International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research
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Editor: Dr. Kalpesh Gaur
ISSN: 0975-248X
Frequency: Quarterly
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://ijpsdr.com/index.htm
ISSN: 0975-248X
Frequency: Quarterly
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://ijpsdr.com/index.htm
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Item 1,2,3-TRIAZOLE CARBOXAMIDE DERIVATIVES AS NOVEL PROSPECTIVE ANTICANCER AGENTS: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND IN-SILICO STUDIES(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2024-04) Sharma, Dipesh Kumar; Singh, SurabhiThe ongoing and persistent endeavour to discover effective new anticancer medications remains a steadfast objective. Presently, the focus of this research lies in exploring novel substituted derivatives of 1,2,3-triazole carboxamide. A set of novel derivatives of 1,2,3-triazole carboxamide(5a-5n) were successfully synthesized with yields ranging from satisfactory to excellent. These compounds underwent characterization using various analytical methods, such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. Their cytotoxic potential against four cancer cell lines—HeLa, PANC-1, HCT-116, and A-549—was evaluated in vitro. Notably, compounds 5j, 5i, 5m, and 5f displayed significant anticancer activity. Molecular docking experiments were conducted on the synthesized compounds, revealing strong binding interactions with the active sites of EGFR and CDK4-Cyclin D3. However, out of all the derivatives tested, namely 5i, 5j, 5g, 5f, and 5h, it was observed that these compounds displayed a favourable binding affinity towards both the EGFR and the CDK4-Cyclin D3 active site. The results of the study suggest that the synthesised compounds have potential as agents for cancer therapy. Furthermore, further alterations to the structure of triazole-carboxamide derivatives could lead to the development of effective anticancer drugs.Item Acute Intermittent Hypoxia Therapy alters cognitive behavioral parameters in wistar albino rats(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2023-10) Roshan, Syed Aasish; Gunaseelan, Dharani; Benazsir, Sherin; Pandian, Nithya; Jayachandran, Swaminathan; Kandasamy, Mahesh; Muthusamy, AnusuyadeviCognitive disorders, including dementia and Alzheimer's disease, pose substantial global health challenges, demanding effective prevention and treatment strategies. Intermittent Hypoxia Therapy (IHT), involving brief exposures to reduced oxygen levels, is a novel approach with potential cognitive benefits. This study investigates the effects of Intermittent Hypoxia Therapy (IHT) on cognitive behavior in Wistar albino rats through comprehensive behavioral experiments, including the Open Field Test (OFT) and Morris Water Maze (MWM). The results reveal that IHT promotes locomotor activity, reduces anxiety-related behaviors, and positively impacts cognitive flexibility. In the OFT, the IH group exhibited increased grid crossings and distance traveled, indicating heightened locomotion, which may be associated with cognitive improvement. Furthermore, IH significantly reduced thigmotaxis behavior and the number of fecal boli, indicating reduced anxiety levels compared to the control group. While IHT did not significantly enhance spatial memory acquisition in the MWM, it improved platform recognition during the probe test. The IH group spent more time in the target quadrant, suggesting enhanced memory retrieval and recognition. Additionally, in the reverse MWM, IH demonstrated moderate improvements in cognitive flexibility, with faster latency on trial 1. These findings suggest that IHT holds promise as a non-invasive intervention for cognitive enhancement, particularly in terms of locomotor activity, anxiety reduction, and certain aspects of memory and cognitive flexibility. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore the potential therapeutic applications of IHT in cognitive disorders. In summary, this study highlights the cognitive benefits of IHT in rats, paving the way for future investigations and potential clinical applications in the realm of cognitive disorders.Item Ameliorating Effect of Capparis aphylla Roth. in Adjuvant-induced Arthritis in rats with Reference to Changes in Reactants RF, CRP, Radiological Erosions(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2023-10) Kanzaria, Sainika H.; Gandhi, Tejal R.; Patel, Kirti V.Despite abundant anti-arthritic therapies, there always remains an opportunity to identify novel drugs as well as targets. One such emerging drug Capparis aphylla Roth. acting on inflammatory cascades. This study was planned to investigate the effect of C. aphylla Roth. on inflammatory cascade in rheumatoid arthritis induced in wistar albino rats. The