Journal of Biological Engineering Research and Review

Permanent URI for this collection

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/152626

Editor-in-Chief: Prof. (Dr.) D. V. Rai
E-ISSN: 2349-3232

Frequency: Half yearly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.biologicalengineering.in/Home/

Browse

Now showing 1 - 15 of 15

Bio-efficacy of Long Lasting Insecticidal Mosquito Nets (LLINs) on Malaria Vector Anopheles Mosquitoes in Malaria-Endemic Areas of Myanmar
(SB Publications, 2019-01) Mya, Maung Maung; Thaung, Sein; Yee, Yee Myint; Thu, Zar Nyein Mu; Yan, Naung Maung; Moh, Moh Tun; Khin, Saw Aye; Kyaw, Zin Thant
Sixty used Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) from six malaria endemicareas of States and Regions of Myanmar were assessed for their bio-efficacy againstAnopheles mosquitoes. Total ten nets were collected from the randomly selectedhousehold of each area. Insecticide susceptibility and bio-efficacy test were doneaccording to WHO testing method. Results revealed that a total of 4470 mosquitoes of 12Anopheles species including main vector and secondary vectors were collected in highdensity in Beelin, Taungoo, Pyin Oo Lwin, Kamamaung and Hpa-an. All collectedmosquitoes were found susceptible to insecticides as recommended by the WHO. Bioefficacy of PermaNet 2.0, DAWA TANA, Yorkool, BASF, Net protect and Yahe LLINs netswere 12(100%), 11/12(91.67%), 4(100%), 8(100%), 5(100%) and 19(100%)respectively. The DAWA TANA net had 20% sensitivity after repetitive washing. Thesensitivity of LLINs nets was higher for all selected areas of States and Regions inMyanmar. The study suggested that there is need to distribute a large number of effectiveLLINs nets in malaria endemic areas as well as the replacement of expired, less effectiveand very old LLINs nets with a new one is also necessary. LLINs nets are very effectiveAnopheles mosquitoes control tools and it can reduce the human-vector contact effectively.Moreover, research on bio-efficacy evaluations of the LLINs nets is required regularly tomaintain and control the transmission of malaria through Anopheles mosquitoes.
Development of Species-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Targeting on Mitochondrial D-loop for Identification of Buffalo and Goat Raw Meat
(SB Publications, 2019-07) Singh, Anupam; Rai, Ashish Kumar; Tripathi, Gyan Datta; Nand, Veeveka; Gupta, Neha; Srivastava, Kuldeep
Abstract: Today's, consumers are concerned about the meat they eat and also demandaccurate labeling. Mitochondrial Analysis of DNA was the most frequently used DNA, becauseof its highly conserved sequences in various organism species. In this study, a rapid,reproducible and simple method for simultaneous identification of multiple meat species ina single step mitochondrial DNA based test has been developed based on the designing ofspecies-specific primer. Meat samples of goat and buffalo were selected to verify theapplicability of the technique. A species specific forward and reverse primer was designedwith the help of the primer3 tool for amplification of mitochondrial D-loop region. Thespecies-specific primers were verified in silico by SnapGene software. The two pairs ofprimers amplified the expected fragment of 338bp for buffalo and 450bp for goat. The changein the size of the PCR product was due to the existence of highly polymorphic regions withinthe buffalo and goat D-loop region. The tested species gives a unique band pattern for eachspecies by using successful amplification of these polymorphic regions in the D-loop region.Overall, the simplicity of amplification of mitochondrial D-loop region could make thistechnique suitable for meat authentication in routine analysis.
Soul and Mind as Functional Control in the Management of Human Body: A Scientific Approach
(SB Publications, 2019-01) Rai, D.V.; Dubey, S.; Kumar, Gaurav
Soul is an eternal, noble and everlasting presence of energy in human body, represents bestcreation of nature. The combination of five dhatus (Air, Water, Earth, Agni, Akasha) with Soul is called‘Shad Dhatu’ purusha. When the Soul leaves the body, all biological and physiological activities are notfunctional and body declared as dead body. The sharira (body), indriya (sense organs), Mann (mind),and Soul (atma) are connected together in the living human body, this is called as Ayu (life). Mann,Soul, and Sharira are just like the tri-unity. The world is self-sustained by their combination and theyconstitute the sol stratum for physical, mental, psychological activities along with spiritual knowledgegrowth in human life. The soul is non-physical and non-materials. Science does all experiments forconfirming and understanding the events and action. This initiate an effort to provide and develop aconcept to hypothesize this relationship among Soul, Mann and body. They all are connected togetherand cannot be separated till death. The separation mechanism is not clearly understood for theirinternal survival in the human body and even after death also. We never find any kind of method,techniques and technology to identify soul and mann individually in the living body even after death.The whole body functions and their operational mechanism have been witnessed by the soul. It is akind of a divine battery that never exhausts its power or capacity during individual life and re-birth ascompared to manmade battery which loses its strength with time in working of instruments/devices.The battery has to be replaced in order to make the device in working condition. We hope that presentstudy will provide the scientific basis in understanding the embedded relationship of soul, mann in thefunctioning of human and body.
