Asian Journal of Medical Research

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    Sodium Benzoate: A D-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitor (Zubilance®) Added to Anti-psychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia Management: An Open-Label Study
    (Society for Healthcare & Research Development, 2025-06) Banerjee, D; Singh, K K.
    Background: Schizophrenia is treated mainly by antipsychotic medication, although one still has to deal with cognitive deficits and suboptimal quality of life often persists. This study evaluates the efficacy of Zubilance®, a sodium benzoate formulation and D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor-as an add-on treatment with antipsychotics-to improve symptom severity, cognitive function, and quality of life in schizophrenia patients. Subjects and Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial with a study duration of 6 weeks. The study group received Zubilance® (500 mg sodium benzoate) in combination with antipsychotics, while the control group received antipsychotics only. Outcomes included symptom severity evaluated by PANSS and CGI scale, cognitive functioning assessed by the MoCA, and quality of life evaluated using the WHOQOL scale. Results: The study group demonstrated a significant improvement in symptom severity, indicated by lower PANSS and CGI scores compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Cognitive function, assessed via MoCA, improved notably in the Zubilance® group, suggesting cognitive enhancement with the add-on treatment. WHOQOL results showed improved quality of life in the study group, correlating with reduced symptoms and cognitive benefits. Conclusion: Our study shows that addition of Zubilance® (Sodium benzoate) to standard antipsychotic drugs treatment improves the patient outcome with enhanced symptom control, cognitive function and quality of life.
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    Efficacy of Online Versus Offline Group Exercise Program in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
    (Society for Healthcare & Research Development, 2025-06) Agnihotri, S; Singh, NK; Gupta, N.
    Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of pain and disability among older adults. Exercise therapy is a primary non-pharmacological intervention for managing OA symptoms. With the rise of digital health platforms, the effectiveness of online rehabilitation programs compared to traditional offline exercise requires further evaluation. Objective: To compare the efficacy of online versus offline group exercise programs in reducing pain, as measured by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Subjects and Methods: This randomized controlled trial included 160 participants with radiographically confirmed Grade I–III knee OA. Participants were randomized to either an online (n=76) or offline (n=84) group. Both groups followed an identical structured six-week exercise program. Pain levels were assessed using the VAS at baseline, three weeks, and six weeks. Randomization was concealed using the Sequentially Numbered, Opaque, Sealed Envelopes (SNOSE) method. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Teerthanker Mahaveer University (Approval No.: PM/ETHICAL/PT/2023/004). Trial registration was not applicable. Results: Both groups demonstrated significant reductions in VAS scores over six weeks (p<0.0001). The offline group showed a significantly greater reduction at the third week (p=0.02) and sixth week (p<0.001) compared to the online group. At six weeks, the mean VAS reduction was 5.48 points in the offline group versus 5.03 points in the online group. Conclusion: Both online and offline group exercise programs effectively reduced pain among individuals with knee OA. However, offline programs resulted in faster and more substantial pain relief, suggesting that in-person supervision may enhance early clinical outcomes.
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    Correlation Between Less Foetal Movement with Biophysical Profile Score
    (Society for Healthcare & Research Development, 2025-06) Afroz, S; Akhter, S; Begum, A; Begum, A.