rheumatoid arthritis was induced by injection of 0.2 mL complete Freund’s adjuvant. The animals were randomized into six groups receiving either vehicle (control), injection of 0.2 mL complete Freund’s adjuvant (model) or treatments (indomethacin 100 mg/kg and methanolic extract of C. aphylla Roth. 190, 240, 300 mg/kg) for 21 days. Various hemodynamic parameters, anti-inflammatory parameters, and x-ray and histopathology of synovial joints were carried out. Paw volume, body weight, arthritic index, ESR, RF, CRP, A/G ratio estimated. Treatment with methanolic extract of C. aphylla Roth. Significantly prevented the rise in body weight, serum A/G ratio and increased arthritic index, paw volume, ESR, RF, CRP. The normal architecture of synovial joints was preserved in histopathological analysis by methanolic extract of C. aphylla Roth. treatment. Furthermore, the prevention of damage in joints carried out by methanolic extract of C. aphylla Roth. Altogether, methanolic extract of C. aphylla Roth. prevented architecture and functions of joints by augmenting the inflammation in complete freund’s adjuvant rats. Such promising effects are attributed to inflammation by novel herbal drug C. aphylla Roth.Item Amelioration of Diabetes Associated Hypo-testicular Co-morbidities in Rat by Aloe vera (L.): Potent Extract Selection Study(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2024-06) Pal, Dibya; Lohar, Pampa; Mondal, Tanusree; Ghosh, DebidasThe experiment was framed to get the most effective extract of Aloe vera (L.) leaf gel for the amelioration of hypo-functional activity of testis in diabetic model rats. Only one frequency of streptozotocin was injected through skeletal muscle at 40 mg/kg body weight for diabetes induction. Treatment with aqueous or ethanol or methanol or hydro-ethanol (40:60) or hydro-methanol (40:60) extract of Aloe vera (L.) was continued for 28 days. Rats were euthanized and sacrificed on 29th day. Fasting blood glucose level, kinetics of hexokinase, androgenic key enzymes, and markers of cellular oxidative stress were assessed. The concentration of the sperm per milliliter of epididymal washed fluid, sperm motility, serum testosterone, plasma insulin levels, lipid, and metabolic toxicity sensors were also measured. Significant amelioration (p ? 0.05) of the negatively deviated above-mentioned parameters and the disrupted histomorphology of testicles towards vehicle-treated control were noted after uninterrupted 28 days of treatment to diabetic rats with the mentioned extracts of Aloe vera (L.). The highest percentage of recovery in the adopted sensors was noted in the hydro-ethanol extract-treated diabetes group than others. Hydro-ethanol extract of the said plant part is potent among all other extracts for correcting such hypo-function of testicles in diabetes.Item AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF CUCURBITA PEPO L. SEED EXTRACT AGAINST LEAD INDUCED EFFECTS ON THE SERUM AND TESTICULAR OXIDATIVE STATUS: AN IN VIVO VALIDATION(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2023-04) Nair, Amrutha B.; PA, RaajeswariLead (Pb) exposure is considered to be an alarming public health problem since evidence has mounted regarding its adverse impact on health and reproduction. The current research was intended to evaluate the ameliorative effects of Cucurbita pepo L. (pumpkin) against lead toxicity-induced oxidative stress in experimental rats. Before the animal study, a preliminary phytochemical screening was done to detect the presence of various phytoconstituents in the seed extract. Thirty adult male wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into five groups for the experimental study. Group 1 served as the control while groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were treated with 30 mg/kg lead acetate, 1000 mg/kg seed extract alone (high dose), 30 mg/kg lead acetate and 100 mg/kg seed extract (low dose) and 30 mg/kg lead acetate and 1000 mg/kg seed extract (high dose), respectively. Enzymatic antioxidant concentrations in serum and testis were found to check the response of antioxidants to lead toxicity. In lead treated group, increased oxidative stress was observed which was indicated by a significant (p<0.001) decline in the concentration of the enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, CAT and GPx) coupled with a significant increase in lipid peroxidation marked by high MDA level. Interestingly, at high dosage of C. pepo seed extract, enzymatic antioxidant concentration was comparable to control and significantly higher compared to other experimental groups. The study revealed that even in low dosage, C. pepo administration could improve the antioxidant status in the lead-treated group. This investigation recommends C. pepo seeds as a potent natural product promising strong protection against lead