Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Journal
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Editor-in-chief: Dr.Radhika.M.Bavle
ISSN: 0973-029X (Print), 1998-393X (Online)
Frequency: Annual
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://www.jomfp.in/
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Item Volumetric Analysis of Maxillary Sinus Employing CBCT, Enhanced with MIMICS and ITK-SNAP – A Comparative Study.(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Paspuleti, S; Ponukupati, Y; Ramesh, KSV; Manyam, R; Supriya, AN; Birajdar, SS.Introduction: The maxillary sinus is of great interest with its intricate relationship to the Oro maxillofacial structures, serving as a narrative investigative tool for age and gender estimation in forensic dentistry. Numerous software programs are utilized in medical surgeries to analyse and print reconstructive organs. Among these, ITK-SNAP and MIMICS are particularly useful for volumetric estimation of sinuses using cone beam computed tomography scans. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate maxillary sinus volumes using CBCT scans and compare the analysis provided by two different software programs, ITK-SNAP and MIMICS, in terms of age-gender estimation. Materials and Methods: This study was performed in 154 patients selected by a retrospective review of the archives of the Vishnu dental college, Department of Oral Radiology. Patients were divided into five age groups (18–24 years, 25–34 years, 35–44 years, 45 years) and by sex. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of the patients were transferred to the MIMICS & ITK-SNAP software and the Maxillary Sinus Volume (MSV) was measured. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 21) software. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the right and left maxillary sinus volume according to the findings obtained from our study, and maxillary sinus volume in males was found to be significantly higher than that of females. Another finding of our study is that the maxillary sinus volume decreases with age increase. Especially it was also found that the sinus volume in males in the 18–24 age group was statistically significantly. A strong positive Pearson correlation coefficient of .798 was obtained between “MIMICS” and “ITK-SNAP” for maxillary sinus volume, which is highly statistically significant (p-value = .000). This indicates a robust positive linear relationship between the maxillary sinus volumes obtained through “MIMICS” and “ITK-SNAP” methods. Conclusion: Consequently, maxillary sinus volume measurements can be made on CBCT scans using reconstruction software. For measuring and segmenting, the ITK-SNAP program is suggested since it provides a dependable and easy-to- use semiautomatic approach that made the study’s findings possible.Item Comprehension and Awareness of Forensic Odontology among Medical and Dental Practioners in Andhra Pradesh – A Cross-Sectional Study.(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Kommalapati, V; Santosh Kumar, SM; Pagidipalli, KKR; Latha, HA; Parisarla, H; Kouser, K.Background: One of the most important subfields of forensic medicine is forensic odontology. When medical and dental practitioners possess the necessary expertise of forensic odontology, they may recognise and generate pertinent data at the appropriate moment to aid in investigations. The study’s objective is to examine Andhra Pradesh’s medical and dental professional’s understanding, attitudes and use of forensic odontology. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the forensic odontology knowledge, attitudes and practices among medical and dental professionals in Andhra Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: 2000 medical and dental professionals in Andhra Pradesh, India were participated in a cross- sectional observational study that was conducted from August 2019 to November 2023. In the study, a pre-made, pre- validated multiple-choice questionnaire with 20 questions was employed. After data analysis, results were presented in numbers and percentage. Results: 60% medical practitioners maintain records and 40% did not maintain medical records in their clinic. 50% dental practioners maintain records and 50% did not maintain dental records. 70% medical practitioners know the importance of records in identifying crime suspects and 30% are not aware of the importance of records in identifying crime suspects. 60% dental practioners know the importance of records in identifying crime suspects and 30% are not aware of the importance of records in identifying crime suspects. Conclusion: This study highlighted the fact that although physicians and dentists are well-versed in forensic odontology, they nevertheless require more exposure from a practical standpoint and should periodically refresh their interest in and awareness of this discipline.Item Role of Histone Deacetylases (HDAC) and Histone Deacetylases Inhibitors (HDACis) in Oral Cancer: A Literature Review with Concept-Centric Approach applying Synthesis Matrix Framework (SMF).