International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life Sciences

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/146371

ISSN: 2278-0238

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Published by Society for Research and Development in Education

Peer-reviewed open access journal indexed in Index Medicus

Web site: https://www.ijrdpl.com/ci1-archive.html

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A prospective observational study on the effect of Erythropoiesis stimulating agents in chronic kidney disease Anemia patients
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2020-09) Jose, Manjumol; Singh, Sonia Kumari; Achankunju, Vinson; Sundaraswamy, Punitha; Sherief, Sheik Haja; Thangaval, Sivakumar
Background and Objectives: Anemia is a frequent complication, and significant morbidity and mortality in patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs) have become the standard care for anemia t erapy and reduces need for blood transfusions. The bjective of the study was to evaluate the safety and effect of ESAs and to create the awareness among patients regarding the Erythropoiesis stimulating agents through patient i formation leaflets.Methods: The prospective observational study of 6-month duration was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 162 patients on ESAs were enrolled in the study. Patients were followed for continuously and the mean difference is assessed by monitoring the primary and secondary hematological parameters before and after ESAs administration. Patient information leaflet was given t the patients for education and awareness about ESAs.Results: Out of 162 patients, after the administration of ESAs mean value increase in hemoglobin level was found from base line 6.9g/dL to 11.6g/dL. Significant improvement was noted in CKD anemia patient indicating impact of patient counseli g.Conclusion: It can be concluded that Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents in treatment of anemia along with effective counseling from clinical pharmacist benefits CKD patients and improves the health outcomes.
Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology review of 2 Vitex: diversifolia and doniana
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2019-04) Jean, Bangou Mindiédiba; Meda, Roland Nâg-Tiero; Ouoba, Yempabou Hermann; Nacoulma, Odile Germaine
Genus Vitex is largely used throughout the world (Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Lesotho, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa) for various care such as: anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hepatocuractive, intestinal troubles. Among the plurality of known Vitex, the most exploited in Burkina Faso are Vitex diversifolia Bak and Vitex doniana Sweet. Then, the aim of this study is to summarize traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of 2 local species of Vitex. The results of this study show that the species of this genus are rich in polyphenolic compounds, minerals and vitamins. These founding can justify the many uses in traditional medicine.
Identification of mitochondrial DNA profiling (COX - 2) in ovarian cancer patients - A population-based study in South India
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2019-02) Iyer, Mahalaxmi; Jayaramayya, Kaavya; G., Bupesh; Kumaran, Sivanandan Santhy
Objectives: Ovarian cancer (OC) is a most dangerous gynecological cancer affecting women aged mostly in 50s and above due to its poor prognosis. mtDNA has been emerging as a prime hotspot candidate for the progression of OC. Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate polymorphisms in COX - 2 gene in mtDNA by using PCR RFLP.Methods: In the present study, detailed questionnaire and consent forms have been obtained from the OC patients and the age - matched controls. Blood samples from OC patients (n = 72) were collected from oncological clinics, and by population-based survey in South India. Control subjects (n=72) who had no history of tumors were selected and they were matched for age, sex and race. Peripheral blood was collected to detect polymorphism in the COX - 2 gene using PCR - RFLP.Result: In the present study, we found that OC patients with COX - 2 CC homozygous genotype showed higher risk for OC progression, whereas, the GG genotype in controls revealed its protection against the OC risk.Conclusion: In conclusion, our results suggests that, COX - 2 CC genotype may contribute to the development of OC pathogenesis. Though genetic polymorphism investigation was very limited to modulate the OC risks, the outcome of this study may help in future genotypic analysis. Thus, in future more genetic studies are warranted to prove that genotypic variation, mutations in COX - 2 would be a prime factor in Ovarian Carcinogenesis, and it can be used as candidate biomarker in treatment strategies.
