Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences

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Adenosquamous Cell Carcinoma Secondary to Chronic Osteomyelitis of the Tibia - Rare Case Report
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2024-04) Anil, KP; Nagakumar, JS.
Osteomyelitis is an infection with progressive destruction of bone tissue involving the bone and articular cartilage with its medullary canal. Chronic osteo-myelitis treatment is challenge for the orthopaedician. The bone microscopic anatomy and also the microorganism biofilms and their ability to adapt to their surrounding environment. It’s tough for the antibiotics and disinfectants to breach the biofilm barrier and kill these microorganism colonies. Cutaneous neoplasm are a rare complication developing after a chronic bone infection. The incidence and prevalence of these cutaneous tumor/neoplasm following chronic bone infection continues to increase despite the increasing awareness to the disease process, and medical advances in early diagnosis and early treatment. Most common neoplasm after a chronic bone infection are squamous cell carcinoma and rarely sarcoma or lymphoma. 1 In our study we report adenosquamous cell carcinoma arising from chronic osteomyelitis of tibia for which above knee amputation was done.
Advanced Arrhythmia Classification Using Transformer-Based CNN
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2025-06) Febeena, KR; Kurian, C.
Background: The Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a vital clinical signal for recognizing cardiovascular ailments (CVDs) such as Arrhythmia. However, manual assessment of ECG signals is challenging due to subtle physiological variations in both regular and irregular cases, mainly when dealing with a large volume of cardiac patients. From this perspective, automated sorting of ECG signals can offer substantial relief to healthcare experts, facilitating precise analysis. Objective: This study aims to develop an automated system for sorting ECG signals to ease the workload of healthcare experts and enhance the precision of cardiac condition analysis. The ultimate goal is to provide healthcare professionals with a reliable tool that streamlines the interpretation process, enabling timely and accurate diagnoses, thereby improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare burdens. Method & Material: Current approaches predominantly rely on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to extract ECG signal features. However, these may fail to capture nuanced differences in pathological features across different diseases. Transformer networks, known for their prowess in handling sequence data, offer advantages in feature extraction but often rely on extensive datasets, making the complete network intricate. This proposed model utilizes CNN and Transformers for arrhythmia classification. This study was conducted on the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database (MIT-ArrhyDB), classifying five distinct classes of arrhythmias based on their morphological features. Result: The proposed model exhibits an impressive F1 Score of 98.52% and classification accuracy of 98.95%. Conclusion: Comparative analysis with standard CNN exposes the superior performance of our proposed model. This highlights its outstanding overall performance and potential utility in clinical applications.
Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Activity of Wheat Microgreen Extracts against Rotenone Induced Neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2025-06) Sonane, M; Saxena, S.
Background: Wheatgrass (Triticum, Family: Poaceae) juice is considered as a living food and often consumed due to its countless health benefits. Wheatgrass juice contains many bioactive compounds which can be useful for ameliorating neurogenerative diseases. Wheat in the form of microgreen (7th day after sowing) have been reported to have higher level of bioactive compounds compared to the mature wheatgrass or grain. Objective: To evaluate the protective effects of wheat microgreen extract against rotenone induced neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods: Worms were exposed to the different concentrations of rotenone to determine the concentration that can induce neurodegeneration without causing any mortality. Wheat microgreen extract was exposed to worms along with rotenone to determine the effective concentration. Neuroprotective potential of wheat microgreen extract was assessed by foraging and locomotory performance, free radical generation, cytotoxicity assay and dopamine content. Results: 4 µM concentration of rotenone was found non lethal but able to induce behavior changes after 48 h of exposure. Wheat microgreen extract at 1 mg/mL concentration was found minimum and effective when exposed along with rotenone to worms. Rotenone exposed C. elegans were observed to have reduced locomotory and foraging behaviors along with dopamine content, while an increased level of free radical and cytotoxicity. Wheat microgreen extract improved behavior performance and dopamine content, also reduce free radical generation and cytotoxicity in the rotenone exposed worms. Conclusion: Our study concludes that wheat microgreen exhibits neuroprotective and antioxidant potential and can be considered as a possible treatment for neurodegeneration.
