Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology
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Editor-in-Chief: Dr Rachna Goswami
ISSN: 2347-212x
Frequency: Bimonthly
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://www.jabonline.in/
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Recent Submissions
Item Application of an oxidative-biological treatment strategy for production of lactic acid and biomass from vinasse of sugarcane bioethanol industry(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Carabalí-Campaz, J; Ramírez-Malule, H; Gómez-Ríos, D.In this study, the cultivation of lactic acid bacteria was done using vinasse (with a chemical oxygen demand of 378 ± 5 g O2/L) to harness its organic content. The potential for biomass and lactic acid production was evaluated by using strains Lactococcus lactis subsp. Cremoris and Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis. Before medium preparation, vinasse was pretreated with air and ozone to reduce inhibitory load. The effects of pretreated vinasse addition on lactic acid bacteria growth were in the range of 0–33% v/v. The optimal vinasse concentration for obtaining high biomass and lactic acid concentrations was 17% v/v, leading to maximum concentrations of biomass and lactic acid of 2.2 ± 0.14 and 16.0 ± 0.9 g/L, respectively. Fed-batch operation was also studied as a strategy for extending the production phase of lactic acid bacteria using vinasse (17% v/v) as feeding. These results highlight the underexplored potential of vinasse as an economical source of raw material for obtaining value-added products through biotechnological processes.Item Standardization of Prasaranyadi Kashayam – a classical Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Sharma, P; Dhakad, PK.Prasarinyadi Kashayam is used to treat Vata illnesses and joint discomfort in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. It is mostly used to alleviate musculoskeletal issues and joint pain. It has traditionally been used to treat cervical spondylosis, frozen shoulders, headaches, lower back pains, and stiffness related to lumbar spondylosis. The present work was aimed at developing the pharmacognostic parameters for the standardization and quality evaluation of the Prasaranyadi Kashayam. In-house polyherbal formulation was prepared as per the previously prescribed method, and physicochemical parameters were evaluated as per standard protocol and showed loss on drying of 99.31%, total ash of 4.911 ± 0.120%, water soluble ash of 3.022, acid insoluble ash of 0.489. Total phenolic content was estimated with FC reagent and expressed as gallic acid equivalent (9.95 + 0.004 mg/g). High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint profiling was obtained, using toluene, ethyl acetate, and formic acid (2.5, 2.0, and 0.5) as the mobile phase. The characterization parameters presented in this paper may serve as a standard reference for quality control analysis of Prasaranyadi Kashayam.Item Technological advancement in the development of monoclonal antibody therapies: Present, past, and future(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Kasana, H; Chander, H; Mathur, A.Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been a key player in the field of biopharmaceuticals for an extended period of time, especially in terms of approval and sales, and this dominance is expected to persist. In terms of a single product, mAb-based drugs are the most lucrative class of drugs, making them four of the top ten best-selling medications in terms of both revenue and market shares in 2022. It is estimated that by 2028, mAbs will be worth USD 420–460 billion. The therapeutic potential of mAbs has been recognized through hybridoma technology that was developed in the mid-1970s. Multiple approaches can currently be employed to generate chimeric, humanized, and fully human mAbs. These mAbs represent the cutting edge of biomedical research and offer excellent treatment options for a variety of disorders, such as severe asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, infectious diseases, and some types of cancers. Therefore, in this review article, insights regarding one of the fastest-growing biopharmaceutical categories, that is, therapeutic mAb products, and technological advancements in the production of mAbs by different in vitro technologies were discussed. In addition, the study provides a comprehensive overview of the authorized mAbs now available in the market, together with their specific targets, forms, and allowed applications.Item Comprehensive evaluation of agronomic and qualitative characteristics in selected wheat cultivars in Kosovo(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Gashi, N.Cereals, such as wheat, hold significant nutritional and