Indian Journal of Dental Research
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Item Subgingivally Delivered Spirulina Gel and Chlorhexidine Gel in Periodontitis Patients – A Comparative Study(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Dolly, A. Sheryl; Shankar, P. L Ravi; Saravanan, A. V; Pandian, K Raja; Sindhujaa, R; Rashik, K. M. MohamedBackground: Periodontal diseases necessitate adjunctive therapies alongside mechanical debridement. Spirulina platensis, recognized for its antimicrobial properties and minimal side effects, offers promise in periodontal treatment. Aims: This study compares the efficacy of subgingivally delivered spirulina gel with chlorhexidine (CHX) gel both clinically and microbiologically in stage III periodontitis patients. Methods and Materials: A randomized, controlled, single?blinded, split?mouth study was conducted with 23 subjects meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. The participants were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: Group I (control) received scaling and root planing (SRP) followed by 1% CHX gel, and Group II (test) received SRP followed by 4% spirulina gel. Clinical parameters such as Gingival Index (GI), Modified Sulcular Bleeding Index (mSBI), and probing depth were assessed at baseline, 3rd week, and 6th week. Microbial load assessment for Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g) was conducted using real?time qPCR at baseline and 6th week. Statistical Analysis Used: Paired t?tests, repeated measures analyses of variance using SPSS software. Results: Both groups exhibited significant improvements in clinical parameters and reduced P.g load, with no significant difference between the spirulina and CHX groups. Conclusion: The findings suggest that 4% spirulina gel, when delivered subgingivally can be considered a viable adjunct to non?surgical periodontal therapy, offering a natural and potentially cost?effective alternative to traditional antimicrobial agents.Item Reasons for First Dental Visit in Pre-teen Children in Qazvin, Iran(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Emrani Reza, Jabbarian RaziehIntroduction: Early dental visits in childhood, in addition to preventing dental problems, can also be effective in promoting the quality of life. The age of the first visit and the reasons for it vary in different countries depending on the level of education in the community, economic conditions, availability of health facilities and pattern of health services in the country. This study was conducted to understand the reasons for Iranian parents’ attitude to dental visits and its relationship with social and economic indicators. Method: The checklist was used to record the data. It consisted of 18 questions based on the reason for dental visit. Then the reasons were categorized as pain, trauma, tooth discolouration, teacher’s recommendation and referral from other dental centres, using insurance coverage, bad dental habits and periodic care. Finally, the doctor’s diagnosis was recorded. Statistical methods included Pearson correlation, t?test, ANOVA, and data description was used at the level of 0.05 (P value = 0.05). Result: Pain was the most common reason for the first dental visit (49.7%) followed by discolouration and detecting and carried assessment. Occupation level of education and having an insurance package had a significant relationship with the reason for dental visits in parents. Conclusion: The level of education and job having supplementary insurance were related to the reason for dental visits. Pain is the most common reason, and it shows that the importance of regular dental visits is not well known by parents. The reason for dental visits is under the control of socioeconomical factors.Item Virdentopsy and E-Identification: A Case Report(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Nuzzolese, Emilio; Pace, FabrizioHuman identification relies on primary identifiers such as DNA, fingerprints, and dental data. However, the availability of forensic odontology services for dental profiling is not always consistent. To address this, a potential solution is the implementation of a virtual and remote dental autopsy called virdentopsy. The human identification laboratory at the University of Turin, Italy has offered this service since 2020, extending it to volunteering associations involved in missing and unidentified persons. In this case report, we present a case involving an unidentified human skull handled by the Volunteering Association, Penelope Piemont, Turin, Italy. Through virdentopsy, antemortem dental data from the missing person’s family was compared with postmortem dental data collected remotely from the skull. The positive e?identification process confirmed the identity, providing conclusive evidence and closure for the family. Virdentopsy serves as a valuable metaverse resource in humanitarian forensic odontology and forensic dental identification, ensuring respect for the human rights of the deceased.Item Periodontal Disease as a