Comprehensive Review on Hemorrhoids: From Epidemiology to Preclinical Assessment of Anti-Hemorrhoidal Agents

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dc.contributor.authorBairagi, PKen_US
dc.contributor.authorKulkarni, AVen_US
dc.contributor.authorGunjal, AAen_US
dc.contributor.authorChavan, VYen_US
dc.date.accessioned2024-09-24T08:59:18Z
dc.date.accessioned2024-09-24T11:51:58Z
dc.date.available2024-09-24T08:59:18Z
dc.date.available2024-09-24T11:51:58Z
dc.date.issued2024-06
dc.description.abstractThe review discusses the etiology, epidemiology, classification, risk factors, assessment, the role of biomarkers in the development of hemorrhoids, operative and non-operative treatment options, post-operative complications of hemorrhoids, preclinical evaluation methods of anti-hemorrhoidal drugs, and different medicinal plants that exhibit anti-hemorrhoidal activity. The dilation and dislocation of normal anal cushions characterizes hemorrhoids. One of the most significant discoveries regarding hemorrhoids is the atypical enlargement and distortion of blood vessels, along with damage and modifications to the anal cavity’s supporting connective tissue. Hemorrhoids are categorized into different classifications based on various factors, Golingher’s classification commonly used, which divides the hemorrhoidal condition into four grades according to prolapse and the development of hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids are recognized as one of the leading causes of morbidity, affecting millions of populations worldwide and also increasing the economic burden on the healthcare system. Current treatment options for hemorrhoids often involve conservative approaches, including fiber supplements, anti-inflammatory medications, lifestyle changes, and venotonic medicines. Additionally, operative treatments like rubber band ligation, hemorrhoidectomy, and injection sclerotherapy are utilized. Various biomarkers are responsible for the occurrence of hemorrhoids, such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and C-reactive protein (CRP). These biomarkers hold potential as targets for developing new anti-hemorrhoidal agents.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsDepartment of Pharmacology, Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Pharmacy, Pune, Maharashtra, Indiaen_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsDepartment of Pharmacology, Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Pharmacy, Pune, Maharashtra, Indiaen_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsDepartment of Pharmacology, Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Pharmacy, Pune, Maharashtra, Indiaen_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsDepartment of Pharmacology, Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Pharmacy, Pune, Maharashtra, Indiaen_US
dc.identifier.citationBairagi PK, Kulkarni AV, Gunjal AA, Chavan VY. Comprehensive Review on Hemorrhoids: From Epidemiology to Preclinical Assessment of Anti-Hemorrhoidal Agents . International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research . 2024 May; 16(3): 533-545en_US
dc.identifier.issn0975–248X
dc.identifier.placeIndiaen_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/231657
dc.languageenen_US
dc.publisherMRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.en_US
dc.relation.issuenumber3en_US
dc.relation.volume16en_US
dc.source.urihttps://doi.org/10.25004/IJPSDR.2024.160326en_US
dc.subjectCroton oilen_US
dc.subjecthemorrhoidsen_US
dc.subjecthemorrhoidectomyen_US
dc.subjectjatropha oilen_US
dc.subjectpilesen_US
dc.subjectprolapseen_US
dc.titleComprehensive Review on Hemorrhoids: From Epidemiology to Preclinical Assessment of Anti-Hemorrhoidal Agentsen_US
dc.typeJournal Articleen_US
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