCR products were subjected to 10% PAGE electrophoresis for identification of insertion and deletion. Results: In this study it was found that frequency of D allele is more in case of CKD patients. 11 patients showed no insertion or deletion in ACE gene. Conclusion: Comparability between the alleles of ACE gene with CKD patients showed strong relation with DD allele.

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