Potential Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease - An Evaluative Study(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Aiswarya, Achari; Girish, Suragimath; Siddhartha, Varma; Sameer, Zope; Ashwinirani, SRContext: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a cognitive impairment disorder, affecting the routine daily activities. Bidimensional relationship exists between periodontal disease and AD, where periodontal disease could exacerbate the severity of AD and cognitive decline reduces the oral hygiene maintenance, increasing the severity of periodontal disease. Dentists should recognize the relationship between periodontal disease and Alzheimer’s for better patient management. Aims: The study aims to assess the knowledge, awareness, and practices about periodontal disease as a potential risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease among dentists. Settings and Design: This cross?sectional survey consisting of 20 structured, close?ended questionnaire was circulated among dentists practicing in Western Maharashtra, India. Materials and Methods: Google form consisting of pre?validated, structured 20 questionnaire was the means to acquire data from dentists willing to participate in the study. The link to google form questionnaire was mailed to the dentists. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi?square tests were used to determine the association of predictors/risk factors (periodontal disease) with AD. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software. Results: 185 dentists participated in the study. The study’s results revealed a significant lack of knowledge and awareness (P < 0.001) among dentists about the correlation between periodontal disease and AD. Conclusions: Dentist’s overall knowledge, awareness, and practices were lacking regarding the association between periodontal disease and AD. Dentists should be educated about the bidirectional relationship between AD and periodontal disease, through continuing dental education programs. The patients and caregivers should be educated about oral hygiene and health maintenance for long?term benefits.Item Effectiveness of Oral Health Rehabilitation Under General Anaesthesia on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities – A Prospective Study(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Patnana, Arun K.; Chaudhry, Kirti; Dhawan, Archit; Duraisamy, Arun K.; Rathore, Kanupriya; Kumar, PravinContext/Background: Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities may have compromised oral health and require oral health rehabilitation under general anaesthesia. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the changes observed in the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP?14) and Family Impact scores (FIS?12) of children with severe behavioural disabilities and medically compromised conditions after oral health rehabilitation (OHR) under general anaesthesia (GA). Materials and Methods: Children with severe behavioural disabilities and medically compromised conditions were recruited, and OHR was done under GA. Teeth with fair prognosis were functionally restored, and teeth with poor prognosis were extracted after parents’/ caregivers’ informed consent. Pre?operative and post?operative COHIP?14 and FIS?12 questionnaires were filled out by the parents/caregivers. The pre?operative and post?operative values were compared with those of the Student t?test. Results: All responses for the COHIP?14 and FIS ?14 had shown significant (P ? 0.001) change after OHR under GA. Conclusion: The oral and functional health of children with severe behavioural disabilities was improved after OHR under general anaesthesia. The family impact score was also improved in terms of activity and emotions; further financial concerns of the family were also reduced after OHR under GA.Item Excessive Daytime Sleepiness among Dental Students - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Wilches-Visbal, Jorge H.; Angulo-Luna, Alex A.; Campo-Arias, AdalbertoExcessive daytime sleepiness is highly prevalent and variable in health students. However, a meta?analysis that synthesises the prevalence of this symptom in dental students has yet to be reported. This review aimed to compute the pooled prevalence of sleepiness in dental students. A systematic review and meta?analysis of studies published between 2000 and 2023 was developed in Spanish, English, and Portuguese. The keywords were sleepiness, excessive drowsiness, Epworth scale for sleepiness, and dental students in all three languages. Original articles and degree theses that reported the frequency of sleepiness with a cut?off point for the Epworth scale for sleepiness greater than 10 were included. The sample sizes and the number of students positive for sleepiness were observed, and the prevalence, raw and adjusted for sample size, was calculated. Seven articles were included with participant samples between 128 and 325 students, totalling 1,546. Students were positive on the Epworth scale for