World Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Microbiology and Toxicology

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/162467

Chief Editor: Prof. Jorge Yanez Fernandez
ISSN: 2454-1729

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://wjcpmt.com/index.html

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 32

Accessory Spleen A Rare Finding: A Cadaveric Study.
(2015-05) Mir, Nasir Syeed; Gindha, Gurbachan Singh; Maharana, Sidharath Sankar; Agarwal, Rakesh Kumar; Sharma, Anuj
The accessory spleen is rarely present in the human body. If present it is present in the gestrosplenic ligament or in the tail of pancreas. Mostly it is reported by radiologists, through MRI or ultrasonography. Accessory spleen has no clinical consequence unless a patient suffers from a haematological disease like idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. In some haematological diseases in which the spleen is to be removed but after removal of spleen the sign and symptomsre occur. This recurrence is due to the presence of accessory spleen. In the present study the accessory spleen was found while doing routine the dissection of abdomen. In the present study 20 human cadavers were dissected which were embalmed with 10% formalin and fixed. The aim of our study is highlight the presence of accessory spleen in the body and importance in the human body and to compare the study with studies done by other authors. This study will be helpful for the surgeons and physicians in their diagnosis and treatment.
Amenities that can Attract Skilled Birth Attendants (SBAs) to Practice in Rural Areas of a Developing Country.
(2015-11) Okafor, Innocent Igwebueze; Ugwu, Emmanuel Onyebuchi; Ndibuagu, Edmund Onyemaechi
The attainments of the Millennium Development Goal 5 (MDG 5) targets by 2015 in most developing countries are unlikely when large numbers of poor, illiterate, and vulnerable rural women do not have access to skilled care. To review progresses in MDG 5 targets and evaluate amenities that can influence SBAs to accept to practice in the rural areas of Enugu State. This was a questionnaire study administered to SBAs in private health facilities in Enugu metropolis from April 1 to 3o, 2014. Data on demographic profile and the amenities that can attract SBAs to live and practice in rural areas were extracted from the respondents. Out of 145 questionnaires administered 138 were completely filled, and analyzed using Excel 2007 software, and presented using percentages and figure. Majority of the SBAs were of ages between 20-30 years (69/138, 5o.0%). Staff nurse midwife were 91(65.9%) while medical doctor were 47(34.14 Ninety (65.2%) of the SBAs had no rural practice experience, and 7o (5o.7%) wish to practice in developed countries. The 5 top amenities that can attract SBAs to the rural area include: security of lives and property 134(97.a), pipe borne water supply 130(94.2%), equipped hospital 130(94.24 market with regular food supply 130(94.24 and higher staff salary and other motivations 129(93.54 There were high demands of amenities by SBAs for them to accept to live and practice their crucial services in the rural areas. The 5 top amenities that can attract SBAs to practice in the rural area include: security of lives and property, pipe borne water supply, equipped hospital, market with regular food supply, and higher staff salary and other motivations. SBAs services in the rural areas are crucial for attainments of the MDG 5 targets in developing countries by 2015.
Application of QSAR In Drug Design and Drug Discovery.
(2015-05) Dutta, Srijita
Over past twenty years a large number of ligands, both agonists and antagonists have been developed by computational methodologies which are used to increase the efficiency of drug discovery process by rendering the design of new drug candidates. Both 2D and 3D-quantitative structure activity relation (QSAR) studies have been carried out using topological parameters along with thermodynamic and structural descriptors. The scope of this review is to highlight the use of pharmacophoric models and QSAR studies for identification and optimization of new ligands having potential to develop as drug candidates.
Assessment of the Pathogenicity Property of Fusarium • raminearum 1 in Balb/C Mice.
