Journal of Animal Research
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Editor-in-Chief: Dr Neelesh Sharma
ISSN: (Print) 2249-5290 (Online) 2277-940X
Frequency: Half-yearly
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://ndpublisher.in/ndpjournal.php?j=JAR
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Item Bovine CD14 Gene Polymorphism and its Association with Milk Yield, Milk Constituents and Somatic Cell Count in Holstein Friesian Crossbred and Gir Cows(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-09) Parashar, R.; Tomar, S.S.; Nagoriya, S.K.; Khan, Z.A.; Jha, A.K.The present study was undertaken to explore polymorphism of the CD14 gene and its association with milk yield, fat, protein, SNF % and somatic cell count (SCC) (lakhs/ml) in Gir and Holstein Friesian (HF) crossbred cattle. A total of 80 cows comprising 40 each of Gir and HF crossbreds were included in the study. Genomic DNA isolation, quantification, standardization of PCR protocol and restriction digestion of PCR product using enzyme HinfI were done as per standard methodologies. Data on the lactation yield were collected from the history sheets and records maintained at the farms. Fat, Protein and SNF % were determined by milk analyzer. Somatic Cell Count in the milk was performed using microscope. The RFLP pattern yielded three genotypic variants viz., CC, CD and DD with their respective frequencies of 0.425, 0.400 and 0.175 in Gir and 0.200, 0.425 and 0.375 in Crossbreds. The effect of breed on lactation yield was significant (P <0.01); while the effect of the CD14 genotype was non-significant. For Fat% the effects of breed (P < 0.01) and genotype (P < 0.05) were significant; Mean milk protein% and SNF% were significantly higher for cows possessing CD14 genotype CC in comparison to the cows of genotype CD and DD. For SCC, effect of breed (P < 0.05) and genotype (P < 0.01) were both significant. It could be concluded from the present study that the DD genotype was the favoured genotype for milk yield, CC for milk fat % Protein %, SNF% and SCC.Item A Study of Reproductive Traits in Magra Sheep(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-09) Bissu, M.; Pannu, U.; Narula, H.K.; Chopra, A.; Nehara, M.; Ghorela, A.Magra sheep is well accommodated in semi- arid region of India and primarily raised for wool and meat purpose. The data for the present investigation were obtained from the records of organised flock of Magra ewe for the years 1997-2016, located at the Arid Region Campus of the ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Beechwal, Bikaner. Traits that analysed as age at first service (AFS; 571.43 � 6.55 days), weight at first service (WFS; 30.07 � 0.14 Kg), age at first successful service (ASS; 608.66 � 8.06 days), weight at first successful service (WSS; 30.39 � 0.18 Kg), age at first lambing (AFL; 761.02 � 8.53 days), ewe?s weight at lambing (WL; 32.18 � 0.17), conception rate ( CR; 0.68 � 0.02) and days to lambing (DL; 171.94 � 0.90). For the reproductive traits, the data were adjusted for the effect of non-genetic factors as period of birth and sire of ewe significantly affected all the reproductive traits. Season of birth of ewe was significantly affected to AFS, WFS and WSS. Ewe抯 weight at birth had a significant influence on AFS, WFS, ASS, WSS and WL. Inbreeding coefficient had a significant influence on WFS. Sires of ewes were included as random genetic effect. AFS, WFS, ASS, WSS and AFL were significantly influenced by their respective covariates. This study indicates that ewe?s with better body condition showing superior reproductive performance.Item Prevalence of Exposure to Brucella Species in Lactating Cattle in the Ludhiana District of Punjab, India(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-09) Sharma, V.Brucellosis is a neglected endemic disease in Punjab and has a substantial impact on livestock and humans. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Brucella species exposure in lactating cattle reared among dairy farmers in the Ludhiana district of Punjab, India. Blood samples were collected from 261 lactating animals (181 cattle and 80 buffalo) and were tested using Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (i-ELISA). Information from the dairy farmers relating to animals such as breed of the cow, history of abortion, repeat breeding, retention of placenta was collected. An animal was considered overall seropositive based on a positive RBPT and a positive i-ELISA test. Of the 261 blood samples, 46 were positive using RBPT indicating an apparent sero-prevalence of 17.62%, and 58 were positive using i-ELISA reflecting an apparent sero-prevalence of 22.22%. The overall (animal positive in RBPT and a positive indirect ELISA test) apparent sero-prevalence was 15.71% (41 positive). The sero-prevalence was higher in cattle (18.23%) than in buffalo (10%). Regarding breed-wise, crossbreed cows showed slightly higher seropositivity (18.25%) than indigeneous cows (18.18%). Animals with a history of abortion, repeat breeding and retention of placenta (ROP) also showed seropositivity to brucellosis disease. More epidemiological investigations are required to generate data on the status of brucellosis in lactating cattle for the development of an extensive control program in India, including Punjab.Item Effect of Bakery Waste as Maize Replacer on Blood Biochemical and Immune Parameters of Broiler Chicken(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-09) Chauhan, K.; Sharma, R.K.; Khan, N.; Pathak, A.K.; Rastogi, A.Present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of bakery waste incorporation on the blood biochemical and immune parameters of broiler chicken. Two hundred and forty day-old chicks were randomly divided into five dietary treatments: Control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 having 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% bakery waste as maize replacement respectively. Blood biochemical parameters and immune parameters were analysed during the trial. The blood biochemical parameters viz. total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin-globulin ratio, cholesterol, triglycerides, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT) were estimated in serum using 揈RBA Diagnostic Kits� and were statistically similar (p>0.05) as well in the normal physiological range indicating no adverse effect of bakery waste utilisation on the health of broiler chicken. Likewise, the cell mediated immune response and the humoral immune response did not show any significant (p>0.05) difference. Thus, this study shows that the use of bakery waste as maize replacer upto 20% in broiler ration supports the physiological growth of broiler chicken.Item Clinico-Diagnostic Studies on Hepatic Disorders in Dogs(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-09) Lakshmi, K.; Padmaja, K.In the present study, 88 dogs were diagnosed with hepatic disorders based on clinical manifestations, haemato-biochemistry and diagnostic Imaging. All the cases exhibited clinical manifestations of inappetance and anorexia, vomition, anemia, diarrhea, pyrexia, lethargy, icterus, abdominal pain, emaciation, ascites, weight gain,weight loss, respiratory distress, limb edema, nervous signs, polyuria and polydipsia. Significantly decreased Hb and TEC with elevated TLC and neutrophil count were common hematological abnormalities. Similarly, elevated activity of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and globulin with decreased levels of total protein, albumin, glucose and serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride) were common biochemical findings recorded in dogs affected with hepatic disorders. Ground glass appearance, hepatomegaly and normal liver size were the common radiographic findings Based on ultrasonographic evaluation carried out on the suspected cases of hepatic disorders, revealed changes in size (normal reducedand enlarged), echogenecity, (hyper, hypo andmixed echogenicity), margins (sharp, rounded and irregular), portal and hepatic veins (Normal and inapparent), hypoechoic masses and anechoic fluid.Item Therapeutic Studies on Clinical Mastitis in Goats(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-09) Suman, P.; Lakshmi, K.; Nagarai, P.; Anil Kumar, B.The present investigation 揟herapeutic Studies on Clinical Mastitis in Goats拻 was under taken to study the efficacy of 2 different therapeutic agents. Out of 12 goats diagnosed with Clinical mastitis, 12 goats (17 quarters) were randomly divided into two groups, viz., group II and III with 6 goats in each. Besides, 6 goats were included under apparently healthy control group (Group I). The affected goats of group II was treated with Amoxirum Forte and group III was treated with Gardplus. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated based on improvement in clinical signs, milk abnormalities, MCMT score, qualitative changes in milk, hematology, cultural examination. Administration of Gard plus in group III goats resulted in 83.33 percent of bacteriological cure rate on day 5, while 66.67 percent of bacteriological curerate was observed in goats of group III treated with Amoxirum forte.Item Host-Pathogen Interactions, Diagnostics, and Control Measures for Brucellosis in Ruminants-A review(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-09) Sharma, V.; Pandey, P.; Singh, P.; Parmar, M.Ruminants are usually endemic to brucellosis, a disease caused by B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis and B. ovis. Brucella can affect animals of any age, regardless of sex, and is typically linked to substantial morbidity, spontaneous abortion both in ruminants (last trimester), and humans. Brucella species form a closely related monophyletic cluster with DNA-to-DNA hybridization values that are close to 100%. The Ochrobactrum genus members are the nearby phylogenetic ancestors of Brucella, which share over 97% identity with the Brucella consensus sequence of the 16S rRNA gene. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Type IV secretion system (T4SS), Urease, Cytochrome oxidase and BvrR/BvrS system are important virulence factors which help bacteria to invade and cause infection in a host. Stamp抯 modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining, immunohistochemistry, serological tests, and bacterial culture (gold standard) are the important tests for screening and diagnosis of brucellosis. Test and slaughter policies are not feasible to control brucellosis in developing nation such as India because cows are often used as a symbol of zeal and pride. Therefore, to reduce the burden of brucellosis in ruminants, attention must be focused on proper screening and segregation, vaccination, better cleanliness and hygiene, better management, increased farmer awareness, and more robust cows, in addition to the disease reporting system, such as diagnostic options and surveillance in farm animals.Item Occurrence of Subclinical Endometritis due to Bacterial Infection and Bacterial Isolation in Repeat Breeder Buffaloes of Jabalpur(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-09) Vishvakarma, S.; Bajaj, N.K.; Gupta, V.; Mishra, R.; Mishra, A.; Umar, P.; Dagar, J.The present study was designed to evaluate the occurrence of subclinical endometritis due to bacterial infection in repeat breeder buffaloes. One hundred sixty three repeat breeder buffaloes were screened in various organised farm in and around Jabalpur (M.P). All the selected repeat breeder buffaloes were subjected for screening by physical examination, per rectal examination, cervico-vaginal mucus examination, Whiteside test and endometrial cytology. All the animals found positive for subclinical endometritis were subjected to bacterial isolation. On the basis of endometrial cytology by cytobrush technique 19.63 per cent repeat breeder buffaloes were diagnosed to be suffering from subclinical endometritis. Endometrial cytology by cytobrush technique revealed polymorphonuclear cell percentage in repeat breeder buffaloes found positive and negative for subclinical endometritis to be 9.70�80 and 2.19�09 per cent, respectively. The difference between the repeat breeder buffaloes found positive and negative for subclinical endometritis for PMN percentage was significant (p<0.05). Total 17.17 per cent repeat breeder buffalo were positive for subclinical endometritis due to bacterial infection. Among these 28 bacterial isolates 12 (42.85%) samples yielded single while 16 (57.15%) samples yielded mixed isolates. Among the 28 bacterial isolates 20 (45.45%) Staphylococcus species was most prevalent followed by 12 (27.27%) of Streptococcus species, 8 (18.18%) of Bacillus species and 6 (13.64%) of E. coli. It was concluded that occurrence of subclinical endometritis due to bacterial infection was 17.17 per cent and Staphylococcus species (45.45%) was most prevalent among the bacterial isolates obtained.Item Management of Subclinical Endometritis by Immunomodulators and Proteolytic Enzymes(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-09) Manjhi, V.K.; Bajaj, N.K.; Shukla, S.P.; Kaurav, P.S.Five hundred repeat breeder cows (2-4 parity) were randomly selected from livestock farm, Kuthuliya and villages of Rewa (M.P.). On the basis of endometrial cytology by cytobrush technique 140 repeat breeder cows (28%) were diagnosed to be suffering from subclinical endometritis. Out of the animals found positive 30 cows were selected and were divided into 5 groups (n=06 per group). The group wise treatment allotted were Group I- Levamisole, 2.5 mg/kg body weight, once for three weeks, S/c; Group II- 