Journal of Animal Research
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Editor-in-Chief: Dr Neelesh Sharma
ISSN: (Print) 2249-5290 (Online) 2277-940X
Frequency: Half-yearly
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://ndpublisher.in/ndpjournal.php?j=JAR
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Item Evaluation of Cassia Tora for Proximate Composition, Fodder Quality and Digestibility Parameters(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-06) Babu, Arumbaka Sudheer; Krishna, Chilumula Rama; Raju, SagiThe study was conducted to explore the possibility of utilization of Senna tora or Cassia tora or Wild senna complete plant for application as animal feed using the proximate analysis based on AOAC analytical standard and further the fodder quality and digestibility parameters were estimated using various factorial methods. Samples were pooled from in and around Fodder Unit, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad. Crude protein (CP) was 12.38 percent while crude fiber (CF) was 18.84. The CF recorded was higher than the conventional feeds generally used for non-ruminant livestock hence the plant may probably suit to be fed to ruminant and pseudo-ruminants. Other results were total ash 10.84 %, moisture content 13.10% and lipid content 2.63%. The Calcium was 4.38 % and Phosphorous 1.02%. The quality analysis of fibers was Neutral Detergent Fiber 59.45% and Acid Detergent Fiber was 35.99%. The estimated dry matter intake on dry matter basis was 2.02% and estimated digestibility parameters i.e. Relative Feed Value (RFV) was 95.24 %; Relative Feed Quality (RFQ) was 102.81 %. The other results of analysis were acid detergent lignin (ADL) 28.59%, hemi cellulose (HC) 23.46%, acid insoluble ash (AIA) 0.27% and silica 0.17 %. The analysis results depict potential nutritional use as animal feed which has to be further tested in vivo at various levels of inclusion.Item Comparing the Impact of Jowar Straw and Soybean Straw on Growth Performance in Gir Heifers(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-06) Dibragede, Hency; Chavan, S.D.; Singh, Neeraj; Lashkare, S.V.; Awasthi, Ashish; Kumar, VeerendraSix Gir heifers were divided into three groups on the nearness of age and weight. Treatments were studied namely T1 (Jowar straw + hybrid Napier + concentrate), T2 (50% Jowar straw + 50% Soybean straw + hybrid Napier + concentrate), T3 (50% Jowar straw + 50% Salt treated Soybean straw + hybrid Napier + concentrate) to fulfil the requirement of Gir heifer in all treatments. Dry, green fodder and concentrate mixture were provided per the thumb rule. Daily DM intake differed non-significantly between the treatments. The heifer from the T3 groups consumed more DM than that of T1 and T2 heifers. The average daily DM intake was 6.51, 6.68 and 7.05 kg/day/heifer in the T1 , T2 and T3 groups respectively. This trend thus indicated an increase in the daily DM intake when 2% salt-treated soybean straw and jowar straw were incorporated as roughage in the heifer rations. Weight gain per day was found higher in combination feeding of jowar and salt-treated soybean straw. All the heifers exhibited a satisfactory growth rate of 358 to 470 g per day and the differences were significant. It was concluded from all discussions over the experimental result that treatment T3 shows better and more desirable results as compared to T1 and T2 treatments. In T 3 treatment feeding of jowar straw, 2% salt-treated soybean straw, green fodder and concentrate not only fulfilled the nutrient requirement and growth of calves but also based on weight gain reduced the cost of feeding.Item Successful Management of Paraphimosis in a German Shepherd Dog(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-10) Kamalakar, G.; Mahesh, R.; Saigunaranjan, N.; Prabhakar, K.A 3 year old German shepherd dog was presented with a history of inability of penis to retract into prepuce after coitus, dysuria, and anorexia with abducted hind limbs. The protruded penis was dry, oedematous and congested with dark purple patches. Manual conservative treatment using hygroscopic agents was failed to reduce the size of the penis. Hence it was treated by aspiration of blood that was blocked in cavernous spaces of penis, replaced it in preputial sheath after preputiotomy and closed with purse string sutures. By prompt post operative measures and antibiotic treatment, the dog recovered well.Item Isolation