Application of Diode Laser for the Management of Unerupted Tooth in Anxious Paediatric Patients – Two Clinical Case Reports
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2025-03) Kanathila, H; Pangi, A; Patil, S; Jhugroo, C; Devang Divakar, D.
One of the biggest challenges in paediatric dentistry is dental fear and anxiety, considered to be a reason to avoid dental treatment. The most dependable treatment option for the pediatric population is now laser application and modalities, which is a significant alternative to the current standard surgical techniques because of the recent and widely accepted breakthroughs in these fields. Using a dental laser that is patient-friendly and least invasive in dental practice helps to reduce the patient fear and anxiety. This article explains two clinical cases where diode laser is used in an anxious paediatric patient for managing unerupted tooth.
Applications of Hydroxyapatite in Healthcare Sectors – A Perspective Review
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2024-07) Sneha, S; Kanmani, C; Ajay, S; Surendar, S; Sivakumar, K.
Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) provides a promising prospect in the field of healthcare owing to its biocompatibility and resemblance to the mineral composition of genuine bone. Nevertheless, there are still obstacles to overcome in order to convert its potential into practical applications. An important challenge is to develop scalable and reproducible synthesis methods that guarantee constant quality of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp). Ensuring precise control over particle size, shape, and purity is of utmost importance, as these parameters have a direct influence on the biocompatibility and effectiveness. Furthermore, it is necessary to conduct further research on the long-term stability and degradation rates in living organisms in order to ensure proper absorption of materials and minimize the risk of toxicity. Notwithstanding these difficulties, nHAp exhibits great potential. The capacity to function as a precise drug delivery system, namely for the treatment of bone disorders and cancer, is a highly intriguing field of study. Moreover, scaffolds built on nHAp exhibit promise in the field of bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. By integrating antibacterial compounds or altering the surface features of nHAp, there are possibilities for addressing infections and inflammation. Maximizing the complete capabilities of nHAp requires continuous research, namely in the areas of scalable synthesis, toxicity assessment, and clinical application. Successfully overcoming these obstacles will clear the path for nHAp to completely transform the healthcare industry and contribute to a new age of patient care.
Assessing Health Challenges of Female Health Professionals
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2025-06) Naganandini, R.
Background: Female health professionals are often exposed to various occupational hazards that can adversely affect their health. Understanding the interplay between these environmental factors and health outcomes is crucial for improving workplace conditions in healthcare settings. Aims & Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the health challenges and work environment conditions faced by female health professionals in selected hospitals in Salem, Tamil Nadu. The objective was to assess the prevalence of health issues and analyze the influence of workplace factors on their health outcomes. Methodology : A cross-sectional design was employed, involving a sample of 300 female health professionals. Data were collected through surveys and medical examinations, capturing demographic characteristics, self-reported health issues, and workplace exposures. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests, t-tests, and regression analysis, were conducted to evaluate associations between environmental factors and health outcomes. Results : Findings revealed that 45% of participants reported respiratory issues, with 38% confirmed through clinical assessments. Skin conditions were reported by 53%, with 48% medically validated. Musculoskeletal disorders affected 39%, while reproductive health concerns were noted by 28%, with 15% confirmed medically. The study identified significant challenges in the work environment, including 62% experiencing chemical exposure in poorly ventilated areas, only 40% consistently using personal protective equipment (PPE), and 58% working in ergonomically inadequate conditions. Statistical analyses indicated that chemical exposure, inadequate PPE usage, and poor ergonomics were significant predictors of health problems. Conclusion : The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to improve workplace safety and health standards for female health professionals. By fostering healthier hospital environments, it is possible to mitigate occupational health risks and enhance the well-being of this vulnerable workforce.
Assessment of Dental Anxiety among College Students in Salem - A Cross Sectional Study
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2025-06) Rajesh, KA; Sowjeeniya, S; Sendil, KB; Nandha, KRS; Deepiga, G; Priyanka, K.