sleepiness between 43 and 189, with a sum of 671. The prevalences were between 22.7% and 58.4%; the pooled prevalence was 42.7% (95% CI: 40.3–45.2). In conclusion, sleepiness was present in 4 out of 10 dental students. It is necessary to systematise the factors associated with sleepiness and establish a relationship with the academic performance of dental students.Item Primordial Odontogenic Tumour – A Case Report(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Krishnan, Reshma Poothakulath; Pandiar, Deepak; Ramani, PratibhaPrimordial odontogenic tumour (POT) was added as a new entity in the recent World Health Organization (WHO) 2017 Classification of Head and Neck Tumours. We hereby report a rare case of POT of posterior mandible. A 9?year?old male patient presented with a swelling in his left lower jaw. Histopathological examination showed myxoid connective tissue stroma and stratified epithelium without any rete peg formation resembling odontogenic epithelium. Enucleation was performed and the histopathological diagnosis was given as primordial odontogenic tumor. The clinical and histopathologic data of previously reported 25 cases along with our case will help to differentiate this new entity from other odontogenic tumours and also prevent unnecessary over? treatment.Item Comparison of Peri-Oral and Masticatory Muscle Activity between Repaired Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate and Non-Cleft Individuals - A Systematic Review(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Kakkar, Saumya; Tripathi, Tulika; Rai, Priyank; Veena, GV; Singh, DeepakSurgical intervention in patients with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) leads to altered muscular activity and hinders the normal growth of the maxilla. To compare the activity of superior orbicularis oris and masticatory muscles between repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate and non?cleft individuals. A literature search was carried out on MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Semantic Scholar, and Google Scholar databases upto January 2024 resulting in 1320 studies. Specified inclusion/exclusion criteria guided the selection of five relevant articles. Study selection, assessment of the outcome of articles, and subsequent Risk of Bias (RoB) assessment were done independently by three authors. In case of any disparity, the fourth and fifth authors were consulted. All five studies were observational cross?sectional studies. The majority of the studies reported an altered muscular activity in repaired UCLP patients compared to normal individuals, which may affect the normal growth of the maxilla. Patients with repaired UCLP show an increased muscle activity compared to non?cleft subjects, which may lead to altered masticatory efficiency in such patients.Item Effectiveness of Oral Health Education Among Visually Challenged Children using Oral and Braille - A Comparative Study(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Hema, P; Ganesan, Shyamala; Ahila, E; Thirumalai, S; Kumar, S. MageshBackground: The present investigation is motivated by the fact that the incidence of visual impairment is increasing all over the world. Visually challenged people may encounter specific problems in maintaining their oral hygiene, leading to a higher risk of periodontal diseases. Materials and Methods: This comparative study was conducted among visually challenged 5?20 year old school children. A total of 40 children were selected from two different residential schools for the visually challenged. Prior consent was obtained from the respective school authorities and the parents or guardians through the school. Oral education by oral health talk was delivered via a lecture mode in one school, and the same information in braille script was administered in the other school. The demographic data, Oral Hygiene Index?Simplified (OHI?S) and Plaque Index (PI), was recorded before and after the intervention. Results: The study showed that both modes of administering oral hygiene instructions were effective in improving the oral health status of the study subjects as shown by a reduction in the OHI?S scores. The mean reduction in the OHI?S score in the oral education group was 0.79 ± 0.22, while in the braille group, it was 0.46 ± 0.14. This difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.966). The mean reduction in Plaque Index score was 0.33 in oral education group and 0.16 in braille. This difference was statistically significant (P = 0.037). Conclusions: In this study, we found that both the methods of oral hygiene instruction were equally effective in improving the oral health status of the visually disabled children.Item Anesthetic Potential of Anterior Middle Superior Alveolar Nerve Block vs Local Infiltration on Crown Lengthening in Maxilla - A Comparative Study(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Prakash, N; Melath, Anil; Kayakool, Subair; Murugesan, Hemalatha Doraisamy; Karunanithi, Arunagiri; Thavithavakar, DIntroduction: Trepidation