    Background: Fetal Movement counts have been recommended over the past 3 decades to women in the 2nd half of pregnancy, as a way of monitoring fetal wellbeing. The majority of women have favoured the activity of monitoring the fetal movement. A reduction of fetal movement's causes concern and anxiety, is a common indication for the assessment of fetal wellbeing. Objectives: This study was done for sonographic evaluation of a patient presenting with less fetal movement as well as to determine the importance of the Biophysical profile (BPP) when compared with conventional monitoring e. CTG only or Modified Biophysical profile (MBPP). Subjects and Methods: The cross-sectional Observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Dhaka Medical College Hospital from June 2022 to May 2023. A total of 100 female were included in the study. One hundred women having singleton pregnancy of gestational age ?34 weeks with complaints of less fetal movement and intact membrane with no labor pain were interviewed and finally biophysical profile done. Subjects were grouped on the basis of biophysical profile score. Group-1: Subjects with normal biophysical profile score, Group-II: Subjects with equivocal score, Group-III: Subjects with abnormal score. Data were collected over a period of 12 months and analyzed by appropriate computer based programmed software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24. Results: In this study, the mean age was 29.5±4.4 years and maximum number was found in the age group of 25-29 years. The mean (±SD) gestational age was 36.2±1.5 weeks with ranged from 34 to 40 weeks. Lower abdominal pain, history of sub fertility, history of previous c/s and dysuria were common presenting complaints in this study group. Less fetal movement was more common in primi gravida and para 1. A total 58 cases underwent elective delivery and most (72.4%) of them had abnormal and equivocal biophysical profile score. The remaining 42 patients of normal score were allowed to go term delivery. Among them outcome of 95.2% neonates were good and only 4.8% neonates were referred to scabu. Conclusion: Low biophysical profile scoring is proportionately associated with the poor outcome of neonates. BPP scoring helps the clinician to take decision for elective delivery of subjects and future planning of neonatal resuscitation. Key words: Less Foetal Movement, Biophysical Profile Score.
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    Hyponatremia in Patients with Cirrhosis of Liver Admitted in the Medicine Ward of SBMCH- Study of 100 Cases
    (Society for Healthcare & Research Development, 2025-06) Shahinuzzaman, M M; Ahmed, S; Morshed, M; Masud, M; Najib, A A K.
    Background: Hyponatremia is a common and significant complication in cirrhosis, primarily resulting from altered fluid and electrolyte regulation. It is associated with advanced liver disease and poor clinical outcomes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and prognostic significance of hyponatremia in cirrhotic patients with ascites at Sher-E-Bangla Medical College Hospital (SBMCH), Barisal, Bangladesh. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of hyponatremia in cirrhotic patients with ascites, its relationship with ascites severity, diuretic therapy, liver dysfunction markers, and its impact on clinical outcomes. Subjects and Methods: This hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted over six months (January to June 2012) at SBMCH, including 100 cirrhotic patients with ascites. Data were collected using a structured case record form, documenting demographics, clinical symptoms, biochemical parameters, and sodium levels. Diuretic therapy and ascites characteristics were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with p-values ?0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Among the 100 patients studied, 56% had serum sodium concentrations ?130 mmol/L, indicating a high prevalence of hyponatremia. Patients with lower sodium levels had more severe ascites, with 100% of those in the ?130 mmol/L group presenting with refractory ascites. Diuretic therapy, primarily consisting of spironolactone and furosemide, was administered to 84% of the cohort. Serum albumin levels were significantly lower in patients with sodium concentrations ?130 mmol/L. Additionally, the need for paracentesis was more frequent in patients with sodium ?130 mmol/L, reflecting the greater severity of fluid retention in these individuals. Conclusion: Hyponatremia is prevalent in cirrhotic patients, especially those with refractory ascites, and is associated with more severe ascites, hypoalbuminemia, and worsened liver function. Effective management of hyponatremia is critical for improving outcomes in these patients. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms behind hyponatremia and its impact on liver transplantation outcomes.
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    Association of Glaucoma with Hypertension and Diabetes: A Single-Center Study
    (Society for Healthcare & Research Development, 2025-06) Choudhury, RA; Hossain, KA; Walid, KM; Pramanik, M.