100 ?gm E. coli LPS in 30 ml PBS, single I/U infusion; Group III- 500 mg Benzathine cephapirin, single I/U infusion; Group IV- Proteolytic enzymes in 10 ml distilled water, single I/U infusion and Group V (Control)-no treatment. All the animals were subjected to endometrial cytology at 12 hrs., 24 hrs. and 48 hrs. post-treatment. The animals were bred at next successive oestrus and pregnancy was confirmed 60 days post insemination. Endometrial cytology in treatment group I revealed that the PMN per cent increased significantly (p<0.05) from 0 hrs. to 24 hrs. In groups II, III and IV, the increase in PMN per cent was significant (p<0.05) from 0 hrs. to 48 hrs. The overall pregnancy rate was higher (83.33%) in treatment groups II and IV as compared to treatment group III (50.00%), group I (33.33%) and group V (0.00%), respectively. It was concluded that immunomodulators like E. coli lipopolysaccharide and proteolytic enzymes proved to be better for enhancing uterine immunity and pregnancy rates in subclinical endometritic repeat breeder cows.Item Exploring Ethno-veterinary Practices for Livestock Diseases: A Survey-Based Approach(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-07) Venkata Krishna, N.; Pradeep Kumar Reddy, Y.; Pandu Ranga Reddy, P.; Dharma Rao, M.V.; Naveena, K.; Guru Manoj, A.The current study explores the ethno-veterinary practices adopted by rural farmers and examined their socio-dynamic profile. A total of 183 plant species belonging to 158 genera and 70 families were identified. Among these, 165 were dicotyledons, 17 species belonged to monocotyledons, and one was classified as a pteridophyte. Within the studied plant families, Euphorbiaceae had the highest representation with 14 species (7.65%), followed by Fabaceae with 12 species (6.56%). Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, and Solanaceae each had 7 species (3.82%). Asclepiadaceae, Asteraceae, Liliaceae, and Mimosaceae had equal representation with 6 species each, accounting for 3.28% of the total species. Annonaceae and Rutaceae exhibited the lowest representation among the families, each consisting of 5 species, representing 2.73% of the total. The plant habit encompasses various categories, including climber, shrub, tree, herb, and lian. A diverse range of plant parts were utilized, such as aerial parts, leaves, bulb, clove, corn, flower, fruit, latex, leaves, oil, pod, pulp, rhizome, root, root bark, seed, steam, steam bark, tender shoot, tuber, and whole plant. Trees ranked as the most frequently utilized species, followed by herbs, shrubs, and climbers. Out of the respondents engaged in the practices, males were 325 while females were 480 with a percent of 40.37 and 59.63, respectively. The age groups with highest perception of ethno-veterinary practices were 61-70 years followed by 31-40 years and 51-60 years age group. Further most of the positive respondents were with primary education followed by medium education and illiterates.Item Quantitative Real-Time PCR as an Alternative to Plaque Assay Titration for Recombinant Baculovirus Expressing Porcine Parvovirus VP2 Gene(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-09) Pande, T.; Tiwari, A.K.; Singh, S.; Rather, M.M.; Koppu, V.; Upmanyu, V.Baculovirus expression system having post translational modification is used for large scale production of foreign proteins. Viral titre determination is crucial for efficient protein production. Even though plaque assay and end-point dilution method are conventionally used for titre determination, a less tedious and time-saving method is required for viral titre determination. Recombinant baculovirus expressing VP2 of porcine parvovirus was transfected in SF-21 insect cells. A quantitative real-time PCR was optimized for r-baculovirus titre determination and correlated with plaque assay method for its performance. The baculovirus DNA qPCR Ct values and corresponding PFU/mL showed strong correlation having value of r =99.71 at 95% confidence interval.Item Optimization and Comparison of Real-time Reverse Transcription PCR with Conventional PCR for Detection of Canine Distemper Virus(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-09) Manchikatla, S.; Yella, N.R.; Putty, K.Canine distemper virus is a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus family Paramyxoviridae. It causes a serious, highly contagious, often fatal, disease of dogs and many carnivores resulting in respiratory and gastro-intestinal disease with frequent involvement of the central nervous system. Although