(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Bommanavar, S; Hosmani, J; Alqarni, A; AlHousami, T; Zaki, H.Introduction: Based on the Synthesis Matrix Framework, this narrative review with concept-centric approach was conceptualized with the aim to pen down the existing knowledge regarding Histone Deacetylases and Histone Deacetylases inhibitors in oral cancer by synthesizing few evidence-based research studies applying time-ordered matrix framework and role-ordered matrix framework design. Material and Methods: Google scholar and PubMed search engine were implemented with search strings using Boolean keywords such as “oral squamous cell carcinoma”, “OSCC”, “oral cancer”, “etiological factors of Oral Cancer”, “diagnosis of Oral Cancer”, “HDAC in Oral cancer”, HDACis in Oral cancer”, “HDAC in OSCC”, “HDACis in OSCC”. The review was further assessed by using a three category rubrics of literature review (coverage, synthesis and significance) uncovering the normal function of Histone Deacetylases, classification, molecular mechanism, future directions in research with challenges that can be encountered before the Histone Deacetylases inhibitors are applied in clinical practice. Conclusion: This review highlights a brief overview on importance of applying Synthesis Matrix Framework as a guiding principle in the field of scientific writing and hence should be included as a modification in curriculum design by educationalist and policy reformers in higher education as quality enhancement initiative in the discipline of research.Item Cytomorphometric Analysis of Buccal Exfoliated Cells in Anaemic Patients Among Female Population: A Cross-Sectional Study(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Fathima, N; Bhuvaneswari, MV; Thamilselvan, S; Deepika, RM; Muthukumar, SR; Nachiammai, N.Background: Cytology is an easy, rapid and a non-invasive procedure that can be used as a screening tool in oral and systemic diseases. Anaemia is the most common encountered disease across the world and is more prevalent in India especially among females. Aim: To evaluate the cytomorphometric changes among anaemic females of different age groups respective to their hemoglobin levels. Materials and Methods: The study group included total number of 60 females of which (n= 45) anaemic group and (n=15) control group. The anaemic group was categorized into 3 groups as young, middle and old age consisting (n=15) samples in each group. Informed consent was obtained. Individuals with < 12mg/dl hemoglobin were considered anaemic. Buccal smears were collected and cytomorphometric analysis was done. Results: The present study showed a noticeable decrease in cellular diameter (Mean - 8393.18), increase in nuclear diameter (Mean - 281.6) and nuclear cytoplasmic ratio (Mean -0.0445894) in anaemic female young adults between 18-30 years. There was a noticeable decrease in cellular diameter (Mean- 6534), nuclear diameter (Mean-227) and nuclear cytoplasmic ratio (Mean- 0.043954) in anaemic females of middle age between 31-45 years. There was a noticeable increase in cellular diameter (Mean- 5479.82), nuclear diameter (Mean-219.07) and nuclear cytoplasmic ratio (Mean-0.0508656) in anaemic females above 45 years. Conclusion: All the parameters such as cellular diameter, nuclear diameter & nuclear cytoplasmic ratio showed alteration among the different female anaemic groups. Further studies have to be performed with larger sample size to obtain promising results.Item Molecular Markers of Precancerous Conditions of the Oral Mucosa(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Arsenovna, KP; Khiramagomedovna, RA; Pashayevna, KS; Gadzhievna, AA; Magomed-Alievich, BG.Introduction: Oral cancer is a significant public health issue, with a considerable portion of cases arising from precancerous conditions such as leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and oral submucous fibrosis. Early detection and timely intervention are critical for improving patient outcomes. This review explores the potential of molecular markers in the early diagnosis and management of these precancerous conditions of the oral mucosa. Aim: The aim of this article is to compile and analyze current molecular markers used in diagnosing and predicting the progression of precancerous conditions of the oral mucosa. By understanding these markers, we aim to improve early detection and provide insights into more effective treatment strategies. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and recent conference proceedings. The focus was on identifying key molecular markers and their clinical implications. Results: The review highlights various molecular markers, including genomic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic markers. Key markers discussed include TP53 mutations, miR-21, p16INK4a, Cyclin D1, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), among others. These markers provide valuable information on the presence and degree of precancerous changes and the risk of their progression to cancer. Conclusion: The integration of molecular markers into clinical practice can significantly improve the accuracy of early diagnosis and the effectiveness of treatment, thus enhancing patient prognosis. Further research is needed to standardize the use of these markers in routine clinical practice.Item Quantitative Analysis of Serum Sialic Acid as a Biochemical Marker in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Purohit, MR; Shyam, N.D.V.N; Kumar, GK; Narayen, V; Konda, P; Fatima, F.Introduction: Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity and is usually preceded by Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs). Studies show that altered glycosylation of cell surface proteins leads to increased synthesis of Sialic Acid (SA) which is thought to be associated with the development and progression of malignancy. Aim and Objectives: To estimate and compare the serum sialic acid levels in controls, in patients with OPMDs and different grades of OSCC. To assess the role of serum SA levels as a potential biomarker in predicting malignant transformation of OPMDs and progression of OSCC. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 serum samples, 12 each of, controls, individuals with Oral Lichen Planus (OLP), Oral Leukoplakia (OL), Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) were subjected to Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to estimate the serum SA levels. Results: Serum SA levels showed a statistically significant increase from controls to OSCC groups with a statistically significant increase in serum SA levels in Poorly Differentiated OSCC (PDSCC) when compared with Well Differentiated OSCC (WDSCC) and Moderately Differentiated OSCC (MDSCC). Conclusion: Increased serum SA levels have a role in the malignant transformation of OPMDs.Item Gender-Based Disparities in Oral Cancer Incidence: A Comparative Study in Coimbatore.(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Gopala Krishnan, T; Munshi, MAI; Anirudhan, S; Varshini, M; Prabhu, VS; Govindaraj, AA; Stella, BR.Introduction: Oral cancer is recognized as one of the foremost causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. It is the sixth most common cancer globally and oral squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 90% of these cases. The main cause of oral cancer has been attributed to the use of tobacco in its various forms, along with the use of alcohol Aim And Objectives: The focal aim of our study is to rule out the possible differences in women and men suffering from oral cancer based on socio demographic parameters, site distribution as well as distribution of tobacco habits, its frequency and duration. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study directed to rule out differences between men and women oral cancer patients. One hundred oral Cancer patients, those who gave consent for the study, irrespective of their age, sex, occupation and income were included for the study Results: One hundred oral cancer patients were included in our study. Among them 72 were men and 28 were women. Most of the women patients in our study were housewives (81%). Among men, manual labour was the most predominant occupation (70%) Conclusion: In conclusion, we have found that women get a diagnosis of oral cancer earlier than men in our study. Majority of women oral cancer patients had chewing habits and the majority of men oral cancer patients had smoking habits.Item Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Palate - A Rare Encounter(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Tahasildar, J; Prakash, S; Shiragur, S.Background: Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (Ca ex PA) is a rare malignant transformation of a benign pleomorphic adenoma, constituting about 6.2% of mixed tumors.The malignant component of Ca ex PA is most often adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified. Case Presentation: This case report presents a 45-year-old male with an ulcerative lesion on the hard palate, initially suspected to be a minor salivary gland tumor or squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical examination revealed a non-healing ulcer and a palpable submandibular lymph node. Histopathological analysis of the biopsy showed features consistent with high- grade malignant minor salivary gland tumor, with immunohistochemical staining confirming Ca ex PA. Management and Prognosis: The surgical resection was done with regular follow-up. Conclusion: This tumor type, often found in the parotid glands, occasionally arises in minor salivary glands such as the hard palate. The patient’s history lacked contributory factors, and the tumor presented insidiously. The case underscores the diagnostic complexity of Ca ex PA due to its varied presentation and histological features, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive diagnostic evaluation.The primary treatment involved surgical excision, with the necessity of regular follow-up to monitor for recurrence. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for improving prognosis and survival in patients with this aggressive malignancy.Item A Comparative Evaluation of 2D and 3D Ante mortem Dental Records for Gender Determination among West Godavari Population.(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Reddy, BNK; Swetha, P; Manyam, R; Vineeth, G; Supriya, AN; Birajdhar, S.Introduction: When it comes to the scientific recognition of human antemortem and postmortem dental data, the comparative approach of dental identification is quite helpful. Forensic dental identification methods typically use radiological documentation techniques and also routine use of 2-Dimensional (2D) imaging techniques to generate the viable structure of the tooth which cannot orient the deepness of the internal structure. Discussion: The quantity and quality of antemortem (AM) dental records is extremely inconsistent and also analysing these different scans is tedious and time consuming. Hence to create a robust identification system, a novel 3-Dimensional (3D) model is used in human identification as an helpful tool in analysis and visualization. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of 2D and 3D antemortem records in gender estimating. Objectives: Maxillary dental casts and digital photos of 100 participants—50 male and 50 female—all of whom were orthodontic patients prior to receiving treatment were used for the data collection. Conclusion: We concluded that 3D technique is more efficient and accurate for gender estimating than 2D technique. Documenting similar observations with larger sample sizes will enable the use of each form of linear measurement in odontometric gender distinction. This procedure will be of great value in storing patient information in the form of 3D models for identifying a stranger.Item Insights into Localized and Generalized Gingival Overgrowth - A Report of 15 cases and Concise Review of Literature.(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Shenoy, SB; Mishra, A; Chandra, KS; Singh, A.Background: Gingival overgrowth, characterized by an increase in the size of the gingival tissue, can be either localized or generalized and often arises from diverse etiological factors. Case Presentation: This report discusses 15 such cases, localized and generalized, to provide insights into their varied presentations and etiopathogenesis. Localized overgrowth often results from factors like chronic irritation, poor oral hygiene, and systemic influences. Generalized overgrowth, frequently associated with drug therapy, systemic diseases, and hormonal changes, presents broader tissue involvement, impacting aesthetic and functional aspects of oral health. Management: Histopathological examination revealed common inflammatory patterns across different cases, underscoring the role of plaque and secondary irritants. This report further highlights the challenges in diagnosis and managing gingival overgrowth, emphasizing the importance of identifying underlying causes to tailor effective treatment strategies. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive oral hygiene and regular monitoring, especially in patients on long-term medications or with systemic conditions. Clinical Implications: This review, thus, synthesizes current knowledge and presents clinical insights, contributing to improved understanding and management of gingival overgrowth in diverse patient populations.Item Dentinogenesis Imperfecta or Dentin Dysplasia? A Diagnostic Dilemma.(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Chakrabarty, A; Srinath, S; Srinath, SK; Abhishek, G.Background: Dentinogenesis Imperfecta and dentin dysplasia are developmental disorder of dentin with inherited autosomal dominant mode. Both of them are present with unique clinical, histopathological and genomic features. The diagnosis is based on family history, and detailed clinical examination, while genetic diagnosis may become useful in the future once sufficient disease-causing mutations have been discovered. Objectives: To identify the overlapping features of Dentinogenesis Imperfecta and dentin dysplasia. Case presentation: Here, we present a case of 22 years old female patient with complaint of discolored and brittle teeth. Clinical, radiographic and histopathological investigation shows overlapping features of both dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia. Results: Treatment included removal of few teeth, crown lengthening of the maxillary and mandibular teeth, and placement of anterior and posterior tooth-coloured restorative materials. Besides wear and fracture, anterior teeth often have an unesthetic appearance because of discoloration. Current treatments of choice, including composite bonding restorations and, more recently, all-ceramic restorations, are typically suggested to preserve the remaining teeth and tooth structure. Conclusion: This case unveils both the anomalies to be part of the same continuum of the genetic event.Item The Happenstance of Monophasic Fibrous Synovial Sarcoma in the Oral Cavity – A Rare Case Report Emphasising the Diagnostic Importance with Literature Review.(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Simila, CSA; Dhanapal, R; Dinakar; Jaishlal; Gomakumar.Background: Synovial sarcoma is a rare malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of unknown aetiology accounting for 1.9%-3.7% in the oral cavity. More commonly it is seen in the soft tissues of lower extremities. It is a rare phenomenon of occurrence in the oral cavity. Case presentation: A 31-year-old female patient presented with the painful swelling in the left lower back tooth region for two months. The histopathological examination revealed a monophasic fibrous synovial sarcoma. Immunohistochemical findings showed strong positivity for CD99, Bcl2 and negative for CD34 confirmed the diagnosis of synovial sarcoma. Surgical excision with adjuvant radiotherapy is found to improve the overall survival rate of the patient. Conclusion: Occurrence of synovial sarcoma in the oral cavity is extremely rare. Advanced molecular diagnostic techniques are needed for rapid and definitive diagnosis.Item An Aggressive Evolution of Inverted Sinonasal Papilloma - A Case Report.