(2015-09) B, Kedar; G, Gemerlyn
An experiment was conducted to investigate the immunologic property, pathogenicity and treatment of Fusarium graminearum infection. Several groups of mice were randomly selected for the following groups: (PC, T1 and T2 were groups of mice that respectively received a 1:1, 1:100 and 1:100,000 fungal dilution while T3, T4, and T5 were groups of mice that respectively received the same concentration but each were treated with Diethylamine Acetarsol (Acetylarsan). A group of mice was included as a negative control (NC),In vitro assays were used to examine the ability of F. graminearum to produce enzymes, which are thought as important virulence indicators. Results revealed the ability of the pathogen to produce collagenase and elastase. In addition, histopathological examination indicated vascular congestion and mild triaditis of the liver. Pulmonary congestion and lymphoid hyperplasia in the spleen were noted. The fungi were recovered from the liver, lungs, spleen and skin of the legs of some experimental animals. Likewise, increase in weight of the spleen doubled as early as the second week (from 49 mg to 80 mg) and progressed up to the fourth week (125 mg) where it tapered off in the untreated group. Similar increase in the weight of the spleen was observed in the treated group (40 mg to 64 mg) but not as great as that in the untreated group (105 mg). Hematological findings showed a lymphocytic count of 1.83 that increased to 3.356, monocyte count of 0.47 that increased to 0.981 and neutrophils increased from 0.399 to 1.698 in untreated groups. Lymphocyte count in the treated group was increased from 1.8 to 3.64, monocytes increased from 0.068 to 0.325 and neutrophils increased from 0.223 to 1.056. High incidence of death was observed in animals that did not receive treatment (PC, T1, and T2) while relatively lower death incidences were exhibited by groups that received diethylamine acetarsol (T3, T4 and T5).
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Lost In Space.
(2015-07) Chidananda, K.N; K, Jagadeesh
Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) is a developmental neurological disorders. PDD consist of Autism, Asperger syndrome, Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified Rett's disorder and childhood di sintegrative disorder. The incidence of the disease has been increased in past one decade when compared to earlier, which is due to increased awareness of the disease. The diagnosis of the PDD mainly by diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder(DSM) published by American psychiatric association. DSM V the pervasive development disorders were considered into single autism like spectrum of disorders. Autism spectrum disorder is not completely curable and hence requires lifelong management Educational and behavioral interventions are more successful when compared to medications alone. Early interventions have more positive results. The present review articles describes regarding the Pervasive developmental disorders, prevalence of autism worldwide, individual countries ,their characteristic features, diagnosis by DSM IV and DSM V, causative factors involved and management.
Clinical Epidemiological Investigation of Moldy Grain and Fodder Poisoning in Goat in Kathmandu Valley.
(2015-09) Karki, Kedar
An outbreak of a syndrome of unknown etiology associated with the feeding of moldy maize grain and green fodder to goat in a herd of male 3853 goats for sale for the Dashahara festival during the month of October-2010 in Kathmandu valley. In a period of 10 days 500 goats suddenly became ill with symptoms of anorexia, apathy, diarrhea and ruminal stasis .On clinical examination these goats were provisionally diagnosed with sudden illness and moldy corn/fodder poisoning was suspected., about 250 goats died. Necrosis of the fore stomach mucosa was the most characteristic gross pathological change. Clinical pathological findings included mild focal erosions to severe, diffuse, coagulative necrosis of the mucosa in the rumen, reticulum and omasum and congestion and hemorrhages in the abomasums. Liver with shrunken appearance and pale to yellowish discoloration with bile filled distended bladder, pin point hemorrhage in kidney, intestine with excessive mucus. On mycological and microbiological examination of tissue samples from post-mortem of dead goat on respective medium revealed the growth of fungal pathogens like Penicillium spp with Staphylococcus.. These results provide circumstantial evidence that feeding on moldy maize grain and green fodder leaves infested with Penicillium may cause outbreaks of systemic Mycosis in goats.
Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of kshara karma with Apamarga kshara and Jatyadi taila pichu in the Management of Cervical Erosion (Karnini Yonivyapada).
(2015-09) Gupta, Pragya; Sharma, Sushila
Cervical erosion is one of the commonest gynecological diseases which includes large section of women among her reproductive age group and needs medical attention and non surgical treatment In modern system its treatment done with diathermy and cryosurgery which has various side effect like cervical stenosis, accidental burns, etc. In Ayurveda science treatment of karnini yonivyapada by kaphahara chikitsa with Apamarga kshara which have property of lekhana, sodhana, ropana, stambhana, kaphghna and so many properties and Jatyadi taila which have property of vatashamak ,sheshmhara, mansapkarshana, shodhana and ropana . All these properties facilitate destruction of columnar epithelium and facilitate the re-epithelization of new healthy stratified squamous epithelium on ectocervix with this entire basis, this research work was done. karnini yonivyapada described in ayurvedic text books can be correlated with cervical erosion. Apamarga kshara ( Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthana-11/5) and Jatyadi taila ( Bhava Prakash Madhyama Khand.- 47/90-95) . Group I- this group 15 registered patients were administered with application of 'Apamarga kshara' on cervix and 'Jatyadi Taila' Pichu in the vagina for 7 sitting alternate day in a month Group II- In this group 15 registered patients of Cervical erosion were administered with 'Jatyadi Taila ' Pichu in the vagina daily for 14 days in a month. Treatment was done after bleeding phase of menstrual cycles over. Overall percentage relief was higher in group I 72.17% followed by group II i.e. 68.44% . Statistically the results were highly significant (p<0.001) in both groups. Combined use of kshara karma and Jatyadi taila pichu (Group I) is more effectively helps in managing the disease cervical erosion.