    Background: Glaucoma is a chronic and progressive optic neuropathy, a common eye disease that causes structural and functional damage to the optic nerve, which connects the eye to the brain. It remains one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide, including in Bangladesh. Characterized by optic nerve damage and corresponding visual field loss, glaucoma often progresses silently until significant vision has been lost, making early detection critical for effective management. Among the known risk factors, increasing attention has been focused on systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension—both of which are prevalent and growing public health challenges in Bangladesh. Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder with rising incidence in the Bangladeshi population, is associated with various ocular complications. Recent evidence suggests that diabetic individuals may be at higher risk of developing glaucoma, particularly primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), due to microvascular damage, impaired auto regulation of ocular blood flow, and neurodegenerative changes in the optic nerve. Hypertension, similarly widespread in the country, has also been implicated in the pathophysiology of glaucoma. It is hypothesized that chronic elevated blood pressure may contribute to increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and reduced optic nerve perfusion. Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the association of glaucoma in patients with diabetes and hypertension. Methods: This is an observational study. The present study was conducted among 80 diagnosed Glaucoma patients also suffering either for diabetes or hypertension or both attending the ophthalmology outpatient department of BNSB Zahurul Haque Eye Hospital for routine glaucoma follow-up for the duration of the period from January 2022 to December 2023 to assess the association of severity of glaucoma in patients with diabetes and hypertension. Data was entered in MS Excel and Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS-24 version. Results: According to the age of 80 Patients aged <20 to ?50 years. Here according to Age distribution, 9(11.25%) were 20-29, 13(16.25%) were 30-39, 17(21.87%) were 40-49, and 41(50.62%) were ?50. The total study population was 80 patients, according to gender 42(48.13%) were Male, 38(51.87%) were Female. The Glaucoma patients with diabetes, hypertension and both were 53%, 35% and 12% respectively. Severity of VFD in Patients with Diabetes and Hypertension according to severe, moderate and mild was 7.3%, 4.5% and 0.8% respectively. The p-value was 0.0046. Conclusions: Glaucoma patients with HTN, DM, or both were found to have more severe. Patients with these risk factors could represent “high-risk patients” with glaucoma. Patients with HTN and DM, or both may require evaluations on a more frequent basis to access the progression/severity of Glaucoma.
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    A Comparison of Serum Immunoglobulins Lvelels in Aggressive Periodontitis and Chronic Periodontitis
    (Society for Healthcare & Research Development, 2025-06) Kumar, A; Sharma, M; Kaur, P; Arodhia, N; Kotwal, V.
    Background: Classification of 2017 of Periodontal and Peri-Implant disease and Conditions by AAP and EFP, Aggressive periodontitis and Chronic periodontitis was grouped under a single category. Unlike 1999workshop where Periodontitis was reclassified as chronic, aggressive (localised and generalised), necrotising and as a manifestation of systemic disease wherein Aggressive periodontitis and Chronic periodontitis were differentiated on the age of onset, rapid rate of progression, the composition of subgingival microflora, familial aggregation, racial influence and immuneresponse. In this study we aim to show a statistically significant difference in serum antibodies level of both Aggressive periodontitis and Chronic periodontitis, which could be suggestive of difference in implicated primary pathogen and frequency and tissue invasion of microorganism. Subjects and Methods: Two groups consisting of 10 patients each were formed. Group A consisted of patients with aggressive periodontitis and group B consisted of chronic periodontitis, blood samples were taken from both the groups and checked for IGG, IGA, IGM titres. Results: Both the groups were compared for the levels of immunoglobulin levels, group A showed a statistically significant raise in the levels in comparison to group B. While IGG levels were beyond the normal levels in group A. Conclusion: As treatment of aggressive periodontitis should differ from that of chronic periodontitis on the basis of immunological response. Hence clubbing Aggressive periodontitis and Chronic periodontitis in same category in The New Classification from the 2017 can not be justified.
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    Evaluation of Implant Survival and Success Rates in Patients with Different Bone Types Over Five Years
    (Society for Healthcare & Research Development, 2025-03) Arora, J; Kumar, R.
    Background: Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival and success rates of dental implants placed in patients with different bone types over a five-year period. The impact of varying bone qualities, specifically Type I to Type IV bone, on implant outcomes was assessed to provide valuable insights for improving treatment planning in implantology. Subjects and Methods: This retrospective/prospective observational study included 80 patients (40 males, 40 females) aged 35–70 years, who underwent dental implant placement at a tertiary care hospital. Bone quality was classified into four types based on the Misch and Lekholm-Zarb systems, with bone assessments done using preoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) or panoramic radiographs. Implant surgeries followed standard protocols with primary stability measured by insertion torque. Patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months to assess implant survival and success, based on clinical and radiographic criteria. Results: The survival rate for Type I bone was the highest at 95.00%, followed by Type II at 90.00%, Type III at 86.67%, and Type IV at 80.00%. Success rates mirrored survival rates, with Type I implants showing 94.55% success and Type II at 89.75%. Type III and IV implants had lower success rates, at 80.00% and 73.33%, respectively. The survival and success rates for Type I and Type II implants remained relatively stable throughout the study period, while Type III and IV implants saw notable declines, especially by year five. Implant failure was predominantly due to bone loss and infection, with Type IV bone showing the highest failure rate (33.33%). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that bone quality significantly affects the survival and success of dental implants, with higher survival and success rates in denser bone types (Type I and Type II). Personalized treatment plans, including interventions such as bone augmentation, are essential for patients with lower-density bone types to optimize implant outcomes. The results emphasize the need for tailored approaches in implantology to address the challenges posed by different bone qualities.