toxicity-induced oxidative stress which could be pharmacologically explored for drug synthesis.Item Analysis Of Metformin On Endogenous Antioxidants And Oxidative Stress In Mice Brain Tissue Of Alloxan-Induced Diabetes(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2019-09) Kashyap, H.; Gupta, S.Diabetes has become a serious threat to mankind, as it is found in all parts of the world. Alloxan induced diabetic mice were treated by metformin to study the impact of oxidative stress and endogenous antioxidants. Due to the establishment of diabetes, the oxidative stress indicators were found to be positively correlated with the elevation in the levels of endogenous antioxidants. Whereas, in metformin-treated diabetic mice, the data revealed the correction of diabetes by lowering of blood glucose level along with body weight. But the levels of endogenous antioxidants were not recorded to increase except GST. It shows that under in vivo system level of oxidative stress increases due to the metformin. The data revealed that metformin treatment of mice, however, manage the glucose level but not effective in controlling oxidative stress.Item Analysis of phytochemical constituents, antibacterial, antioxidant and GC-MS profiling of Crotalaria ramosissima leaf extracts(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2024-06) HA, Lanchana; Garampalli, Rajkumar HCrotalaria ramosissima Roxb. (Fabales: Fabaceae) is a common weed that grows prolifically in few areas of Karnataka. The plant used as insect repellent in grain storage room and C. ramosissima leaves used to treat skin diseases. The purpose of study was to investigate phytochemical constituents and evaluate their antibacterial and antioxidant properties along with bioactive compound profiling. Phytochemical screening of ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol extracts revealed presence of necessary phytochemical components, anti-microbial activity against plant pathogens showed best results from ethyl acetate extract with MIC 15.60µg mL-1 against Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas oryzae with MIC 31.25µg mL-1, confirmed with TLC bio-autography, DPPH antioxidant assay, showed the highest activity of IC-50 2.71µg mL-1 from methanol extract with standard reference, Gas chromatography/Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) used for profiling to detect chemical compounds from plant solvent extracts which showed presence of 21 compounds, ethyl acetate extract identified with 1,2,4-Oxidiazole, 3-(1,3-bezodioxol-5-y-5-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-ethyl] which is heterocyclic aromatic compound of azole family-alkaloid, which is reported for the first time in C. ramosissima. The results revealed significant properties and the obtained 1,2,4-oxidiazole derivative can be a novel bio-control agent against microorganisms and for crop protection. It also retained current researcher's attention from its biological properties in pharmaceutical drug industry.Item Analytical Qbd Approach For Development And Validation Of Rp-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method For Determination Of Tofisopam In Pure Form And Tablets(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2020-03) Kokane, M.; Pananchery, J.; Jadhav, M.; Jain, A.A novel, simple, optimized reversed-phase chromatography method for assay of Tofisopam in pure and tablet form is developed. The experimental trial was by Box Behnken design using the Design Expert® software 10 version. The attributes selected were peak symmetry, number of theoretical, and peak purity. The predicted data satisfied with actual experimental data. The optimized chromatographic conditions required a quaternary pump with a mobile phase of Water: Acetonitrile 25:75 v/v at 1 mL/min, oven temperature at 25oC at 310 nm using C18(250 × 4.6 mm Id, 5μm) column and PDA detector with a run time of 5 min. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, and specificity. The method produced a linear response over a concentration range of 4–24 ppm with an overall average accuracy of 99.98%. The method was robust, reproducible, and specific with respect to the retention time of tofisopam.Item Analyzing The Role Of Phytochemicals In Targeting Drug Transporter Protein Abcc6 Using Molecular Docking And Molecular Dynamics Simulations(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2020-05) Pandya, H.; Patel, C. N.; Bhavsar, M.; Pandya, P. N.; Patel, S. K.; Rawal, R. M.Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype that lacks hormonal receptors. This reduces the therapeutic options for TNBC patients creating more focus on chemotherapy. Drug resistance has posed as a major hurdle in treating TNBC patients. Deregulation of drug transporter proteins is one of major factors that cause resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. In this study, ABCC6 a drug transporter protein that is found dysregulated in several resistant cancer cells has been docked with natural compounds or phytochemicals with known anti-cancer activities. Subtrifloralactone G, a withanolide extracted from Deprea subtriflora is found to show highest binding energy with ABCC6 protein. Molecular dynamics simulations further prove the stability of the ABCC6 protein- Subtrifloralactone G ligand complex. ADMET analysis shows that phytochemical Subtrifloralactone G can be used as an anti-cancer therapeutic drug in treating resistant cancer cells. The study mainly focuses on the role of phytochemicals in treating resistant TNBC cells.Item Androgenetic Alopecia: update on Etiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2024-04) P, Cherishma Raju; Baraka, Babiker Bashir Haroun; Rao, Bhagya V; Karadi, Chetana S; Gowda, Sneha V; Kumar, RameshAlopecia means loss of hair. Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) now called as patterned hair loss (male pattern hair loss; MPHL, female pattern hair loss; FPHL) is caused by androgens in a predisposed individual. It is modulated by factors like age, sex, genes, smoking, and alcohol. If untreated this leads to psychological problems like stress, anxiety, depression and decrease self-confidence which affect quality of life. A thorough clinical examination and a certain hormonal estimation could reveal levels of androgens, hyperandrogenism, adrenal hyperplasia, (PCOS) polycystic ovarian syndrome, and ovarian/adrenal tumors. A simple Trichoscopy could show the typical picture of hair miniaturization commonly seen in this condition. Finally, a biopsy of the scalp could help in clinching conclusive diagnosis. Out of the many treatments at our disposal, the non-pharmacologic methods like temporary camouflage techniques, synthetic hair wigs, hair-thickening fibers, hair weaving, pigmented powders are useful. Semi-permanent options like scalp micro-pigmentation (thorough tattooing) are useful to enhance appearances. Presently the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) approved pharmacologic treatments are Minoxidil and Finasteride. The non-USFDA approved methods of treatments like various surgical procedures {[hair transplantation]: follicular unit transplantation (FUT), follicular unit extraction (FUE), microneedling, light therapy, indigenous medicines, Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)}, and various loco-regional hair care practices are in vogue. The outcome of this review is to offer the latest update and insights into the newer novel therapies in patterned hair loss. Also, the patients could enhance their knowledge about the condition, the benefits and prognosis of each treatment.Item Anti-dengue Leads From Caesalpinia bonduc - An In Silico Approach(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2023-08) BIJU, Charuvil K.; Lekshmi, Radha K.; Sivanandan, SreekumarDengue (breakbone fever) is a rapidly spreading arboviral infection transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes with major public health implications in more than 100 tropical and subtropical countries mostly in Southeast Asia, South and Central America and the Western Pacific. As the virus spreads to new geographic areas, more frequent dengue outbreaks occur in different parts of the world. Fifty million cases of dengue occur worldwide each year, of which 10% require hospitalization for dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). It is a shocking truth that more than 90% of these are children under the age of five. The mortality rate is also significant as 2.5% die from dengue. Currently there is no effective vaccine or specific drug for Dengue/DHF. Pharmaceutical manufacturers have turned their attention to plant-based drug candidates to produce effective drugs. Following this the present study investigated the active phytochemicals present in the medicinal plant Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. through docking simulation. Dengue virus non-structural protein five (NS5) and human IMPDH-II were used here as targets for docking with plant compounds. Docking results revealed that 33 compounds out of 82 phytochemicals showed better binding affinity than the native ligands of the targets. Compounds exhibiting the lowest free energy levels were further screened after studying their pharmacokinetics, medicinal chemistry friendliness, lead-likeness, and finally toxicity prediction to identify lead molecules. At the end of the study, three compounds, Caesaldekarin A, Caesalpinin F and Taepeenin D, which potently inhibited both targets, were selected here for further 'in vitro' and 'in vivo' studies.Item Anti-Diabetic Activity Of Few India Indigenous Medicinal Plants(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2019-11) Nagar, R.; Patel, R.The