International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/149646

Editor -in - Chief: Dr. Battu Prasanna Reddy

ISSN: 0976-4550 (Print))

Frequency: 4 issues a year

Language: English

Online Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.ijabpt.com/index.html /

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 1261

Elevated Expression of Notch 2 & Notch 3 is associated with Disease Progression in Colorectal Cancer
(Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022-12) Sharma, Abhay Kumar; Nimisha; Apurva; Kumar, Arun; Ali, Asgar; Saluja, Sundeep Singh; Prasad, Birendra
Background: The potential involvement of Notch signaling pathway in cell fate decision, tumor heterogeneity and angiogenesis in solid tumors can be explored in colorectal cancer (CRC). This might further help to improve outcomes in CRC. Here, the promoter methylation of Notch receptor gene (Notch2 and Notch3) and their co-expression with its downstream transcription factor Hes1 has been analyzed. Methods: Seventy-two CRC patients were enrolled to study the role of Notch2, Notch3 and Hes1 genes in colorectal cancer. Promoter methylation and mRNA expression in tumor and adjoining normal tissue were assessed by Methylation Specific PCR and quantitative Real time PCR respectively. Statistical correlation was done by using SPSS. Results: We found that Notch2 and Notch3 were hypomethylated in 52/72 (72.22%) and 54/72 (75%) cases respectively. Hypomethylation of Notch 2 and Notch 3 showed significant association with advanced stage (p=0.001) and (p=0.003) and nodal metastasis (p=0.036) and (p=0.012) respectively. Both Notch 2 and Notch 3 showed increased mRNA expression in 49 (68.05%) and 51(70.84%) patients with a fold change of 3.37 and 5.43 respectively. Positive correlation between hypomethylation and expression was observed for both genes. High expression of Hes1 was found in 53(73.61%) of cases which was highly relatable with over expression of notch receptor genes. Upregulation of Notch 2, Notch 3 and Hes1 showed significant association with high grade tumors, advance stage and presence of LN metastasis, additionally Notch 3 and Hes1 showed significant association with distant metastasis. Conclusion: Hypomethylation of Notch 2 and 3 receptors is playing crucial role in regulating the expression of these genes in CRC. Overexpression of Notch 2, Notch 3 and Hes1 are associated with disease progression in CRC.
Intratympanic Gentamicin Injection in Ménière’s Disease: Our Ten Years’ Experience and Outcomes
(Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023-03) Filosa, Barbara; Trusio, Antonio; Cristofaro, Generoso De; Marra, Pasquale; Malafronte, Giuseppe
Objective: The aim of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness of intratympanic gentamicin injection (ITG) on vertigo control with reduced doses and its hearing effects. Materials and Method: The study was conducted at Otolaryngology Department of AORN “S.G. Moscati” between January 2005 and January 2015 on 72 patients with disabling unilateral Meniere’s disease. We use 0.2-0.3 mL of gentamicin sulfate at a concentration of 40mg/ml, injected into the affected ear through the posterior-inferior quadrant of the tympanic membrane. The procedure was carried out for three following days. Main outcome measures: vertigo control and hearing threshold changes after ITG treatment. Results: In 98.6% of the patients(n=71) the ITG produced the full remission of the vertiginous symptoms. In 91.6% of cases(n=66) a single treatment (three consequent injections) was sufficient to control vertigo, in 5.5% of cases(n=4) two treatments were necessary to control vertigo and in 1.3% of patients(n=1) three treatments were necessary to control vertigo. In no case we have had hearing loss after ITG procedure. The pre-treatment pure tone average was 48db. The post-treatment pure tone average was 49.2db. This difference was no statistical difference. Conclusion: In this study we reported high vertigo control, long follow-up and no case of significant hearing worsening. We consider the three injections in the following three days with low doses of gentamicin a safe and valid treatment for Meniere’s disease.
Recent Advances on the Structure, Genomic Arrangement, Life Cycle, and Virus-Host Proteins Interactome of SARS CoV-2
(Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022-09) Abebe, Endeshaw Chekol; Dejenie, Tadesse Asmamaw
Novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease that has been recorded as a third global pandemic caused by the coronavirus (CoV) family in the past twenty years in the aftermath of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS). COVID 19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is transmitted by person-to-person transmission and it remains asymptomatic or presented with mild flu-like symptoms in most occasions, while in some instances, it may progress to severe life threatening and potentially fatal illnesses. This disease is now imposing immense negative influences across the world due to the highly contagious nature of the disease as well as due to the absence of effective treatment targeting the disease. This review addresses the recent advances on the structure and genomic arrangement of SARS-CoV-2 as well as the viral entry, replication and virus-host protein interactome that potentially contribute to cell infectivity, immune evasion, and viral spread. Unveiling the details of such aspects of SARS-CoV-2, therefore, possibly has paramount importance for discovering therapeutic targets.