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    Evaluation of Facial Divine Proportion in Dogra population in Jammu Region – A Cross-Sectional Study
    (Society for Healthcare & Research Development, 2025-03) Kalgotra, S; Chib, M; Khajuria, A; Mengi, A; Singh, M.
    Background: The purpose of the study is to evaluate Facial Divine Proportion and to assess its relationship to the facial attractiveness in the Dogra population of Jammu region. Subjects and Methods: The sample consists of 344 adults with pleasing profile who have not undergone any kind of orthodontic treatment. Standardized frontal facial photographs of all the subjects were obtained. The subjects were selected on the basis of facial attractiveness which led to the reduction of sample to 100 which were, then, divided into 2 groups – Group I (Female subjects) and Group II (Male subjects). The Divine Proportion was determined using Ricketts RM (1982) Divine Proportion Analysis on frontal facial photographs. Results: Transverse and Vertical facial proportion in males were higher than females. Group I showed that five of seven vertical facial proportions were close to divine proportion (1.618) whereas only two vertical facial proportions in Group II were close to divine proportions. Transverse facial proportions in both the groups deviated more from divine proportion (1.618). Conclusion: There was difference between males and females for the vertical and transverse facial proportions with values being larger in males. This should be considered as an accessory guideline in planning orthodontic or orthognathic treatment.
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    Satisfaction of Patients in Regard to Treatment Received and Associated Factors at Govt Dental College & Hospital, Srinagar: An Original Research
    (Society for Healthcare & Research Development, 2024-07) Shah, F A; Ashraf, A.
    Background: Patient satisfaction to treatment is a important measure of quality of jealthcare. This study assesses patient satisfaction regarding treatment received and associated factors at Govt Dental College & Hospital, Srinagar. Objective: To evaluate satisfaction levels of patients across clinical dental departments and identify influencing factors for these perceptions. Subjects and Methods : A cross - sectional study was conducted involving 1200 patients from seven departments. Data were collected using an 8 - item questionnaire covering aspects such as care received, hospital promptness, doctor efficiency, cleanliness, equipment, restroom availability, seating arrange ment, and infrastructure. Mean satisfaction scores and standard errors were calculated, and comparative analysis was performed across d epartments. Results: The highest mean satisfaction score was for doctor efficiency across all departments, with Prosthodontics scoring 4.03 ± 0.04 and Endodontics scoring 4.16 ± 0.03. Cleanliness and maintenance received lower scores, particularly in Periodontics (3.00 ± 0.06 ) and Oral Surgery (3.60 ± 0.07). The availability and cleanliness of restrooms were consistently rated low across all departments, with the lowest in Pedodontics (2.43 ± 0.16). Conclusion: While clinical care aspects received high satisfaction ratings, non - clinical factors such as restroom cleanliness need significant improvement. Targeted interventions to address these areas could enhance overall patient satisfa ction at the hospital .
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    Predilection & Awareness of Medical Aspirants of Kashmir Valley Towards Different Professional Medical Careers
    (Society for Healthcare & Research Development, 2024-10) Shah, F A; Ali, I.