of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus from Andhra Prad(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-06) Ranjith Reddy, R; Rani Prameela, D; Vijaya Lakshmi, S; Lahari, L; Sailaja, N.A total of 31 blood samples and 31 skin scabs were collected from both adult and young calves of suspected cases of Lumpy skin disease showing clinical signs. All the collected samples (31 blood samples and 31 skin scabs) were processed and subjected for virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs and primary testicular cell cultures. The skin scabs (7 out of 14) positive at genus and (amplifying P32 gene) species level amplifying (GPCR, RPO30 and Ankyrin repeat) genes by PCR were attempted for virus isolation on embryonated chicken eggs of 10-11 days old. All the seven virus isolates (TPT-1, TPT-2, K-1, K-2, G-1, CH-1, CH-2) showed hemorrhages on chorio-allantoic membrane at second passage level on 5th day of post inoculation whereas only three isolates (TPT-2, K-1, CH-1) showed characteristic pock lesions on 5 th day of post inoculation at 5 th passage level. These were further confirmed by PCR amplifying P32 gene. Out of these three isolates (TPT-2, K-1, CH-1) only two isolates (TPT-2, K-1) were subjected for adaptation in primary lamb testicular cell cultures and CPE was observed with shrinkage, cell rounding and cell aggregation between 48-72hrs post infection at first blind passage level.Item Estimation of Repeatability for Certain Reproductive Trait in Various Grade of Jersey × Red Sindhi Crosses(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-10) Singh, R.; Singh, R.P.; Neeraj; Prabhakar, P.Estimation of genetic parameters is important to determine the selection criterion and future breeding strategies. Jersey × Red Sindhi crosses are milk-purpose breeds of cattle and are popular among farmers for their high milk yield and efficient reproduction. The term “repeatability” refers to an animal’s likelihood of performing similarly to or better than the herd average in her next lactation than she did in her previous lactation. It’s usually calculated as an intra-herd correlation or a correlation between recordings from the same animal over multiple lactations. To maximize the profitability of dairy crossbred cattle, getting a better understanding of the factors that influence reproduction is critical. Skilled people raised and cared for the animals in identical feeding and management conditions. Calving interval (CI), service period (SP), dry period (DP), and days- open were the reproductive features investigated. The data revealed that the repeatability (r) with standard error (SE) for the calving interval (0.60± 0.71), service period (0.20, 0.140), dry period (0.14, ± 0.33) and days-open (0.94 0.14), had moderate repeatability. The calving interval, service period with low repeatability, dry period, and days open with high repeatability are all variables to consider.Item Impact of Rice Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (RDDGS) on Nutrient Utilization of Nagavali Ram Lambs(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-06) Madhukar, Vikas; Rani, K. Sudha; Kumar, D. Srinivas; Illa, Satish KumarRice Distillers Dried Grains with Soluble (RDDGS) is a byproduct generated during the production of ethanol. The present study was aimed to assess the impact of incorporating Rice Distillers Dried Grains with Soluble (RDDGS) by substituting soybean meal in the concentrate mixture on the growth, digestibility, and cost economics of Nagavali ram lambs. Twenty-four lambs were randomly assigned into four treatment groups. In the treatment groups, soybean meal was replaced with RDDGS at 0% (T1), 50% (T 2), 75% (T 3), and 100% (T 4 ) levels. Our results inferred that replacing of soyabean meal with different concentrations of RDDGS did not significantly (P>0.05) affect dry matter Intake (DMI and feed conversion ratio. Further, gross digestibility of different nutrients and cell wall constituents were also unaffected. The cost of feed per kg of weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) reduced. The cost of feed/kg gain was significant (P<0.05) because of the replacement of soybean meal with RDDGS. T2 , T3, and T 4, showing decreases of ` 11.23, ` 17.59, and, respectively, in comparison to the control (T1 ). We conclude that, complete replacement of soyabean meal with DDGS is possible in sheep without compromising the nutrient efficiency and reduces the cost of production