World Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Microbiology and Toxicology

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/162467

Chief Editor: Prof. Jorge Yanez Fernandez
ISSN: 2454-1729

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://wjcpmt.com/index.html

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 32

Formulation and Evaluation of Ointment and Cream with Their Mathematical Treatment of Absorption Through Skin: A Review.
(2015-05) Yadav, Sunil; Papneja, Paras; Batra, Sanjay; Sharma, Mohit
Application of QSAR In Drug Design and Drug Discovery.
(2015-05) Dutta, Srijita
Over past twenty years a large number of ligands, both agonists and antagonists have been developed by computational methodologies which are used to increase the efficiency of drug discovery process by rendering the design of new drug candidates. Both 2D and 3D-quantitative structure activity relation (QSAR) studies have been carried out using topological parameters along with thermodynamic and structural descriptors. The scope of this review is to highlight the use of pharmacophoric models and QSAR studies for identification and optimization of new ligands having potential to develop as drug candidates.
Epigenetic Play an Important Role in Regulation of Asthma Symptoms with Environmental Factors Help.
(2015-05) Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin
Nanomedicine : Future Prospective in Disease Diagnosis and Preventions.
(2015-05) Kumar, Manish; Verma, Deepmala; Yadav, Rajseh
Medical practice is about to enter a new era focused on the nanoscale and the practice of ‘‘nanomedicine.’’ Nanomedicine may be defined as the monitoring, repair, construction, and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. Nanomedicine is, in a broad sense, the application of nanoscale technologies to the practice of medicine, namely, for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease and to gain an increased understanding of complex underlying disease mechanisms The potential medical applications are predominantly in detection, diagnostics (disease diagnosis and imaging), monitoring, and therapeutics. The availability of more durable and better prosthetics and new drug-delivery systems are of great scientific interest and give hope for cancer treatment and minimum invasive treatments for heart disease, diabetes and other diseases. Many novel nanoparticles and nanodevices are expected to be used, with an enormous positive impact on human health. Nanotechnology provides the field of medicine with promising hopes for assistancassistance in diagnostic and treatment technologies as well as improving quality of life. Humans have the potential to live healthier lives in the near future due to the innovations of nanotechnology. Some of these innovations include: Disease diagnosis, Prevention and treatment of disease , Better drug delivery system with minimal side effects , Tissue Reconstruction. The vision is to improve health by enhancing the efficacy and safety of nanosystems and nanodevices. Products based on nanotechnology in medicine and medical technology are reaching the market, with an anticipated enormous positive impact on human health, in the coming years. Ethical and moral concerns also need to be addressed in parallel with the new developments. Today, nanotechnology and nanoscience approaches to particle design and formulation are beginning to expand the market for many drugs and are forming the basis for a highly profitable niche within the industry, but some predicted benefits are hyped.
Effect of addition Triticale on the Degradability kinetics of Potato plant waste silage.
(2015-05) Nasab, Mahdi Edalati; Bashtani, Moslem; Pour, Hamed Amini; Hamedani, Mahnaz Ahmadi; Nasab, Jaafar Edalati
The objective of this investigate was effect of different levels of triticale on potato plant waste silage degradability byGas production. This technique by mixtures of filtered rumen liquid of five Holstein male cattle in times of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were performed. The resultreported that gas volume at 16h and 24h incubation of control treatment, were33.7 ml/200mg DM and 39.05 ml/200mg DM respectively. The gas test, from soluble fraction (ac%), and from insoluble fraction (bc%), rate constant of gas production during incubation (cc%) and the potential gas production (a+ bc%) contents of control treatment were 11.1, 47.7, 0.02 (ml/h) and 58.1 ml/200mg DM, but for treatment 6% were 21.9, 55.25, 0.04 (ml/h) and 77.15 ml/200 mg DM. According to data, potato plant waste silage could use as an excellent source of dietary nutrient in ruminant animals.
Dose Type of infection have effect of Asthma Model.
(2015-05) Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin
Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment Studies of Mining Activities in Chittorgarh District, Rajasthan.
(2015-05) Kumawat, Sarita; Yadav, Rajesh Kumar
Mining exerts pressure on environment at many stages i.e. exploration, extraction, processing, and post closer operations. Hence mining operations necessarily involves deforestation, habitat destruction and biodiversity erosion, change of landscape, displacement of human settlement, flora and fauna of the area, surface drainage, and change in air, water and soil quality. While for the purpose of development and economic upliftment of people, there is a need for establishment of industrial project, but these have to be environmentally friendly. Therefore it is essential to assess the impacts of mining on different environmental parameters, before starting the mining operations, so that abatement measures could be planned in advance for eco-friendly mining in the area. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a systematic process that examines the environmental consequences of development action like mining, transport, river valley. EIA systematically examines both beneficial and adverse consequences of the proposed project and ensures that these impacts are taken into account during the project design.