comparative study of dissolution profile of drug by enhancing aqueous solubility through Kneading method
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2019-04) Singh, Mahesh; Verma, Monika; Shukla, Diwakar; Chatterjee, Nivedita
Solid dispersions (SDs) are resulted by dispersion of drug in biologically inert matrix. They can be used to increase the solubility of a drug with low aqueous solubility, thereby improving its oral bioavailability. Higher drug dissolution rates from a SD can be facilitated by optimizing the wetting characteristics of the compound surface, as well as increasing the interfacial area available for drug dissolution. Although the latter can be easily accomplished by, for example: decreasing the particle size of the drug powder but micronized powders may result in further complications as they occasionally tend to agglomerate. A more preferable solution would be to introduce the drug in the form of a molecular dispersion. The aim of present study was to enhance the dissolution rate of diclofenac a practically less water-soluble drug. The same was done by preparation of solid dispersions of the drug employing different ratios of established polymers. This was done by using polymers namely; hydrophilic polymer β-cyclodextrins, PVP and PEG. The kneading method was used to prepare solid dispersions in various ratios with polymer. The dissolution data was studied for all the three formulations. The data obtained was compared with that of physical mixtures containing drug, polymer and lactose in the same ratio as that of solid dispersions. The dissolution data showed that best release was obtained in formulation f1 containing beta –cyclodextrins, PVP and PEG as polymer. The comparative data showed 98% release at approximately 4 hours with polymer β –cyclodextrins, whereas, 90% and 88% release were obtained using PEG and PVP respectively in the same time frame.
Catheter associated urinary tract infections in intensive care units patients in a tertiary care hospital
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2020-02) Goel, Manu; Chhina, Deepinder; Gupta, Veenu
Introduction: Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) is the most common health care associated infection (HAI), accounting for 40% of all HAIs in particularly in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) due to their more frequent necessity of urinary catheterization and longer duration of catheter use. Knowledge about Microbiological profile and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of CAUTI is essential to implement the infection control system in a proper manner.Aims and objectives: To study the rate and microbiological profile of catheter associated urinary tract infections and in patients admitted in Intensive Care Units.Materials and methods: A one-year prospective study was conducted in which urine samples were collected from patients admitted in Medical ICUs on indwelling urinary catheter for >48 hours and processed in Microbiology Department according to standard procedures. CA-UTI rate was calculated and their microbiological profile and various resistance patterns were studied as per CLSI guidelines.Results: Out of 1406 enrolled patients, 64 patients developed CAUTI. Overall CAUTI rate was 4.06/1000 catheter days. Most common isolate in CAUTI cases was Klebsiella spp. (32.3%), followed by Escherichia coli (24.6%). Gram negative isolates showed higher sensitivity to aminoglycosides, imipenam and nitrofurantoin as compared to cephalosporins The Enterococcus spp. were 100% sensitive to linezolid and 71.4% sensitive to both vancomycin and teicoplanin.Conclusion: CAUTI rate in our ICUs was high compared to the benchmarks. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the pathogens involved was also low. This study provides the data of predisposing risk factors and its causative microbial flora for CAUTI in our tertiary care.
Role of oxidative stress after routine Iron supplementation in normal and anemic women during pregnancy: Central Indian scenario
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2019-02) Kumar, Ajai; Jawad, Kalbe; Singh, Seema; Sharma, Pradeep; Singh, Niranjan; Gupta, Mrinal
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most common nutritional disorders worldwide, affecting people of all ages in developed and developing countries. causes dimunition of various antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase. The objective of the study was to detect impact of iron supplementation in anaemic & non- anaemic pregnant subjects on oxidative stress. Patients are divided into two groups, Control groups (60 non-anemic pregnant women) & Study groups (60 anemic pregnant women). The blood sample (5 ml) was collected from different groups of subjects. In controls groups, a fall in catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were seen while lipid peroxidase was found to have increased significantly after iron therapy. In study group, and increment in all markers except lipid peroxidase was seen and the level of lipid peroxidase was decreased following iron supplementation which was statistically significant (p<0.001). it may be concluded that iron deficiency anaemia is associated with free radical generation and peroxidation of vital body molecules which implies increased risk for pregnant women.