DIVA Vaccines: A Brief Review on its Novel Facets for the Eradication of Infections of Livestock and Poultry.
(2015-09) Ganguly, Subha; Padhy, Arpita; Para, Parveez Ahmad; Pandey, Arvind Kumar; Praveen, Praveen Kumar; Wakchaure, Rajesh; Sahu, AmitRanjan
DIVA vaccines also known as Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals help in the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. The first DIVA vaccines were known as marker vaccines. The term DIVA vaccine was coined in 1999 and the accompanying diagnostic tests were developed by J.T. van Oirschot and colleagues at the Central Veterinary Institute in Lelystad, The Netherlands [1], [2].
Dose Type of infection have effect of Asthma Model.
(2015-05) Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin
Effect of addition Triticale on the Degradability kinetics of Potato plant waste silage.
(2015-05) Nasab, Mahdi Edalati; Bashtani, Moslem; Pour, Hamed Amini; Hamedani, Mahnaz Ahmadi; Nasab, Jaafar Edalati
The objective of this investigate was effect of different levels of triticale on potato plant waste silage degradability byGas production. This technique by mixtures of filtered rumen liquid of five Holstein male cattle in times of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were performed. The resultreported that gas volume at 16h and 24h incubation of control treatment, were33.7 ml/200mg DM and 39.05 ml/200mg DM respectively. The gas test, from soluble fraction (ac%), and from insoluble fraction (bc%), rate constant of gas production during incubation (cc%) and the potential gas production (a+ bc%) contents of control treatment were 11.1, 47.7, 0.02 (ml/h) and 58.1 ml/200mg DM, but for treatment 6% were 21.9, 55.25, 0.04 (ml/h) and 77.15 ml/200 mg DM. According to data, potato plant waste silage could use as an excellent source of dietary nutrient in ruminant animals.
Effect of Cadmium Levels on the Growth Curve of Candida albicans.
(2015-05) Nadeem, Sayyada Ghufrana; Fatima, Aziz; Hakim, Shazia Tabassum
Environmental pollution by toxic heavy metals is one of the most pressing problems. Metals are released in the environment in industrial effluent. Cadmium is one of the heavy metal toxic to microorganisms; however, there are yeast strains resistant to this metal. One of yeast species Candida albicans is a diploid fungus (a form of yeast) that is a causal agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans. In the present study, effect of Cadmium on the growth curve of Candida albicans was demonstrated. Candida albicans was grown both in the presence and absence of Cadmium in YEPD media. Growth curves of the Candida albicans were plotted to study the growth pattern of the yeast isolate. It was found that Candida albicans grow well at 50 μg/ml concentration of cadmium. The organism was found to be resistant to the used heavy metal. Growing metal resistant cells is very important as it can ensure better removal through the process of biosorption. Such approaches may help in the removal of toxic metals from the environmental thus reducing environmental pollution.
Effect of Seed Extract of Amomum Cardamomum on Renal Function in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats.
(2015-05) Verma, Deepmala; Yadav, Rajesh; Kumar, Manish
The present work was undertaken to investigation, the effect of ethanolic seed extract of Amomum cardamomum on blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Ethanolic seed extract of Amomum cardamomum was administered orally (50 mg/kg body weight) for 7,15,30,45 and 60 days. Treatment with Amomum cardamomum resulted in significant reduction of serum urea (p<0.001), creatinine (p<0.001) and uric acid (p<0.001); while increment in serum total protein (p<0.001) and comparable with that of alloxan induced diabetic rats and control groups. The results clearly show, the decreased urea, creatinine, uric acid and improvement in serum protein activity with the treatments have been attributed to improve renal function.