Innovation in the Italian National Health System and the Cost-Reducing Impact of E-Health and Telemedicine: The special case of the Telemedicine Project of the Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital (Apulia Region)—When Information and Communication Technology Comes to the Aid of the Territory
(Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022-12) Cati, Matteo Maria
The recent events of the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, have dramatically and suddenly changed the dynamic interactions among the various elements of the complex social and economic texture of most countries around the globe, such as Italy, accelerating the digital transformation in many areas of human activity and in particular in the health care sector. After having defined e-health (Figure 1) and some of its applications, with particular reference to telemedicine, the following important research question is addressed: what are the factors that contribute to the successful introduction of telemedicine? To answer this question, this article focuses on the recent efforts of the Italian Health Legislation to increase e-health literacy and to incentivize the health care system to adopt the new tools of information and communication technologies. In particular, the role of telemedicine is highlighted for its cost-reducing effect, particularly when dealing with patients affected by chronic, noncommunicable diseases. For this purpose, the author considers as a special case study the implementation strategy of the Telemedicine project of the Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, a private Catholic hospital in Southern Italy, as an example of excellence.
GC-FID guided Identification and Quantification of detectable Phytochemicals in selected Commercial Chamomile Herbal Tea
(Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023-03) Ugoeze, Kenneth C.; Amadi, Nora; Okoronkwo, Ngozi A.; Abali, Sunday O.; Oluigbo, Kennedy E.; Chinko, Bruno C.
Background and objective: Phytochemicals are plant-based bioactive ingredients found in tea, fruits, and vegetables with multiple health benefits. This study aimed to identify and quantify the detectable phytochemicals in selected products of chamomile herbal tea (CHT) using the Gas Chromatography - Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) approach. Methods: Selected CHTs were coded as CHT-A to CHT-G. CHT-F was crude and unbranded however, CHT-G was an oil extract of CHT. Ethanolic extracts of CHT were analysed and quantified for their phytoconstituents using the GC-FID method. Results: Phytochemicals detected in their order of abundance in most CHTs were flavonoids > glycosides > alkaloids > steroids > anti-nutrients > saponins > tannins > resveratrol. The flavonoids comprised rutin > flavanone > flavone > anthocyanin > epicatechin > kaempferol > naringenin > proanthocyanin, etc. where the glycosides found in each CHT involved cardiac and cyanogenic glycosides. Alkaloids were highest in CHT-A as ribalinidine > spartein > lunamarin with ephedrine detected just in CHT-B, CHT-C, CHT-D, CHT-E and CHT-F. Saponins occurred in four samples mainly as sapogenin. Anti-nutrients were detected in each CHT and included the phytates and oxalates. Resveratrol was detected in three samples only. Conclusion: Most of the CHTs evaluated showed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, anti-nutrients, saponins, tannins and resveratrol.
The Constrained Disorder Principle Accounts for The Structure and Function of Water as An Ultimate Biosensor and Bioreactor in Biological Systems
(Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023-06) Ilan, Yaron
The constrained disorder principle (CDP) defines living organisms as systems that comprise an intrinsic disorder bounded by dynamic boundaries. Water plays a substantial role in multiple biological processes affecting nucleic acids' and proteins' structure and function. The paper describes the CDP-accounted water structure dynamicity and variability in water isomers ratio. Per the CDP, the variability in the ratios between water isomers is mandated for the inherent variability of biological systems. This variability underlies water's unique functions and enables the flexibility and adaptability required to cope with internal and external environmental changes. The CDP-dependent water structures also determine energy usage. The paper presents water molecules as ultimate biosensors for stimuli in the environment and as the ultimate bioreactors that respond to perturbations by changing the structure and function of the molecules in their vicinity. Finally, it describes the potential of using water-based signatures of variability to improve artificial intelligence-based algorithms developed for correcting disturbances of biological systems by increasing the degree of disorder in systems or tightening the disorder's boundaries.