towards dental procedures is commonly seen in the adult population and is one of the major reasons for avoiding dental treatments. Aim: To evaluate and compare the anesthetic potential of anterior middle superior alveolar (AMSA) nerve block versus local infiltration during crown lengthening in the maxilla, using a pain assessment tool. Materials and Methods: Outpatients visiting the Department of Periodontics at Mahe Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital were selected for the study. A total of 60 patients indicated for crown lengthening, has been included in the study with the age group between 18 and 65 years, and divided into two groups: Group A (AMSA) and Group B (local infiltration). Results: AMSA shows promising results when compared to local infiltration.Item Application of Digitalization in Dental Education - A Systematic Review(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Das, Spandita; Jha, Kunal; Menon, Ipseeta; Kumar, Gunjan; Singh, Arpita; Barman, DiplinaThe use of digital technologies in education play a crucial role in providing new and innovative forms of delivering education to teachers and students as well as broadening the learning process. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize existing evidence in order to evaluate the application of digitalization in undergraduate and postgraduate dental education. A literature review was completed using PubMed, SCOPUS and DOAJ search engines, following the search strategy using the PICO criteria, to identify English?language articles published between January 2013 and June 2023 that reported the use of digitalization in dental education. Following thorough research, 1721 articles were identified from e?databases. However, only 14 articles were added to this study after they were screened for eligibility. Quality assessment was performed by a checklist of important parameters using the National Institute of Health (NIH) assessment tool. Two studies focused on the knowledge regarding the utilization of digitalization in dental education, two studies examined the implementation of digitalization in dental education, two studies explored the user experience of utilizing digital dentistry, and eight studies investigated the perception and attitude towards digital dental education. The goal of incorporating digitalization in dental education should be to maximize the effectiveness of the many different digital technologies functioning together in patient care and dental education. The most significant advantage of understanding digital technology is its noteworthy benefits, which include compliance from patients, quick and prompt results and aesthetic outcomes.Item Assessment of Oral Health Status, Care Seeking Behaviours, and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life among Indian Adults Using the World Dental Federation’s Digital Application(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Balraj, Lakshmi; Oswal, Kunal C.; Reddy, Ramana B. V.; Kunjan, Pooja D.; Chandu, Viswa C.; Mathur, Manu R.Context: A survey was conducted in line with the World Dental Federation’s (FDI) vision for comprehensive, evidence?based oral healthcare by 2030. The study aims to collect standardised national data on the population’s oral health needs, care?seeking behaviours, and oral health?related quality of life. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross?sectional survey included dentists from urban and rural India and the patients visiting their facilities. The data were collected using the digital application developed by the FDI as a part of the Oral Health Observatory (OHO) project between December 2018 and April 2020 among patients seeking care at private oral healthcare practices. Descriptive statistics, Chi?square tests, and Mann–Whitney U tests were performed to analyse the study data using SPSS software. Results: Data of 1049 patients (61.01% males, 38.98% females, mean age 38.6 ± 12.1 years) were collected using the OHO app on their oral health?seeking behaviour and habits. Over 80% of the patients had periodontal disease. About 51.5% visited a dentist in the past year, with common barriers being the belief that there was nothing wrong with their teeth and the time constraints. High rates of daily sugar consumption (67%) and tobacco use (35%) were noted. Most dentists focused on curative over preventive care. Conclusions: This survey provides essential data on India’s oral health and forms an important first step in the quest of achieving universal health coverage for oral health by facilitating advocacy and aligning with FDI Vision 2030.Item Radiologic Age Validation using Demirjian’s 8-Teeth Method - An Institutional Anthropological Study on North-Indian Population(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Saxena, Susmita; Nithya, S; Kharbanda, Jitin; Atri, MansiIntroduction: Age estimation forms a major part of forensic odontologic investigations and makes use of morphologic, radiographic, histologic, and biochemical methods. While anthropometry, development