Effect of Vitamin B9 on Performance of Animal: A Review.
(2015-05) Davoudi, S Masoud; Eshaghian, Mehdi; Pour, Hamed Amini
Folacin and folate are generic terms used to describe folic acid and relation compounds which exhibit the biological activity of folic acid. The terms folacin, folate, and folic acid will be used interchangeably. For animals, folacin needs are met principally with dietary sources and to some extent with intestinal bacterial synthesis. Different species vary in ability to utilize microbial intestinal synthesis as a source of folacin. Poultry need supplemental folacin under certain conditions. Folacin supplementation is most important when poultry receive diets containing sulfa drugs and grains contaminated by toxin producing molds. To maximize reproductive efficiency, gestating non-ruminant often receive supplemental folacin.
Effect of Weed Interference on Performance of Grain Corn (Zea mays L.) At Different Plant Densities.
(2015-07) Dehghamian, Hasan; Tahmasebpour, Behnam
In order to evaluate the effect of weed interference and plant density on performance of grain corn, an experiment was carried out as split-plot based on randomized completed bloke design (RCBD) with three replications at the Agriculture Research Station, University of Tabriz, Iran in 2009. Plant density levels including: 5, 7, 10 and 16 plant/m-2 was allocated to the main plots and weed interference at three levels including: weed free (w1), once in a row weed interference (w2) and perfect weed interference (w3) were assigned to subplots. The results showed that weed interference on grain yield, 1000 seed weight kernel weight and number of ear had a significant effect. With increasing of natural weed interference during growth period, grain yield, 1000 seed weight, kernel weight and number of ear decreased. Also, interaction between weed interference and plant density was significant in kernel weight of ear. Between different densities the greatest grain yield with 1020 g/m-2 obtained from 16 plant/m-2 and weed free treatment Weeds in treatments of once in a row weed interference 50 percent and treatments of perfect weed interference in long of growth period 75 percent grain yield decreased. Results showed that with increasing plant density, corn can increase its competitiveness with natural weeds of field increased the grain yield. Generally, the results indicate that the sensitivity to weeds interference especially in low plant density due to the effect of early competitive start may influence extremely the yield of maize.
Epigenetic Play an Important Role in Regulation of Asthma Symptoms with Environmental Factors Help.
(2015-05) Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin
Ethosomes as Novel Drug Delivery System: A Review.
(2015-11) Patrekar, Prasad V.; Inamdar, Suhel J.; Mali, Sachin S.; Mujib, Mulla T.; Ahir, Amita A.
The ethosomes are vesicular carrier comprise of hydroalcoholic or hydro/alcoholic/glycolic phospholipid in which the concentration of alcohols or their combination is relatively high. To provide continuous drug infusion through an intact skin, several transdermal therapeutic systems have been developed for topical application onto the intact skin surface to control the delivery of drug and its subsequent permeation through the skin tissue. Transdermal route is promising alternative to drug delivery for systemic effect. An attempt was made to formulate the highly efficient ethosomal drug delivery system and enalapril meleate is used as model drug. The following conclusion are drown from the result and discussion described in the previous chapter. Liposomal formulation was also prepared by the thin film hydration method. The techniques used were simple and reproducible. The prepared ethosomes were spherical and discrete in shape. The size of vesicles were found to be in the range of 3.26-5.79 tim,o.716-1.3o1 tim and 5.32 tim for unsonicated ethosomes, sonicated ethosomes and liposomes respectively. However ethosomes prepared by sonication method were more uniform and smaller in size, which is essential for skin permeation. While comparing the entrapment efficiency, ethosomes containing 3o% w/w ethanol and prepared by sonication showed highest value with respect to all other formulation, so it is concluded ethosomes prepared by sonication and containing 3o% w/w ethanol as the best formulation considering all other aspects. The highest value of transdermal flux for sonicated ethosomes containing 3o% w/w ethanol is the indication of complete and rapid penetration through the skin may be because of tiny vesicular size.
Evaluation of the Hematologic Profile of Patients Undergoing Chemothera • who Make use of Hemato • oietic Rescue Workers.