Transformed Time Series Analysis of First Wave COVID-19: Universal Similarities Found in The Group of Twenty (G20) Countries
(Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023-06) Kim, Albert S.
As of April 30, 2020, cumulative confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases exceeded 3 million worldwide and 1 million in the US, with an estimated fatality rate of more than 7 percent. Because the occurrence patterns of new confirmed cases and deaths over time are complex and seemingly country-specific, estimating the long-term pandemic spread is challenging. I developed a simple transformation algorithm to investigate the characteristics of the case and death time series per nation and described the universal similarities observed in the transformed time series of 19 nations in the Group of Twenty (G20). A transformation algorithm of the time series data sets was developed with open-source software programs to investigate the universal similarities among the cumulative profiles of confirmed cases and deaths of 19 individual nations in the G20. The algorithm extracted and analyzed statistical information from daily updated COVID-19 pandemic data sets from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Two new parameters for each nation were suggested as factors for time-shifting and time-scaling to define reduced time, which was used to quantify the degree of universal similarities among nations. After the cumulative confirmed case and death profiles of a nation were transformed by using reduced time, most of the 19 nations, with few exceptions, had transformed profiles that closely converged to those of Italy after the onset of cases and deaths. The initial profiles of the cumulative confirmed cases per nation universally showed 3 to 4-week latency periods, during which the total number of cases remained at approximately ten. The latency period of the cumulative number of deaths was approximately half the latency number of cumulative cases, and subsequent uncontrollable increases in human deaths seemed unavoidable because the coronavirus had already widely spread. Immediate governmental actions, including responsive public-health policymaking and enforcement, are observed to be critical to minimize (and possibly stop) further infections and subsequent deaths. In the pandemic spread of infectious viral diseases, such as COVID-19, studied in this work, different nations show dissimilar and seemingly uncorrelated time series profiles of infected cases and deaths. After these statistical phenomena were viewed as identical events occurring at a distinct rate in each country, the reported algorithm of the data transformation using the reduced time revealed a nation-independent, universal profile (especially initial periods of the pandemic spread) from which a nation-specific, predictive estimation could be made and used to assist in immediate public-health policymaking.
Methods for Improving Brain-Computer Interface: Using A Brain-Directed Adjuvant and A Second-Generation Artificial Intelligence System to Enhance Information Streaming and Effectiveness of Stimuli
(Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023-06) Lehmann, Hillel; Arkadir, David; Ilan, Yaron
Background: The brain-computer interface (BCI) is gaining much attention to treat neurological disorders and improve brain-dependent functions. Significant achievements over the last decade have focused on engineering and computation technology to enhance the recording of signals and the generation of output stimuli. Nevertheless, many challenges remain for the translation of BCIs to clinical applications. Methods: We review the relevant data on the four significant gaps in enhancing BCI's clinical implementation and effectiveness. Results: The paper describes three methods to bridge the current gaps in the clinical application of BCI. The first is using a brain-directed adjuvant with a high safety profile, which can improve the accuracy of brain signaling, summing of information, and production of stimuli. The second is implementing a second-generation artificial intelligence system that is outcome-oriented for improving data streaming, recording individualized brain-variability patterns into the algorithm, and improving closed-loop learning at the level of the brain and with the target organ. The system overcomes the compensatory mechanisms that underlie the loss of stimuli' effectiveness for ensuring sustainable effects. Finally, we use inherent brain parameters relevant to consciousness and brain function to bridge some of the described gaps. Conclusions: Combined with the currently developed techniques for enhancing effectiveness and ensuring a sustainable response, these methods can potentially improve the clinical outcome of BCI techniques.
An Appraisal of Behavioural and Non-Behavioural Factors Influencing the Male Infertility: Narrative Approach
(Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023-06) kale, Sudarshan Nagorao; Mishra, Jibanananda
Male infertility implies a man can't begin a pregnancy with his female accomplice. Male infertility can have many causes. You may not make sufficient sperm or sound sperm. You might have a hereditary issue like cystic fibrosis. You might have a blockage in your genital plot. According to the latest WHO statistics, approximately 50– 80 million people worldwide suffer from infertility, and male factors are responsible for approximately 20– 30% of all infertility cases. The diagnosis of infertility in men is mainly based on semen analysis. the incidence of male infertility has increased worldwide. Infertility is characterized as the failure of couples to have a child following one year of customary unprotected intercourse, influencing 10 to 15% of couples. It is necessary to study the factors that influence male infertility in each area/region for better management. This paper represents various factors based on behavioral and non-behavioral conditions prompting for male infertility augmentation rapidly.