economic value globally, particularly in regions like Kosovo, where wheat cultivation plays a vital role in the production of staple foods. This study examines three predominant wheat cultivars in Kosovo, namely “Pobeda,” “Euclide,” and “Europe,” focusing on agronomic traits and end product quality to ascertain their suitability for cultivation and subsequent product applications. Through a comprehensive evaluation encompassing agronomic, qualitative, and baking parameters, the study aims to provide insights into cultivar-specific characteristics that influence both cultivation practices and end product quality. Key findings reveal notable disparities among cultivars in agronomic parameters, with “Euclide” demonstrating superior flour extraction rates (42.97%) and exemplary performance in baking evaluations. Noteworthy variations in chemical composition, particularly in fat and fiber content, were observed, with “Pobeda” exhibiting the highest values (2.54% fat content and 3.21% fiber). Despite nonsignificant differences in certain agronomic parameters according to ANOVA results, individual cultivar performance underscored unique traits, highlighting the cultivar-specific influence on overall quality. This research fills a crucial gap by providing a nuanced understanding of wheat cultivars in Kosovo, offering valuable insights for farmers and the baking industry to optimize cultivation techniques and enhance end product quality. The findings advocate for the adoption of cultivar-specific approaches in wheat cultivation and processing, ultimately contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and improved product standards. Overall, this study contributes to the advancement of knowledge in wheat agronomy and quality assessment, facilitating informed decision-making for stakeholders involved in wheat production and processing in Kosovo and beyond.Item Biopolymer-based edible packaging: a critical review on the biomaterials, formation, and applications on food products(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Leya, B; Franklin, RS; Pragalyaashree, MM; Monicka, AA; Tiroutchelvame, D; Blessy, C; Blessie, RF.Food substances are highly susceptible to spoilage due to their inherent properties and environmental factors during transit from farm to fork. Hence, it is necessary to protect the food from various factors by safeguarding it in proper packaging. The packaging materials include flexible pouches and rigid containers, and they have their own merits and demerits. Most of the packaging materials used nowadays are polymer-based, which takes a long time to degrade and poses a dangerous threat to terrestrial and aquatic life. Edible packaging evolved to be an alternative to conventional packaging due to its natural biopolymers, which are hyper-degradable and consumable. They exhibit improved barrier and organoleptic properties, mass transfer selectivity, and reduced migration properties of packaging ingredients into food and environmental pollution. They are classified as coatings, films, and pouches and can be used as either food wraps or heat-sealed into pouches that are applied directly on the food surface. Thus, edible packaging is a potential approach in the food packaging industry. This review explains in detail the biomaterials used for film preparation, various processes involved in film formation, different coating methods, and recent applications in the area of eco-friendly edible packagingItem Application of soil amendments: investigation of incubation time on some soil solution properties of Kien Giang, Vietnam(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Phuong, NV.Soil amendments can affect soil properties such as pH, EC, available phosphorus (P), and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+). The aim of this study was to determine the potential influence of submergence incubation time on some soil properties using soil amendments under controlled laboratory conditions suitable to the characteristics of rice- growing areas in Kien Giang, Vietnam. The experiment included treating soil supplemented with lime (at ratios of 0.0, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.0%) and soil supplemented with lime (0.4%) combined with alkalized biochar (at ratios 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8%). The treatments were incubated in the laboratory under submerged conditions, and pH, EC, available phosphorus (P), and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+) parameters were measured at 7, 14, 21, 35, and 60 days. The results showed that soil supplemented with lime improved pH and EC, and maintained high phosphorus release for 21 days, but did not improve NH4+ release. In contrast, soil supplemented with lime (0.4%) combined with alkalized biochar improved pH and