Functional Attributes and Antagonism of Root-Associated Bacteria of Different Rice Cultivars from Acid Soil
(SB Publications, 2019-07) Sultana, Sabira; Thakuria, Dwipendra; Handique, Pratap J.
Abstract: This study evaluated root endophyte bacteria and rhizobacteria in terms ofmultifaceted plant growth promotion (PGP) traits and antagonistic potential against majorfungal pathogens of rice (viz. Rhizoctonia solani, Bipolaris oryzae, Pyricularia oryzae,Ustilaginoidea virens and Sarocladium oryzae). Twenty bacterial isolates from each group(viz. endorhiza and rhizosphere) were isolated from different rice types of North EastIndia. Cultivated rice types were Upland rice (Mima, Kochi and Minil), Lowland HYV rice(Ranjit and Jaya) and Lowland scented rice (Keteki Joha and Kunkuni Joha). Thepopulation of rhizospheric bacteria was higher than the endophyte isolates. Thepopulation counts of endophyte bacteria were the highest in scented rice cultivar(Kunkuni Joha) and for rhizobacterial isolates; the population density was maximum inthe lowland HYV rice (Jaya). The endophytes were more efficient than the rhizobacteria interms of the activity of cellulase, pectinase, ACC-deaminase, production of IAA- likesubstances, solubilization of zinc and mineralization of organic phosphates. In contrast,the rhizobacterial isolates were more efficient in solubilization of inorganic phosphatesand antagonism against major rice fungal pathogens. Through 16S rDNA sequenceanalysis, the promising rhizobacterial isolates showing antagonism against all the fungalpathogens were identified as Brevibacillus reuszeri 12R, Lysinibacillus xylanticus 48R,Bacillus megaterium 58R and Serratia marcescens 79R. These results suggest that the rootbacterial endophytes and rhizobacteria characterized in this study could be successfullyused to promote plant growth and induce fungal resistance in rice plants and can be usedas bioinoculants for enhancing rice growth in the acid soil regions.
Effect of acute hypobaric hypoxia on blood pressure and heart rate and its restoration by chlorogenic acid
(SB Publications, 2019-01) Ranjan, Alok; Prakash, Alok; Patnaik, Ranjana
Increase in altitude is always accompanied with low pressure and lack ofoxygen. In order to replicate high altitude conditions in normal altitudes, hypobarichypoxia model is often studied. Chlorogenic acid is known to have a variety of effects onhealth and is most notably used to reduce blood pressure and weight loss. In the presentstudy, a simple hypobaric condition has been created using a hypobaric chamber in whichvarious pressure points (0.06, 0.05 and 0.04 MPa) has maintained for different timeperiods (1h, 2h and 4h). The study has been simulated in rat model and their physiologicalconditions including systolic blood pressure and heart rate was monitored after exposureof hypobaric pressure at different time periods with or without administration ofchlorogenic acid. Data reveals that a brief exposure to low pressure do not affect thephysiological conditions to a great extent but longer exposures lead to increased bloodpressure and heart rate. However, it was observed that pre-treatment with chlorogenicacid enabled the rats to combat the stress and the physiological parameters were revertednear to the normal conditions. It can be concluded from this study that, chlorogenic acidbeing an antioxidant can help to recover the altered physiological condition induced byhypobaric hypoxia. Further, biochemical studies are required to explore the amelioratingmechanism. The study also provides an idea regarding the physiological changes takingplace in rats due to low pressure.
Neuronal Remodeling and Dendritic Spines: A Review
(SB Publications, 2019-01) Kumar, Adarsh; Tamta, Mamta; Hemlata; Maurya, Ram C.