MicroFLOQ Direct: A Helpful Tool for the Coronavirus SARS-Cov-2 Rapid Detection without RNA Purification
(Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022-03) Recipon, Mathilde; Pussiau, Amaury; Follot, Sébastien; Latifa, Noussair; Herrmann, Jean-Louis; Rottman, Martin; Gallet, Olivier; Kellouche, Sabrina; Leroy-Dudal, Johanne; Pierrini, Georges; Marescal, Franck; Touron, Patrick; Hubac, Sylvain; Siatka, Christian
In the context of SARS-Cov-2 virus disease (Covid19) pandemic, molecular diagnostic tools were rapidly developed as there are fundamental for a rapid detection of infected people. In this context, and in order to optimize the manipulations and reduce the time to get results, we report the successful use of a sampling tool for Covid19 diagnosis named microFLOQ® Direct (MFD). Hundred upper respiratory specimens sampled from patients with potential Covid19 were evaluated using MFD, and results were compared to the results obtained by standard sampling procedure using dry swabs and physiologic serum as the transport medium. MFD results compared to results issued from the classic RNA purification and amplification steps from transport medium showed that MFD can be directly used for RT-PCR analysis without the preliminary inactivation and extraction steps. So, MFD could limit handling errors compared to the different treatment steps with dry swabs and transport medium, and therefore the risk of operator contamination, and could simplify the analytical process and enables to get results in less than 2 hours. We expect that the proposed detection kit using MFD sampling represents a relevant and operational screening tool in the field of molecular detection of viral and bacterial diseases during pandemic or for public health or agro-veterinary purposes.
Inhibitory Activity of Ceiba' Honey against Escherichia Coli ATCC 33218
(Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022-06) Harly, Michelle Angelica; Pasaribu, Donna Mesina Rosadini; Timotius, Kris Herawan
Escherichia coli is a type of bacteria that has evolved yearly, such as resistance to various antibiotics. Honey consumption can improve the quality of individual health. It has the potential to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli. This study aimed to characterize the Escherichia coli ATCC 33218, and to investigate the inhibitory activity of Ceiba' honey against this strain. We obtained Ceiba' honey from the honey farm of Ceiba petandra. The antibiotic sensitivity tests revealed that the strain used in this study is not ESBL strain. Even it is resistant to Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Penicillin, and Oxacillin and is sensitive to Cefotaxime. This study runs inhibition zone, MIC, MBC, and time-kill growth experiments to evaluate the inhibitory activity of Ceiba' honey. It showed a strong inhibition zone. Its MIC and MBC were 30 and 40%, respectively. The time-kill growth experiments revealed its inhibition by lowering the lag phase, slowing the growth rate, and decreasing the biomass yield of strain. In conclusion, Escherrichia coli ATCC 33218 is not an ESBL strain. Furthermore, Ceiba' honey has inhibitory and killing power against Escherichia coli ATCC 33218.