per kg body weight by 12.7% leading to reduced cost of production.Item Exploring the Biological Features of Wayanad Dwarf Cattle: A Qualitative Investigation(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-06) Muhammed Asif, M; Reeja George, P.The Kuruma tribes in the Wayanad district of Kerala have traditionally raised the Wayanad Dwarf Cattle. This study employs a hermeneutic phenomenological methodology using unstructured interviews and thematic analysis to delve into the perceptions of Kuruma cattle keepers regarding the crucial biological attributes of the Wayanad Dwarf Cattle. The findings reveal notable perceived characteristics, including higher levels of non-fat solids and fat in the milk, superior quality dung, and the ability to rear these animals without resorting to expensive concentrates. The Wayanad Dwarf Cattle’s robustness emerges as a significant perceived biological attribute, accompanied by advantages such as minimal housing requirements, rare disease occurrences, and resilience to diverse climates and terrains. Key recurring themes that were arrived at through the process of thematic analysis encompass the adaptability of these animals during water-scarce seasons and their distinctive grazing behavior, utilizing straight pointed horns to extract softer, green inner parts of tree stems by digging into the hard barks of tall trees in Wayanad forests. Any policy interventions aimed at fostering sustainable community-based conservation of the Wayanad Dwarf Cattle must necessarily consider the perspectives of the traditional stakeholders in this sector.Item Effect of feeding Mint (Mentha spicata) and Indian Bay Leaf (Cinnamomum tamala) on Performance, Carcass traits and Nutrient Utilization in Broiler Chicks(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-06) Gurjar, Mukesh Kumar; Nehra, Rajesh; Dhuria, Rajesh Kumar; Kumar, Mangesh; Ram, LunaA six-week study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of mint powder and Indian bay leaf powder alone and in combination on performance, carcass traits and nutrient utilization in broiler chicks. Three hundred chicks were equally and randomly divided into ten dietary treatment groups having two replicates in each. The T1 i.e. control group was fed on basal diet while T 2 , T3 and T4 groups have 0.50%, 1.0% and 1.50% of mint powder and T 5, T6 and T 7 groups have Indian bay leaf powder @ 0.50%, 1.0% and 1.50% levels, respectively. T8 , T9 and T10 treatment groups were supplemented with 0.25%, 0.50% & 0.75% of both the herbs. Results indicated the inclusion of herbal feed additive alone and in combination increased feed intake (P<0.05) and body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and performance index (P<0.01) as compared to control. Body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and performance index were highest in T7 treatment group i.e. group supplemented with 1.5% level of Indian bay leaf powder. Similarly, the metabolizability of dry matter (P<0.05) and crude protein (P<0.01) also increase significantly on supplementation of these herbs alone and in combination. However, no effect was recorded on the protein efficiency ratio; dressed weight percent, eviscerated yield percent and percent yield of giblet, heart, liver and gizzard. Thus, it can be concluded that the supplementation of herbs in broiler feed has increased performance. Further, Indian bay leaf powder at 1.5% level could be suggested for the best broiler performance.Item Dermatopathological Investigation on Cutaneous Lesions in Canines(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-10) Suohu, S.; Balasubramaniam, G.A.; Arulmozhi, A.; Gopalakrishnamurthy, T.R.; Raja, A.Dermatological problem is one of the major problems encountered in small animals. Fifty one cases of dogs showing dermatological lesions were presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal. The dermatological cases were recorded for three months (September to November 2021) to study the etiological agents, sex, age and breeds’ susceptibility to dermatopathological lesions in canines. The age-wise incidence showed highest occurrence in dogs aged upto 1 year (31.37%). The occurence of skin lesions were more in males (78.4%) as compared to females (21.56%). The incidence of skin infections (bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections) were highest in the non descript breeds (45%). Among exotic breeds, the incidence was more in Labrador