Background: Mitigating dental anxiety in the present context is essential for enhancing individual oral health and cultivating a more informed, healthier community. Aim: The study aims to assess the prevalence of dental anxiety among college students and identify factors that contribute to their apprehension about dental visit. Materials and methods: A descriptive Cross- sectional study was done in Salem between April to June 2024 among college students. Data were collected from 385students by face to face interview using semi-structured questionnaire. Chi-Square test was used to examine the association. Results: The Prevalence of dental anxiety among the study population was 85%. Majority of the study participants were anxious for (slightly extreme anxious) tooth drilled procedure (Frequency 74%, 2.69 +1.34SD) followed by higher anxiety for local anesthetic injection (67%, 2.47 +1.349SD) and for scaling treatment (64%, 2.21+1.15SD). Women demonstrated a significantly higher level of dental anxiety than men (p<0.05) and also participants belonging to the family income level of < RS.37,325 shows high level of dental anxiety (p<0.05). Conclusion: Results shows that Gender and family income were significantly associated with dental anxiety, out of all the socio demographic factors. Reducing avulsion brought on by dental anxiety in clinics and improving patient management are two benefits of addressing dental anxiety levels in various groups.
Assessment of Dietary Fiber Intake in Adults: Consideration of Gender and Age Disparities
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2024-07) Sreemathy, V; Triveni, K.
Background: Many studies have focused on the health effects of dietary fibre. Despite the advice of numerous experts to increase fibre consumption, many population groups have failed to meet the recommended daily average intake, which may lead to the development of various chronic diseases. Objectives: This study aimed to gain insight into the dietary fibre intake of adults in the Indian population. Methods and Materials: A questionnaire-based survey was conducted on 800 adults. A structured questionnaire containing 12 questions was used to collect data from the study participants. Data were analysed using statistical methods, and the outcomes were presented and interpreted. Results: A total of 800 participants (621 females and 179 males) were surveyed. A significant association was found between daily fruit intake and age (p=0.000) and gender (p=0.009). A significant association was observed between the consumption of daily 2 cups of vegetables and age (p=0.000) and gender (p=0.289). The majority of participants (57.61%) had fruits in the evening between lunch and dinner. The majority of females (281) had two cups of vegetables daily, followed by males (73). Approximately 32% of the participants consumed green leafy vegetables 2 times a week, and 27% consumed vegetables once a week. Of the 800 participants, 11% experienced constipation, 62% used digestive biscuits, and 85% did not use fibre supplements to relieve constipation. Conclusion: The findings showed age and gender differences in adult fibre consumption, highlighting the critical role that dietary fibre plays in maintaining good health and well-being.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Antibiotics among Medical and Dental Students in Indian University: A Cross-Sectional Study
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2024-12) Kaushik, T; Setya, S.
Background : Inappropriate use of antibiotics contributes to global antimicrobial resistance. Evaluating knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among university students who are future prescribers can improve antibiotic use. Objectives : This study assesses the KAP of antibiotics among medical and dental students in India, aiming to identify educational gaps to better combat antimicrobial resistance. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among 400 medical and dental university students, following the approval from Institutional Ethics Committee. Students willing to participate were included. Pilot study on 30 students ensured questionnaire's reliability (Cronbach's alpha: 0.82). Data were analyzed using SPSS with Pearson’s chi-square test for KAP factor relationships and Mann Whitney U test for comparing KAP between students. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results : 232 (58%) medical and 168 (42%) dental students participated. 80.49% medical students demonstrated significantly higher knowledge [median, Interquartile range 16(15,18)] than 73.9% dental students [median, Interquartile range 15(13,17)] (p:0.001, z:4.96). 82.29% medical and 80.72% dental students responded correctly to the attitude section, indicating strong awareness about responsible antibiotic use. Practice dimension showed correct responses from 72.34% (medical) and (72.12%) dental students, emphasizing the need to better apply knowledge and attitudes in practice. Overall, 77.2% of participants exhibited adequate knowledge, 81.5% displayed positive attitude and 72.23% engaged in good practices. Conclusions: These findings suggest revising curricula and implementing targeted programs, particularly for dental students, to enhance antibiotic knowledge. Practical, behavior-focused education, antimicrobial stewardship, and targeted interventions are essential for future prescribers. Further research with larger populations is needed to generalize these practices across healthcare.
Assessment of Nutrition and Immunization Status of Children Attending to Anganwadis at Field Practice Area of a Rural Medical College, Karnataka
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2023-04) Abhishek, SV; Sunil, BN.