Effect of Cadmium Levels on the Growth Curve of Candida albicans.
(2015-05) Nadeem, Sayyada Ghufrana; Fatima, Aziz; Hakim, Shazia Tabassum
Environmental pollution by toxic heavy metals is one of the most pressing problems. Metals are released in the environment in industrial effluent. Cadmium is one of the heavy metal toxic to microorganisms; however, there are yeast strains resistant to this metal. One of yeast species Candida albicans is a diploid fungus (a form of yeast) that is a causal agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans. In the present study, effect of Cadmium on the growth curve of Candida albicans was demonstrated. Candida albicans was grown both in the presence and absence of Cadmium in YEPD media. Growth curves of the Candida albicans were plotted to study the growth pattern of the yeast isolate. It was found that Candida albicans grow well at 50 μg/ml concentration of cadmium. The organism was found to be resistant to the used heavy metal. Growing metal resistant cells is very important as it can ensure better removal through the process of biosorption. Such approaches may help in the removal of toxic metals from the environmental thus reducing environmental pollution.
Accessory Spleen A Rare Finding: A Cadaveric Study.
(2015-05) Mir, Nasir Syeed; Gindha, Gurbachan Singh; Maharana, Sidharath Sankar; Agarwal, Rakesh Kumar; Sharma, Anuj
The accessory spleen is rarely present in the human body. If present it is present in the gestrosplenic ligament or in the tail of pancreas. Mostly it is reported by radiologists, through MRI or ultrasonography. Accessory spleen has no clinical consequence unless a patient suffers from a haematological disease like idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. In some haematological diseases in which the spleen is to be removed but after removal of spleen the sign and symptomsre occur. This recurrence is due to the presence of accessory spleen. In the present study the accessory spleen was found while doing routine the dissection of abdomen. In the present study 20 human cadavers were dissected which were embalmed with 10% formalin and fixed. The aim of our study is highlight the presence of accessory spleen in the body and importance in the human body and to compare the study with studies done by other authors. This study will be helpful for the surgeons and physicians in their diagnosis and treatment.
Effect of Seed Extract of Amomum Cardamomum on Renal Function in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats.
(2015-05) Verma, Deepmala; Yadav, Rajesh; Kumar, Manish
The present work was undertaken to investigation, the effect of ethanolic seed extract of Amomum cardamomum on blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Ethanolic seed extract of Amomum cardamomum was administered orally (50 mg/kg body weight) for 7,15,30,45 and 60 days. Treatment with Amomum cardamomum resulted in significant reduction of serum urea (p<0.001), creatinine (p<0.001) and uric acid (p<0.001); while increment in serum total protein (p<0.001) and comparable with that of alloxan induced diabetic rats and control groups. The results clearly show, the decreased urea, creatinine, uric acid and improvement in serum protein activity with the treatments have been attributed to improve renal function.
Effect of Vitamin B9 on Performance of Animal: A Review.
(2015-05) Davoudi, S Masoud; Eshaghian, Mehdi; Pour, Hamed Amini
Folacin and folate are generic terms used to describe folic acid and relation compounds which exhibit the biological activity of folic acid. The terms folacin, folate, and folic acid will be used interchangeably. For animals, folacin needs are met principally with dietary sources and to some extent with intestinal bacterial synthesis. Different species vary in ability to utilize microbial intestinal synthesis as a source of folacin. Poultry need supplemental folacin under certain conditions. Folacin supplementation is most important when poultry receive diets containing sulfa drugs and grains contaminated by toxin producing molds. To maximize reproductive efficiency, gestating non-ruminant often receive supplemental folacin.
Role of Antibiotic in Ruminant: Review.
(2015-05) Nasab, Mahdi Edalati; Bashtani, Moslem; Pour, Hamed Amini; Hamedani, Mahnaz Ahmadi; Nasab, Jaafar Edalati
The aim of this study was evaluate of Antibiotics in Ruminant Animals. There have been developing controversies surrounding the use of antibiotics as growth promoters for food animals. These components are used at low doses in animal feeds and are investigated to improve the quality of the product, by a lower percentage of fat and higher protein content in the meat. Other advances of the use of antibiotic growth-promoters include control of zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli and enterococci. Antibiotic growth promoters enhance the efficiency of nutrient utilization, improving retention of Nitrogen and Phosphor and decreasing excretion when nutrient intake matches requirements, therefore, Use of any antibiotic is related by the selection of resistance in pathogenic bacteria and it has been argued that the use of antibiotic growth-promoters imposes a selection pressure for bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics that may be used in clinical or veterinary practice, therefore compromising the continued use of antimicrobial chemotherapy. This paper studies the use of antibiotics as growth promoters and then examines some of the alternative methods for achieving meat of high quality.
