International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/156149

Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Bhaven Kataria
ISSN: 2349-3283 (Print); 2349-3291 (Online)

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.ijpediatrics.com/

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 1657

Type IV jejunal atresia in a newborn: a rare birth defect presenting with bilious vomiting
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) Kaur, Pushwinder
Background: Type IV jejunal atresia is a rare birth defect, which occurs due to late intrauterine vascular accidents that results in complete obstruction of intestinal lumen. There is no genetic predilection. It occurs most commonly in proximal jejunum. Clinical presentation includes bilious vomiting, abdominal distension, feeding difficulties, failure to pass stools and/or absence of bowel movements after birth. Here author report a case of premature newborn, who was admitted in NICU at birth in view of prematurity. As the baby had bilious vomiting and bilious NG aspirate on day 3 of life, possibility of intestinal obstruction was kept. It was diagnosed as a case of jejunal atresia by abdominal radiograph displaying dilated stomach, duodenum and proximal jejunum with gasless abdomen. Further jejunal atresia confirmed by the upper GI study exhibiting the level of obstruction. Surgical resection of the atretic segment and primary anastomosis was done. This case emphasizes the need of rapid identification of jejunal atresia and its adequate management to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with fore shortened intestine.
Analysis of outcome of acute encephalitis syndrome after inclusion of coverage against scrub typhus
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) Jha, Ruchi; Jaiswal, Anil Kumar
Background: Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) has emerged as a major epidemic in Bihar and is associated with high mortality. Owing to the increasing burden of disease and its associated morbidity and mortality, studies were undertaken to evaluate specific etiology of AES. Some studies suggested emergence of scrub typhus as a major cause of AES accounting for about 25% of the cases1. A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) was developed for treatment of AES cases in Bihar which included addition of Injection Azithromycin (@ 10 mg/kg for 7 to 10 days in case of suspected mycoplasma/rickettsial infection. The objective of the study is to compare the outcome of AES before and after the inclusion of coverage against rickettsial infection.Methods: It is a randomized controlled trial conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna from January 2016 to August 2018.Results: Total number of patients enrolled in both the groups were 127 and 88 respectively. No significant difference were seen in the baseline socio- demographic characteristics of the two groups. Case Fatality Rate in the 1st group (without inclusion of Azithromycin) was 39.3% while in the 2nd Group (with Azithromycin) was 12.5%.Conclusions: Due to the emergence of scrub typhus as a major etiological factor for AES, inclusion of coverage against it along with measures like widespread immunization against Japanese Encephalitis and prompt management of complications and euglycemia, can result in steady decline in the death rates due to AES.
Study of fingerprints in children under 15 years of age with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) Sama, Srikar; Simhadri, Saisree; Mummadi, Mahesh Kumar
Background: Acute Lymphoblastic leukaemia is a malignant condition resulting due to continuous clonally proliferation of progenitors of lymphoid cells. The objective is to identify the association between dermatoglyphics and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and to assess the value of dermatoglyphics as a screening tool.Methods: A case-control study was conducted on a total of around 60 subjects below the age of 15, out of which 30 children were already diagnosed and suffering from Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia and the other 30 were age and sex matched controls. Fingerprints of 30 affected children were taken through an ink-pad method in both hands, analyzed and compared with controls. Information regarding any significant familial history was obtained.Results: The study suggested with an increased rate of incidence among children of age group 3-4 years and with a male preponderance (63.3%).The findings were found to be statistically significant with an association between whorls and loops among cases and controls with higher frequency of whorls in cases and loops in controls (p value < 0.05), whereas association between whorls, arches and loops, arches was not significant. In quantitative analysis, most of the cases (n=12, 39.6%) had a PII in the range of 16-20 whereas most of the controls (n=22, 72.6%) had it in the range of 11-15, with significant overlapping.Conclusions: The findings are suggestive of association of fingerprint pattern with the patients suffering from Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia and therefore they might help in early diagnosis of the condition in high risk children and thus can be helpful as a screening tool.