EC, maintained high levels of phosphorus and NH4+ content up to 35 days. The results showed that using lime combined with alkalized biochar to improve soil in rice-growing areas has many advantages compared to using lime alone. Therefore, understanding the contribution of soil incubation time with amendments to soil properties is an important prerequisite for developing a strategy to ensure crop productivity.Item Food waste as potential bioresources for extraction of carotenoid of nutraceutical importance: Current research and future challenges(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Das, JN; Basak, S; Sablania, V; Negi, R; Yadav, N; Rustagi, S; Singh, S; Rai, AK; Shreaz, S; Yadav, AN.Carotenoids are lipid soluble natural pigments found in various plants, animals, and microbes giving them their yellow, orange, or red hue. Carotenoids have been linked to a variety of health benefits as bioactive compound including antioxidant properties, reduced risk of certain cancers, improved ocular and cardiovascular health, and improved immune function and skin health to name a few. Global volume of wastage of edible part of food is accounted as 1.3 billion tons and a sizeable portion of this wastage have significant amount of carotenoid content which can be utilized for industrial purpose and economical values. However, most of these wastes are used as animal feed, composting and land filling. Although, chemical synthesis of carotenoids is possible, it has several disadvantages including complex extraction process, high cost, and low yield of final product and environmental impacts and safety concerns. The present review focuses on advances in extraction of carotenoid using non-thermal technologies, such as ultrasound assisted extraction, supercritical CO2 extraction, and microwave assisted extraction, from various food wastes to utilize the waste. The green extraction of carotenoids from food waste materials is an area that has a lot of potential for future development. Using environmentally friendly extraction methods and utilizing food waste as a source of carotenoids, we can create a more sustainable and environmentally friendly food production system.Item Pharmacological and biotechnological overview of Sauropus androgynus L. Merr.: an underexploited perennial shrub(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Swain, D; Sahoo, BK; Pattanaik, A; Mahapatra, SK; Rout, GR.Sauropus androgynus L. Merr is an unexploited medicinal shrub under the family Phyllanthaceae known as a green multivitamin plant and used as a leafy vegetable. Many phytochemicals from the leaf extracts of S. androgynus act as antioxidant, anti-microbial, wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity agents and can potentially enhance breast milk production. The leaf extracts of this shrub contain ascorbic acid, eugenol, gallic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, and different types of flavonoids. These phytochemicals have oxidative scavenging, glucosidase inhibitory, and superoxide dismutase activities. The plant has several nutrients to help metabolic activity and increase longevity. Herbal industries depend on natural resources. Identifying plant species is also essential before using them as herbal ingredients. DNA barcoding tags are used to determine the authenticity of plant species and herbal drugs. Seven barcoding markers have been tested for the identification of S. androgynus. Markers rbcl, rpoC1, and trnH-psbA showed the fragment size at 580, 500, and 520 bp, respectively. However, rpoC1I and adh reflect at 380 and 300 bp and the ycf5 show at 450 bp. These markers may be used to authenticate the plant and prepare herbal medicine. This review highlighted the basic biology, phytochemical, pharmacological, and biotechnological overview of S. androgynus for sustainable human health.Item Hyaluronan – A multipotent biomolecule in the field of medicine(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Thomas, S; Rajashekar, RK; Sudev, S; Ganapathi, S; Langel, T; Sarojini, S.Hyaluronan, a natural biomolecule, has immense potential in the field of medicine. This glycosaminoglycan present naturally in the human body and seen more in connective tissue, skin, and eyes essentially functions as lubricant and helps strengthen bones. Hyaluronan supplements have been used for a plethora of medical applications including cancer and osteoarthritis therapy, wound healing, and regenerative medicine. The revolutionary discoveries in the field of nanotechnology and biopolymers have indeed paved the way for better and more precise uses of hyaluronan by way of newer designs and composites for improved drug efficacy. At the same time, caution has to be exercised, as few recent studies imply the positive role of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid in the progression of some cancers. The present review elaborates on the range of existing applications across various fields ranging from medical treatment to organ development, and sheds light on the possibilities of maximizing its effectiveness.Item The application of microwave and ultrasound treatment on breadfruit flour for noodle fortification(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Tran, TTM; Vu, TT; Le, PVL; Vi, TN.Breadfruit flour was subjected to treatment using either microwave radiation (1000 W, 16 min) or ultrasonic waves (20 kHz, 750 W, 16 min) before being combined with rice flour to produce dried rice–breadfruit noodles. Scanning electron microscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy were used to study alterations in the macrostructures and amylose/amylopectin arrangement of the treated flours, leading to changes in water adsorption and swelling power compared to originated flour. Noodles fortified with either microwave (M)- or ultrasound (U)-treated flour exhibited improved firmness and reduced cooking loss compared to those made with intact flour (Nf noodle), while noodles made from Nf combined with xanthan gum (Nf+X) demonstrated sufficient hardness and the lowest cooking loss. The addition of xanthan gum enhanced sensory score, whereas scores for M, U, and Nf noodles were comparatively lower. Although M treatment potentially enhanced the noodle texture and cooking properties, it also resulted in darkening due to pigment formation at high temperatures.Item Anticancer effect of bioactive compound Apparicine isolated from the Tabernaemontana divaricata on retinoblastoma cancer cell line (Y79) and in silico docking approaches(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Rajeswari, E; Prakash, B; Mahendran, D; Natarajan, D.Tabernaemontana divaricata is a widely recognized traditional medicinal plant utilized for alleviating a variety of ailments. The objective of this study was to utilize nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques for the identification of bioactive compounds found in the flowers of T. divaricata. Furthermore, the study assessed the cytotoxic effects of the plant extracts on the Y79 cell line, which is a human retinoblastoma cell line in addition to focusing on the in silico molecular docking approach. The better result of column chromatography (CC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) fraction was collected from chloroform: methanol in the ratio of 9.05:0.5 and 9:1. The isolated compound Apparicine was structurally confirmed by 1H-NMR spectrum. 1H-NMR spectrum of Apparicine revealed the presence of the olefinic group appearing at 5.45–5.75 ppm, and 13C NMR spectrum of Apparicine revealed 17 carbon signals including 8 aromatics, 1 methyl, 4 methylene, and 4 olefinic carbons. Using mass spectrometry, the chemical Apparicine was confirmed when the molecular ions [M+H]+ peak were observed at 265.12 m/z. When the cytotoxic effect of Apparicine’s bioactive constituent was examined using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, it was shown that cell viability decreased as the concentration increased and the IC50 value of 26.88 ?g/ml was reported. In silico molecular docking studies were conducted to analyze the Apparicine compound and determine its binding affinity with retinoblastoma proteins (1GUX, 2QDJ, 6KMJ, and 4YOO). The study demonstrated that Apparicine from T. divaricata possesses strong cytotoxicity and may be recommended as a ligand for cancer protein targets.Item Role of zinc oxide nanoparticles in alleviating sodium chloride-induced salt stress in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Hasan, SA; Khan, A; Irfan, M.In this study, we examined the role of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the growth facet, photosynthetic attributes, lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage (EL), and antioxidant activity of basil plants following growth subjected to different levels of sodium chloride-induced salinity [1.0 (control), 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 deci Siemens per meter (dSm–1)]. The foliage of 30-day-old plants was sprayed with an aqueous solution of ZnO NPs [(1.5/2.0 parts per million (ppm)]. Treated plants sampled at 75 days after sowing showed a concentration-dependent response against salinity for all studied growth, photosynthetic attributes, and other biochemical parameters. All growth parameters decreased with increasing salt levels in the soil. However, a direct relationship was observed for lipid peroxidation, EL, and all antioxidant stress markers, and all these parameters increased with the increased salinity levels in the soil. Moreover, ZnO NPs alone (1.5 or 2.0 ppm) or as a follow-up treatment with salinity (2.0 dSm–1 + 1.5 or 2.0 ppm ZnO, 3.0 dSm–1 + 1.5 or 2.0 ppm ZnO, 4.0 dSm–1 + 1.5 or 2.0 ppm ZnO, and 5.0 dSm–1 + 1.5 or 2.0 ppm ZnO) enhanced all the growth and photosynthetic parameters and protected the plants against salinity by reflecting the enhanced activity of antioxidants and decreasing EL and lipid peroxidation. The results of this study confirmed the ameliorating role of ZnO NPs against salt stress and screened out an effective dose of ZnO NPs (2.0 ppm) for growing Ocimum basilicum plant species in saline soil.Item An efficient method for extracting pure DNA from the oil seed crop Sesamum indicum L.