European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/151202

Chief Editor: Prof. Hans Verhagen
ISSN: 2347-5641

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.sciencedomain.org/journal-home.php?id=30

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Nutritional Status and Nutrient Adequacy of Food Consumed by Commercial Drivers in Abeokuta South Local Govt Area, Ogun State, Nigeria
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-08) Oyesanya, O. S.; Oladosu, G. S.; Akinlose, E. A.; Bolajoko, O. O.; Onabanjo, O. O.
Introduction: The nutritional status and adequacy of nutrients in the food consumed by commercial drivers have significant implications for their overall health, well-being, and job performance. Aims: The study assessed the nutritional status and nutrient adequacy of food consumed by commercial drivers in Abeokuta South Local Government area, Ogun State. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to carry out this study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Major Parks of Abeokuta South Local Government from November 2019 to February 2020. Methodology: The data was obtained from randomly selected three hundred (300) commercial drivers in the major parks (Asero, Ijaiye, Kuti, and Sapon) of Abeokuta South Local Government. A structured-interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain data on the respondent’s demographics and socioeconomic characteristics, anthropometrics characteristics were assessed using a standardized method by trained anthropometrists, and the dietary intake of the respondents was obtained using a validated 24-hour recall questionnaire. Data were analyzed and presented using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: All (100%) of the respondents were males with a mean age of 38.7±0.49 years. The mean height and weight of the respondents were found to be 1.68±0.86 m and 68.50±8.47 kg respectively. More than half (59.7%) of the respondents had a normal BMI, 34.3% and 0.3% were overweight and obese respectively and only a few (5.7%) were underweight. The nutrient adequacy results revealed inadequacies of Vitamin C (83.3%), Vitamin B1 (66.7%), Vitamin B6 (79.3%), Calcium (89.3%), Zinc (53.3%), and Magnesium (70.7%). Conclusion: It is concluded that overweight, obesity, and micronutrients inadequacy is prevalent among commercial drivers. Malnutrition and micronutrient inadequacy among commercial drivers should be recognized as a public health problem and strategies to improve their status and nutrient intake should be implemented.
Antibacterial Activities of Extracts from four Wild Food Fruits
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-01) Konaré, M. A.; Keita, S.; Somda, M. K.; Togola, I.; Diarra, N.; Sanogo, R.
Aims: This study aimed to assess the in vitro antibacterial effects of extracts from four wild food fruits: Balanites aegyptiaca, Saba senegalensis, Ziziphus mauritiana, and Raphia sudanica. Place and Duration of Study: The samples of plant material were collected at Banamba and Sikasso, Mali between January and May 2018. The bacterial strains were collected at Research Centre for Biological Food and Nutritional Sciences (CRSBAN), University Professor Joseph Ki-Zerbo; Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The experimental parts were also carried out at CRSBAN from October 2019 to January 2020. Methodology: The fruit extracts were screened for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, S. aureus, B. cereus, and L. monocytogenes strains. The diameters of the inhibition zones (ID), the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) as well as the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were evaluated using agar diffusion method. Results: The findings revealed that these parameters have varied as a function of fruit species and/or their zones of provenances. All fruit extracts showed significant growth reducing effect against all the tested bacteria. The extracts from R. sudanica have exhibited the strongest growth-inhibiting activity specifically against E. coli (ID = 15.33±0.58 mm) and Salmonella typhi (ID = 18.00±1.00 mm) with lower MIC (from 2.08±1.44 to 5.83±1.44 mg/mL). Moreover, the MBC/MIC ratios revealed that the extracts from the studied fruits possess mainly bacteriostatic effects towards the tested strains. Conclusion: These findings support local therapeutics properties attributed to these fruits. They also demonstrate that, in addition to their nutritional values, these edible fruits could be used for developing antibiotics to treat infectious diseases and food poisoning.
Effect of Harvesting Stage and Drying Method on Cowpea Leaf Nutrient Composition
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-08) Wanjiku, G. J.; Kingori, G. G.; Kirimi, K. J.