Role of line probe assay in diagnosis and detection of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2019-04) Malhotra, Phalguni; Chhina, Deepinder; Gupta, Veenu; Singh, Akashdeep; Sandhu, Diljot
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis has remained a major global health problem worldwide. TB requires prolonged period of time for isolation by conventional culture methods. The emergence and spread of multi drug resistant (MDR-TB) poses great threats and challenges in controlling the infection. MDR-TB is resistant to both first line drugs rifampicin and isoniazid. PCR tests are based on targeting the mutation in rpoB, katG and inhA genes which can detect resistance to these drugs. To compare microscopy, conventional culture and Line probe assay for the detection of M. tuberculosis & detect rifampicin and isoniazid resistance using Lineprobe assay in various clinical samples. A total of 347 suspected patients of tuberculosis were included in the study. Demographic details & clinical presentation was noted. Various samples were received & processed for ZN staining, culture on LJ media and Line probe assay. Out of 347 cases, majority of cases were in the age group of 51-60 years (18.4%). Majority of the population was males (65.1%). Among suspected tuberculosis patients, cough with expectoration (55.9%) was the commonest complaint. Microscopy was positive in 17.3%, conventional culture was positive in 16.1% and line probe assay was positive in 26.2%. Out of 347, 91 were diagnosed with MTB, out of which 85.7% were sensitive to both rifampicin and isoniazid whereas 14.3% showed resistance to either rifampicin / isoniazid or both. LPA & direct microscopy are a good screening method for early diagnosis and detection of drug resistance but are not a complete replacement of conventional culture which is still a gold standard.
Updated therapeutic approach in the management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A Review
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2019-04) Kaul, Aayushi; Zar, Nidhi; Shangloo, Shruti; Nain, Parminder
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous clinical entity that is defined as the association of hyperandrogenism with chronic an ovulation in women without specific underlying diseases of the adrenal or pituitary glands. PCOS is also associated with a metabolic disturbance with complex inter relation of obesity, insulin resistance and endocrine abnormalities remains unresolved. However, several studies link obesity, body fat distribution and nutritional habits with the hormonal and metabolic profiles of PCOS. Moreover, intervention studies have suggested that reducing weight and hyper insulinaemia either by diet alone or by a combination of diet with drugs improves hirsutism, fertility, hormonal and metabolic profiles of PCOS. In fact, the evaluation of nutritional factors in PCOS is helpful for the screening of metabolic abnormalities and the management of women with PCOS. A point of particular interest in the management of PCOS is that the choice of contraception remains difficult in these high cardiovascular risk women. The lack of prospective studies to evaluate long-term metabolic and cardiovascular tolerance necessitates care and the assessment of other hormonal possibilities
Preliminary phytochemical screening of bark (powder) extracts of Ficus religiosa (peepal) plant
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2020-09) Tiwari, Priya; Gupta, Rishikesh
The traditional medicine involves the use of various different plant extracts or the bioactive constituents. The study such as ethno medicine keenly r presents the best avenues in searching new economic plants for medicine. This type of study gives the health application at affordable cost. The present study carried out to find out the phytochemical constituents in the Ficus religiosa bark. The Ficus religiosa was collected from the Rama University Campus. The shadow dried bark materials were grained and extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and ethanol: water (50: 50). Photochemical analysis was carried out according to standard procedures. The bark powder was successively extracted ith Phytochemical screening shows the presence of carbohydrate, glycoside, alk loid, protein, amino acid, phytosterol, tannin & flavonoids. The result of the study could be useful for description and phytochemical analysis of the plant.