breed (25.49%).Item Impact of Climate on Sweat Gland Morphology of Indigenous Kangayam Over Crossbed Jersey Cattle(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-06) Karumalaisamy, Devipriya; Palanisamy, Selvaraj; Santhanam, Jayachandran; Balasundaram, K.; IniyahThe present study was conducted to evaluate the morphological changes of sweat gland of indigenous Kangayam cows over crossbred Jersey cow during different climatic conditions. About six numbers of adult Kangayam and Jersey breeds of cattle in the age range of 3 to 5 years were selected from farmer’s house in the vicinity of Namakkal and Sathyamangalam districts of Tamil Nadu. The skin biopsy samples were collected in both the breeds during winter (December – February 2018) and summer (April- June 2019) seasons. Histological measurements like, sweat gland length, sweat gland diameter, depth of sweat gland and sweat gland density were recorded with the help of trinocular microscope (Leica DM 1000) with image analyzer (Leica application suit) software. The results revealed that the significant (P<0.01) increase in length and diameter and number of sweat glands in Kangayam cows than Jersey cows during both environmental conditions. Whereas depth of the sweat gland was less in Kangayam cow than Jersey cow during both seasons. The observations clearly indicating the more evaporative cooling capacity of indigenous cow over cross bred Jersey cow.Item Comparative Accuracy of Cow-Side Tests for Detection of Subclinical Mastitis(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-10) Bashir, S.; Shaheen, M.; Hassan, N.; Muhee, A.; Hussain, I.; Khan, H.M.; Bhat, M.A.; Dar, A.A.Subclinical mastitis (SCM) greatly influences the udder health, lowers milk quality and quantity. The gross clinical signs being absent, it is left undetected leading to high economic impacts on dairy farming. Cow-side indirect tests are employed for diagnosis besides the bacteriological culture (BC) as the gold standard. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic validity/ accuracy of cow-side tests like California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cell Count (SCC) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) with BC as the gold standard test for SCM detection. Growth on culture media of at least one colony of a major pathogen was taken as the criterion for a positive test. A total of 410 quarter milk samples were tested. The accuracy and Cohen’s kappa values for CMT were 70.98% and 0.42, for SCC 76.83% and 0.56, and for EC 53.45% and 0.09. The Receiver Operating Characteristic analyses showed the area under curve for CMT, SCC and EC as 78.10%, 81.20% and 59.90%, respectively. Both CMT and SCC had a good agreement with the gold standard test with SCC showing superiority over CMT in terms of diagnostic validity/ accuracy. Thus, the study endorsed SCC as the first choice for accurate detection of SCM in dairy cattle followed by CMT.Item Evaluation of Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) for Proximate Composition, Fodder Quality and Digestibility Parameters(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-06) Babu, Arumbaka Sudheer; Krishna, Chilumula Rama; Raju, SagiThe study was conducted to explore the possibility of utilization of Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) whole plant foliage for application as animal feed using the proximate analysis based on AOAC analytical standard and further the fodder quality and digestibility parameters were estimated using various factorial methods. Velvet bean was harvested for testing as forage between 90-120 days after sowing from Fodder Unit, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad wherein the whole plant samples were pooled. Crude protein (CP) was 16.80 percent while crude fiber (CF) was 19.0. The CF recorded was higher than the conventional feeds generally used for non-ruminant livestock hence the whole plant foliage may probably suit to be fed to ruminant and pseudo-ruminants. Other results were total ash 7.8 %, moisture content 73.0 % and lipid content 2.40%. The Calcium was 1.03 % and Phosphorous 0.19%. The quality analysis of fibers was Neutral Detergent Fiber 59.00% and Acid Detergent Fiber was 40.30%. The estimated dry matter intake on dry matter basis was 2.03%and estimated digestibility parameters i.e. Relative Feed Value (RFV) was 90.67%; Relative Feed Quality (RFQ) was 98.60 %. The other results of analysis were acid detergent