    Background: The choice of career is a critical discussion that has an obvious impact on future life pattern. Wrong choice causes a decrea se in a countryÕs scientific level, waste of human and economic resources, incuriosity, and lack of student motivation toward so cial issues and mental disorders in the studentÕs personal and social life. Hence present study was conducted to evaluate the preference of career choice and motivational factors affecting the preferences of choosing different medical careers of undergraduate students preparing for medical Common entrance examinations after intermediate level examinations. Subjects and Methods: The present study is a questionnaire - based cross - sectional survey. A closed ended questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaire includes socio demographic details, in addition students will be asked to select their first career choice and related questions. The data were compiled and tabulated in Mic rosoft Excel spread sheet and were subjected to descriptive analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS) 21.0 ( SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Assessments of reasons for choosing preferred medical field according to gender of medical aspirants were done using Chi - square analysis. Any P ² 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 368 participants completed the entire questionnaire and were include in the study. In the study, 41.84% opted Bachelor of Science in Nursing (B.Sc. Nursing) for future medical careers other than MBBS while 23.09% opted Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS). The reasons found for choosing preferred medical field according to gender of participants were found to be significant in relation to influence of family/peer pressure/friends for above chosen specialty, high income potential, stable and secure future, good Reputation, better lifestyle/prestige and good job opportuni ties in abroad (p²0.001). Conclusion: According to the present study results, other than MBBS , majority of students chose Bachelor of science in Nursing (B.Sc. Nursing) as a carrier option as compared to Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS). Even though the reason for choosing the students preferred carrier includes high income potential, stable and secure future, good reputation, better lifestyle/prestige , good job opportunities in abroad; the influence of family/peer pressure/friends for choosing their specialty is an important factor because this may ha ve a negative impact on students future .
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    Naegleria Fowleri "The Brain -Eating Amoeba": A Review
    (Society for Healthcare & Research Development, 2024-04) Mahajan, A.
    Naegleria fowleri is a free - living amoeba (FLA) that is commonly known as the “brain - eating amoeba.” This parasite can invade the central nervous system (CNS), causing an acute and fulminating infection known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Even though PAM is characterized by low morbidity, it has shown a mortality rate of 98%, usually causing death in less than t wo weeks after the initial exposure. This review summarizes the most recent information about N. fowleri, its pathogenic molecular mechanism s, and the neuropathological processes implicated. Additionally, this review includes the main therapeutic strategies including the poss ible use of immunomodulatory agents to decrease neurological damage .
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    Chandipura Virus: A Deadly Unknown Virus
    (Society for Healthcare & Research Development, 2024-04) Mahajan, A.
    Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family under the Vesiculovirus genus which poses a significant publi c health threat primarily in Asia. It was discovered during an outbreak in Maharashtra, India in 1965. CHPV is transmitted by sandflie s of the Phlebotomus genus, affecting predominantly children with acute encephalitis syndrome (AES). Clinical manifestations include f ever, seizures and neurological complications, often leading to high mortality rates. The management focuses on early detection, supportive care, and vector control strategies. Further research is needed to enhance understanding, vaccine development and effective public health inte rventions against this emerging pathogen .
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    A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Prevention and Management of Health Problems During Puerperium in Terms of Knowledge and Practice Among Postnatal Mothers in Sanjay Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Delhi
    (Society for Healthcare & Research Development, 2024-01) Nayak, R; Rastogi, S; Milton, A.
    Background: Aim: A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on prevention and management of health problems during puerperium in terms of knowledge and practice among postnatal mothers in sanjay gandhi memorial hospital, Delhi . Material and M ethods: The present study is based on the quantitative experimental approach to assess the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on “prevention and management of health problems during puerperium” in terms of knowledge and practice among postna tal mothers in Sanjay Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Delhi. One group pre - test and post - test design (pre - experimental design) used to assess the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on “prevention and management of health problems during puerperium” in terms o f knowledge and practice among postnatal mothers. 60 postnatal mothers who delivered vaginally with or without episiotomy were included in this study. Results: The mean post - test knowledge score of postnatal mother on prevention and management of health problems during puerperium (20.13) is higher than the mean pre - test knowledge score (7.91). The median for the pre - test is 7 and median for the post - test is 20 which is fairly close to the mean of pre - test mean 7.91 and post - test mean 20.13 respectively, indicating a fairly normal probability curve, which means all the measures of central tendency coincide at the centre of the distribution to a greater extent. The standard deviation of post - test knowledge score (2.71) are more homogenous than the standard deviation of pre - test knowledge score (4.49). Conclusion: Structured teaching programme was found to be effective in improving the knowledge and practice on prevention and management of health problems during puerperiu m in postnatal mothers.