Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

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2',3'-cyclic neucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase activity in developing rat brain.
(1998-01-26) Singh, R; Shankar, R
2-Deoxy-D-glucose alters the cardio-respiratory parameters in anaesthetized rats.
(2008-07) Pandey, R; Choudhry, P K; Deshpande, S B
2-Deoxy-D-Glucose (2-DG), a synthetic analogue of glucose, is used as an anticancer agent either alone or in combination with other tumor treatment protocols. The present study was conducted to identify the systemic effects of 2-DG on parameters of vital importance. The blood pressure, ECG and respiratory excursions were recorded in anesthetized adult rats. At the end (after 120 min) of experiments, the plasma glucose and serum insulin levels were estimated. Injection of 2-DG (0.5 g/kg) produced an immediate increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and respiratory rate. The increase in MAP continued throughout the period of observation (120 min) and the maximal increase was seen at 90 min (27%). Whereas, the respiratory rate decreased by 17% at 15 min which decreased further to 37% by 120 min. Heart rate also decreased after 2-DG in a timedependent manner and 40% decrease was observed at 120 min. Administration of 2-DG increased the plasma glucose level significantly (30%) as compared to saline control group but did not increase the serum insulin level. The results indicate that 2-DG alters the cardio-respiratory parameters by mechanisms unrelated to plasma insulin activity.
5-fluorouracil (5-FU) induces the formation of giant cells and sloughing of seminiferous epithelium in the rat testis.
(2000-07-15) Narayana, K; D'Souza, U J; Sanyal, A K; Rao, K P
The chemotherapeutic agent, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been widely used in the treatment of a variety of cancers. Its effect on the testis has not been substantially studied. Present study was conducted to evaluate the gonadotoxicity of 5-FU in male albino rats. Animals were injected with single dose of 5-FU (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) and sampled on 1, 3, 15 and 30 day post exposure. Animals were anaesthetised, testes were perfusion fixed by Bouin's fluid. Five micron thick paraffin sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Slides were screened for the incidence of partially and extensively sloughed tubules. Data were analysed by Mann Whitney 'U' test. Only 100 mg/kg induced multinucleated cells on 3rd day. All doses of 5-FU induced sloughing of the seminiferous epithelium. Maximum number of partially sloughed tubules were seen on third day. Partial sloughing was not dose dependent except on 15th day. The extensive sloughing was dose dependent except on 30th day. The result indicates that all the doses of 5-FU tested in this study cause sloughing of epithelium and only 100 mg/kg induces the formation of giant cells on third day.
5-hydroxytryptamine content of the dog myocardium after chronic electroconvulsive therapy.
(1971-10-01) Khanna, N K; Lauria, P; Sharma, V N
Abdominal obesity and pulmonary functions in young Indian Adults : A prospective study.
(2009-10) Saxena, Yogesh; Sidhwani, Girish; Upmanyu, Rashi
Obesity is a global health hazard and has been linked to numerous metabolic complications such as dyslipidemia, type II diabetes, & cardio vascular diseases and is negatively associated to the pulmonary function. The mechanism for this association is still debated and the best marker of adiposity in relation to dynamic pulmonary function is still not clear. We assessed the association of respiratory parameters and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and Waist Hip ratio (WHR) as the markers of relative and abdominal obesity adiposity respectively. Step wise linear regression analysis was used to find out the association of FVC and FEV1 (performed in standing) with over all and adiposity markers stratified by gender and adjusted to height and age. A random sample of volunteers (n=80) from general population in and around Dehradun, India of age group 20-40 years. In women the WC shows a higher negative association to respiratory parameters FVC and FEV1 {B (P value), R2 as – 0.381(0.017), 0.122 and – 0.373(0.019), 0.139} while all the adiposity markers showed a negative significant association. In men WC showed highly significant negative association with FVC and FEV1 {Beta (P value), R2 as – 0.502(0.001), 0.232 and – 0.428(0.006), 0.184} with higher R2 values as compared to other adiposity parameters. The result suggested that the abdominal obesity marker is an important and better predictor of pulmonary function than BMI and the investigators suggest the inclusion of it as a potential confounding factor when investigating the determinants of pulmonary function.
Abnormal cardiovascular and electrocardiographic profiles and cardiac glycogen content in rabbits injected with scorpion venom.