Near Fatal Accidental Organophosphate and Phosphine Poisoning Of a Family of Eight: Case Report.
(2015-07) Ojeniyi, Durodola Adewumi; Adewunmi, AfinowiIdowu; Olusayo, Amole Isaac
We describe a near fatal poisoning in a family of eight caused by accidental ingestion of Aluminium Phosphide (A1P) and Dichlorvos (DDVP), common and readily available pesticides used to kill rodents and insects in stored farm products. Management challenges in a rural hospital, where most accidental agricultural based poisoning cases are likely to present are also discussed.
Effect of Weed Interference on Performance of Grain Corn (Zea mays L.) At Different Plant Densities.
(2015-07) Dehghamian, Hasan; Tahmasebpour, Behnam
In order to evaluate the effect of weed interference and plant density on performance of grain corn, an experiment was carried out as split-plot based on randomized completed bloke design (RCBD) with three replications at the Agriculture Research Station, University of Tabriz, Iran in 2009. Plant density levels including: 5, 7, 10 and 16 plant/m-2 was allocated to the main plots and weed interference at three levels including: weed free (w1), once in a row weed interference (w2) and perfect weed interference (w3) were assigned to subplots. The results showed that weed interference on grain yield, 1000 seed weight kernel weight and number of ear had a significant effect. With increasing of natural weed interference during growth period, grain yield, 1000 seed weight, kernel weight and number of ear decreased. Also, interaction between weed interference and plant density was significant in kernel weight of ear. Between different densities the greatest grain yield with 1020 g/m-2 obtained from 16 plant/m-2 and weed free treatment Weeds in treatments of once in a row weed interference 50 percent and treatments of perfect weed interference in long of growth period 75 percent grain yield decreased. Results showed that with increasing plant density, corn can increase its competitiveness with natural weeds of field increased the grain yield. Generally, the results indicate that the sensitivity to weeds interference especially in low plant density due to the effect of early competitive start may influence extremely the yield of maize.
High level of MRSA colonization in health care worker: alarm to implement health care policy.
(2015-07) Kogekar, S.P.; Jain, Khyati; Kumari, Priyanka; Chavan, Nilesh; Peshattiwar, Prashant; Rajput, Madhurendra S
The aim of the study was to investigate probable carrier rate of the healthcare workers and screened for carriers of MRSA as they could pose a potential risk factor for nosocomial transmission when the same carrier are exposed to the hospital setting during their clinical postings. A total of 100 nasal swabs were collected from the nursing staff and doctors. Sterile cotton swabs moistened with glucose broth were used for sample collection. Swabs were cultured on to nutrient agar, blood agar, and mannitol salt agar, incubated at 35 °C for 48 hrs. Staphylococcus aureus was identified by standard methods according to CLSI guidelines. Methicillin resistance was detected by using cefoxitin disc 30pgm on Mueller Hinton agar with 4% NaCL Of the 100 samples screened 30(30%) strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated, out of which 16 (53.33%) were Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 14 (46.66%) were methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). The overall carriage rate of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in our study was 16% with the highest rate being seen among the nursing staff (19.35%) and clinical staff carriage rate was lesser (10.52%) as compared to the nursing staff. Chest department samples showed higher carriage rate (33.33%) followed by pediatrics department (28.57%). The present study revealed that HCWs who have contact with patients are at risk of acquisition and colonization with antimicrobial resistant bacteria especially MRSA. Transient hand colonization is the primary mean of cross transmission. Simply education of HCWs on hygienic measures especially proper hand wash is the key to overcome MRSA infection in ICUs.
Formulation and Evaluation Of Gastroretentive Losartan Floating Tablets.
(2015-07) C, Madhavi; Y, Ramesh; K, Sankar Rao; A, Deepthi; K, Gnana Prakash; M, Gobinath
The objective of this research was to formulate and evaluate hydrodynamically balanced controlled drug delivery system of Losartan. This dosage form is associated with many advantages especially increased bioavailability and reduction in dosing frequency. The formulation was designed adopting optimization technique, which helps in setting up experiments in such a manner that the information is obtained as efficiently and precisely as possible. Initially, considering buoyancy as the main criteria, blank tablets were compressed for different formulae with various polymers like HPMC, MC and EC. The formula selected for design had a combination of Losartan, HPMC, EC and MC. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method and evaluated for Losartan content in vitro release profile and buoyancy. The dissolution study was carried out in simulated gastric fluid using USP dissolution test apparatus employing paddle stirrer. Duration of buoyancy was observed simultaneously when the dissolution has carried out The variation in weight was within the range of ±4% complying with pharmacopoeial specifications (±Z5%). The drug content of Losartan floating tablet 8.455±0.0085 mg in of optimized formulations indicating content uniformity. The buoyancy of the tablets was range 15.345±0.1321 hrs the maximum buoyancy was seen in P6, which has a high level of drug to polymer ratio. The in-vitro release was found to be in the range between the 79.12% to 90.45%.. The formulation P6 has an in vitro release of 79.12% showed the release of the drug in the controlled manner. The optimized formulation P6 exhibited responses that were comparable with that of the predicted values of the design in optimization technique. This indicates the suitability of the technique chosen for the present dosage form.