A study of prevalence of obesity among adolescent students and its correlation with risk factors in Udaipur city, Rajasthan, India
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) Paul, Indira Subhadarshini; Singh, Bhagirath
Background: The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity among adolescent students (11-17 years) and to study the correlation between the behaviors related eating, sedentary activities, dietary pattern and physical activities and obesity.Methods: The study was conducted among1007 students as a case control study. Prevalence of obesity was calculated using centres for disease control and prevention (CDC) growth chart. Risk factors for obesity were assessed by using questionnaires which include 18 questions in four broad categories. And association of risk factors and obesity has been analysed by using multivariate logistic regression model.Results: A total of 1007 school going adolescents were included in present study, out of this 50.94% were boys and 49.06% were girls. The prevalence of obesity in present study population was 4.27%. Prevalence of obesity was more among boys than girls. (53.49% vs 46.51%). On multivariate logistic regression factors V5, V6, V8, V10, V12, V13, and V14 are associated with obesity and risk factors V3, V4, V7, V11 are not associated with obesity, factors V15, V16, V17, V18 are associated with onset of adolescent obesity.Conclusions: Adolescent obesity is a major health problem in Udaipur, Rajasthan and it requires timely intervention to prevent the complication and co morbidities.
Prevalence of overweight, obesity and hypertension among school going children in District Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India: a longitudinal study
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) Yadav, Pramod K. S.; Yadav, Mukesh B.; Yadav, Chetna
Background: India is undergoing a rapid epidemiological transition with increased urbanization and socio-economic development which has resulted in a dramatic change in lifestyle, consisting of physical inactivity, diet rich in fat, sugar and salt coupled with a high level of mental stress. Obesity is one of the most common diseases worldwide and the prevalence in school aged children appears to be increasing. Thus, the present study was planned to establish an association between body mass index (BMI) with hypertension among 10-16 years children.Methods: Present longitudinal study was conducted on 350 children in private schools of District Kanpur and children 12-16yrs of age have included in the study. BMI for age charts was used to assess the obesity and blood pressure was measured by sphygmomanometer and Blood pressure values were compared to the values given by the update of 1987 task force report of the National high blood pressure Education Programme Co-ordinating Committee and children who were found prehypertensive or hypertensive were followed up after 4 weeks duration.Results: In present study the prevalence of overweight and obesity was found 4%,2% respectively. Prevalence of Pre-hypertension and hypertension was found 1.14%, 2.57% respectively and pre-hypertension and hypertension were found more in overweight and obese participants.Conclusions: Prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension is more among overweight and obese children. Overweight and obesity are not only risk factor for hypertension but also other diseases, so health education should regularly give about the obesity and its deleterious effects in later part of life.
The prevalence and pattern of pediatric dermatoses in a tertiary care center at Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) Singh, Ratan; Tiwari, Varun Kumar
Background: Analysis of skin diseases in the pediatric population and its trends reflects the health and nutritional status of a community. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and pattern of skin diseases in children registered at the Dermatology OPD department of Hemawati Nandan Bahuguna Teaching Base Hospital, Srikot over a period of 1 year.Methods: A prospective cross-sectional descriptive analysis was conducted at the Dermatology OPD department of HNB teaching hospital to determine the pattern of dermatoses in children aged 0 days to 17 years, between 1 April 2017 and 31 March 2018. Cases with incomplete data, non-compliant to treatment and patients whose primary lesions are altered by the application of topical medication, not related to the existing disease were excluded from the study. The results were entered and tabulated in MS-excel sheet and descriptive analysis was done.Results: Out of 23,359 outpatients 6,274 (26.85%) were of a pediatric age with a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. The majority of the children belonged to young teens and teenagers (2377;37. 88%). Majority of pediatric dermatoses belonged to Infectious group (1373;21.88%) followed by Disorders of skin appendages (1087;17.33%) and Infestations (722;11.5%). The three most common diagnoses were Scabies (694;11.06%) followed by Fungal infections (568;10.43%) and Acne vulgaris (398;6. 34%).Conclusions: This study showed the current pattern of pediatric dermatoses in Garhwal region of Uttrakhand with a high frequency of infection and infestations with young teen and teenagers as the identified focus group for the need of intervention.