Characterization of Solid Binary Systems of Efavirenz and Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2019-02) Arali, Bharati; Y, Anand Kumar; C, Mallikarjuna Setty
Efavirenz is a widely prescribed anti-retroviral drug that belongs to BCS class II and exhibit low and variable oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility and it requires enhancement in solubility and dissolution rate for increasing its oral bioavailability. The aim of this study was to increase the solubility of Efavirenz (EFA) by complexing it with Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD). Solid binary systems were prepared by co-grinding and microwave irradiation methods. The interaction of EFA with HPβCD was evaluated by Phase solubility studies, in vitro dissolution studies and different analytical techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The apparent stability constant revealed EFA with HPβCD produces 1:1 M stoichiometric complex. The host guest interactions studied by FTIR and DSC confirmed true inclusion of EFA with HPβCD at 1:2 M. The Dissolution rates of EFA- HPβCD binary systems were faster when compared to physical mixture and pure drug. Overall the rank order of improvement in dissolution properties of Efavirenz with ratios is 1:2M > 1:1M and methods MW > CG > PM > Pure drug. One-way ANOVA suggest the DP60 and DE60 values were significantly higher (P<0.05) in solid binary systems prepared by microwave irradiation method when compared to co-grinding and its corresponding physical mixtures and pure drug.
Colon targeted tablets of Albendazole with enhanced solubility by Complexation and Micellar Solubilization
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2019-06) Thulluru, Ashok; Anuradha, K. C.; kumar, K. Saravana; Nawaz, Mahammed; Kumar, Ch. S. Phani; Mohan, K. Siva Jagan
Albendazole (AZ) is a drug used for the treatment of gastrointestinal nematode infections. Phase solubility study was performed to investigate the optimized ratio of AZ: β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) solid dispersion (SD). Increase in the solubility of optimized AZ: β-CD SD was further enhanced by addition sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in different ratios was studied. Matrix tablets of the optimized ratio of AZ: β-CD SD with SLS and various proportions (10%, 15%, and 20%) of guar gum (GG). xanthan gum (XG) and pectin (PT) were prepared by non-aqueous wet granulation with PVP K30. Standard calibration curve for AZ was performed in three buffers like 0.1 N HCl, pH 6.8 phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and pH 7.4 PBS and absorbance were measured at 295 nm. Tablets were evaluated for various physical characteristics such as thickness, hardness, and drug content uniformity. The matrix tablets were subjected to in vitro drug release studies in 0.1 N HCl (2 h), pH 6.8 PBS (3 h) and pH 7.4 PBS (19 h) with and without rat caecal content medium. Formulation F9 shows 70.65% and 95.62% of AZ in with and without rat caecal content media respectively is selected as optimized one. Optimized formulation F9 passed the test for stability up to 3 months as per ICH guidelines.
An overview of Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Acne
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2019-10) Singh, Neha; Singh, Mahesh; Panwar, Surbhi
Acne vulgaris is a type of chronic disease of the skin which is mainly caused by the blockage in the sebaceous gland or having any inflammation in those glands which is together is known as pilosebaceous units. It mainly affects the areas having the highest number of sebaceous follicles; those are the face, the back and upper region of the chest. It is a disease that mainly affects the adolescent age group but can be found in any age group. These are present as inflammatory pustules, papules, cysts and nodules, non-inflammatory closed comedones (whiteheads), ripen comedones (blackheads), or a mixture of lesions. Acne is most commonly seen in almost every human being at some point in their lives. There are 20-25 chances of progression of acne to the severe case which leads to permanent scarring. These complications lead to psychological problems like depression, social isolation, lowered self-esteem, and lowered self-confidence. The aim of treating acne is to prevent severe and long-term complications. The present review focuses on novel drug delivery systems for the treatment of acne. It also includes conventional treatments currently available in the market, its limitation and different strategies to overcome these
Chronopharmacology: A new way to treat disease
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2020-02) Chaudhary, Nitin; Tyagi, Nidhi
Chronopharmacology aims at the use of biological rhythms in the clinical treatment to enhance both effectiveness and tolerance and minimizes the side effects of a drug by determining the best biological time for its administration. It involves bot h the investigation of drug effects as a function of biologic timing and the investigation of drug effects upon rhythm characteristics. Rhythmicity has been detected in several physiological variables such as pulse, temperature, blood pressure and hormonal secretions like diurnal variation insulin effects on blood glucose. The goal of chronopharmacology is to optimize the therapeutic effect and control or reduce the adverse effects without altering the functioning of the drug in the body. Auto-induction, auto- inhibition and food effects are considered to be the reasons of chronopharmacology. The effectiveness and toxicity of many drugs vary depending on dosing time associated with 24 hrs rhythm of biological, physiological and behavioral processes under the control of the circadian clock. Now a day, the chronopharmacological principle is used in the therapy of various diseases such as angina, hypertension, asthma, peptic ulcer, diabetes, migraine, etc. This article aims to introduce chronopharmacology, their terminologies, causes and need of it, biological clock and biological rhythms in various biological systems and the dependence of diseases on biological rhythms.