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Lost In Space.
(2015-07) Chidananda, K.N; K, Jagadeesh
Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) is a developmental neurological disorders. PDD consist of Autism, Asperger syndrome, Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified Rett's disorder and childhood di sintegrative disorder. The incidence of the disease has been increased in past one decade when compared to earlier, which is due to increased awareness of the disease. The diagnosis of the PDD mainly by diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder(DSM) published by American psychiatric association. DSM V the pervasive development disorders were considered into single autism like spectrum of disorders. Autism spectrum disorder is not completely curable and hence requires lifelong management Educational and behavioral interventions are more successful when compared to medications alone. Early interventions have more positive results. The present review articles describes regarding the Pervasive developmental disorders, prevalence of autism worldwide, individual countries ,their characteristic features, diagnosis by DSM IV and DSM V, causative factors involved and management.
Recent Advances in Topical Gel Formulation.
(2015-09) M H, Abitha; Mathew, Flowerlet
Transdermal drug delivery systems are a constant source of interest because of the benefits that they afford in overcoming many drawbacks associated with other modes of drug delivery (i.e. oral, intravenous). Topical gels are becoming more popular due to ease of application and better precutaneous absorption. Gels are semisolid formulations, which have an external solvent phase, may be hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature, and are immobilized within the spaces of a three-dimensional network structure. Gel formulations provide better application property and stability in comparison to cream and ointments. Skin is one of the most extensive and readily accessible organs on human body for topical administration and is main route of topical drug delivery system. Topical gels are intended for skin application or to certain mucosal surfaces for local action or percutaneous penetration of medicament or for their emollient or protective action. Recent studies have reported other types of gels for dermal drug application, such as proniosomal gels, emulgels, bigels and aerogels. This review is concern with all detail information regarding novel approaches to topical gel formulation, advantages and classification of gel.
Clinical Epidemiological Investigation of Moldy Grain and Fodder Poisoning in Goat in Kathmandu Valley.
(2015-09) Karki, Kedar
An outbreak of a syndrome of unknown etiology associated with the feeding of moldy maize grain and green fodder to goat in a herd of male 3853 goats for sale for the Dashahara festival during the month of October-2010 in Kathmandu valley. In a period of 10 days 500 goats suddenly became ill with symptoms of anorexia, apathy, diarrhea and ruminal stasis .On clinical examination these goats were provisionally diagnosed with sudden illness and moldy corn/fodder poisoning was suspected., about 250 goats died. Necrosis of the fore stomach mucosa was the most characteristic gross pathological change. Clinical pathological findings included mild focal erosions to severe, diffuse, coagulative necrosis of the mucosa in the rumen, reticulum and omasum and congestion and hemorrhages in the abomasums. Liver with shrunken appearance and pale to yellowish discoloration with bile filled distended bladder, pin point hemorrhage in kidney, intestine with excessive mucus. On mycological and microbiological examination of tissue samples from post-mortem of dead goat on respective medium revealed the growth of fungal pathogens like Penicillium spp with Staphylococcus.. These results provide circumstantial evidence that feeding on moldy maize grain and green fodder leaves infested with Penicillium may cause outbreaks of systemic Mycosis in goats.
Microbial Analysis of Majoone Falasifa (A Compound Herbal Formulation).
(2015-09) Mohd., Peerzada; Rahman, Khaleequr; Rashid, Basharat; Rani, Seema
Majoone Falasifa (MF) is a polyherbal sugar based semisolid preparation used in Unani medicine to treat neurological, digestive, urinary and various chronic and debilitating disorders especially in geriatric care. This Unani compound formulation contains thirteen ingredients viz; Emlica Officinalis, Matricaria Chamomillia, Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, Piper Longum, Piper Nigrum, Pinus Gerardiana, Cocus Nucifera, Vitis Vinifera, Terminalia Bellirica, Orchis Latifolia, Plumbago Zeylanica, Zingiber Officinalis nd Aristolochia Indica. Though used since ancient time its microbial analysis was not carried out till date. Therefore in present study microbial analysis of Majoone Falasifa was evaluated under the accelerated testing conditions.

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