Schoolbag weight limit: should there be a cut off?
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) Bhat, Srikanth S.; S., Vinay Kumar; Dhanwadkar, Sharanabasappa S.; N. B., Ashwini Kumari
Background: School children are at a development age and it is important that they do not carry excessive loads. Heavy school bags can change the body posture and the musculoskeletal system must react appropriately in order to compensate for this stress. There is still no consensus about a guideline for weight of school bags. The objective of the present study was to asses the bag weight in school going children, Compare the bag weight with the whole-body weight of children, Percentage of bag weight to whole body weight at different age groups.Methods: 727 children (413 males and 314 girls) were examined from different schools in Davangere. Descriptive analyses and measures of central tendency were performed on the demographic data to describe the sample.Results: Overall 21.7% of children carry a bag which is >25% of their body weight, 46.5% children are carrying a bag >20% of their body weight and 74.7% of children carry a bag of >15% of their body weight. 40.9% children between 8-10 years carry bag of >25% and 39.8% of them between 11 -13 years carry bag of >20% and this is statistically significant (p = 0.000).Conclusions: The weight of schoolbags of school children were higher than the internationally acceptable standards in majority of school children. The school authorities and ministry of health should further evaluate and take the necessary steps to rectify the situation. Early intervention and good regulation can prevent long term complication.
The world of synbiotics: a review of literature and clinical evidence in diarrhoea from the lens of a paediatrician
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) Jog, Pramod
The use of synbiotics in the management of acute diarrhoea in children is becoming a common practice in India. However, since this is an upcoming modality of treatment, it is essential to review the scientific rationale and evidence on clinical efficacy and safety in the context of paediatric diarrhoea. In addition, most synbiotics contain a combination of multiple probiotics along with a prebiotic. Thus arises, a parallel need to understand whether a combination of probiotics performs better than single probiotics, hence justifying the rationale for such combinations. A review of available evidence suggests that synbiotics are indeed safe and superior in efficacy to single probiotics (like Bacillus clausii, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG etc) and that there is a good body of evidence to support the efficacy and tolerability of synbiotics in the management of paediatric acute gastroenteritis. There is also evidence to suggest that combination probiotics have superior benefits compared to single probiotics, thus justifying their use as part of synbiotics. The overall benefits of synbiotics reported in various clinical trials on paediatric diarrhoea include, a rapid normalization of the gastrointestinal flora, a reduction in the duration of diarrhoea, quicker improvement in stool consistency, lesser administration of additional medications like antibiotics, antiemetics and antipyretics, higher physician reported treatment satisfaction scores and enhanced overall efficacy against gastrointestinal pathogens, including diarrhoea of rota virus origin. Hence, synbiotics put up a strong case to look beyond probiotics and single probiotic formulations in paediatric diarrhoea.
Risk factors of pediatric urinary tract infections: an epidemiologic study
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) Esteghamati, Maryam; Mousavi, Seyedeh Elaheh; Alizadeh, Shervin Haj
Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the second most prevalent pediatric infection, and if it is not recognized and treated properly, it can cause severe irreversible complications such as renal failure and hypertension. In this research, some of the risk factors of UTIs were compared in children with urinary tract infections.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, with the urinary tract infection as the dependent variable and gender, circumcision status, history of urinary catheterization, family history, history of renal stone, hypercalciuria, constipation history, reflux, neurogenic bladder, phimosis, posterior urethral valves (PUV), ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO), and ureterovesical junction obstruction (UVJO) as the independent variables. A total of 405 children were studied in this research. The data was collected using questionnaires, checklists, and examinations. Data analysis was also carried out using descriptive and analytical statistics method in SPSS.Results: This research revealed the prevalence of urinary tract infection among children with several risk factors, and the common factors were positive family history, history of urinary catheterization, constipation, and other non-anatomical disorders (history of renal stone and hypercalciuria. The most common risk factors regardless of gender and age were non-anatomic disorders that were observed in 147 cases (43.7%) (p-value<0.001). Among the non-anatomical factors, constipation was the most common factor observed in 66 cases (16.3%). A higher rate of urinary infection was observed in the uncircumcised male patients than the circumcised patients, and there was a significant relationship between circumcision and UTI.Conclusions: In this study, urinary tract infection staged a significant relationship with gender, circumcision status, urinary catheterization history, family history, renal stone history, hypercalciuria, history of constipation, reflux, neurogenic bladder, phimosis, PUV, UPJO, and UVJO.