(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Preethi, N; Lakshmi Priya, V; Thanka, J; Thrupthi, S; Arun, V.Introduction: Inverted sinonasal papillomas (ISP) are benign, but locally aggressive tumour with rare risk potential of malignant transformation referred to as Carcinoma ex inverted sinonasal papilloma (CEISP). The risk factors for malignant transformation include multiple recurrences, incomplete surgical excision and the presence of dysplastic changes in the papilloma. Case Presentation: 47 year old male presented with nasal obstruction, dry cough, headache with heaviness and had past history of left side nasal polyp removal. CT PNS showed a left large ill-defined lytic soft tissue dense lesion in bilateral ethmoidal air cells causing lytic bony destruction with intracranial extension prompting endoscopic resection of recurrent left sided sinonasal mass. Histopathological analysis of sinonasal mass revealed an inverted papilloma with areas of malignant transformation showing squamous differentiation and evidence of bony invasion. Conclusion: This case report highlights the complexities in diagnosing carcinoma ex sinonasal papilloma, particularly in the context of recurrence and the importance of meticulous pathological evaluation.Item The Buccal Bifurcation Cyst Enigma- A Case Report(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Kulkarni, TR; Patil, AT; Surath, S; Magdum, D; Pursnani, VK; Gogawale, R.Introduction: The buccal bifurcation cyst (BBC) has proven to be an enigma while diagnosing cystic mandibular lesions in children. It is usually confused with entities such as Dentigerous cyst, residual cyst, etc. Only after a thorough histopathologic examination can it be rightly diagnosed. Case Presentation: A six year old boy reported with a mandibular swelling on the right side of the jaw. It was non- tender on palpation. RVG showed a normally developing tooth 46 with normal alveolar bone. Further investigations - Ortho pantomogram (OPG) and Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) suggested the presence of a well- circumscribed cystic lesion with respect to the tooth 46. A conservative surgical enucleation of the lesion under local anesthesia was planned. Management: After administering local anesthetic to achieve inferior alveolar nerve block, a muco-periosteal flap was raised in the area of interest to remove the cystic contents and lining. Flap closure was done followed by suturing and Coe-Pak dressing. The patient reported for regular follow up appointments till two years, which yielded that the surgical site and bone defect were healed with subsequent apical closure of the roots of tooth 46. Conclusion: Meticulous diagnosis protocol and treatment planning are the mainstays of satisfactory treatment delivery in BBC. If not diagnosed properly, it may lead to the unnecessary extraction of the developmentally important first permanent molars.Item Rare Mixed Infections; Mucormycosis with Concomitant Actinomycosis in the Post-Covid Period: A Case Series.(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Cherian, LM; Indu, M; Menon, PA; Bhagya, J.Introduction: COVID-19 is a viral infection caused by SARSCoV2. This pandemic can have pulmonary and extrapulmonary symptoms. The immunosuppression caused by co-morbidities of patients or COVID-19 may lead to secondary microbial infections which can be bacterial, fungal, or viral. Sometimes, the co-existence of multiple infections may worsen the scenario. Case Presentation: Here, we present two known cases of diabetes mellitus of Indian ethnicity having chief complaints of mobility of upper teeth and exposed alveolar bone in the post-COVID period. Both patients were diagnosed with co-existence of two opportunistic infections; Covid-associated mucormycosis and actinomycosis (CAMA). Management: Patients were treated with surgical debridement, and antimicrobial medication and were recovered. Conclusion: We conclude that occurrence of COVID-19 infection, mucormycosis, and actinomycosis are interrelated and early diagnosis of multiple opportunistic infections is most important for better prognosis of patients. We also suggest strict monitoring of patients with co-morbidities in the post-COVID period.Item Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumour Associated with Impacted Canine in Mandible Mimicking Dentigerous Cyst: A Case Report with Literature Review.(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Singh, A; Halli, R; Hebbale, M; Ramanojam, S; Khandelwal, SG.Introduction: Odontogenic tumours of the jaw are group of pathologies derived from epithelium, mesenchyme or ectomesenchyme tissue remenants from the development of teeth. Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour (AOT), a tumour composed of odontogenic epithelium, is a rare and uncommon tumour of odontogenic origin accounting only 2.2- 7.1% of all odontogenic tumours as per literature. It was originally known by the rather misleading term Adenoameloblastoma. This pathological condition, also known as the “two third tumour” and the “perfect emulator of dentigerous cyst,” continues to confound professionals with its diverse histomorphology and contentions regarding its origin. There has been an ongoing debate with the origin of this tumor with very few reported literature. Case Presentation: This case report describes a unique instance of a large AOT connected to an impacted canine in mandible that resulted from a possible dentigerous cyst in a 24 years old Indian female patient. Management: Adenomatoid odontogenic tumors have been removed surgically with little likelihood that this entity will reoccur. In our case, the recovery was uneventful with no indications of recurrence on follow up. Conclusion: Adenomatoid odontogenic tumours are benign hamartomatous, non-invasive lesions.Item Molecular Analysis in Forensic Odontology: A