Cowpea leaves are lost annually due to infestation and spoilage when being transported to clients and the losses at the local markets are brought on by inadequate postharvest handling procedures and market glut, particularly during peak seasons. High moisture content from the cowpea leaves at harvest stage may contribute to increased spoilage hence lowering quantity and quality. The choice of appropriate harvesting stage and drying method can help to reduce this problem. The aim of this study was to determine the best harvesting stage and efficient drying method that would maintain high leaf nutrient composition. Cowpeas variety M66 was used for the research and the treatments included three harvesting stages (21, 35 and 49 days after sowing [DAS]), three drying methods (open sun, solar dryer and oven. Data was collected on iron, calcium, crude fibre, beta carotene, protein and moisture content. The data was subjected for variance using Statistical Analysis System 9.2 edition and significantly different means separated using least significant difference at 5%. The results indicated significant (p<0.05) differences in moisture, calcium, proteins, beta carotene and crude fibre content in both trials. Harvest stage and drying method did not significantly (p<0.05) influence the iron content. Oven and solar drying methods showed better nutrient and mineral retention in the three harvesting stages when compared to the open sun drying method.
The Lack of Nutritional Competency among the Medical Practitioners and Medical Students: A Systematic Review
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-01) James, M. K.
Objective: This systematic review addressed the effects of the competency level of medical students, physicians, and practitioners in nutrition education for optimum patient care. It also addresses the perceived inadequate didactic contact hours of nutrition education. Method: There were 55 studies selected, and 25 were used for this review including quantitative and qualitative studies. The data were divided into four groups: quantitative data, qualitative data, reports, and news articles. The categorization of the literature was as follows: 17 quantitative, 2 qualitative, 4 news articles, 1 manual, and 1 symposium report. These were evaluated to produce a credible qualitative meta-analysis of available data. Data Sources: The systematic review used databases and citation indexes including Embosses, PubMed, JAMA Network, Medline, Elsevier, and Oxford Academics, these include journals, reports of Symposiums, and news articles to ascertain evidence-based data Results: The findings of this review revealed the significant effect inadequate contact nutrition education has on the competency level of medical students, physicians, and practitioners. Limitations: Limitations of this review include several external factors. Although universities are expected to implement approximately 44 hours of nutrition education for the competency level of medical students and physicians during their tenure, this may not be the case at all schools. Many offer only 15-25 didactics hours. In addition, in some cases, the comparisons are not equal but the researcher was unable to establish the hours and a basic curriculum structure.
Proposal for Educational Intervention in People Living with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and in their Family Caregiver
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-02) Neri, A. P.; Vázquez, J. R.; Lydia, L. P.; Quitl, I. T.; Chávez, O. R. F.; Zermeño, M. D. C. L.; Ledezma, J. C. R.
Objective: Design a proposal of educational intervention for both, people who live with Diabetes Mellitus type 2 and their family caregiver. Methodology: Methodology. A case series study was conducted with the participation of 12 people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus and attending a Mutual Help Group in Pachuquilla, Hidalgo. Sociodemographic data, somatometric measurements (weight, height, BMI, waist circumference), blood pressure, and capillary blood samples for glycosylated hemoglobin were collected. Results: The mean age was 64 and range of 39-79 years, O.D. of 12; 67% women; 25% finished secondary school, 50% worked at home, 17% in commerce, 33% unemployed; 58% married, 25% widowed, and 17% divorced and in common law; 33.% with less than 5 years diagnosed, 67% have been diagnosed for more than 5 years; 75% depend economically; 67% have complications, 75% with family support, in diabetes knowledge 33% obtained intermediate score and 67% inadequate score; the weight average was of 77 kg and range of 57-116.5 kg, and O.D. 17 kg; in waist circumference, 100% exceed the recommended limit, in BMI, 50% is classified as overweight and 50% as obese; in blood pressure 50% > 130/80 mmHg and in glycosylated hemoglobin 75% > 7% mg/dl. Conclusion: The currently implemented strategy does not reflect good knowledge and control of the disease. This study invites us to continue with research where an educational intervention is implemented in which family caregivers are included and active participation is encouraged, in addition to implementing the IEP as a theoretical basis for the intervention.
Chemical and Biological Evaluation of Bakeries Produced from Golden Berries
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-02) El-Hadidy, G. S.; L. Nassef, S.; G. El-Dreny, E.
This investigation was performed with the purpose of researching the influence of pizza containing dried golden berry fruits (DGBF) at different doses against carbon tetrachloride - induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The study shows phenols content of golden berry. 25 male rats were used in the biological investigation. Rats were divided into five groups (5 rats in group) the investigation was 12 weeks. The first group (negative group) was given a basal diet and the second group (G2, G3, G4, and G5) was injected intramuscularly with carbon tetrachloride 2 ml/kg BW (50% v/v in liquid paraffin) weekly to induce hepatotoxicity. After the injury, group G3, G4 and G5 fed on 50% basal diet supplemented with 50%pizza containing 5, 10 and 15% DGBF. Findings indicate that DGBF had a high antioxidant activity, total phenol, flavonoids, ascorbic acid and carotenoids content. Rats fed 50% pizza containing (5,10 and 15%) DGBF had a lower serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, uric acid, creatinine, GOT, GPT, MDA and SOD compared to rats fed simply the basal diet (positive control). The DGBF was added to the pizza with different proportions, and its sensory properties were evaluated, and all proportions were proper to the panelists, compared to the control. The findings of this work suggest that golden berries could be used to treat and prevent hepatotoxicity patients.