vaccination against CDV disease has been widely used for many decades, this infection still represents an important disease of dogs. Though conventional RT-PCR is widely used for the diagnosis of CDV, Real-time RT-PCR because of its ease of performance and high sensitivity gained more attention. In this study we have optimized SYBR green based Real-time RT-PCR for detection of CDV and also compared its performance with conventional PCR. A total of 228 fecal samples/rectal swabs were collected and tested for CDV using Real-time RT-PCR targeting N gene and conventional RT-PCR targeting partial H and N genes. In real time RT-PCR 24 samples were found positive while only 17 were positive by conventional RT-PCR.Item Antiproliferative Effect of Methanolic and Aqueous Extract of Duranta erecta in C127I Cell Line(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-07) Thomas, S.; Roshni, S.S.; Geevargheese, S.; Mohanan, R.; Sujith, S.; Begum, N.; Nisha, A.R.; Koorse, K.G.; Surya, S.The Phytochemicals and their derivatives found in plants are most promising alternatives to improve treatment regimens in cancer patients with less adverse effects. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of D. erecta were assessed for their cytotoxicity in C127I cell line by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay at concentrations of 320, 160, 80, 40, 20 and 10 ?g/mL and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated using Graph Pad Prism 5.0. Doxorubicin was used as positive control. Dose dependent reduction in cell viability was noticed when the cells were subjected to different concentrations of the extracts. The IC50 of the aqueous and methanolic extract of D. erecta were 41.58 and 44.66 ?g/mL respectively. The cells were seeded in 6 well plates at a concentration of 1�5 cells/mL and were treated for 24 hours with methanolic and aqueous extract of D. erecta at concentration of IC50. The cells were trypsinised and subjected to Acridine orange � Ethidium bromide staining (AOEB) staining detected nuclei of normal cells stained by AO penetration which dyes green via attaching to DNA, EB, on the other hand, dyes the nuclei of late apoptotic and necrotic cells red and the result shows that D. erecta and doxorubicin induced apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, this study established that the methanolic and aqueous extract of D. erecta induces apoptosis in cancer cells in a dose dependent manner could be developed as a lead molecule for cancer management after conducting clinical trials in vivo and human subjects.Item Socio-economic Analysis of Local Goat Farmers of Northern Hills of Chhattisgarh(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-07) Bhagat, V.; Bhonsle, D.; Mukharjee, K.; Santra, A.K.; Gendley, M.; Barwa, D.K.; Pathak, R.; Patil, P.V.; Yogi, S.An investigation was undertaken to assess the socio-economic status of the 140 goat farmers of the three districts namely Surguja, Surajpur and Balrampur districts of the Northern hills of Chhattisgarh. The present investigation revealed that goat farmers were mainly from the male domain (58.57%) whereas, only (41.42%) were female and (62.85%) majority of the goat farmers belong to the middle age group followed by the old (20.00%) and young (17.15%) age groups. About 97.14% of the household head were married and of the goat farmers had a joint family. Nearly, 60.71% of goat farmers possess medium-sized families (5-8 members), followed by 21.43% having large families and 17.86 % having small families. More than half of the goat farmers belong to the Schedule Tribe category, followed by Other Backward Class, Schedule Caste and General category. The frock size ranged from 5 to 37 numbers. Goat farming was mainly dominated by small and marginal farmers. Agriculture is the primary occupation in the studied area. The majority of the goat farmers were illiterate and that goat farmers of the Northern hills of Chhattisgarh were not received any type of training, loan, and benefits from the government scheme regarding goat farming.Item Does Provision of Open Area Improve Growth Performance and Welfare of Large White Yorkshire Fattener Pigs during Summer Season in Tropical Indian Conditions?