of sexual characters, and dentition are used when chronological age is unavailable, the data obtained from dentition is also recommended as evidence due to its better accuracy and easy determination of tooth calcification. Methodology: The study aims to apply the revised 8?teeth method of Demirjian in validating the age of juveniles and very young adults (7–25 years) by using Acharya’s India?specific formulas to correlate estimated age with actual age and establish the method’s accuracy in the local population. Patients between the age group 7 and 25 requiring Orthopantomograms (OPGs) were taken for the study and assigned a stage based on the ‘Tooth development chart’. Gender?specific regression formula was applied to derive the estimated age and compare it with the actual age. Results: Results revealed India?specific regression formula to be more reliable than the modified Demirjian method in correlating the actual and estimated ages. Its accuracy seems to be better only for a narrow age range (14–17 years) within the study group. Better age predictability is seen among females than males in this age group. This method is suitable as an adjunct to other age estimation methods. Discussion: The wide variety and diversity in the Indian population along with regional variations in culture and habitat leads to a significant difference in dental developmental stages. This validates the need for India?weighted scores within different parts of North India to assess its reliability.Item Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity Against Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus and Cytotoxic Effect of the Mouthwash Prepared Using Persea americana and Clove - An In Vitro Study(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Dharini, S; Sukumaran, Gheena; Ramani, Pratibha; Shanmugam, Rajeshkumar; Ramalingam, KarthikeyanContext: A natural mouthwash with minimal side effects is essential for obviating the disadvantages of chemically based mouthwashes. Research has been carried out worldwide using herbal extracts from leaves, stems, seeds, fruits, etc., for various dental purposes. The present investigation attempted to highlight one such natural product Persea americana (avocado) where the pulp of the avocado fruit has been used to synthesize mouthwash using an eco?friendly green method. Objective: The aim of the current study is to emphasize antimicrobial property in relation to Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus and cytotoxic properties of P. americana?based mouthwash which could be used as a potent antimicrobial mouthwash in the near future. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of the synthesized P. americana?based mouthwash were assessed using zone of inhibition and brine shrimp lethality assay, respectively, and the results were compared with the standard. Results: The prepared mouthwash was effective against C. albicans (14 mm at 100 ?l) and S. mutans (statistically significant) (P < 0.05), and it is completely safe at 5 ?l concentration. Conclusion: The study concluded that the prepared P. americana?based mouthwash could act as an adjunctive antifungal remedy in future. Dose?based cytotoxic property of this mouthwash requires assessment of the safety levels prior to administering for therapeutic purposes.Item Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Versus Hydroalcoholic Extract of Mangifera indica Linn Leaves in Different Concentrations Against Streptococcus Mutans - An In Vitro Study(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Lilly, B.K.; Prashant, G.M.; Sushanth, V.H.; Imranulla, Mohamed; Allamaprabhu, C.R.; Vivek, H.P.Aim: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts and hydroalcoholic extracts of Mangifera indica Linn (mango) plant leaves on Streptococcus Mutans in comparison with the positive control (chlorhexidine 0.12%) and negative control (alcohol 96%). Settings and Design: Ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts of Mangifera indica Linn leaves were obtained by following the extraction procedure. A disc diffusion test was carried out for each group on Streptococcus Mutans. Materials and Methods: In brain heart infusion agar, Mangifera indica ethanol extract (MEE) and Mangifera indica hydroalcoholic extract (MHE) at 100% and 25% were applied to S. mutans cultures in comparison to the positive (chlorhexidine 0.12%) and negative (alcohol 96%) control groups. For every study group, cultures were produced using the Kirby?Bauer diffusion method, and incubating the cultures at 37°C for 24 hours. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analysed using two?way ANOVA followed by a post hoc test. Result: It was found that the MHE 100% and 25% had a higher antibacterial activity of 27.8 ± 1.7 mm and 21.8 ± 1.0mm at 75 ?g/ml, respectively compared to other groups. Extracts were found to have statistically significant (P ? 