The neurons show remodeling in their dendritic arbor and spine/synapsenumber in many brain regions including the hippocampus, amygdala and the prefrontalcortex. The dendritic spine density is reported to be changed due to experiences andstressful conditions. The dendritic spines are the small protrusions arising from thedendritic shaft of the neurons. They have basic shapes as large mushroom spines, shortstubby spines and thin spines. The morphology of spines changes rapidly in response tovarious stimuli that may be internal such as hormones and external such as environmentalchanges. Dendritic spine density plays a major role in classification of principal neuronsi.e. multipolar and pyramidal neurons. The principal neurons may be classified as sparselyspinous, moderately spinous and heavily spinous on the basis of density of spine over thedendritic branches. In response to environment dendritic remodeling takes place in theform of spine shapes, spine turnover and spine density etc. Synaptic plasticity primarilytakes place in dendritic spines and enriched environment have positive effect while socialisolation have negative effect on synapse formation. Exposure of animals to environmentalcomplexity may improve the learning and memory by providing adaptive changes in thedendritic spine density.
Use of Glycerol as Substrate for Electricity Generation Using Citrobacter sp. in a Double Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell
(SB Publications, 2019-01) Sultana, Rabiya; Adhikary, Nirab. C.; Kalita, Mohan. C.; Talukdar, Narayan. C.; Khan, Mojibur. R.
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have the potential to convert organic substratesinto electricity thus facilitating the strategies of renewable energy production. In recentyears the exploration for newer energy resources for MFC has widened and in thiscontext, the use of glycerol in bioenergy production was investigated to check itsefficacy in electricity generation. Thus, the power generation of a double-chamberedMFC was observed with glycerol as the substrate and Citrobacter sp. as the bacteriumof interest. Here, the MFC system yielded a power density of 79.42 mW/m² with carboncloth as the electrodes and Nafion as the proton exchange membrane. Further, the MFCsystem was optimized for the ambient temperature, in which the maximum voltage andcurrent were obtained at 35⁰C. In the study, the Citrobacter sp. showed its bestperformance at the optimum temperature of 350C. Likewise, the optimal pH for the MFCsystem in which the electrical output was high was observed in the pH value of 7.4.Moreover, the anodic bacterial biofilm analysis under confocal microscope providedevidence of the presence of live bacteria which were responsible for the efficientcurrent generation of the MFC system.
Automated QSAR and Docking Study of Phyto-Ligands of Chromolaena odorata as Inhibitor of Bacteria Beta-lactamase Enzyme
(SB Publications, 2019-07) David, Temitope I.; Okonkwo, Dominic C.; Adelakun, Niyi S.; Omotuyi, Olaposi I.
Bacteria resistance to antibacterial antibiotics is made possible by theproduction of beta-lactamase. Beta-lactamase enzyme confers resistance by breakingopen the Beta-lactam structure of antibiotics, thereby deactivating their antibacterialproperties. As a result of this, attention shifted into identifying potential lead inhibitorof beta-lactamase, with ability to reduce resistance encountered in bacteria antibiotics.The computational approach was employed in the generation of QSAR model usingAutomated QSAR, and in the docking of ligands from Chromolaena odorata with Betalactamase. The best model obtained was KPLS_Dendritic_43 (R2 = 0.8564 andQ2=0.7819), and was used in predicting the bioactivity of the lead compounds. Dockingstudy revealed that the ligands bind with a higher binding score than co-crystallizedligand and other standard drug employed in this study. Tianshic acid and chromomoraterecorded binding energy of -9.305 and -7.989 respectively. The drug-like properties ofthe ligands were evaluated using the Lipinski rule of Five, which revealed that C. odorataligands do not only inhibit the activity of beta-lactamase, but the ligands are also druglike. Therefore, further studies are needed to adequately justify the mechanism of actionof these ligands as a beta-lactamase inhibitor.
Virtual Screening and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Potential MAO-B Inhibitors from Traditional Chinese Medicine
(SB Publications, 2020-01) Kikiowo, Babatomiwa; Ogunleye, Joseph A.; Metibemu, Damilohun S.; Omotuyi, Olaposi I.; Adelakun, Niyi S.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurological disorder of the nervoussystem, initiated by lessened production of dopamine (DA) in the substantia nigra, itaffects circa 50 percent more men than women. Theories reveal that age, genetic andenvironmental factors are involved in PD etiology but age seems to be the mostprominent risk factor. Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) play prominent role in theoxidative deamination of DA in the striatum. Inhibition of MAO-B in the brain maydecrease the exhaustion of DA stores and increase endogenous DA level. Glide-XPdocking, Quantum-mechanics Polarized Ligand Docking (QPLD), pharmacokineticstudies and biological activity prediction studies were utilized to explain the bindingmode, molecular interaction, inhibitory potential and pharmacokinetic properties ofTraditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) compounds on MAO-B and compared to standarddrugs used for treatment of PD, selegiline and rasagiline. Molecular docking resultsshowed Rutaecarpine and Chrysophanol to have relatively better inhibitory activitiesthan selegiline and rasagiline. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that Rutaecarpine andChrysophanol show comparative result with selegiline and rasagiline. Also,Rutaecarpine and Chrysophanol PASS prediction for their monoamine inhibitoryactivity showed greater Pa than Pi value. Our results have shown that Rutaecarpine andChrysophanol can be a better therapeutic candidate in the treatment of PD.