traditional system of medicine is so ingrained in our culture that, about 75% of the Indian population depends on this indigenous system for relief. With such a huge section of an ever increasing population relying on herbal remedies, it is imperative that the plant products which have been in use for such a long time be scientifically supported for their efficacy. Diabetes a metabolic disorders is most frequent occurring disease in India. The present paper reports with the investigation of antidiabetic potential of Eugenia jambolana (Bark), Phyllanthus niruri (Whole plant), Momordica charantia Linn. (Seeds) and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Leaves).Item Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Cancer Activity And Associated Toxicity Of Leucas Aspera Extract In Wistar Albino Rats(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2019-11) Madhu, G. C.; Kannaiyan, J.; Paulraj, B.; Veeramani, V.In regenerative medicine, nanotechnology plays a vital role in the diagnosis, the delivery of therapeutic drugs and the treatment of many diseases and disorders. Due to the growing need to develop environmentally friendly technologies in material synthesis, the biosynthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IOP) has received considerable attention over the past decades. Therefore, the community is now looking back for traditional medicines for various diseases after the practice of allopathic drugs with tremendous side effects. There are an increasing number of biomedical applications for iron oxide nanoparticles; as such uses are essential for in-vitro characterisation and in-vivo to ensure the bio-safety of these particles. The main complication of diabetes due to frequent lipid peroxidation is liver damage and renal dysfunction, but treatment with Leucas aspera has a pronounced effect on these indicators, which protects the organs from further damage. The current research supports the traditional use of Leucas aspera against diabetes mellitus and cancer, as well as the safety, effectiveness and potency of Leucas aspera leaf extract's anti-diabetic and anti-cancer effect in the in-vivo model. The overall results reveal that Leucas aspera has the potential and can be a candidate of choice without side effect.Item Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Vitex altissima Leaf Extract in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2023-08) Azeez, Ajinza A.; Rauf, Arun A.; Edwin, Boby T.Vitex altissima has been conventionally utilized for its wide-ranging properties in the management of oxidative stress and inflammation. The present investigation was centered on the quantification of the anti-inflammatory efficacy of Vitex altissima. The samples were evaluated for their ability to impede the activity of proteinase, denature proteins, and stabilize the membrane of human red blood cells (HRBC). The present study investigated the inhibitory impact of extracts on the production of total cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase-5 (5-LOX), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nitric oxide (NO) using the RAW 264.7 cell line. Furthermore, the antioxidant properties were assessed through the employment of both DPPH assay and reducing power assay. According to the findings, the methanolic extract of Vitex altissima (VAME) was identified as the most efficacious fraction with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The findings indicate that the extracts exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of proteinase, protein denaturation, and hemolysis of HRBC membrane, which is beneficial. The extracts of Vitex altissima, when treated at concentrations that are not cytotoxic, were observed to have a significant effect in reducing the activity of COX, 5-LOX, and MPO in RAW 264.7 cell line treated with LPS. This resulted in a decrease in NO levels. The dose-dependent increase in in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Vitex altissima suggests its potential use as a pharmacological agent for the management of diseases related to inflammation. Additional comprehensive phytochemical investigations, in conjunction with in vitro and in vivo analyses, are necessary to identify the active constituent within the extract.Item Antibacterial Activity Of Desiccated Cyanobacterium Anabaena Sp. Isolated From Terracotta Monuments Of Bishnupur, West Bengal(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2020-03) Bhakat, S.; Saha, S.; Mandal, S.; Rath, J.Anabaena sp. are the dominant cyanobacterial species on terracotta monuments of Bishnupur which exposed to high solar radiation, ultraviolet and in a desiccated condition in most part of the year. In the present study three Anabaena species were isolated from crust samples and its antibacterial activities were