(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-01) Kanwarpal; Sharma, A.; Kaswan, S.; Singh, C.; Hundal, J.S.; Malik, D.S.Indian Standard (3916-1966) for pig housing, recommends a range of 0.9- 1.8 m2 floor area under covered and open space from weaning to finisher stage. Present study assessed whether, IS recommended open area is advantageous to improve welfare and growth performance of fattener pigs during summer season. A total of 20 piglets (10 castrated male and 10 females) at 3 months of age with average body weight 18.94 � 1.04 Kg were randomly assigned to two housing treatments groups namely Tc; with lower limits of IS recommended covered floor space of 0.9 m2 per pig and To; with higher limit of IS recommended floor area of 1.8 m2 per pig, in which half, 0.9 m2 was under covered space and remaining half 0.9 m2 open space. Results revealed that provision of additional floor area of 0.9 m2 in open space did not improve growth performance and welfare of pigs during summer season. Therefore, IS recommended open space in pig housing is not necessary and can be removed to improve space, labour and overall economic efficiency of pig production.Item Assessment on Risk and Uncertainties Among Poultry Farmers in Corcuera, Romblon, Philippines(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-07) Falculan, K.N.Poultry farming is known widely all over the country, especially since it is considered a source of income for Filipino farmers. This study was a descriptive method to assess the practices of poultry farmers in eliminating risks. The socio-demographic profile of the respondents comprises 50% male and 50% female, with a total of one hundred respondents (100) age ranges from 51-60 years old, and 70% of them were married. Household size has 4-7 members, source of income of respondents was in the poultry industry; 95% of respondents have an average income of P5000-10000 monthly. 47% of the respondents are elementary level (84%), they engaged in farming for five years and above, and 83% of the respondents raised native chicken as their source of income. Most of the respondents agreed on the different risks in managing poultry this is the following; environmental risks, production risks, health risks, market risks, and financial risks. Determinants are; disease outbreaks, poultry facilities, veterinary care, supply of electricity and water, inadequate knowledge of poultry raising, and high feed prices. Most respondents stated that; management and strategic intervention will be applied in managing small-scale poultry. Such interventions stated are; promoting the quality of poultry products, maintaining poultry health and sanitation, having strong communication and coordination between all those involved in poultry veterinary service, having personal savings, investing in quality feeds, and biosecurity obtained.Item Query Fever Infection: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors in Cattle in Selected Districts of Bench Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-09) Haile, T.; Teklemariam, T.; Soma, M.; Deneke, Y.; Addis, M.Query fever (Q fever) is caused by highly infectious, ubiquitous and pleomorphic intracellular rickettsia, Coxiella burnetii. This imparts significant zoonotic and socio-economic burden due to production and reproductive loss (abortion, stillbirth, and infertility) in ruminant and debilitating clinical disease in human populations. The study districts, peasant associations and individual animal were selected randomly. A cross sectional study was conducted both intensive and extensive farms. Data was collected in individual animal and herd level by using questionnaire to assess possible risk factors associated with the occurrence of Query fever disease. Indirect-enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (i-ELISA) test was used to detect antibody against C. burnetii in the collected serum. A total of 422 animal抯 serum and 119 herds were observed in this study. The overall seroprevalence of C. burnetii was 4.97% (95% CI: 3.1%-7.5%) and 13.4% (95% CI: 7.88%-20.91%) at individual animal and herd level respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that cattle breed (p = 0.04; adjusted OR = 4.804; (95% CI: 7.07-14.54%)), tick infestation (p = 0.018; adjusted OR = 11.786 (95% CI: 5.51-21.48)) and multispecies mix (p = 0.005; adjusted OR = 9.022 (95% CI: 17.95-31.74)) were significantly associated with the occurrence of Coxiella burnetii infection. The present finding showed risk factors such as breed, tick infestation and multispecies mix were found to be significantly associated with C. burnetii seropositivity. Tick control option should be applied for cattle and other domestic animal species to decrease the dissemination of Query fever.Item Herd Health Management and Animal Welfare: A