Oral manifestation in pre-renal transplant patients in Tertiary Care Hospital in Punjab
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2019-06) Namita; Gupta, Veenu; Rai, Rita; Satia, Gagan
The incidence of renal failure is known to be increasing globally. Kidney transplant are considered the most efficient renal replacement therapy for a significant number of patients with end- stage renal disease. Renal failure can give rise to a large spectrum of oral manifestations, affecting overall health of patients with renal disease. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have a plethora of oral findings. The aim of this study was to study oral symptoms and lesions in pre-renal transplant patients. This prospective study was conducted over a 6-month period. A total of 80 individuals (40 pre renal transplant patients and 40 controls) were recruited. Each patient was interviewed individually using questionnaire about oral symptoms. Each patient was examined for oral lesions and documented. For Caries DMFT and for Gingivitis CPITN index was used. In both study and control group majority were males and majority were in age group 21-30 years. In study group knowledge of importance of oral hygiene was more. The most common symptoms were dry mouth (20%), altered taste (52.5%) and bleeding gums (42.5%). Study group showed significantly more oral changes than those in the control group. DMFT index was positive in 60% of study and 80% control group. CPITN index was equally positive (92.5%) in both study and control group. Mucosal pallor, suburral tongue, leukoplakia and hyperplastic gingivitis was seen in 27.5%, 10%, 10% and 2.5% respectively in the study group. Prevalence of oral lesions is significantly higher in renal patients. The potential source of active infective lesions in medically compromised patients with ESRD must be treated before transplant.
A brief review on Pleiotropic effects of Pirfenidone - novel and ongoing outcomes
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2019-02) C, Ravishankar; Roy, Jaydeep; Ammunje, Damodar Nayak; J, Anbu; Mohammad, Azamthulla
Presently, there is a huge hype and excitement in the field of synthetic biologics and engineering regarding growing cases of their implication in various fields including health care systems. Furthermore, despite its large body of suggestive and fascinating accomplishments, the synthetic area is always been subject of much more prejudice and debate. However, over a couple of years, the generation of researchers had tested one of such disease modifying compound Pirfenidone (Esbriet®), to unleash their potential in the different disciplines of interventional pharmacology and therapy. In this pipeline, depending on its success of multiple missions, in context to advancing the therapy for different diseases, it became the first prescribed medicine to treat the people with one characteristic lung disorder called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This review discusses the different therapeutic strategies beyond its well-known anti-fibrotic activity in several well-characterized animals, cell-based and human models and also regarding facts of Pirfenidone (PFD) as anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrinogenic, anti-oxidants including in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, liver cirrhosis etc. This review also contains current investigations, focusing mainly on the novel findings and their outcomes in improving the quality of life of patients with different conditions and also suggests their implication on the basis of fundamental existential evidences to break the major impediment in transforming this disease-modifying drug into a personalized medicine.