Effect of lower respiratory tract infections on peak expiratory flow rate in children admitted to Rajarajeshwari medical college hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) Y., Sree Krishna; Banik, Aditi; Hassan, Muhammed
Background: Peak expiratory flow rate is the simplest , cost effective and easily available test to assess the respiratory function. PEFR is measured by a peak expiratory flow meter. Measurement of PEFR is most commonly used for asthmatic patients. To evaluate the effect of lower respiratory tract infection on peak expiratory flow rate in children.'Methods: PEFR were measured in eighty children suffering from LRTI by peak flow meter . Height and weight were measured. PEFR was compared with the normal charts. mean PEFR was calculated and predicted percentage of PEFR was calculated.Results: Mean PEFR in pneumonia , para pneumonic effusion, bronchiectasis, and bronchitis was 187.2 , 187.6, 171.85 and 173.1 respectively. Mean PEFR was maximally reduced in bronchiectasis and bronchitis. Mean' PEFR was reduced in female children in comparison to males with LRTI. PEFR was decreased' more in children with severe clinical presentation and with malnutrition.Conclusions: In this study , most common LRTI was pneumonia followed by parapneumonic effusion. PEFR was maximally reduced in bronchiectasis and bronchitis. Undernourished children were more affected.
Femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies syndrome: a rare clinical entity
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) Lichade, Vinaya; Wade, Poonam; Gandhi, Prachi; Saxena, Shruti; Malik, Sushma
Femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies syndrome (FH-UFS) is a disorder with multisystem involvement comprising predominantly of craniofacial dysmorphism with bilateral hypoplastic femurs. The exact etiology of this disorder is unknown, however maternal infections, drug and radiation exposure, oligohydramnios has been implicated. In affected children born to non-diabetic mothers, a genetic contribution is suspected; however, no chromosomal or gene mutations have been identified so far. The syndrome closely resembles with caudal dysplasia or syringomyelia which occur due to insufficient mesoderm in the caudal part of the embryo leading to lumbosacral defects, renal agenesis, and dysplastic lower limbs, however they lack craniofacial dysmorphism. The pathogenesis of FH-UFS involves poor development of subtrochanteric portion of the femoral cartilage. This results in shortening of proximal femur. Maternal diabetes justifies the teratogenic effect of hyperglycemia and ketones on fetus leading to dysmorphic features in fetus. Here, we are reporting a female neonate with characteristic phenotypic features of FH-UFS. She had cleft lip and palate, low set ears, retrognathia and micrognathia, dolichocephaly with bilateral femoral hypoplasia with talipes deformity of both feet. Karyotype was normal (46XX). Renal and cranial ultrasounds were normal. The 2D Echo revealed small 0.3mm PDA.