(1981-10-01) Balasubramaniam, P; Kari, R K
Cardiovascular and ECG abnormalities were studied following injection of venom of Buthus tamulus, a common scorpion found in South India. Venom was administered in doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg body weight. Subsequent estimation of glycogen content of different chambers of the heart, showed a significant reduction in tissue glycogen levels in both atria and ventricles in animals treated with a venom dose of 2 mg/kg. However, a significant reduction occurred only in atria with a higher venom dose of 4 mg/kg.
Abrupt fall in blood pressure by intravenous injection of triphosphopyridine nucleotide.
(1969-01-01) Chauhan, P S
Absence of salivary toxin in chhachhundar the Indian shrew. Suncus murinus.
(1974-07-01) Akhter, M H
Absence of teratogenicity of pyridoxine in Wistar rats.
(1986-07-01) Marathe, M R; Thomas, G P
Absorption and efficacy of intramuscular tetracycline.
(1971-07-01) Kulkarni, R D; Hattangadi, M; Gharpure, V G; Joshi, V R
Abuse liability of buprenorphine--a study among experienced drug users.
(1998-01-26) Bedi, N S; Ray, R; Jain, R; Dhar, N K
Six male post-detoxified opiate dependent subjects were evaluated for abuse liability of buprenorphine (0.6 mg), morphine (16 mg), pentazocine (30 mg) and distilled water (placebo) intramuscular injection in a single blind cross-over random order. Subjective states, drug discrimination, drug linking, sedation and euphoria were assessed at pre-injection, 30 min and 4 hrs post-injection. Buprenorphine caused significant euphoria and was identified as heroin. On all parameters, buprenorphine resembled morphine rather than pentazocine and placebo. The data suggest that abuse liability of buprenorphine is similar to morphine i.e. moderate rather than low.
Abuse liability of diazepam through different routes.
(2001-04-02) Singh, R K; Jain, R; Ray, R; Gupta, Y K
Abuse liability of diazepam was examined among experienced drug users. The subjects, randomly divided into two groups, each having eight subjects, received diazepam, 15 mg intravenously (gr. 1) and 30 mg orally (gr. 2). Subjective states, drug liking, sedation and euphoria were assessed at pre-drug, 15 min, 120 min and 240 min post-drug administration. In addition, brief assessment to evaluate euphoria and sedation was carried out at 5 min and 45 min for subjects in gr. 1, and at 45 min and 150 min for those in gr. 2. Plasma diazepam level was also estimated. Results indicate those subjects in gr. 1 reported quicker and higher euphoria, drug liking, subjective effects and higher plasma level. The study suggests that route of administration of a compound which has faster onset of action is associated with more liability of abuse.
Accessing modern contraceptive technologies in India.
(2006-10-04) Sengupta, Jayasree
The 'unmet' need for reproductive health care in India requires a wide demand net. Besides 'supply' of oral contraceptives, condoms and IUDs, the 'non-supply' approach for increasing contraceptive prevalence is recommended through education about the variety of safe contraceptives and awareness in the use of traditional methods. Expansion of education is partly responsible for the recent decline in fertility in India, however, gender inequality still prevails with poor sex ratio in urban regions, and deficit of around 35 million girls and women from higher mortality compared to males till the age of 30. The community can become a key force in knowledge sharing for greater contraceptive prevalence and also to support its service sector. Practice of.women's reproductive health involves complex socio-cultural-biological interaction in accessing modern contraceptive technologies. A number of interactive factors have been suggested to operate at different hierarchical levels to provide homeodynamic stability to the central event of reproductive health care under a central controller action, the government. While guidelines of the World Health Organization for quality care in family planning should be implemented in rural and urban sectors, efforts should also be made to translate recent advances in contraceptive technology from laboratory to service sector for improving women's reproductive health.
Acetylcholine and cholinesterase levels in the brain of methanol treated rats.
(1992-10-01) Babu, R S; Uma, R; Sembulingam, K; Namasivayam, A
Acetylcholine content of the brain and visceral organs of the teleostean fish; Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus.