Estimation of bone mineral density and its correlations with homocysteine, and various other biochemical bone markers in postmenopausal women
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2019-10) Verma, Rajeev; Kumar, Satish; Atam, Isha; Atam, Virendra; Verma, Sudhir; Sonkar, Satyendra Kumar; Kumar, Ajay; Chaudhary, Shyam Chand
Introduction- Omocysteine (HCY) prevents collagen cross-linking and activates osteoclast function within the bones. Bone mineral density (BMD) may be affected by Hyperhomocysteinemia via Cathepsin K. Aim- To find the correlation of BMD with biochemical bone markers. Methods- BMD was investigated by the DXA scan with the help of the Hologic QDR1000 system. As per WHO guidelines, subjects were divided into three different subsets with; normal bone mass, osteopenia, and osteoporosis. Every subject underwent routine biochemical laboratory investigations, HCY, Vitamin B12, and folic acid levels. Results-Among 355 postmenopausal women, 69% (245) had osteoporosis while 11.27% (40) had normal BMD (mean age, 53 ± 8.35 years) and 19.72% (70) had osteopenia (mean age 52.86 ± 7.93 years). The mean age in the osteoporotic group was 56.49 ± 6.65 years. The mean levels of HCY in the three groups were 15.58± 7.92 μmol/L, 16.13± 7.34μmol/L and 17.05± 5.13μmol/L, respectively. Hip BMD showed a strong inverse correlation with age (r=-0.360, p=0.002), while no significant correlations were found between weight and BMI. PTH was consistently seen to be negatively correlated with BMD at Spine (r=-0.0339, p=0.004), Forearm (r=-0.267, p=0.027), and Hip (r=-0.224, p=0.064). Conclusion- Low BMD is an important problem in postmenopausal female patients. Age and duration of menopause are independent risk predictors for the development of osteoporosis. Vitamin D levels do not predict low BMD in postmenopausal females. Weight is protective for osteoporosis especially at spine and forearm BMD. Vitamin B12 and Hcy levels did not correlate with low BMD.
Aptamers: Trending Prospective in Therapeutics
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2020-02) Kalam, Syed Abul; Hashmi, Afreen; Srivastava, Pranati
Aptamers are short stretches of Ribonucleic acid or Deoxyribonucleic acid having a specific 3D shape which form complexes with the target site with high affinity. Systemic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) is responsible for the high affinity and specificity of aptamers to bind the target molecules. Due to some unique features of Aptamers, it attracts the attention of many scientists to use them as a tool in the treatment & diagnosis of various diseases and syndromes. The results obtained from the various clinical data shows that Aptamers can be used in the treatment and diagnosis of various diseases including cancer and syndromes like AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome etc. Many viral infections like human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and Ebola virus are now treated or diagnosed with the help of aptamers. Along with viral infections, aptamers are also promising Chemical antibodies in the treatment of various kinds of cancer like breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, etc. Aptamers have several advantages over conventional antibodies in context to its size, thermal stability, immunogenicity, ease of modification, etc. Aptamers are smaller than conventional antibodies, this property allows aptamers to access in tissue and cell. Aptamers are synthetic agents and we scale up its production as per requirement and it eliminate the various regulatory requirements associated with bio- production. The various roles of aptamers in the treatment and diagnosis of many life- threatening diseases, syndromes and viral infections like cancer, AIDS, Ebola virus lead aptamers to serve as Future Pharmaceutical dosage form or prospective Future of Modern Medical Science.