Physicochemical Properties, Heavy Metals and Aflatoxins Content of Crude Palm and Groundnut Oils Produced and Marketed in Benue State, Nigeria
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-02) Amua, Q. M.; Abah, J. O.; Muyong, G. M.; Bongjo, N. B.
The study aims at assessing the physicochemical properties, heavy metals, and aflatoxins content of crude palm and groundnut oils produced and sold in the Adikpo, Wadata, and Otukpa areas of Benue state, Nigeria. Specific gravity, refractive index, acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, moisture content, and smoke point are the physicochemical properties evaluated. The heavy metals analyzed include; Lead, Nickel, Copper, Iron, Arsenic, and Iron. Total aflatoxins were determined by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Findings revealed that most of the physicochemical properties of palm and groundnut oils from these areas deviated from the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) standard range. A high amount of Cadmium (0.89 mg/kg, 1.01 mg/kg, and 0.92 mg/kg) was detected in the local groundnut oil samples but lesser in palm oils from Adikpo, Wadata, and Otukpa respectively, while Copper content was within the FAO/WHO safe limits. The arsenic content of palm oil produced in the region was not as high as those in groundnut oil but was higher than the recommended maximum limit of 0.1 mg/kg. The Nickel content in the oil samples was higher than the 0.50 mg/kg permissible limit, but Lead was within the safe limits. Total Aflatoxin content in crude groundnut oil was within the range of 9.05 ppm to 10.13 ppm, while a range of 2.03 ppm to 2.74 ppm was recorded in crude palm oil. The locally produced oils are of lower quality, suggesting that refining should be adopted and quality seeds should be used for the extraction of oils.
Principles and Practices of Effective Food Safety Risk Communication – Introducing the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Food Safety Risk Communication Framework
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-08) Jin, H.; Adewoye, L.; Dupouy, E.; Er, J. C.; Geraghty, F.; Hallman, W. K.; Healy, M.; Jiang, Y.; Leon-Lim, E. de; Narrod, C.; Philpott, A.
This paper describes the principles and practices of effective food safety risk communication developed under the “Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Food Safety Risk Communication Framework and Associated Guidelines”. The framework recommends that effective food safety risk communication needs to be centered on the clear goal of protecting consumer health by ensuring transparency and timeliness, and communication on food safety matters should be conducted in a two-way process. It emphasizes the need to provide the public with credible information based on science and evidence and highlights that food safety is a shared responsibility among all stakeholders, including industry, government agencies, media organizations and consumers. It further highlights that food safety risk communication needs to be conducted in a consistent, systematic, inclusive, consultative, and preventative manner. The framework also indicates that effective food safety risk communication needs to pay attention to the backgrounds, experiences, and needs of concerned audiences. It stresses the importance of continuous improvement of the communication system to ensure food safety risk communication to be effective. Focusing on effective communications in response to food safety incidents, emergency or crisis situations, as well as everyday food safety communications, these principles and practical guidelines will help food safety regulators, food industry, food safety educators and other stakeholders improve their communications with target audiences.
Osmoregulatory Appraisal of Some Osmoprotectants on Hydrolytic Activities of Some Enzymes on Seeds of Two Water Stressed Cultivars of Sorghum bicolor (Moench)
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-02) Wale, O. A
Enzymes play significant roles in metabolic processes of seeds. Therefore, this study evaluated osmoregulatory potential of some osmoprotectants on activities of some hydrolytic enzymes in the seeds of two cultivars (SOSAT.C-88 and CV. LCIC 9702) of sorghum bicolor. Matured seeds of the two cultivars were harvested and prepared for alpha, beta, total amylase and proteinase activities assay. The osmoprotectants produced significant variations on the enzymes at 10 and 14 days (DA) of 8 weeks after treatments (WAT). Seeds of well-watered SOSAT.C-88 produced higher alpha (2.10 IU/ml), beta (1.70 IU/ml) and total amylase activities (3.30 IU/ml) at 14 days (DA). Higher alpha (2.01 IU/ml and total amylase activities (2.61 IU/ml) were recorded in the seeds of CV. LCIC 9702 well-watered at 14 days DA 8WAT. Furthermore, total amylase activities (3.87 IU/ml) were recorded in the seeds produced by CV. LCIC 9702 well-watered at 14 days DA. Significant increase was noticed in beta (1.14 IU/ml) and alpha amylase (1.58 IU/ml) in the seeds of CV. LCIC 9702 treated with mycorrhiza. CV. LCIC 9702 well watered produced highest proteinase activities (1.57 U/ml) while least of the parameters were recorded in SOSAT.C-88 and CV. LCIC 9702 droughted. In conclusion, the osmoprotectants had regulatory effects on the activities of hydrolytic enzymes therefore the use of the osmoprotectants in farming should be encouraged.