0.05) antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus Mutans. Conclusion: All the six groups used in the present study showed antibacterial efficacy and were effective against Streptococcus Mutans. Chlorhexidine continues to remain the gold standard. In comparison with control groups and extracts, MHE 100% showed a maximum zone of inhibition (27.8 ± 1.7 mm at 75 ?g/ml) followed by other groups with statistically significant differences. Hence the herbal alternatives proved to be an effective and safe alternative and can be used as conventional modes of treatment.Item Oral and Maxillo-facial Fungal Infections in COVID-19 Patients - A Systematic Review(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Sharma, Preeti; Malik, Sangeeta; Wadhwan, Vijay; Sharma, Kush; Chauhan, Anindita; Sharma, RishabhThe main objective of the current systematic review was to compile and evaluate the data on opportunistic maxillofacial mycotic infections in COVID?19 patients during the treatment and post?recovery period of SARS?CoV?2 infection. Comorbidities like diabetes, corticosteroid use, and mortality among COVID?19?associated patients presenting with oral and maxillofacial fungal infections were also assessed. The review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta?analysis guidelines. A comprehensive search was carried out in the archives of Web of Science, Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, Lilacs, and Livivo in combination with Boolean operators till 24th June 2022, and cross?sectional studies, case series, and case reports deliberating on maxillofacial mycoses in COVID?19 were included. The included studies were meted to the risk of bias using the Joana Briggs Institute Appraisal tools for prevalence studies, case series, and case reports. In a two?stage collection, 20 studies were included: 9 observational (3269 patients), 5 case?series (42 patients), and 6 case reports (8 patients) from 7 countries. Mucormycosis was the most commonly reported maxillofacial fungal infection (96.7%/3162 cases), followed by candidiasis (3.2%/105 cases) associated with COVID?19. Although aspergillosis was observed in only one case and one patient, a mixed mycotic infection demonstrating both aspergillus and mucor fungal elements was identified in one patient. Comorbidities like diabetes mellitus, indiscriminate corticosteroid use and immunosuppression leads to invasive maxillofacial fungal infections in COVID?19, which may prove to be fatal.Item Effect of Selective Dentine Pre-Treatment with Butane Tetracarboxylic Acid on Composite-Dentine Bond(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Sharma, Nikita; Susila, Anand; Veronica, Aruna Kumari; Fiona, R. J.; Sai, Shamini; Anguswamy, SriganeshBackground: Composites are prone to time?dependent bond degradation. Many measures have been taken to stabilize the bond. Aim: This in vitro study aims to evaluate the effect of pretreatment with 1,2,3,4?Butane Tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) on the micro?tensile bond strength (?TBS) of composite resin to dentine and to compare it with the pretreatment using 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). Materials and Methods: Permanent molars (40) extracted for periodontal reasons were selected. Dentine surfaces were exposed using a diamond bur, preconditioned with BTCA for the test group (SIGMA?ALDRICH) and with CHX for the control group, followed by the application of self?etch adhesive (GC G?Premio bond) and composite restoration (GC Solare X). Each group was subdivided to be tested as: Group 1A: after 24 hours with BTCA; Group 1B: after 1 month with BTCA; Group 2A: after 24 hours with CHX; Group 2B: after 1 month with CHX. The ?TBS was tested using a universal testing machine. The mode of failure was determined using a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Result: BTCA pretreatment was able to preserve the bond slightly better than the control group, though not statistically significant either at 24 hours (P = 0.492) or 1 month (P = 0.181). There was no significant reduction in the ?TBS between immediate testing and 1?month storage for both groups (P = 0.213 for acid; P = 0.914 for CHX). The mode of failure was predominantly cohesive for both groups, with fewer adhesive failures. Conclusions: BTCA pre?conditioning is capable of preserving the dentin?composite bond as efficiently as CHX.Item Comparative Evaluation of Water Soluble Photoinitiators on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Experimental Composite: An In Vitro Study(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Tulasi, P. Lakshmi; Sihivahanan, Dhanasekaran; Venkatesh, K. VijayBackground: Composite resin restoration is technique sensitive, where there is poor control over moisture leading to incomplete polymerization of the monomers. Hence, it is imperative to study a material which improves the mechanical and physical properties of the resin composite in the moist, oral environment, which is less affected by the saliva. Aim: The aim of this study was to synthesize composite resin by combining water soluble photoinitiator such as 2,4,6?trimethylbenzoyl phosphine oxide (TPO) (type