(2015-11) Schwengber, Fernanda; Frizzo, Matias Nunes
Cytotoxic chemotherapy is directly linked hematologic changes during your anticancer treatment. The hematopoietic rescue agents can be used as supportive care for patients with anemia or neutropenia induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the blood count of patients undergoing chemotherapy and who made use of hematopoietic rescue workers, evaluating hematological changes induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy. This was a retrospective, descriptive and analytical study of the medical records of 36 patients undergoing chemotherapy and who used hematopoietic rescue workers at some time in their anticancer treatment in a High Complexity in Oncology Center. Of the patients included in the study population, 61% are female, and the average age of these is 57,25 years (SD ± 10,84), the most prevalent cancer among patients was the breast (48%), hematological used rescue agent is Filgrastim (53%), Erythropoietin (33%) and Erythropoietin and Filgrastim (144 The pharmacological class used in anticancer therapy in prevalence is the antimitotic taxoids and associations, representing 53% of the study population. The results of this study, as well as data from the scientific literature, demonstrate the importance of the use of hematopoietic rescue agents in chemotherapy protocols, due to the proliferative effect / therapeutic these growth factors, which reduce side effects of chemotherapy cytotoxic, giving cancer patients a better quality of life to follow your anticancer treatment, and thus increase the chance of cure.
Formulation and Evaluation Of Gastroretentive Losartan Floating Tablets.
(2015-07) C, Madhavi; Y, Ramesh; K, Sankar Rao; A, Deepthi; K, Gnana Prakash; M, Gobinath
The objective of this research was to formulate and evaluate hydrodynamically balanced controlled drug delivery system of Losartan. This dosage form is associated with many advantages especially increased bioavailability and reduction in dosing frequency. The formulation was designed adopting optimization technique, which helps in setting up experiments in such a manner that the information is obtained as efficiently and precisely as possible. Initially, considering buoyancy as the main criteria, blank tablets were compressed for different formulae with various polymers like HPMC, MC and EC. The formula selected for design had a combination of Losartan, HPMC, EC and MC. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method and evaluated for Losartan content in vitro release profile and buoyancy. The dissolution study was carried out in simulated gastric fluid using USP dissolution test apparatus employing paddle stirrer. Duration of buoyancy was observed simultaneously when the dissolution has carried out The variation in weight was within the range of ±4% complying with pharmacopoeial specifications (±Z5%). The drug content of Losartan floating tablet 8.455±0.0085 mg in of optimized formulations indicating content uniformity. The buoyancy of the tablets was range 15.345±0.1321 hrs the maximum buoyancy was seen in P6, which has a high level of drug to polymer ratio. The in-vitro release was found to be in the range between the 79.12% to 90.45%.. The formulation P6 has an in vitro release of 79.12% showed the release of the drug in the controlled manner. The optimized formulation P6 exhibited responses that were comparable with that of the predicted values of the design in optimization technique. This indicates the suitability of the technique chosen for the present dosage form.
Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoparticles as Sustained Release Topical Formulation Containing Non-Steroidal Anti -Inflammatory Drug.
(2015-09) M H, Abitha; Mathew, Flowerlet
The objective of this work is to prepare flurbiprofen nanoparticles, and then incorporated into the freshly prepared gels for transdermal delivery, providing controlled release of the drug, reducing the oral side effects of the drug and for enhancing stability. Flurbiprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat gout osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and sunburn. In this study Flurbiprofen nanoparticles are prepared by nanoprecipitation method. A total of 8 batches are prepared by using polymers such as ethyl cellulose, Eudragit L100 and are evaluated for various parameters. Drug-excipients compatibility was performed by FTIR study. Optimized batch of nanoparticles F3 was further formulated as gel for topical delivery. A total of 4 batches of gel were prepared using different concentrations of carbopol 934. Prepared gel formulations are evaluated for physical parameters and in vitro drug permeation study. The in-vitro release rate of gel preparations was evaluated by diffusion cell method using cellophane membrane with phosphate buffer pH Z4 as the receptor medium. F3-G1 showed highest in-vitro release rate and superior physicochemical properties. These formulations were evaluated for ex-vivo permeation study through chicken skin using Franz diffusion cell. The drug release data of optimized batch were fitted into different kinetic models which show that the drug release from gel formulations follow zero order release. The overall studies concluded that the F3-G1 Flurbiprofen nanoparticle gel can be effectively used for the treatment of chronic conditions of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis.
Formulation and Evaluation of Ointment and Cream with Their Mathematical Treatment of Absorption Through Skin: A Review.
(2015-05) Yadav, Sunil; Papneja, Paras; Batra, Sanjay; Sharma, Mohit

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