India has one of the highest rates of underweight children in the world, which has serious ramifications for illness, mortality, productivity and economic growth and malnutrition chiefs to sequence of physiological fluctuations, metabolic anomalies lower tissue and organ function and harm to body mass. Childhood vaccination programs contributed to major reductions in global morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years. India has a large number of unvaccinated and under-vaccinated children. The primary goal of such studies is to determine the extent, kinds and distribution of malnutrition in various geomorphologic locations in order to identify risky groups and control contributory factors. To assess the Nutritional status of children among residents of Devarayasamudra Rural Health Training Center. To find out Immunization status of children among Devarayasamudra Rural Health Training Center. A Cross-sectional study done under Devarayasamudra Rural Health Training Center. Included all children present and villages were selected via convenient sampling technique. Total of ten villages were covered and 90 children were included in the study. Majority (77%) of the children belonged to the age group between 3 – 6 years and gender wise they were equally distributed. 36% of participants were having a birth weight below normal, 7.7% of children were screened positive for severe acute malnutrition and 99% of the participants were immunized as per schedule. The present study concluded that 99% of children received all three DTP doses and 1 dose of MR Vaccine. Nonetheless, difficulties to increase regular vaccination coverage persist despite significant increases in vaccine coverage between 2000 and 2010.
Association of Intelectin Gene Polymorphism with Type 2 Diabetes Risk in the North Indian Population
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2025-03) Singh, S; Chaturvedi, S; Pooja; Modi, DR; Singh, S; Saxena, M; Katiyar, T.
Background: Intelectin 1 is an anti-inflammatory adipocytokine involved in the regulation of insulin secretion. Genetic variations in the coding region of Intelectin can cause hyperglycemia due to impaired glucose levels, increasing the susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Objective: This study examines the genetic variations in the Intelectin 1 coding region, specifically rs2274907 and rs2274908. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted with 300 participants: 150 individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (fasting glucose >125 mg/dL) and 150 healthy controls (fasting glucose <125 mg/dL). The frequencies of rs2274907 and rs2274908 polymorphisms were analyzed using the Tetra Amplification refractory Mutation system and allele-specific PCR, respectively. Results: The study identified a significant association between specific gene variations and increased risk of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. The TT genotype of rs2274907 showed a higher frequency in the diabetes group (15.33%) compared to the control group (3.33%), with a model of TT vs. AT+AA: X²=12.76, P=0.0004, OR=5.25, and 95% CI=1.93-14.21. Similarly, the AA genotype of rs2274908 was more frequent in the diabetes group (26.66%) compared to the control group (7.33%), with a model of AA vs. AG+GG: X²=18.52, P=0.0001, OR=4.59, and 95% CI=2.25-9.3. Conclusion: This is the first study of the North Indian population suggesting that specific Intelectin 1 gene variations (TT genotype of rs2274907 and AA genotype of rs2274908) are associated with an increased risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Variations in Intelectin 1 may impact protein function and stability, serving as potential biomarkers for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and targets for personalized medicine.
An Atypical Presentation of Hip Dislocation In A Pregnant Patient: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2024-01) Agrawal, A; Madhavan, P; Hariprasad, S.
Managing an injured patient who is pregnant can be difficult in the management and investigation of the case especially when the patient presents atypically. We encountered a 25-year-old female patient who sustained a posterior dislocation of the right hip and was pregnant at 12 weeks gestation following a road traffic accident. The patient presented to OPD with an atypical attitude of limb i.e., both hip and knee in flexion without any internal rotation and adduction of the limb following which MRI was done which showed right hip posterior dislocation. Through an interdepartmental, skilful team approach the patient, after taking the obstetrician’s opinion and the patient under short GA, Closed reduction by Rochester method (longitudinal traction and rotation control) was done for the right hip joint without any complication. As pregnant females possess more risk and complication and more challenges are expected in management, Orthopaedic surgeons are well equipped to treat such patients to reduce patient morbidity and mortality resulting in better outcomes.