Some Quality Attributes of Composite Flour and Bread Produced from Wheat and African Walnut
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-05) Arinola, S. O.; Ogunlade, O. A.; Fakomiti, D. M.
This study explored the potential of African walnut in the formulation of composite flour which can be used for bread production and in various food applications. African walnut flour was produced and used to substitute wheat flour at different levels (5 - 25%) in the production of wheat-African walnut composite flour. Functional and pasting properties of the composite flour were evaluated using standard procedures. Proximate composition, antioxidant activity, some loaf quality attributes and sensory acceptability of bread produced from the composite flour were evaluated using standard procedures. Wheat bread served as control. The composite flour showed varying functional properties which ranged from 2.43 to 3.46 (swelling capacity), 1.15 to 1.85 mL/g (water absorption capacity), 2.15 to 2.75 mL/g (oil absorption capacity), 10.80 to16.60% (foam capacity), 63.0 to 75.0% (dispersibility), 38.92 to 69.92 seconds (wetability), 0.75 to 0.79 g/mL (packed bulk density) and 0.43 to 0.47 g/mL (loose bulk density). Inclusion of African walnut reduced peak viscosity (53.92 – 148.83 RVU), trough viscosity (52.25 – 88.58 RVU), breakdown viscosity (1.67 – 60.25 RVU), final viscosity (74.08 – 191.25 RVU) and setback viscosity (21.83 – 102.67 RVU) of the composite flour. Composite bread had better protein (9.75 – 16.93%), fat (3.42 – 9.94%), ash (1.46 – 2.75%), crude fibre (0.86 – 3.64%) but reduced specific loaf volume (2.36 – 4.18 cm3/g) and loaf height (3.00 – 5.40cm) than the control, and exhibited appreciable antioxidant activity (DPPH: 31.60 – 73.09% and FRAP: 0.51 - 4.25 mg/g). In term of sensory acceptability composite bread samples produced with 5 and 10 % levels of African walnut compared favourably with bread produced from wheat flour. Thus composite flour produced from wheat and African walnut flours showed an array of physicochemical properties which could make it useful in different food applications. Acceptable bread could be produced from wheat flour substituted with African walnut flour at 10% level.
Willingness to Pay for Centralized Modern Locust Bean Processing Equipment in Ekiti State, Nigeria
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-07) Abdu-Raheem, K. A.; Oluwatusin, F. M.; Kolawole, A. O.; Adekunmi, A. O.; Ajewole, O. C.; Osundare, F. O.
This study investigated the propensity to pay for modern apparatus processing locust beans in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Utilizing primary data and a multistage sampling strategy, 240 processors were chosen for the study. The collected data were analyzed utilizing descriptive statistics and an inferential statistical instrument, such as Logit and ordinary least square regression analysis. About 72 percent of processors were married and had an average of eight years of experience processing locust legumes. The majority of respondents belonged to a cooperative group (66.7%) and had no access to credit (100%). The average monthly income from processing was N18,000. The majority of respondents (65%) were unwilling to pay for the service of centralized, advanced or contemporary processing equipment. According to the results of the Logit regression analysis, the variables that significantly influence willingness to pay for the service of centralized modern locust bean processing equipment were household income and processing experience (1%), level of education and age (5%), and household size (10%). The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) analysis reveals that household size and education level were significant at the 1% level, while age and marital status were significant at the 5% level and processing experience was significant at the 1% level. The study suggests that processors ready to pay should form a formidable cooperative to secure grants or loans to establish a centralized, contemporary locust processing cottage. The government should educate processors on modern food processing and safety at all levels.
Development and Organoleptic Evaluation of Iron Rich Pancake Premix Using Spirulina and Super Flours
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-06) Srivastava, J.; Singh, N.; Nanda, A.