(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Shah, A; Mishra, P; Gadol, N; Jain, N; Kumar, R; Kalia, S; Singh, NK; Rai, V.Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a vital oil seed crop highly rich in sesamin, sesamolin, and tocopherols, which are some of its nutrient and antioxidant components. Sesame is rich in genetic resources with vast germplasm, tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stresses, and quality-related traits. Therefore, a comprehensive study on searching important genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is needed to get better oil from the plant. Pure DNA is the prerequisite to perform various molecular-level functions, including gene amplification, genomewide association studies, and other molecular breeding applications used in crop improvement. However, it also has high polysaccharides and secondary metabolites that interfere with DNA extraction, and precise quantification of DNA is essential for DNA-related biological functions. Several DNA extraction methods, such as cetyl-tetra methyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and commercially available kits, are present and used in molecular biology applications. Due to the complexity and interference of polysaccharides and polyphenols, the available methods required numerous modifications in the protocol to get pure and intact DNA. This study illustrates several modifications to get the pure DNA using the CTAB- based method with the additional step of adding a high salt concentration, which results in a better quantity and quality of DNA extracted from sesame leaves and root tissue. The lysis buffer and cold storage to efficiently eliminate the polysaccharide components were found to be limiting factors affecting DNA yield; therefore, buffer composition, along with storage duration, was modified in the present study. This method worked well to get good quality and quantity of DNA and will help researchers conduct next-generation sequencing and other genetic investigations directly associated with high-quality DNA in the oilseed crop.Item Habitat-dependent avian diversity in the agri-industrial zone of Jhajjar, Haryana, India(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Singh, J; Singh, V; Grewal, S; Chhikara, M; Malik, V.The study was performed to evaluate the habitat-dependent avian diversity in the southern region of Haryana from March 2021 to March 2023. The study aimed to identify avian species diversity in three habitats (agrifields, human settlement, and industrial zone) along with diversity indices and relative diversity. A total of 5037 birds belonging to 17 orders, 41 families, and 88 species were investigated with Simpson’s diversity index of 0.973 and Shannon– Wiener index of 4.04. Analysis of threat status revealed 38 species with stable population trends, 19 increasing, 20 decreasing, and 11 species having unknown trends. Out of 88 species, the IUCN status of two species Aquila nipalensis and Psittacula eupatria was endangered and near threatened, respectively; the rest 86 belonged to the least concern category. Of the total, 81% of species were residential, 10 were winter migratory, and 7 were summer migratory. Among the three habitats, agrifields were the most diverse, followed by human settlement and industrial zone. Diversified assemblages of birds suggested the region as a suitable habitat for both resident and migratory birds. This study highlights the need for more regular investigations to assess yearly avian diversity and possible threats to design comprehensive conservation plans.Item Isolation and screening of potential lignocellulolytic microbes from Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Suwannaphan, S; Suksaard, P; Lueangjaroenkit, P; Aroonluk, S; Thongrak, P.Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province is an important area for rice cultivation in Thailand. However, large amounts of rice straw generated at harvest time are often burnt in the fields, causing environmental degradation and air pollution. To address this, rice straw composting by degrading microorganisms has been identified as an effective alternative for sustainable waste management, with potential applications in environmental biotechnology. For this study, 28 microorganism samples were collected from various sources in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province, including a corrugated paper manufacturer, plant-cultivated soil, compost from dung, black soldier flies, and vermicompost. Lignocellulolytic microorganisms were screened for cellulase, xylanase, and manganese peroxidase production on agar plates and broth media using commercial and rice straw substrates. The lignocellulolytic activities were compared among the isolated and non-pathogenic microorganisms. A microbial consortium with high potential to degrade rice straw was identified, consisting of two thermophilic bacteria, Bacillus licheniformis BKT1 and BOT4, two mesophilic actinomycetes, Streptomyces ardesiacus AQ4 and An6, two thermophilic actinomycetes, Streptomyces thermoalcalitolerans APT3 and Streptomyces thermoviolaceus subsp. thermoviolaceus AQT2, and two fungi, Penicillium sp. Fh11 and Aspergillus sp. Fj6. This microbial consortium induced rapid composting of rice straw, thereby supporting sustainable agricultural waste management and reducing PM25 air pollution.Item Characterization and metabolomic analysis of Plant-derived Extracellular Vesicles (PdEVs) isolated from indigenous medicinal plants(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Ravitchandirane, H; Singh, V; Rajavel, A; Sella, RN.PdEVs (Plant-derived Extracellular Vesicles) are nano-sized, membranous vesicles released by plant cells for defense mechanisms. They contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and other secondary metabolites. In the current study, we characterized PdEVs derived from medicinal plants and identified the metabolites present in the PdEVs. We isolated PdEVs using the PROSPR method from the apoplastic fluid of four different medicinal plants: Azadirachta indica, Murraya koenigii, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Coleus amboinicus. The isolated PdEVs were characterized morphologically by HR-TEM, and functional group characterization was performed using FTIR. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis was performed using GC-MS for the PdEVs from Azadirachta indica, Murraya koenigii, Ocimum tenuiflorum, and Coleus amboinicus. We found the identified metabolites to possess anti-cancer, anti- microbial, and anti-fungal activities, substantiating the potential use of PdEVs as a potential source for therapeutic applications.Item Traditional use, phytoconstituents, and pharmacological effects of Persea americana: A recent review(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Gavídia–Valencia, JG; Venegas–Casanova, EA; Gutiérrez-Ramos, ME; Rengifo–Penadillos, RA; Cajamarca–Porras, CJ; Aro–Díaz, RJ; Mostacero-León, J; De Albuquerque, RDDG.Persea americana is a native American plant most known as avocado, aguacate, abacate, or palta. It is considered a commercially valuable fruit tree cultivated worldwide for its rich oil content. It has various medicinal properties throughout the plant, including fruits, roots, leaves, and seeds. Conventionally, it has been used to treat malaria, obesity, urinary incontinence, and anemia, and protect against sunlight and skin diseases. However, as avocado is a plant species with worldwide knowledge, it is necessary to constantly review recently published articles, according to the topic of interest. Therefore, the objective of this review is to compile and discuss recent studies (2010–2024) on ethnomedicinal, pharmacological, and chemical information of P. americana. Articles were searched from the following electronic databases: Scopus (n = 62), ScienceDirect (n = 70), and PubMed (n = 194). Regarding the in vivo pharmacological effects, studies suggest potential benefits for diabetes, gastric ulcers, and others, likely due to reduced glucose levels. In vitro studies mainly focused on antioxidant/anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. These findings demonstrate a high diversity of pharmacological activities achievable with P. americana extracts through various administration forms (decoction, juice extract, and infusion) and plant parts. Overall, P. americana shows promise as an effective alternative treatment for various health issues.Item Assessment of in vitro antioxidant properties and anticancer potential of Cucumis pubescens Willd. a medicinal fruit, utilizing human lung cancer cell line (A549)(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Sundari, T; Kavitha, R; Mythili Gnanamangai, B; Saranya, S.This study explores the antioxidant properties and anticancer potential of Cucumis pubescens Willd. (Cucurbitaceae) fruits, focusing on enzymatic, nonenzymatic, and MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiozol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assays. The