Role of adipokines in obstructive airway disease and diabetes mellitus
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2019-10) Singh, Seema; Singh, Sunita; Kumar, Santosh; Verma, S K; Kant, Surya
This review summarizes the state of the current literature relating to the associations of lung disease and adipokines (proteins produced by adipose tissue) in humans. The mechanistic basis for these associations in humans is not established, although a possible role for adipokines has been invoked. Leptin, a pro-inflammatory adipokine, and adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory adipokine, are causally associated with asthma in mice. Although human studies are currently inconclusive, high-serum leptin and low-serum adiponectin concentrations predict asthma, independent of obesity, in select population groups, such as premenopausal women in the United States. In contradistinction, low-serum leptin and high-serum adiponectin concentrations are associated with stable COPD, although these associations are likely confounded by fat mass. Interestingly, leptin may promote systemic and airway inflammation in stable COPD patients. On the other hand, COPD may upregulate systemic and lung adiponectin expression. The precise mechanism and significance of the associations between these adipokines and lung disease at the current stage are confusing and frankly paradoxical in places. It is now known that adipose tissue is not an inert organ simply for energy storage, but regulates systemic inflammation via a variety of secreted proteins (called adipokines). While the associations of obesity and adipokines with cardiovascular, endocrine, and rheumatological diseases are well described, the respiratory effects of obesity and adipokines are less well known. This review will focus on the effect of obesity and adipokines on asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in humans. This area of research needs additional study that may open up novel therapeutic strategies for these lung diseases.
The study of the effect of C-PAP therapy in type-II diabetic patients with obesity and obstructive sleep apnea
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2019-10) Sarkar, Poornima Dey; Kumar, Arun; Gopal, Krishna; Kachhawa, Poonam; Singh, Seema
Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely associated with Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and obesity. Type 2 diabetes and OSA may be pathophysiologically independent conditions although the joint association with obesity or visceral adiposity. There is a consistent relationship between obesity and OSA, which has been reported in 60-90% of OSA patients. The prevalence of obesity increases with a parallel increase in the prevalence of OSA. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is an effective choice of treatment for OSA, an overnight test, or titration some patients may reduce apnea events by minimizes airway collapse by CPAP. Several studies showed that the effect of drug treatment with 3 months of C-PAP in patients with type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we include 300 patients in different groups, out of the 100 patients undergoing treatment of CPAP therapy minimum for three months. Blood sugar, HbA1c, and lipid profile were measured and an overnight sleep study was done. The obtained data shows the significant effect of therapy on physiological and biochemical parameters. AHI and BMI were highly significant in group II and Group III when compared to group I. FBS, HbA1C, and Lipid profile parameters also gave significance results (p-value <0.001) in group II and group III when compared with healthy subjects (group I).
A comparative evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of saliva in children with and without Gingivitis
(Society for research and Development in Education, 2019-06) Kumar, Bharat; Afroz, Alam Ansari; Tiwari, Sanchit; Mohd, Waseem; Singh, Seema; Mahdi, A.A.; Chak, Rakesh Kumar
Gingivitis is a reversible and non-destructive form of periodontal disease. Oxidative stress contributes in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases5. The oxidative stress has been implicated as one of the important contributory etiologic factors in many of the oral inflammatory pathologies including gingivitis. This research analyzed the "Total antioxidant capacity" (TAC) of biological fluids including saliva. The present cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of saliva in children with/ without gingivitis and its relation with Age and Gender. For measuring the TAC of saliva: Cayman's Antioxidant Assay Kit was used and Gingival Index Measured through The Gingival Index (Löe and Silness, 1963). The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and making comparisons between cases and control by using SPSS software version 20. In this result, mean TAC of saliva in case children group was found lower 0.203 ± 0.053 compared to control children group was higher 0.236 ± 0.048. While, in male and female children of aged 3-5 years were found antioxidant activity (TAC) lower in compared to control groups. But among males aged 6-13 years it was found that the mean antioxidant capacity of saliva in case group was 0.259 ± 0.040 while in control group it was 0.295 ± 0.026. The TAC of saliva in males was found high compared to female. A weak negative correlation was found between the TAC and gingival index. In conclusion TAC decreases in children with gingivitis compared to healthy children. The gingivitis was more observed in female leading to lower TAC value

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