Ayurvedic Management of Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome with Clinical and Biochemical Androgen Excess and Oligo-ovulation – A Case Study
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2025-06) Nisha, EB.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder affecting 15-20% of women, often leading to irregular menstruation, hyperandrogenism, obesity, and infertility. Though not directly mentioning PCOS, Ayurveda describes conditions with similar clinical features, such as Nashtartava Ksheenarthavadushti, and Anapathya, and offers treatment focused on balancing Doshas, improving metabolism, and restoring hormonal balance. This study aims to explore the role of Ayurveda in managing PCOS with biochemical androgen excess and oligo-ovulation through a case study. A 24-year-old female presented with irregular menstruation (cycle interval >45 days), excessive hair growth on the face and chest, and hair fall for 1.5 years. Laboratory investigations confirmed elevated testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). She had previously tried hormonal therapy with temporary relief and opted for Ayurvedic treatment. The patient underwent a two-phase Ayurvedic treatment plan over nine months on an OP basis, focusing on Agnimandya (digestive impairment) correction, metabolic stabilization, and hormonal balance. Medications were given based on menstrual phases, along with dietary and lifestyle modifications. By the end of the treatment, her menstrual cycle normalized, androgen levels reduced, excessive hair growth decreased, and hair fall stopped. This case highlights Ayurveda’s potential in managing PCOS through individualized treatment, dietary guidance, and lifestyle changes. Early diagnosis and systematic Ayurvedic management can offer effective, natural, and safer alternatives for PCOS treatment.
Bankart Lesion: A Case Study of Evidence-Based Post-Operative Physiotherapy Management
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2024-04) Ravi, A; Saravanan, J; Kavitha, RN.
Objective: To present an evidence- based post-operative physiotherapy management of Bankart lesion. Clinical Features: A 21-year-old male with a right shoulder Bankart lesion underwent corrective surgery after three years. Four weeks of intensive physiotherapy was initiated to restore shoulder function and improve his quality of life. Intervention and Outcome: Management included pain relief therapy and a progressive rehabilitation program focused on restoring range of motion, strengthening dynamic stabilizers, and improving shoulder proprioception. Four weeks post-operative physiotherapy, the patient regained full range of motion and strength comparable to the unaffected limb and was able to perform all daily functional activities. Conclusion: The case study on evidence-based postoperative physiotherapy management for Bankart lesions demonstrated substantial improvements in shoulder range of motion, muscle strength, and functional activity.
Blinding Induced Risk of Bias in Randomized Controlled Trials of Physiotherapy Interventions — A Retrospective Study
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2023-10) Joseph, J; Naveen, KI.
Introduction: In randomized clinical trials, the methodological idea of preventing bias by withholding knowledge of the allocation status is known as blinding. Blinding refers back to the concealment of group allocation from one or extra individuals concerned in scientific studies, most commonly a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Even though randomization minimizes variations among treatment groups on the outset of the trial, it does nothing to prevent differential treatment of the groups later within the trial or the differential assessment of outcomes, either of which may also bring about biased estimates of treatment outcomes. The most beneficial strategy to limit the chance of differential remedy or assessments of results is to blind as many individuals as viable in a trial. Objective: To study the extent of blinding induced bias in RCT of physiotherapy interventions and to evaluate the extent of interpretative consideration it the trials are not blinded in the sample of RCT included. Methodology : We conducted a retrospective analysis to estimate the blinding bias in the randomized controlled trials published in physiotherapy interventions from 2016 to 2022. Results & Conclusion : We included 50 RCTs for blinding assessment. About 88% of included articles were not having participants blinding 90% has not done therapist blinding and nearly 50% of studies were conducted without assessors blinding. Based on the results of this study blinding of important participants were infrequently reported in the included studies.
Change in the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards Blood Donation Before and After Awareness Programme
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2024-01) Sahiti, S; Hemalatha, A; Kalyani, R; Supreetha, MS; Chalapathi, M.
Context: Blood donation is a vital life-saving endeavour facing the persistent challenge of demand consistently surpassing supply due to low donation rates. This study addresses this issue by assessing the impact of an awareness program on individuals' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to blood donation. Aims: ? To assess the change in the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of blood donation among participants before and after the implementation of the awareness program. ? To determine the effectiveness of the awareness program in increasing the number of blood donors and its impact on the overall blood donation rates. Study Design: A Cross-Sectional Prospective Study conducted in a tier 2 city of Karnataka, India. Orientation programs were conducted from February to July 2023, targeting college students. Participants received information via a Google link before and after the awareness program. IBM SPSS version was utilized for data analysis. Results: The study revealed a substantial increase in awareness, evidenced by mean pre-test and post-test scores of 8.2 and 14.2, respectively. Notably, the misconception linking blood donation to HIV/AIDS was dispelled, altering the understanding of 57% of participants. Conclusions: The findings underscore the positive impact of the awareness program on college students' KAP concerning blood donation. Regular pre-donation awareness programs hold the potential to enhance donation rates and cultivate a proactive team capable of disseminating accurate information about blood donation.