lignin (ADL) 9.92%, hemi cellulose (HC) 22.10%, acid insoluble ash (AIA) 0.27% and silica 0.17%. The analysis results depict potential nutritional use as animal feed which has to be further tested in vivo at various levels of inclusion.Item Therapeutic Evaluation of Common Used Anti-coccidials in Buffalo Calves Against Eimeria Spp. and Integrated Strategy Management for Control of Eimeria Spp. Infection(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-08) Chopde, A.E.; Palampalle, H.Y.; Gudewar, J.G.; Naringrikar, R.P.; Kendre, B.P.Treatment was evaluated; Amprolium showed a reduction in oocyst counts by an average of 96.46 percent, whereas Toltrazuril resulted in a slightly higher average reduction of 97.34 percent which showed Toltrazuril was deemed more efficacious than Amprolium. Species identification confirmed the presence of three Eimeria species (E. bovis, E. auburnesis, E. albamensis) by conventional and molecular methods. Integrated control strategies, including improved farm management, frequent fecal sample screening, and regular use of anti-coccidials, were advised and assessed across three organized farms. Results showed a fifty percent decrease in mortality rates and improvement in body condition scores (BCS) in the study period, advocating these strategies effectively managing coccidiosis with improvement of health and economic sustainability. Present study underscores the significance of regular monitoring and tailored interventions in managing parasitic infections in buffalo calves, with special to better calf welfare and farm productivity of livestock owners.Item Effect of Age and Breed on Worm Burden in Indian Caprines(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-08) Kamble, B.; Joshi, S.; Thakur, M.S.; Singh, A.P.; Roy, B.; Das, G.; Shrivastava, K.; Jain, A.; Khare, V.; Singh, A.; Chaure, S.; Ansari, F.Goat farming is a substantial source of income, especially for people living in rural areas. But the biggest threat to goat production is gastro-intestinal nematodosis. Concerning the issues raised - the location, breed, age, sex, and season of an animal all affect the occurrence and severity of different GIPs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the effect of age and breed on worm burden in Indian Caprine. A total of 150 animals (50 each of Barbari, Sirohi, and Black Bengal breeds of goat) were grouped according to their age, i.e., 3-6 months (n=12), 6-9 months (n=12), 9-12 months (n=12) and above 12 months (n=14). All animals were screened at the start of the experiment for fecal egg count by McMaster method. Screening was conducted three times at 15-day intervals, after which a statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate the results. Both within and between breeds, the impact of the intestinal nematode resistance trait was determined. On the basis of egg per gram (EPG) (Screened fortnightly), it was observed that age had no significant effect on parasitic load whereas breeds had a significant effect on the parasitic load.Item Combatting Peste des Petits Ruminants: Vaccines and Future Hopes(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-08) Gazal, Sundus; Gazal, Sabahat; Gazal, Sehrish; Tikoo, Mehak; Kaur, Paviter; Sharma, NeeleshPeste des petits ruminants (PPR), a disease with its high morbidity and mortality rates is one of the most destructive transboundary viral diseases affecting small ruminants. The disease is caused by the PPR virus (PPRV) which encodes six structural proteins, out of which Nucleoprotein is the most immunogenic but elicits the production of non-neutralizing antibodies; while Haemagglutinin and Fusion proteins elicit a protective neutralizing antibody response. Currently live attenuated Nigeria 75/1 strain vaccine is used for control of PPR worldwide while Sungri 96 strain is predominantly used in India. Even though these vaccines are effective in providing protection against PPRV in sheep and goats, they cannot differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). The ability of vaccines to allow this differentiation is believed to play a key role in PPR control and eradication programs and as such the focus of many researchers is to develop an effective DIVA vaccine. The current article provides an overview of PPR and discusses various vaccines for the control of PPRV infection with a focus on its eradication.Item A Comparative Study on Repair of Canine Femoral Fractures Using Titanium and Stainless