Oral Immunization for Anti-snake Venom Production in Equine Animals

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dc.contributor.authorAhmed, Zameeren_US
dc.contributor.authorBagasra, Omaren_US
dc.contributor.authorZameer, Sambreenen_US
dc.contributor.authorKazmi, Shahana U.en_US
dc.contributor.authorKhanani, Muhammad R.en_US
dc.contributor.authorShaheen, Sharafaten_US
dc.date.accessioned2020-04-23T07:26:19Z
dc.date.available2020-04-23T07:26:19Z
dc.date.issued2019-07
dc.description.abstractThe immunization process of current commercial manufacturing of anti-snake venom (ASV), uses injections of bentonite, complete Freund’s adjuvant, or incomplete Freund’s adjuvant, mixed with low doses of the snake venom in horses (but rarely in other large mammals), which frequently cause serious adverse effects in host animals. At the site of injection, horses may develop painful swelling, granuloma, abscess, scar, or systemic neurological and hematological defects, low antibody response, or death due to anaphylactic shock. We sought to investigate a novel alternate immunization strategy with oral administration of snake venom with adjuvants. We utilized M5904 mineral oil emulsion as an adjuvant that was mixed with sub-lethal doses (LD) of the snake venoms. Our preliminary experiments were initiated in March 2011 and the present data culminated in March 2018. In our initial experiments which were carried out in inbred mice, the LD100 was 10.36 ug/25 grams of mice for Naja. oxins and 10.0 ug/25 gram of Naja. karachians. We extrapolated the sub-LD dose to horses by cutting the LD100 in mice to 20%. This dose did not cause any apparent pathology in horses and therefore, we adopted that dose for the equine.en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsDepartmentofLaboratoryAnimalSciences,OjhaCampus,DowUniversityofHealth Sciences, Karachi, Pakistanen_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsDepartment of Biology, South Carolina Center for Biotechnology, Claflin University, Orangeburg, USAen_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsReactor and Professor of Microbiology, Dadabhoy Institute of Higher Education, Karachi, Pakistanen_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsLiaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry & Darul Sehat Hospital, Karachi, Pakistanen_US
dc.identifier.affiliationsDow International Medical college, Oja Campus, Karachi, Pakistanen_US
dc.identifier.citationAhmed Zameer, Bagasra Omar, Zameer Sambreen, Kazmi Shahana U., Khanani Muhammad R., Shaheen Sharafat. Oral Immunization for Anti-snake Venom Production in Equine Animals. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology. 2019 Jul; 10(3): 8-21en_US
dc.identifier.issn0976-4550
dc.identifier.placeIndiaen_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/198216
dc.languageenen_US
dc.publisherInternational Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technologyen_US
dc.relation.issuenumber3en_US
dc.relation.volume10en_US
dc.source.urihttps://www.doi.org/10.26502/ijabpt.004en_US
dc.subjectAnti-snake venomsen_US
dc.subjectCobra venomsen_US
dc.subjectEquine modelen_US
dc.subjectNovel adjuvanten_US
dc.subjectOral immunizationen_US
dc.titleOral Immunization for Anti-snake Venom Production in Equine Animalsen_US
dc.typeJournal Articleen_US
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