Knowledge, attitude and practices of oral rehydration therapy among mothers coming to tertiary care centre
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) R., Haricharan K.; S., Punith; J., Harsha P.; R., Gowtham
Background: Diarrhoea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among under-five children. Correct knowledge regarding oral rehydration therapy (ORT) helps prevent morbidity and mortality due to diarrhoea. The objective of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers of under-five children regarding ORT and home management of diarrhoea.Methods: Study period from December 1st, 2017 to December 31st, 2017, total of 200 mothers were enrolled in this study. The data was entered in Microsoft excel sheet and percentages were calculated.Results: 95% of mothers were aware about ORS. ORS was given by parents on own in16%, 55% were advised by doctor. Only 60% knew how to prepare ORS correctly. About 45.7% had used bottle to give ORS and 55.3% used cup and spoon. About 67.9% had knowledge of quantity of ORS to be given during diarrhoea episode. Exclusive breast feeding was practised in 86% of mothers till 6 months of age. Misconceptions about the use of ORS were seen in 60% and more among illiterates. About 21% mothers' felt ORS should be stopped if diarrhoea continues. Only 5% of mothers felt ORS can be given even if child has vomiting. About 9% mothers felt no fluids should be given during diarrhoea.Conclusions: Mothers' knowledge and attitude on use of ORS in diarrhoea need to be improved.
Comparative study of rise of vitamin D in hypovitaminosis D babies after two different dosage recommendations
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) Shrivastava, Bijal; Aryan, Rashi; Tiwari, Abhinav; Tiwari, Lekha; Pravallika, Nimmkayala
Background: There are currently two different guidelines for treatment of Vitamin D deficiency in infants, one is that of American Academy of Pediatrics and the other being Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Endocrine Society. This study was done to compare the two guidelines for treatment of Vitamin D deficiency in infants.Methods: A hospital based, longitudinal interventional study was conducted for 2 years and 115 babies having vitamin d deficiency (Vitamin D less than or equal to 20ng/dl) were divided into group A and group B. Group A babies were treated as per American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines whereas Group Cases were treated as per International Endocrine Society guidelines. All babies were followed up after 3-4 months when repeat Vitamin D levels were checked and then compared.Results: In present study, Vitamin D level had increased by 0.6 times in Group A whereas it had increased by 1.3 times in group B and it was significant.Conclusions: Study results were in favour of the guidelines recommended by the International Endocrine Society.
Clinico-biochemical profile of hypoglycemia in neonates admitted in NICU
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) Singh, Kuldeep; Kher, Anjali M.
Background: In high risk neonates' incidence of hypoglycemia is up to 30%. There is limited evidence-based consensus regarding screening and management of neonates at risk of hypoglycemia. This study was undertaken to know the incidence, clinical profile, sequential blood glucose level upto 72 hours and short-term outcome of neonatal hypoglycemia.Methods: Blood sugar was screened at admission, after feed or D10 bolus, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours of age. Detailed maternal history and neonatal history, clinical manifestation, management and short-term outcome of hypoglycemic neonates were noted. Statistical analysis of data was done by SPSS 22.0 software.Results: 200 neonates with blood glucose less than 40mg/dl at admission to NICU in which 47 had repeat episode of hypoglycemia. Incidence of hypoglycemia at admission was 22.49% and 5.29% was incidence of repeat episode of hypoglycemia. Pre-term (p=0.005), low birth weight (p=0.020) and SGA (p=0.012) had repeat episode of hypoglycemia. GDM (p=0.040), birth asphyxia (p=0.046) and early septicaemia (p=0.0001) were common risk factors for hypoglycemia. Poor feeding, jitteriness and respiratory abnormality were common presentation of hypoglycemic neonates. The blood glucose levels at admission were less than 30 mg/dl in neonates who later had repeat episode of hypoglycemia. Most hypoglycemic episode after admission occurred within 24 hours of life.Conclusions: LBW especially Preterm SGA neonates are at increased risk of hypoglycemia. Maternal and neonatal risk factors are GDM and birth asphyxia, early septicaemia. Screening for hypoglycemia is essential for high-risk neonates.