The Relationship of Cell Cycle Phases and Embryonic Development of Bothrops Snakes
(International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2020-01) PG, Corrêa; DA, Maria
Squamatas are the only strain of reptiles with species that give birth to free- living neonates (viviparity), capable of living independently of extraembryonic tissues. In many Viperidae species reproduction is seasonal, but not all females reproduce in a given year. Intra and interspecific variations also occur in relation to mating and follicular activity, thus allowing hormonal changes responsible for physiological events. The routine deposit of infertile and abnormal eggs in both oviparous and viviparous Squamata species is routinely reported. Follicular atresia is a hormonally controlled degenerative process by which ovarian follicles, at various stages of development and growth, of mammalian and non- mammalian vertebrates lose their integrity and are eliminated before ovulation. Apoptosis, a fundamental mechanism for germinal cell removal, a highly regulated and highly efficient cell death program. In order to monitor and investigate the high number of atretic eggs released by captive Bothrops snakes, we investigated possible apoptotic cell death studing cell cycle as a molecular approaches. Different cell cycle phases were identified in the embryos of captive Bothrops snakes. In Gate-1 the cells were mostly in division (Mitosis) than Gate-2. In both gates the cells are in phase S, synthesizing proteins and DNA to divide. The atretic eggs showed different stages of development, differentiation and maturation, and that cells were involved in the organogenesis of these snake species. The hypothesis from: "Is atretic egg fertilized?" to atretic egg. In this study was confirmed by the identification of germinal disks in different stages of organogenesis, which expressed different stages of growth kinetics and cell differentiation. Oxidative stress can modulate cell development in cell division leading to cell fragmentation and cell death
Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Nephrolithiasis
(International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2019-12) Sharma, Minu; S.Naura, Amarjit; Singla, SK
Mitochondrial redox/oxidative balance are vital for cellular life and death. Mitochondria are considered as the most important sub cellular site of reactive oxygen species production in mammalian organs. Reactive oxygen species produced by mitochondria can cause damage to mitochondrial components and initiate degradative processes. The kidney requires ample amount of mitochondria to remove waste from the blood and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. Adverse conditions of organelle stress such as decreased altered energy metabolism in mitochondria contribute in the progression and development of kidney diseases. Nephrolithiasis is a kidney disease in which solid urinary components form crystals, precipitated out of the urine and shaped into stones. Studies have suggested that oxidative stress and associated renal injury paved the way for crystal deposition in the renal tissue. Mitochondria are anticipated as the foremost source of intracellular reactive oxygen species under oxalate induced nephrolithiasis. Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction results in the progression of nephrolithiasis. Although different approaches to minimize mitochondrial dysfunction through regulation of mitochondrial ROS production using antioxidants have been accomplished yet mitochondria specific antioxidants are the prerequisite. This review offers a glimpse into the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in nephrolithiasis and the future perspective of potential antioxidant therapies.
Oral Immunization for Anti-snake Venom Production in Equine Animals
(International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2019-07) Ahmed, Zameer; Bagasra, Omar; Zameer, Sambreen; Kazmi, Shahana U.; Khanani, Muhammad R.; Shaheen, Sharafat
The immunization process of current commercial manufacturing of anti-snake venom (ASV), uses injections of bentonite, complete Freund’s adjuvant, or incomplete Freund’s adjuvant, mixed with low doses of the snake venom in horses (but rarely in other large mammals), which frequently cause serious adverse effects in host animals. At the site of injection, horses may develop painful swelling, granuloma, abscess, scar, or systemic neurological and hematological defects, low antibody response, or death due to anaphylactic shock. We sought to investigate a novel alternate immunization strategy with oral administration of snake venom with adjuvants. We utilized M5904 mineral oil emulsion as an adjuvant that was mixed with sub-lethal doses (LD) of the snake venoms. Our preliminary experiments were initiated in March 2011 and the present data culminated in March 2018. In our initial experiments which were carried out in inbred mice, the LD100 was 10.36 ug/25 grams of mice for Naja. oxins and 10.0 ug/25 gram of Naja. karachians. We extrapolated the sub-LD dose to horses by cutting the LD100 in mice to 20%. This dose did not cause any apparent pathology in horses and therefore, we adopted that dose for the equine.
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(International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2019-06) Journals, Fortune
An Overview of Helicobacter Pylori and Diagnostic Methods
(International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2019-08) Rahimkhani, M; Mordadi, A
Helicobacter pylori are a gram negative, spiral, micro-aerophilic and slow-growing organism with a length of 3 and a diameter of about half a micrometer. The bacterium also produces some enzymes, the most important of which are oxidase, catalase and urease. More than half of the world's people are infected with this bacterium. The bacteria are the main cause of diseases such as gastric ulcer and gastric and intestinal complaints. The incidence of infections with this bacterium in the countries of Europe and North America are 10 times higher than in other countries. Helicobacter pylori are basically a spiral bacterium, but it can also be transformed into a spherical shape that can also be survived and pathogenic and connects to the gastric mucosa. Several laboratory methods are available including invasive and non-invasive methods. Each test has its own characteristics, but is not complete on its own. Usually, several tests are used together, but this depends on our goal of testing. Invasive method is endoscopic biopsy of gastric mucosa and rapid urease test on biopsy sample. Noninvasive methods are included, serologic tests (IgM, IgG & IgA), breath urease test and examination of H. pylori antigens in the stool. In specialized laboratories PCR is also used to identify bacteria. Regarding the prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases and the lack of adequate knowledge in today's societies about this bacterium, this study was conducted with the aim of reviewing Helicobacter pylori and different diagnostic methods.