II) and camphorquinone (CQ) photoinitiator (type I) and to investigate mechanical and physical properties with and without salivary contamination when compared to traditional composite with CQ alone. Methodology: Experimental composite resin was synthesized by combining water soluble photoinitiator such as 2,4,6?trimethylbenzoyl phosphine oxide (TPO) with CQ photoinitiator. Samples were prepared based on ISO 4049 guidelines and divided into experimental composite with salivary contamination (n = 50), and without salivary contamination (n = 50) and traditional composite (SOLARE X?GC company) with salivary contamination (n = 50) and without salivary contamination (n = 50). Properties such as compressive strength, tensile strength, shear bond strength, degree of conversion, and depth of cure were evaluated. Results: Experimental composite with salivary contamination had shown statistically significant difference in mechanical and physical properties when compared to traditional composite. Conclusion: This study concluded that combining water soluble photoinitiator such as TPO (type II) with CQ (type I) provides a synergistic effect by increasing the mechanical properties under salivary conditions.Item Effectiveness of Using Analytical Grading Method for Crown Preparation Performed by Dental Students - An In-Vitro Study(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Abdulghani, Mustafa N.; Jellil, Eanas I.Introduction: Tooth preparations have traditionally been graded using a visual system that either subjectively assigns a single mark (global grading) or objectively divides the grade into several smaller categories. (analytical grading using rubrics). The objective of this study is to determine how effectively rubrics work for evaluating dental students’ performance in crown preparation. Material and Methods: In this double?blind study, 89 fourth?year dental students and three senior faculty members with master’s degrees in operative dental sciences participated. To create a metal? ceramic crown, the students prepared an acrylic tooth. The parameters for evaluating the preparation were explained in detail to the students. The three senior faculty members evaluated different aspects of the preparation using an analytical rubric based on a 10?point scale. For statistical analysis, post hoc Tukey tests, ANOVA, and descriptive statistics were employed. Result: One?way ANOVA showed no significant differences among the seniors for all criteria except for margin placement and two?plane reduction. There were no significant differences in the total degree of student performance among seniors; however, the highest score was given by Senior 2 (6.421 ± 1.2058), and the lowest score was given by Senior 3 (6.042 ± 1.9085). The weakest areas in the student’s tooth preparations were two?plane reduction and preservation of adjacent teeth, which received the lowest student scores (48.10% and 49.10%, respectively). Conclusion: An analytical rubric is a useful tool for identifying dental students’ mistakes and areas of weakness.Item Indigenous Smokeless Tobacco - Analysing pH, Moisture, Nicotine Levels, and Warning Labels - An In Vitro Study(Wolters Kluwer – Medknow, 2024-12) Kengadaran, Shivashankar; Anusha, Divvi; Caplan, Daniel J.; Sivasamy, Shyam; Divyaraj, Prabhakar; Anusha, A VaniBackground: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) use is a major public health problem in many parts of the world, including India. Despite this, smokeless tobacco often doesn’t receive enough attention. The aim of this study was to assess the pH, moisture, nicotine levels, and warning labels on smokeless tobacco products sold in Pondicherry, India. Methods and Material: Ten SLT samples, procured despite the ban in Pondicherry, were analysed. The selection criteria were based on availability, reflecting the diverse range of SLT products. pH levels, moisture content, and nicotine concentrations were measured using validated analytical methods recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). Warning labels were evaluated for compliance with regulatory standards. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used. Pearson’s correlation test was employed to examine the relationship between pH, moisture, and amount of nicotine. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The pH values of the SLT samples ranged from 5.09 to 10.46. Moisture content varied significantly, with percentages from 5.48% to 33.44%. Nicotine concentrations ranged from 0.63 mg/g to 35.74 mg/g. A moderate positive correlation was found between moisture content and nicotine levels (r = 0.672, P < 0.05), while a strong negative correlation was observed between pH and nicotine content (r = ?0.849, P < 0.01). The analysis of warning labels revealed inconsistent adherence to regulatory standards, with many packages lacking comprehensive health warnings. Conclusion: The pH, moisture, and nicotine content of the products varied widely among the products. The warning signs were only present in the English language.