Thrombocytopenia in children: a clinico-etiological profile in an urban tertiary care hospital
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) V., Subramanian; K., Santosh Kumar
Background: Thrombocytopenia is a common haematological finding that we come across while managing a sick child. Etiological profile and presentation of thrombocytopenia varies among children. The objective of this study was to study the clinical and laboratory profile of children with thrombocytopenia, associated clinical complications and assess the relationship between platelet levels and severity of disease.Methods: The study was carried out in 644 children between 1 month and 12 years, admitted in Paediatric Department of Raja Rajeshwari medical college and hospital, Bangalore between August 2012 to August 2014.Results: The commonest causes of thrombocytopenia in our study were of infectious aetiology (86.6%). Among Infections Viral infections were the major cause in more than 78% of cases. Other causes included haematological problems, drug induced thrombocytopenia and connective tissue disorders. Bleeding manifestations were present in 33.07% of patients and the commonest bleeds were skin and mucous membranes. Bleeding manifestations were seen most commonly in children with a platelet count less than 50000/'l.Conclusions: Viral Infections were the commonest cause for thrombocytopenia in Children. Platelet count was neither predictive of bleeding manifestations nor predictive of need for platelet transfusion.
Clinico-laboratory profile of dengue fever in children
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) Wani, Gowhar; Imran, Ayesha
Background: Dengue is rising globally. It presents with varied clinical manifestations. This study was done to describe the salient clinical as well as laboratory findings of serologically confirmed cases of dengue fever.Methods: This was a prospective study conducted at Government Multispeciality Hospital-16 Chandigarh from July 2017 to December 2017. All children below 17 years of age that had clinical features of dengue and who were antigen or antibody positive were included in this study.Results: Age group most commonly affected was 5-10 years with maximum number of dengue cases with warning signs(72.94%). Fever was present in all cases followed by headache(89.41%) and myalgia(78.82%). Thrombocytopenia was the commonest hematological abnormality(97.6%).Conclusions: Dengue presents with varied clinical features. Community awareness, early diagnosis and management and vector control measures needs to be strengthened in order to reduce the increasing number of dengue case.
Prediction of gestational age of newborn by measurement of foot length at birth
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) K., Senthilkumar; R., Senthilprabhu; B., Mythili; Zacharias, Ann Mary
Background: Gestational age of the newborn can be assessed by various methods. Aim of this study was to estimate the gestational age using foot length of the neonate and to find the correlation between foot length and gestational age assessed by last menstrual period and first trimester ultrasound.Methods: It was a hospital based prospective cross-sectional study done at Newborn ward, Department of Pediatrics, MGM Govt. hospital attached to KAP Viswanatham Govt. Medical College, Tiruchirappalli, involving 170 newborns with 10 babies in each gestational age ranging from 26 weeks to 42 weeks. Gestational age of all babies were assessed using last menstrual period, first trimester ultrasound and New Ballard Score soon after birth. Right foot length of each baby was measured from heel to tip of great toe or second toe whichever was longer, within 12-24 hours of life. Measurements were taken using a plastic ruler, measuring tape and by measuring the length of foot print ink impression.' Gestational age obtained by various methods were assessed for their correlation with foot length.Results: Positive correlation was obtained between foot length and gestational age determined by LMP (r= 0.965) and ultrasound (r= 0.964). Hence foot length could be reliably used to predict gestational age of newborn.Conclusions: Foot length measurements can be used as a non-invasive alternative method to assess gestational age of newborn, especially by community health workers and thus can facilitate the early identification of preterm babies.
Effect of single dose and double dose antenatal corticosteroids on respiratory distress syndrome among preterm babies
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) N., Shivtej; R., Prema; Naidu, Apoorva; B. S., Amrutha; Mehta, Vidhi B.