Protective Effect of Environmental Enrichment on the Morphology of Neurons in the Motor Cortex of Diabetic and Stressed Rats
(International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2019-12) Pamidi, Narendra; Christina, Gertrude Yap; Satheesha, Nayak B
Background:The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of EE on the morphology of pyramidal neuron at the motor cortex of diabetic and stressed rats.Methods and materials:Male Wistar rats were grouped into Normal Control (NC), Vehicle Control (VC), Diabetes (D), Diabetes + Stress (D+S), Diabetes + Environmental Enrichment (D+EE) and Diabetes + Stress +Environmental Enrichment (D+S+EE) (n=8). Hyperglycemia was induced in Westar rats using streptozotocin (40mg/kg; ip). Blood sugar levels and body weight was measured at regular intervals to monitor the development of hyperglycemia. All experimental groups were housed in standard cages throughout the experiment. Rats in groups D+S and D+S+EE were transferred into space restrained cages for 6 hours daily. D+S+EE group were transferred into EE cages immediately after the space restrained session for subsequent 6 hours daily. On day 30, all rats were sacrificed and brains were harvested and prepared for rapid Golgi staining protocol. Dendritic branchings and dendriticintersections of the motor cortex neurons were quantitated using a camera lucida attached to Biolux research microscope. Data was analyzed using ANOVA with Bonferroni’s test.
A New Chromogenic Spray Reagent for Detection and Identification of Indoxacarb in Visceral Material by HPTLC
(International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2019-07) More, P. V.; Chandegaonkar, V. R.; Gosavi, N. R.; More, B. P.; Kulkarni, K. V.
There is inherent rise of pesticide poisoning in India. Among all these pesticide indoxacarb is registered for use to control lepidopteran insects on crops, turf grasses, and landscape ornamentals. A novel chromatographic reagent is described for detection and identifications of Indoxacarb by HPTLC by use of furfural reagent. Indoxacarb (I) on acid hydrolysis yield its metabolites namely 4-trifloro-methoxy-phenyl amine (II), Oxidiazine (III) and acetic acid (IV). The 4-trifloro-methoxy-phenyl amine (II) under acidic condition reacts with furfural which gives grayish black colored spot on heating. The constituents of viscera (amino, acids, peptides, proteins, etc.) and plant materials do not interfere with the test. The detection limit for Indoxacarb is 0.5?g. The reaction mechanism is discussed. The necessary HPTLC parameter like concentration of analyte also mentioned for the efficient detection of indoxacarb pesticide.
Function and Characterization of the Argonaute2 Gene in the RNA Interference Pathway in the Diamondback Moth
(International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2019-12) Hameed, Muhammad Salman; Xiaodong, Jing; Wei, Chen; Jinzhi, Chen; Liette, Vasseur; Gefu, Wang-Pruski; Guang, Yang
Arch BiochemMol Biol2019;10(4):035-051DOI: 10.26502/abmb.007Archives of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyVol. 10 No. 4 -December2019. 36AbstractArgonaute2 (AGO2) is a core catalytic component of the RNA-induces silencing complex (RISC) that binds to small guide RNAs containing small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA). The guide RNA leads RISC to the complementary mRNA for gene suppression. We cloned the full length cDNA (2193 bp) of the Ago2gene (PxAgo2) from diamondback moth (DBM, Plutella xylostella). The predicted PxAgo2 protein hadan83 kDa molecular weight withatheoretical isoelectric point of 9.39. The phylogenetic tree showed a high similarity of PxAgo2with Bombyx moriAgo2 (BmAgo2). Western blot and RT-qPCR analyses showed a clear increase in the PxAgo2 mRNA and protein expression levels in the egg, 4thinstar larva, pre-pupa, pupa and adult. The double-stranded RNA-mediated RNAi of PxAgo2in DBM larvae was found 3 h after dsRNA injection,and the knockdown level was increased over time up to 36 h. PxAgo2silencing recovered the expression of PxBurs-?(Bursicon-? inDBM) to the normal expression level, which was suppressed bydsPxBurs-?in a DBM cell line. The overexpression of PxAgo2fundamentally enhanced the PxBurs-? silencing efficiency in DBM cells. Our findings reveal that PxAgo2is involved in the dsRNA-regulated gene silencing mechanism and performs a crucial function in the RNAi process ofDBM
International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology collaboration agreement with Fortune Journals, USA
(International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2019-01) Reddy, Battu Prasanna

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