Steel Intramedullary Interlocking Nail(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-08) Aiswaraya, B.; Jagan Mohan Reddy, K.; Chandrasekhar, E.L.; Rajendranath, N.The present comparative clinical study in twelve dogs age ranged from 5 to 24 months. Six were male and six were female, among them 4 Mongrels (33.33%), two Labrador retrievers (16.6%), one each of Golden retriever (8.3%), German shepherd (8.3%), Mudhol hound (8.3%), Saint bernard (8.3%), Siberian husky (8.3%), and Pomeranian (8.3%). The body weight ranges from 11 to 42 kg. 50% of dogs had femur fractures due to automobile accidents, 33.33% had due to slipping on the floor, fallen from height (8.33%), fight between dogs (8.33%),and wild animal attack (8.33%). Lameness grading in the two groups pre-operatively showed grade V lameness. After surgical stabilization in group I (stainless steel IILN) the mean lameness grading score on immediate post operative day, 15th , 30th, 60th, and 90th post operative days were 3.16±1.2, 2.1±1.2, 1.6±6.2, 1.5±2.3, and 1.3±3.1 respectively. This showed gradual reduction in lameness grading score. In group II (Titanium IILN), the mean lameness grading score on immediate post operative day, 15th, 30 th, 60 th, and 90 th post operative days are 2.8±3.3, 1.3±3.2, 1.16±2.6, 1.16±2.6 and 1.16±2.6 respectively. In the group II dogs, earlier weight bearing and normal limb function were recorded with a mean of 3.5±2.5 days in compared to group I having a mean of 6.0±2.5 days, thus lameness grading was superior in titanium group. The fracture healing by negligible callus in 10 dogs, two dogs with secondary callus formation. Radiological scoring in the two groups showed complete radiographic healing from 60 th day to 90 th day post-operatively without any disturbance in apposition, alignment, angulation and apparatus.Item Effect of Feeding Molasses Based Multi-nutrient Liquid Supplement on Lactation Performance, Nutrient Utilization and Blood Metabolic Profile of Crossbred Cows(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-06) Sumedhan, Anuraj Kaithakkatte; Singh, Putan; Patil, Ashok KumarAn experiment was conducted to assess the lactation performance and intake and digestibility of nutrients of mid-lactating crossbred dairy cows fed with molasses based multi-nutrient liquid supplement (MMLS). Eighteen mid-lactating cows were divided into three groups (T1 , T2 and T3 ) with 6 cows in each group on the basis of body weight and milk yield. Cows were fed concentrate mixture, green fodder and wheat straw. T1 group was fed basal diet without MMLS, T2 and T3 groups were fed MMLS replacing 15 and 30% concentrate mixture, respectively. MMLS feeding did not show any significant change (P>0.05) in average intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and Acid detergent fibre (ADF) as compared to control. The ether extract (EE) intake of MMLS fed groups was lower (P<0.05) due to high EE content of concentrate mixture as compared to MMLS. The digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF and ADF was comparable (P>0.05) among all three groups. MMLS feeding did not show any significant change in lactation performance of the animals. The fortnightly DMI, body weight changes and blood metabolic profile were also found to be comparable among the groups. The data indicated that there was no adverse effect on nutrient intake and digestibility, lactation performance, DMI, body weight changes and blood metabolic profile due to feeding of MMLS to mid-lactating dairy cows replacing up to 30% of concentrate mixture.Item Effect of T. indica and T. arjuna on Hematological Parameters in Rats Exposed to Fluoride(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-10) Chourasia, A.; Sharma, R.K.; Shrman, K.; Mishra, A.; Gupta, V.; Dubey, A.Excessive fluoride intake is found toxic to the body. It is a highly soluble salt, ubiquitously present in water and its contamination in drinking water poses a public health problem, needs immediate attention. Since oxidative damage is the main cause of fluoride toxicity, the antioxidant potential of tamarind and arjuna having many anti-oxidant phyto-chemicals, may be exploited for the amelioration of its toxicity. This study aims to evaluate the renoprotective effect of Tamarindus indica and Terminalia arjuna on hematology in rats exposed to sodium fluoride. The experimental groups included: (I) control, (II) NaF (100ppm in drinking water for 56 days), (III) NaF@ 100 ppm and