evaluated against pathogenic bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli. We observed good antibacterial activity in ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of Anabaena sp. (VBCCA 052002) which having highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli respectively. We have validated the antibacterial assay by using resazurin based antimicrobial assay in microtiter plates and calculated the MIC value of ethyl acetate extract of Anabaena sp. (VBCCA 052002) which is found to be 100 µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and 150 µg/ml against Salmonella typhimurium.Item Antimicrobial Activity Of Endophytic Fungi Isolated From Eryngium Foetidum, An Ethnomedicinal Plant Of Assam(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2019-11) Talukdar, R.; Tayung, K.Eyngium foetidum L. is a medicinal plant widely used by ethnic tribal communities of Assam as an alternative source of medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The present investigation was undertaken with an aim to isolate, identify and assess the antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi associated with the healthy leaf tissues of E. foetidum. The endophytic fungi were isolated three different media, namely, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Malt Extract Agar (MEA) and Water Agar (WA) media and from three different sites. Altogether, 84 endophytic fungal isolates were isolated from 150 segments of leaf tissues. Dominant endophytes were found to be fungi belonging to the genus Colletotrichum, followed by non-sporulating members grouped under mycelia sterilia. Other fungal genera that were isolated as endophytes were Scopulariopsis, Cladosporium, Stemphylium, Penicilllium and Alternaria. The endophytic fungi thus isolated were studied for antimicrobial activity against some clinically significant human pathogenic test organisms. Ethyl acetate extracts of all endophytes exhibited antimicrobial activity by inhibiting at least one out of all the test pathogens. Amongst the isolated fungi, extracts obtained from three endophytes showed wide-spectrum activity against all the test organisms. The fungal endophytes were identified as Scopulariopsis sp., Penicillium sp. and a sterile isolate morphotype strain EF6. The study indicated that E. foetidum harbours a wide range of endophytes with antimicrobial properties and further detailed investigation of the compound present in them would lead to their potential therapeutic applications as a new source of medicine.Item Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activity Of Different Plant Parts Of Anacardium Occidentale L. And Mangifera Indica L.: A Comparative Study(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2019-07) Sija, S. L.; Athulya, A. S.; Mahima, M. R.; Vidhya, A.Anacardium occidentale L. and Mangifera indica L. has been used worldwide both for pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries due to the presence of biological activities of some of its metabolites. The present study comprises the correlation of antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity in ethyl acetate extract of young leaves and bark of A. occidentale and M. indica. The activity of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) on radical scavenging effect of the extracts was carried out by spectrophotometrically. All the plant extracts showed DPPH radical scavenging activity and among the extracts, A. occidentale young leaves indicated higher antioxidant potential in comparison with those of the other extracts. The antibacterial activity of various extracts was also screened against some human pathogens of clinical importance; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salmonella typhi; Bacillus subtilis; Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Item Antioxidant And Cardiac Enzyme Marker Studies Of Thevetia Peruviana Seed Hydro-Methanol Extract In Wistar Male Albino Rats(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2020-07) Nettilamkuzhiyil, N.Thevetia peruviana seed kernels are used for suicide attempts in many countries centuries back. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the level of toxicity exposure of seed kernels by acute and subacute studies on male wistar rats taking antioxidant enzyme levels in the vital organs like liver, kidney, heart and brain tissues myocardial marker enzyme levels in serum. Results revealed that antioxidant enzyme (SOD, GPX, GSH) levels was normal in the lower groups (25, 50 mg/kg), but drastic hike was observed in CKMB and LDH cardiac biomarker enzyme levels in 100 mg/ kg groups. In the liver tissues of group IV animals a significant dose dependent increase was observed in the activities of SOD (3.15 ± 0.58), GPx (46.55 ± 4.79) and GSH activity (18.20 ± 0.56). In kidney homogenates SOD and GSH level showed a statistically insignificant (p > 0.05) elevation, but the increase in GPx level shown by group IV animals (41.50 ± 7.04) was significant (p < 0.05) The activities of SOD in brain homogenates were increased significantly in group III (2.17 ± 0.24) and group IV (2.51 ± 0.27) animals. The GPx enzyme level also increased dose dependently (p < 0.01), but the level of GSH was found an insignificant hike. The heart, supposed to be the most adversely affected organ on cardiac glycoside administration, showed undisturbed values of enzyme levels. A noticeable elevation was observed in the serum CKMB and LDH enzyme levels in a dose dependent manner, but the extract did affect only the higher dosed animals (100 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05), In contrary to that, tissue homogenates of subacute animals under study showed a markedly significant hike in both CKMB and LDH levels. In conclusion, the level of toxicity and safety margin is very narrow, and the seeds really take lives of organisms, whose intake is accidentally or deliberately.Item The antioxidative effect of esculin on lead acetate-induced neurotoxicity in the hippocampus and cortex of C57BL/6 mice(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2023-08) Thangarajan, Sumathi; Murugan, Akila; Rajavel, Selvi; Perumal, Suganya S.Heavy metal exposure to lead is associated with severe neuronal impairment through oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species. This study investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of esculin on the lead (Pb)-induced brain neurotoxicity C57bl/6 model. Four groups of mice were used for the study (control, lead acetate-treated (10 mg/kg), lead acetate and esculin (10 mg/kg +15 mg/kg) and esculin (15 mg/kg) alone treated for 14 consecutive days. Lead-induced alterations in the level of lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, protein carbonyl, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity were measured in brain homogenates. Histological changes in the hippocampus and cortex were also examined. The results documented that PbAc significantly increased hippocampal and cortical lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels and decreased glutathione content, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activity. Histological observations of lead-induced neurotoxicity revealed severe damage and a reduction in neuronal density in the hippocampus and cortex. However, treatment with esculin rescued hippocampal and cortical neurons from PbAc-induced neurotoxicity by restoring the balance between oxidants and antioxidants and improvise motor coordination and memory activity. Esculin also attenuates the morphological damage and neuronal density in the hippocampal and cortex regions of C57bl/6 mice. Hence, the study suggests that esculin may be useful in combating lead acetate-induced neuronal injury.Item Antipsychotic Prescribing Pattern In Elderly Patients With Psychiatric Disorders(MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2019-07) Varghese, G. A.; Mansekhar, K.; Chethana, S.; Disha Rani, S.; Roop Sai, G.The elderly people are more prone to develop psychiatric disorders due to a number of factors like changes in the brain, other illnesses etc. They represent the most vulnerable group as they are most sensitive to the effects of drugs and are at increased risk of developing adverse drug reactions. This warrants the need to make the prescribers cautious about rational prescribing of antipsychotics to the Elderly. The study included elderly inpatients and outpatients visiting psychiatry ward with psychiatric disorders. Descriptive weighed analysis was performed to determine the prescribing practices of atypical antipsychotics. Among the 70 patients who were involved in the study, 36 patients were diagnosed with neurotic disorders and 30 patients were diagnosed with psychotic disorders and 4 were diagnosed with degenerative disorders (dementia). In our study neurotic disorders (51%) were the major diagnosis. 6 different atypical antipsychotic drugs were prescribed to the patients suffering from different psychiatric disorders. Among them olanzapine (43%) was the most commonly prescribed drug, followed by quetiapine (30%), risperidone (21%), clozapine (3.2%), lurasidone (1%), and aripiprazole (1%). This study has concluded that atypical antipsychotics are preferred over typical antipsychotics and Olanzapine is the most commonly prescribed drug for the elderly patients suffering from psychiatric disorders. On comparison of the prescribed daily doses with the maximum daily dose we have observed that the prescribed daily doses for the elderly patients were well within the maximum daily dose of the drugs and in our study no adverse drug reactions were reported in the study subjects that were involved.