investigation reveals the presence of key antioxidant enzymes, known for their antioxidant properties. Furthermore, MTT assay within C. pubescens exhibits significant anticancer effects by inducing cell growth arrest and inhibition. The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro antioxidant potential and anticancer properties of a human lung cancer cell line (A549). Antioxidant property evaluation methods are carried out through SOD (superoxide dismutase) assay, catalase activity assay, GPx (glutathione peroxidase) assay, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. GST enzyme estimation established a detoxifying effect, and the MTT assay established the cytotoxic potential of C. pubescens fruits. The fruit extract of C. pubescens showed promising antioxidant properties and anticancer effects. The IC50 (50% inhibition concentration) value was estimated to be 7.5 ± 1.5, which is significantly higher compared to its positive control (doxorubicin). This comprehensive exploration not only enhances our understanding of the health-promoting properties of C. pubescens but also emphasizes its potential as a nature- derived source for medical applications, particularly in the field of oncology.Item Molecular characterization of the ligninolytic Sundarban mangrove isolate Stenotrophomonas maltophilia GD1 and its promising applications in the dye and fiber industry(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Das, S; Sen, M; Sinha, N; Kumar, S; Dasgupta, N; Ghosh, D.Lignocellulolytic biocatalysts, including laccase, cellulase, and pectinase, have high potential for degrading lignocellulosic biomass (LCB). Jute and banana are fiber-producing LCBs that hold significant economic value. Nevertheless, certain parts of these plants are utilized as waste material due to their low-quality fiber, which causes losses for the industry. These waste portions can be processed and biologically converted into high-value fiber. A bacterial strain called Stenotrophomonas maltophilia GD1, which can produce several proteins, was isolated from the Sundarban mangrove ecosystem in West Bengal, India, and genetically analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing. The strain exhibited the ability to produce all three necessary lignocellulolytic enzymes, with the highest levels of laccase and minimal cellulase and pectinase activity. The strain modified the fibers extensively, as determined by Young’s modulus, and removed the color from the toxic industrial dyes. This demonstrates the broad potential of this strain for waste valorization and environmental remediation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the enhanced fiber quality. Microbial phylogenetic relationships were established using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 11 (MEGA 11).Item Assessment of protein profile and antibacterial activity in hemolymph of Bacillus thuringiensis-immunized muga silkworm(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2024-12) Kalita, S; Saharia, S; Kalita, D; Swargiary, D; Bardoloi, S.The major aspect of immune system in insects can be attributed to its humoral immune response that is largely operated by means of some defense proteins or antimicrobial peptides. Muga silkworms have remained mostly unexplored in this matter, and as such in this study, Bacillus thuringiensis inoculated fifth-instar muga silkworm larva was analyzed for changes in protein profile, antimicrobial activity, as well toxicity assessment of the bacteria in the body of the silkworm larvae. Toxicity assessment was done by the serial dilution method, which was used to prepare various bacterial doses, and the LC50 value was found to be at 5.7 × 106 CFU/mL. A sublethal concentration was used for immunization of the larvae, following which hemolymph from the silkworms were collected at different time intervals, that is, 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, and 24 h. Antimicrobial assessment by well diffusion method showed the hemolymph collected after 24 h to be potent against both B. thuringiensis (MTCC 1953) and Escherichia coli (MTCC 40). Furthermore, analysis of this hemolymph revealed higher concentration of protein content as well as higher free amino acid concentration compared with a normal group. The appearance of several new bands in SDS-PAGE analysis of the same hemolymph was observed, which was not seen in the protein profile of normal silkworm previously. Proper proteomic analysis and characterization of such proteins produced on immunization might prove to be revolutionary in better understanding the silkworm as well as its defense mechanism providing valuable insights. This might be crucial for the development of natural and potent antibiotics with fewer side effects.