extract of T. indica @ 200 mg/kg b.w. orally for 56 days, (IV) NaF @ 100 ppm and T. arjuna extract @50 mg/kg b.w. orally, (V) NaF @ 100 ppm, extract of Tamarindus indica @ 100 mg/kg b.w. orally and T. arjuna @ 25 mg/kg b.w. orally for 56 days, (VI) Ascorbic acid @ 100 mg/kg b.w. orally and NaF@ 100 ppm for 56 days. Blood samples were collected at different intervals. Haemoglobin, total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count and total erythrocyte count were estimated. Compared to the control group, the fluoride-treated group showed significant differences in hematological parameter, including decrease in lymphocyte percentage. The group that received ascorbic acid showed significant increase in the lymphocyte percentage of the fluoride-exposed rats when compared to group II. The rats treated with T. indica and T. arjuna, separately and in combination, showed a numerical increase in lymphocyte percentage when compared to group II.Item Storage Stability of Retort Pouch Processed Mini Chevon Patties Incorporated with Sesame Seed Paste(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-08) Jeyapriya, S.; Pal, U.K.; Rajkumar, V.; Mandal, P.K.A study was conducted to investigate the storage stability of low fat mini chevon patties. Control patties sample contained 70% goat meat and 7 % goat fat. Treated sample patties have similar percentage of goat meat but the goat fat was replaced with 2.8% sesame seed paste, which was calculated to be 40% of goat fat replacement in the formulation. Patties were retort processed at 121.1°C for 15 minutes. Changes in physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory qualities of retort pouch processed chevon patties were monitored at 15 days interval for 90 days of storage at ambient temperature. The TBARS, tyrosine and free fatty acid values were well below the threshold limits in all the samples but the values increased significantly (P<0.05) from 0 to 90 days of storage. The pH values decreased significantly (P<0.05) with the progress of storage but values were within the acceptable limits. No bacterial colonies could be detected through standard plate count, anaerobic count, Clostridium botulinum, yeast and mould counts during the storage study. There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in sensory scores with the advancement of storage but scores for all the sensory parameters remained between 6.16 to 7.49 on eight point hedonic scale indicating very good acceptability of the products. The findings of this study revealed that retort pouch processed low fat mini chevon patties containing sesame seed paste had a shelf life of 3 months at ambient temperature.Item Prevalence and Alterations in Metabolic Indices and Cowside Test in Subclinical Ketosis of Prepartum Transition Dairy Cows(The Association of Mastitis, 2024-08) Enbavelan, P.A.; Kavitha, S.; Selvaraj, P.; Vairamuthu, S.; Annal Villi, R.Subclinical ketosis is the overproduction of ketone bodies in the blood that causes decreased milk production and reproductive effectiveness without exhibiting any overt clinical signs of ketosis during the transition period of dairy cows. Therefore, the study was conducted to find the alterations of metabolic parameters and the usefulness of cow side tests in the early detection of subclinical ketosis in prepartum itself so that the occurrence of clinical ketosis can be prevented. The prevalence of subclinical ketosis in prepartum was 16.66 percent (36/216) among prepartum dairy cows. Cow side test revealed an increase in BHBA level, a decrease in glucose value, and the presence of ketonuria compared with the respective days of a control group. A significant increase in the concentration of serum metabolites such as non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and beta hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), along with increased body condition score, decreased reticulo-rumen mortality and rumen fill score and reduced rumen protozoa score were recorded. The serum biochemical changes recorded were a decrease in serum glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol direct bilirubin, calcium, and phosphorous and an increase in BUN, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST). An elevation of acute phase protein Haptaglobin was also recorded in subclinical ketosis cows. This levels can be used as risk indicators to predict the occurrence of subclinical ketosis in prepartum transition cows.