Review(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-09) Ramakant; Sarkar, T.K.; Verma, A.K.; Thakur, V.; Maurya, P.K.; Gautam, S.; Varun, V.K.; Singh, A.Livestock is the backbone of agriculture farming and maximization of profit is one of the main interests. Success of livestock farming is mainly associated with the management of farm with respect to nutrition, housing, health and different factors related to it. Economic performance depends upon productive and reproductive performance of the animals. Herd health management is the method to prevent or eliminate diseases, improving health status, welfare and productive performance of dairy animals at farm level. Herd health management involves regular contact with the dairy farmers and collection of data and its analysis so that problems related to management, disease and production of the animal can be analyzed frequently. As a result of large scale of dairy farming and technological development, interest shifted from the treatment of single animal to control diseases in a group. The main aim of herd health management is associated with reducing the productive losses by improving management practices and the health status of the dairy animals. This includes routine farm visit, record keeping, health checkup, deworming, vaccination, treatment, claw trimming, udder health management, sanitization and biosecurity measures. Health and productivity of the farm can be improved by proper management practices and it also helpful in enhancing the welfare of the animals.Item Selective Detection and Quantification of Viable Bacillus cereus by PMA qPCR from Ready-to-Eat Meat Products(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-09) Rathnapraba, S.; Shathish Sharma, B.J.; Kanagaraju, P.; Narendrababu, R.Bacillus cereus is one of the common causative organisms causing major foodborne outbreaks. Quantitative polymerase chain (qPCR) reaction could detect Bacillus cereus contamination in food samples, but both the viable and dead bacteria are detected. However, only viable bacterial pathogens might seriously jeopardize the safety of food. Therefore, in this study we used Propidium monoazide (PMA) based qPCR to detect and quantify the viable food borne bacterial pathogen, Bacillus cereus in ready to eat meat products. As a reference strain, Bacillus cereus (ATCC 117783) was used for preparation of viable and dead cells from artificially spiked meat samples. DNA was extracted from PMA treated and untreated samples, subjected to PMA based qPCR and conventional qPCR using fem A gene specific primers designed in the study. Further, meat samples (n=50) were subjected to qPCR and PMA based qPCR for viable bacterial pathogen detection. Among the 50 samples screened, 16 samples were positive for PMA qPCR with a detection range of > 103 CFU/ml, whereas in conventional qPCR, 27 samples were positive. The more positivity in conventional qPCR is due to amplification of both live and dead bacteria from the meat products screened. In comparison to qPCR, less than half of the samples were amplified by PMA qPCR indicating detection of only viable bacteria in the samples screened, thus eliminating false positive results. Thus, culture independent PMA based qPCR may be useful for rapid and selective detection of Bacillus cereus that could aid in reliable risk assessment in ready to eat meat products.Item Effect of Urea, Biological Inoculant, Molasses and Fiber Degrading Enzymes on in vitro Ruminal Fermentation of Paddy Straw Silage(The Association of Mastitis, 2023-01) Kour, M.; Lamba, J.S.; Grewal, R.S.; Chahal, U.S.; Malhotra, P.; Nayyar, S.This study was planned to ascertain the effect of inclusion of urea, biological inoculant, fiber degrading enzymes and molasses on chemical composition, in vitro utilization and degradability of paddy straw silage. Urea was used @0%, 1% and 2%. Molasses (M) was added @0%, 3% and 6%. Lactobacillus plantarum (LAB) @ 2.4x106 cfu/g and enzymes (no addition, xylanase or cocktail) @ 50 g/100 kg paddy straw were included in some treatments and excluded in others. The DM, ADL, NDICP and ADICP were found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) and NDF, hemicellulose and cellulose showed a significant decline (p<0.05) with the inclusion of urea @1% and molasses@6%. Lactobacillus inclusion caused a significant decline in NDF, ADF and silica (p<0.05). Evaluation of in vitro utilization showed significantly higher (p<0.05) NGP, ml, OMD, mg, OMD,% , DMD, % , MCP,% and ME, MJ/kg DM with urea@1%, molasses@6% and with the inclusion of Lactobacillus plantarum and cocktail enzyme.