Toll-like Receptors.
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Date
2013-01
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Abstract
Mammals sense pathogen invasion through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). A
group of transmembrane proteins, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are mainly expressed on
antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells, and play critical roles
as PRRs (1). TLR signaling activates antigen-presenting cells that provoke innate
immunity and establish adaptive immunity. TLRs can be activated not only by invading
pathogens but also by certain danger or stress-associated endogenous molecules
leading to the induction of sterile inflammation. Activation of TLRs is a first line defense
of the immune system, leading not only to the activation and recruitment of neutrophils
and macrophages to sites of infection, but also to the enhancement of antimicrobial
activity (2). Each TLR has common effects, such as inflammatory cytokine induction or
upregulation of costimulatory molecule expression. However, TLRs also have specific
functions, exemplified by type I IFN-inducing ability. These immunoadjuvant effects are
critical in antimicrobial immunity and also involved in manifestations of autoimmunity (1).
Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of TLRs should facilitate the
development of therapeutic solutions for allergy and autoimmune diseases.
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Keywords
Toll-like receptors, innate immunity, adaptive immunity
Citation
Shin Ho Sik, Jung Yeon Soon, Rim Hark. Toll-like Receptors. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research. 2013 Jan-Mar; 3(1): 58-68.