(1976-07-01) Ovais, M; Gupta, S S; Bhagwat, A W
The acetylcholine content of various organs of two teleostean fish, Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus has been estimated biologically on the eserinized frog rectus muscle. The acetylcholine content in the stomach of both the fish was 0.341 and 0.22 mug/g, respectively. Values were lower than those of other parts of the alimentary tract. The ilia contained the most acetylcholine, being 0.644 and 0.551 mug/g respectively, for the two fish. In the brain, heart, kidney and liver of both the fish, a considerable amount of acetylcholine was detected. Acetylcholine was not found in the spleen of Clarias batrachus, but it was present in the spleen of Heteropneustes fossilis.
Acetylcholine levels of rat brain and heart in starvation and protein restriction.
(1984-07-01) Venkataraman, B V; Joseph, T; Shetty, P S; Stephen, P M
Acetylcholine (ACh) levels and protein content in brain and heart were determined in normal, acutely starved, chronically semi-starved and chronically protein restricted groups of adult male rats. The only change observed in acute starvation and chronic semi-starvation was an increase in ACh level with a decrease in protein content in the heart, no change was observed in the brain. Protein restriction, however, produced a significant rise in ACh levels with a decrease in protein content of both brain and heart.
Acetylcholine: a possible neurotransmitter in Setaria cervi.
(1978-01-01) Singhal, K C; Zehra, N; Singhal, U; Saxena, P N
The total and free acetylcholine (Ach) and cholinesterase (CHE) content of adult Setaria cervi were estimated. The Ach was estimated by bioassay on rectus abdominis muscle of frog and the CHE by measuring the drop in pH following incubation of worm homogenate with Ach chloride. The free and total Ach contents (4.0 +/- 0.57 and 6.0 +/- 0.48 microgram/g wet weight of worms respectively) were as high as found in mammalian brain cortex. The cholinesterase activity was found to be 5.57 +/- 0.6 units/g wet weight of worms. It is possible that there may exist a well developed system responsible for the synthesis, storage, release and destruction of Ach and that Ach may be acting as an excitatory neurohormone in S. cervi.
Acetylcholinesterase activity of rat brain and heart in starvation and protein restriction.
(1985-04-01) Venkataraman, B V; Shetty, P S; Joseph, T; Stephen, P M
AChE activity was determined in the brain and heart of normal, acute totally starved, chronically semi-starved and chronically protein restricted groups of adult male rats. Neither acute total starvation nor chronic semi-starvation produced significant changes in AChE activity and protein content of the brain, while AChE activity and protein content in the heart were significantly decreased (P less than 0.01) after semi-starvation. Protein restriction, however, produced a significant decrease in AChE activity and protein content of both brain (P less than 0.01) and heart (P less than 0.001).
Acid inhibiton in insulin test- a preliminary report.
(1975-10-01) Venkataraman, M S; Balasubramaniam, V; Kanaka, T S; Nanjunda Rao, R
The initial suppression of acid secretion in Insulin Test has been a subject of various interpretaitons. A study of hypothalamic recordings in a patient undergoing sedative neurosurgery for behaviour disorders revealed marked suppression of electrical activity in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus within three minutes after the injection of insulin, followed later by spike formation corresponding to parasympathetic stimulation, when hypoglycaemia is established. It appears that the initial suppression of acid secretion is due to a direct action of insulin, suppressing electrical activities of lateral nucleus, the spike formation occurring later, corresponding to onset of hypoglycaemia with stimulation of the nucleus and consequently gastric secretion.
Acid phosphatase activity and fresh tissue weights of accessory sex organs in adult male rats following pituitary transplantation.
(1988-10-01) Tripathi, Y; Mukhopadhyay, A K
The effect of female pituitary transplantation under renal capsule of castrated adult male rats on accessory sex organs was studied either in presence or in absence of testosterone. Acid phosphatase activity in prostate and seminal vesicle was estimated apart from recording the fresh tissue weights of prostate, seminal vesicle, coagulating and preputial glands. Prolactin secreted from grafted pituitary significantly increased the fresh tissue weights of all sex accessories except seminal vesicle. Testosterone treatment in presence of pituitary graft stimulated the acid phosphatase activity of prostate and seminal vesicle. Prolactin in absence of testosterone could not change the enzymatic activity of prostate and seminal vesicle. The results indicate that prolactin can act directly on prostate, coagulating glands and preputial glands. Accessory sex organs also require the presence of androgens as well as prolactin to maintain the functions of sex accessories in adult male rats.

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