Somatic Mutations in Circulating Cell-Free D-Loop Region of Mitochondrial DNA: A Study from North-East India
(SB Publications, 2019-01) Kumar, Manish; Sarma, Mridul Kumar; Choudhury, Yashmin; Ghosh, Sankar Kumar; Mondal, Rosy
Head and neck Squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is highly prevalent in Northeast India. The widespread use of tobacco exposure is a known risk factor, makingmitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) more susceptible to damage by oxidative stress incomparison to nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial dysfunction being a hallmark of cancer, thestudy aims to evaluate liquid biopsy involving circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA(cfmtDNA) as an early diagnostic marker by reducing the dependability over tumor tissuebiopsy specimen. A total of 50 HNSCC cases reported at Cancer Hospital, Guwahati MedicalCollege from January 2018 to August 2018 were included in this study. Cell-free DNA wasisolated using QIAamp Circulating Nucleic Acid Kit. PCR based amplification ofmitochondrial D-loop, followed by direct sequencing. Our result indicated the presence ofsomatic mutations (73(A/G), 93(G/A), 146(T/C) and 207 (G/A)). Polymorphism was alsoobserved in the sequences (263A>G, 275G>A, 318T>C, 16034T>C, 16257C>A and16519T>C) upon comparison with reference sequence. Analysis of c-tract region showedthe presence of an additional cytosine nucleotide at position 309.Identifying somaticmutations in cfmtDNA using liquid biopsy approach will certainly minimize thedependency of clinicians and molecular biologist over the availability of tumor tissuespecimens. The identified somatic variations from our study will help in theimplementation of preventive measure. Therefore, our study provides an early mtDNAdiagnostic marker using liquid biopsy approach.
Biochemical, Cardiovascular Parameters and Weight Status among a Rural Population in Mandalay Division, Myanmar
(SB Publications, 2020-01) Kyae, Mhon Htwe; Aye, Min Maw; Win, Thura; Saw, Ohnmar Khin; Aye, Thi; Nu, Ye Thin; Aung, Si Myo; Yi, Yi Myint
Overweight and obesity are increasing public health problems recognizedworldwide and rural population is not less affected. Early detection of overweight andobesity as well as cardiovascular and biochemical data are important for rural populationsto prevent and control of obesity related cardio-metabolic diseases. This study aimed todetermine biochemical, cardiovascular parameters and weight status among a ruralpopulation in Mandalay Division. This cross-sectional study of 263 subjects, age ranging from18-86 years, was conducted at Pin-Tee village in Pyin-Oo-Lwin Township in 2015.Anthropometry, cardiovascular and biochemical parameters were determined. Weightstatus was assessed by Body Mass Index (BMI) and classified according to WHO adult AsianBMI criteria. There were 110 males (41.8%) and 153 females (58.2%), respectively, withmean age was 44.8 ± 16.0 years. Current smoking and current betel chewing were found inmales (58.2% and 34.6%) and females (4.6% and 4.6%), respectively. Current alcoholdrinking was observed in males (41.8%). Overweight (16.4% males; 19.6 % females) andobesity (10.9% males; 29.4 % females) were found in this study. Existence of hypertension,hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia (Fasting Blood Glucose≥126mg/dl) andelectrocardiographic abnormalities were detected in 39.9%, 32.3%, 9.5 % and 30.8%,respectively, among all respondents. Hypertension, abnormal electrocardiography,dyslipidemia and high alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly associated withincrease in BMI. The magnitude of obesity was quite high in this study population. Most ofthe cardio-metabolic risk factors were more common in females. Hypertension andhypertriglyceridemia were more frequent in this rural community.
Uterine Fibroid: Isolation, Culture and Characterization
(SB Publications, 2019-07) Pandey, Vivek; Rani, Anjali; Dubey, Pawan K.
Present study was carried out to establish uterine fibroid primary culturesystem for screening of natural/synthetic compounds against uterine fibroid. For invitro culture, enzymatic isolation method was used. To characterize, histochemistry (H& E, Masson’s Trichrome and Periodic Acid Schiff) staining and immunocytochemistryusing marker antibodies (Versican) were performed in vitro. Uterine fibroid tissueshowed much intense staining of Masson’s Trichrome and Periodic Acid Schiff stain ascompared to adjacent myometrium tissue. The primary cultured cells showedsignificantly higher proliferation, sub-culture efficiency and expression of Versicanprotein. In conclusion, our results suggest that in vitro cultured uterine fibroid cells mayoffer a suitable alternative model to evaluate natural or synthetic compounds havingantitumor properties for uterine fibroid treatment.