Background: Respiratory distress syndrome occurs primarily in premature infants. The increased risk of RDS is associated with lower gestational age. The length of gestation is the primary factor that influences the risk of RDS the risk for development of RDS increases with maternal diabetes, multiple births, cesarean delivery, precipitous delivery, asphyxia, cold stress, and a maternal history of previously affected infants. Antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) significantly reduced neonatal morbidity and mortality when administered to women with imminent preterm delivery Antenatal steroids accelerate development of type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes, leading to structural and biochemical changes that improve both lung mechanics (maximal lung volume, compliance) and gas exchange. Induction of type 2 pneumocytes increases surfactant production by inducing production of surfactant proteins and enzymes necessary for phospholipid synthesis. Alveolisation occurs rapidly as a result of the antenatal corticosteroids Antenatal corticosteroid is usually administered for fetal lung maturity and can be expected to induce negative maternal and fetal side-effects hence this study was conducted to know the beneficial effect of single dose antenatal corticosteroids verses double doses antenatal corticosteroids. The Objective of the present study was to observe the effect of single dose and double dose antenatal corticosteroids on respiratory distress syndrome in preterm babies born to less than 37 weeks of gestation admitted under department of pediatrics at Raja Rajeswari medical college Hospital, Kambipura, Bangalore.Methods: There were 55 babies born to mothers who received single dose of antenatal corticosteroids and delivered at 12hrs before receiving 2nd dose antenatal corticosteroids and 55 babies born to mothers who received double dose of antenatal corticosteroids. Once baby is born, they compared for the requirement of surfactant.Results: Multiple course of steroids significantly reduced Respiratory distress syndrome.Conclusions: It was concluded that there was significant reduction in RDS in babies whose mother received complete course of antenatal corticosteroids.
Nature and extent of disciplinary practices used by school teachers
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) Bains, Harmesh Singh; Sareen, Manu Sharma
Background: The aim of the study is to analyze the nature, extent and associated factors of disciplinary practices used by school teachers.Methods: A cross-sectional analytic study. Subjects: 165 school teachers. Methods: Teachers completed a structured questionnaire, which included nature and extent of disciplinary methods used and their views on the issue. Statistical analysis was done through Chi square test.Results: 70.9% Teachers felt that physical punishment is needed to discipline school children. 58.2% of teachers indulged in the same though of these 84.2% opinioned that it may be harmful. Methods used were: counselling followed by physical punishment 41.67 % , slapping (14.6%), angry shouting (11.5), shaking (9.4), swearing (6.2), and skin pinch (3.1). Common reasons for punishment included: telling a lie (31.3%), not good at studies (28.1%),disobeying (14.6%),tantrums (7.3%) and stealing (3.1%). Teachers disclosed that they learned it from personal experience (55.2%) and schools (29.2%).Stressful events were present in 47.3%. Physical punishment was significantly more in this category (Chi square 3.84,p 0.05). Almost 77% of teachers had received punishment during childhood. The modal age for getting last punishment was 14 years. Significantly greater number of teachers getting punishment during childhood opinioned in favor of punishing children(Chi square 5.769,p 0.016) and were also involved in this activity(Chi square 6.534,p o.o11).Conclusions: Physical punishment of school children by teachers is common. Stress in the family and punishment during childhood were significant risk factors.
Study of social and demographic determinants of severe acute malnutrition in children aged 6-59 months in a tertiary care centre of Odisha, India
(Medip Academy, 2019-01) Jena, Pravati; Rath, Soumini; Nayak, Manas Kumar; Satapathy, Diptirekha
Background: The objective is to study the various social and demographic determinants of severe acute malnutrition in children aged 6 months to 59 months in a tertiary care centre of Odisha, India.Methods: This is a hospital based prospective observational study done in a tertiary care centre of Odisha during the period of Nov 2015 to Oct 2017 in which all children with severe acute malnutrition as per WHO criteria in the age group 6 months to 59 months were enrolled and their socioeconomic and demographic details were evaluated.Results: Present study revealed a prevalence of severe acute malnutrition as 2.8%. Males (54.2%) were more affected than females (45.8%). Most common age group affected was 6-12 months (37.4%). Most of the children were from low socioeconomic status (96.4%) and from rural areas (84.8%).63.7% of the study population were unimmunised. Only 12.6% of the participants were exclusively' breast fed.100% of the children in the study population received top feeding with cow's milk.Conclusions: The prevalence of malnutrition is high in Odisha but most of the causative factors are preventable. Adequate education regarding exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, immunisation, promotion of proper referral and health care services can help to improve nutritional status in the state of Odisha.

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