Concept of Electroconvulsive Therapy in India: A Narrative Review
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2023-01) Rajkumar, MG; Reddy, PS; Harish, R.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the pivotal treatment modalities used in modern psychiatry. This treatment modality involves applying electrical stimulus with the help of an electrical device to induce a seizure. The induced seizure is used as the vital element for curative effect. This paper reviews the ECT research published in various journals, majority of these articles have focused on establishing the efficacy in different disorders. Significant numbers of papers describe the ECT procedure, ECT machine, adverse effects of ECT and amendments in mental health laws. Majority of papers from India focus on legal aspects of ECT and long term follow-up of ECT-treated patients. Despite the strict legislations made, ECT is considered as one of the most beneficial treatment procedure for depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. ECT continues to be a debatable treatment modality in modern psychiatry in context of its ethical caveats.
Dermatology Photo Quiz 1
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2023-01) Rajashekar, TS; Suresh, KK; Harish, PR; Hussain, K; Sumedha, T; Hanumanthayya, K.
Contact dermatitis (CD) is commonly seen in the dermatology OPD cases. 10 to 20% of all new cases will be suffering from contact dermatitis. The simple meaning of contact dermatitis is, when a substance come in contact with the skin, the substance may directly damage the skin by its cytotoxic effect, or by stimulating immune competent cells to attack skin and cause damage to the skin. Acids like HCL, HNO3, H2SO4 and alkalis like dish washing soaps, detergents, ammonia, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and cow urine will damage the skin immediately, and the resultant skin damage is called “Irritant Contact Dermatitis (ICD)”. Some substances of smaller molecular weights (haptens, 500 to 1000 nm) will penetrate the skin, combine with tissue proteins, and then the antigenicity of tissue protein will get altered, the antigen presenting cell will take up this altered molecule, processes it and present it to immune competent cell CD4+T Lymphocyte. Activated CD4+T lymphocyte will proliferate, few become memory cells, and few become sensitized cells. If same hapten come in contact with the body second time, immune competent cells will react aggressively, person will develop inflammation of skin. This reaction is called “Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD). Here we are reporting a case of ICD.
Dermatology Photo Quiz 2
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2023-01) Rajashekar, TS; Suresh Kumar, K; Vaishnavi, BV; Anjana, G; Shiva Saadhvi, M; Harihara, SM; Hanumanthayya, K.
40-year-old male, married, and sexually active gentleman, had un-protected sex with other woman, after 5 days, he noticed painful ulcers on his penis. He came to hospital, examination revealed, painful ulcers on glans penis and inner layer of prepuce, with regional lymph node enlargement. Routine and specific investigations were done. Treatment was given, after 10 days, ulcers healed. Genital hygiene and counselling were done, and asked the gentleman to come for regular check-up.
Dermatology Photo Quiz 3
(Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education, 2023-07) Rajashekar, TS; Suresh, KK; Vaishnavi, BV; Swathi, PV; Akshata, YS; Gunalakshmi, K; Hanumanthayya, K.
Leprosy has been prevalent in India for a very long time. To control the prevalence rate (PR) of leprosy in India, Government of India (GOI) launched “National Leprosy Control Programme (NLCP)” with Dapsone monotherapy in 1955. The PR in 1983 was 57/10000 population. In 1983 GOI launched “National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)” with "Multi Drug Treatment (MDT)”. PR came down to <1/10000 population in 2005. World Health Organization (WHO) declared leprosy was eliminated from India in 2005. Clinicians all over India are diagnosing leprosy cases and treating them. Multi Bacillary (MB) and Pauci Bacillary (PB) cases are commonly detected. Detection of new cases reminds us that transmission of leprosy is still active in the community. We are reporting a case of leprosy.

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