Phytochemicals effective in lowering Low-Density Lipoproteins
(SB Publications, 2020-01) Maheshwari, Vansh
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortalityaround the globe. The key risk factor of cardiovascular diseases, hypercholesterolemiais expected to increase in the future. Phytochemicals, are natural compounds found inplants, having antioxidant properties. These antioxidant properties can be utilized toreduce the occurrence of chronic diseases and provide many health benefits in humans.Phytochemicals such as Indoles, plant sterols, flavonoids and lignans have beenextracted and studied widely. It is because of their antioxidant properties they can beused in preventing hypercholesterolemia. This review illustrates and summarizesvarious phytochemicals and their mechanisms in lowering LDL cholesterol levels. Theprogress and the results achieved in studies relevant to the hypocholesterolemiceffects of these phytochemicals are also illustrated. It was interpreted that on theavailability of sufficient and confirmatory data about the efficacy of phytochemicals inlowering LDL cholesterol levels, plant-based diets or drugs containing extracts ofphytochemicals can then be deployed in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia
Identification of Gly/NMDA receptor Antagonist from Chromolaena odorata’s Derived compounds using Induced Fit Docking and ADME study
(SB Publications, 2019-07) David, Temitope Israel; Omotuyi, Olaposi Idowu.; Agboola, Olalekan David; Dominic, Chinedu Okonkwo; Niyi, Samuel Adelakun
The ionotropic activation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) plays asignificant role in different type of neurodegenerative disease, as it is a tetramer withtwo Glycine binding subunit and two glutamate subunits. NMDA receptor can beinhibited by either blocking of the glycine site or glutamate site. Previously reportedinhibitors of NMDA receptor focus on the inhibition of the glutamate subunit, which wasreported to be associated with side effects such as ataxia, memory deficits, andneurotoxicity. Therefore, different compounds with antagonistic effect are beenexplored on Gly/NMDA site. Glide XP docking was employed in screening phytoconstituent of Chromolaena odorata against Gly/NMDA receptor for hit compounds withantagonistic properties. The hit compounds were further subjected to Induced fitdocking (IFD) and Lipinski rule of five. The final selection was based on Rigid XP dockingscore using co-crystallized ligand as threshold docking score, interaction with receptorsite residues, and IFD score. Ferulic acid, caffeic acid and scutellarein recorded bindingaffinity of -8.752Kcal/mol, 10.004 Kcal/mol and -9.096 Kcal/mol respectively, which ishigher than the binding affinity of co-crystallized ligand. Induced fit score obtained were-614.38, -614.03 and -616.31 for ferulic acid, caffeic acid and scutellarein respectively.The result obtained in this study shows the potency of phytochemical from C. odorata toinhibit NMDA receptor. ADME study showed that the drug-like nature of thesecompounds.
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Phylloplane Mycoflora of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni
(SB Publications, 2019-01) Chauhan, Reshu; Navneet
The aim of the present investigation is to study the fungal flora of young and matureleaves of S. rebaudiana. Young and mature leaves of S. rebaudiana were used for isolation offungi. Phylloplane mycoflora were isolated from leaves of S. rebaudiana by using threemethods i.e. dilution plate method, leaf impression method and leaf washing method. Dilutionplate method and leaf washing method were applied for quantitative analysis and leafimpression method for qualitative analysis. A total of 35 fungal species comprisingZygomycetes, Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes including sterile forms were isolated duringthe course of investigation. A total of thirteen fungal species viz. Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A.fumigatus, Penicillium cyclopium, P. chrysogenum, Cladosporium elatum, C. cladosporioides,Mucor etc. were isolated from mature leaves. Eleven fungal species were found by leafimpression method, eight by leaf washing method and six by dilution plate method.Aspergillus, Penicillium and Cladosporium species were found to be dominant among all thespecies. Phylloplane fungal population on mature leaves of S. rebaudiana was 1.68×102 /cm2leaf area. Thus, the outcome of study presents a clear picture about fungal population anddiversity in phylloplane of S. rebaudiana mature leaves.

Browse

Recent Submissions