Review(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Singh, S; Bhargava, D; Chandavarkar, V; Mishra, MN; Mishra, R.Introduction: A subfield of forensic sciences called forensic odontology works with identification in cases of mass disasters, sexual assault, child abuse, etc. Material & Methods: Scientific databases were searched for the literature and relevant articles were selected for the review. Results: In circumstances when bodily tissues are destroyed during criminal investigations or large-scale disasters, forensic odontology investigates the field of human identification using dental tissues. Dentists are also involved in dental forensics in legal and criminal matters. Conclusion: Teeth are an excellent source of genomic DNA since they have a large amount of storage space for DNA. Because teeth have a natural resilience to chemical and physical aggression, advances in molecular science, such as DNA analysis, have expanded the scope of forensic dentistry.Item Foamy Macrophages in Oral Lesions: An Insight(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Sai Lakshmi, LJ; Jeddy, N; Amutha, S; Radhika, T; Gnanasagar, WR.Introduction: The term “foamy” refers to “vacuolated cytoplasmic appearance of a macrophage” when viewed by light microscopy, due to the presence of lamellar bodies, accumulation of neutral lipids or drug particles in the cytoplasm of macrophages. Various studies had revealed the role of foamy macrophages in the pathogenesis of many oral lesions like verruciform xanthoma, periapical cysts, mucocele and pyogenic granuloma. This review focuses on the formation, pathogenesis and the role of foamy macrophages in various oral lesions. Materials and Methods: A literature search was performed using MeSH terms in PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar databases and finally 18 articles were included. Results: A total of 18 articles were included in this review. It includes case reports, review and original articles related to the topic foamy macrophages in oral lesions. Conclusion: Foam cells contribute a pathognomonic diagnostic feature in certain oral lesions such as verruciform xanthoma. “Foamy macrophages” play a crucial role in both pathogenesis and diagnosis of oral lesions. Hence, a basic understanding of its formation and role in pathogenesis and diagnosis of certain oral lesions is essential.Item Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma- Deciphering the Etiology(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Raj, P; Hegde, V; Bhargava, M; Varshney, A; Kumari, K.Introduction: Cancer of the head and neck including oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal areas is the 6th most common cancer. About 40% of the head and neck malignancies is known to be oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) occur in the oral cavity. OSCC arises as a result of multiple molecular events that develop from the combined influences of an individual’s genetic predisposition and exposure to environmental carcinogens. Materials and Methods: Recent studies confirm that oral cancer forms a large part of the cancer load in parts of India. The development of oral carcinogenesis shows multifactorial etiology - endogenous (genetic) and exogenous (environmental) factors. Tobacco and alcohol are the two most important known risk factors for the development of oral cancer. The combination of both factors seems to enhance the carcinogenic effects. Cofactors in OSCC include dietary factors, immunodeficiency and viral infections like HPV 16/18. Conclusion: This mini-review provides a concise overview of key determinants contributing to OSCC pathogenesis. Established risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol consumption are discussed, highlighting their synergistic effects and molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Additionally, the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18, in a subset of OSCC cases is explored.Item A Comprehensive Review and the Diagnostic Procedures in Autoimmune Vesiculobullous Lesions(Kairali Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists, 2025-06) Shiragur, SS; Sahana, NS; Chandrakala, J; Sures, T; Chavan, NV; Akalya, P.Introduction: Vesiculobullous lesions are distinct skin and oral disorders with diverse clinical presentations. Diagnosing these lesions in the oral cavity is challenging due to masticatory forces, external factors, and fragile mucosa, often leading to ulceration. Various causes of vesiculobullous diseases include viral infections, allergies, autoimmune diseases, and genetic factors. Accurate diagnosis relies on physical examination, mucosal scrutiny, histological analysis, and immunological assessment. Therefore,general practitioners and dentists need a thorough understanding of these disorders and diagnostic procedures. Objective: To review the various diagnostic procedures for autoimmune vesiculobullous diseases of skin and oral mucus membrane. Materials and Methods: Review articles ,Case reports, , and Original research papers published in various electronic databases such as Google Scholar, , Crossref, PubMed,and e-Books are included in this review article. Result and Conclusion: This review underscores basic histology and molecular components of the adhesive junctions, along with etiopathogenesis of autoimmune vesiculobullous lesions, and importance of patient history, clinical examination, histological tests, and molecular techniques in diagnosing these lesions.