Since ancient times, poor nutrition has been the primary culprit of iron deficiency, especially in the school going adolescent girls. There may be a number of factors that contribute to this. The production of affordable, wholesome, and practical foods is a challenge for the food industry. Spirulina platensis, a microscopic and filamentous cyanobacterium is a blue-green algae that is considered to be one of the ancient life forms on Earth. To increase the nutritive value and to provide other vital nutrients, best wholesome cereals must be chosen over or in combination with refined flour. Here, quinoas, soy flour and amaranth come in the picture. The preparation of pancake premix and the final product was done in the department of food and nutrition, school of home sciences , BBAU Lucknow in the duration of nine months from September 2023 to May 2023. The assessment was successful and yielded genuine beneficial outcomes. The spirulina pan cakes excel in terms of flavour, aroma, and mouth feel. The panellists found the pancake's green tint to be somewhat objectionable.
Optimization Method of Whole Wheat Flour, Soybean Flour, Oyster Meat Powder for Nutrient- Dense Composite Flour
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-07) Orunaboka, W. T.; Kosoko, S. B.; Wabali, V. C.; Olokoshe, A. A.
Aim: To study the production of Nutrient – Dense Composite Flour from the blends of whole wheat flour, soybean flour (full fat) and oyster meat powder. Study Design: The study was design using the D-optimal combination design of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Department of Food, Nutrition and Home Science, University of Port Harcourt (Processing of raw materials) and the Department of Food Technology, Federal Institute of industrial research Oshodi, Lagos (Analysis of raw materials) between October 2021 and August 2022. Methodology: The raw materials were each processed to have wholesome flours, and then they were combined according to the matrix generated, which had ranges of 70 – 100%, 0 – 22%, and 0 – 8% for whole wheat flour (WWF), soybean flour (SBF) and oyster meat powder (OMP) respectively. Results: The design was used to assess the significance (5% probability) of the moisture, fat, and protein content, which ranged from 8.09 to 11.37%, 1.80 to 8.52% and 9.70 to 19.07% respectively; the water absorption (72.00 - 79.10BU), dough stability (9.3 - 17.5BU) and mixing tolerance index (25 - 50BU); and lightness and yellowness, which ranged from 65.48 - 83.2 and 13.77 - 23.58 respectively, of the flour blends. Protein content, water absorption dough stability, and mixing tolerance index were prioritized while moisture content, fat content, and yellowness were minimized for the numerical optimization of the responses. This study highlights the possibilities of utilizing non-conventional raw materials in the production of composite flour with balance nutritional and baking qualities. Conclusion: The best flour combination was 72.51% whole wheat flour, 19.63% soybean flour, and 7.86% oyster meat powder.
Nutritional Vulnerability Transitions among Rural Households in Nigeria
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-06) Adepoju, A. O.
Aims: It has long been considered that specific age/gender groups, such as women and children, are predisposed to nutritional vulnerability. Thus, nutritional vulnerability among agricultural households is neglected and understudied. This study aims at an empirical assessment of nutritional vulnerability dynamics among rural households in Nigeria. Study Design: Secondary data used for this study was waves 2 and 3 of the general household survey panel data. The sampling design consisted of two stages of sampling: the selection of enumeration areas based on probability proportionate to the size of the enumeration areas and the systematic random selection of ten households from each enumeration area. There were 3370 households selected in rural areas and 1630 households selected in urban areas. 2090 rural households with the required information for this study were included in the analysis. Methodology: Descriptive statistics, nutritional vulnerability score, logit regression model, Markov model, and multinomial logit regression models were used to analyse nutritional vulnerability transitions among rural households in Nigeria. Results: Nutritionally vulnerable households in rural Nigeria include those with aged heads, little or no formal education, limited assets, and no access to land or credit. Nutritional vulnerability in rural Nigeria is primarily transient, with around two-fifths of households experiencing transient nutritional vulnerability and nearly one-third experiencing chronic nutritional vulnerability. While the age of the household head, tertiary education, and access to credit all had a substantial impact on transient nutritional vulnerability, gender, tertiary education, asset value, and access to credit all had an impact on chronic nutritional vulnerability. Conclusion: Support mechanisms such as initiatives to promote access to healthy food, credit, land, and education are critical. To successfully address the issues affecting the nutrition and health of persons facing vulnerabilities, social welfare programs with interventions based on the characteristics of each vulnerable group and the predisposing factors should be adopted.
Aqueous Extract of the Leaves of Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) (False Basil) as an Alternative to the Chemical Antibiotics Used in Breeding Cobb-500 Broiler Chickens in the Department of Azaguie, Côte d’Ivoire
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-05) Ouattara-Soro, F. S.; Camara, D.; Acray-Zengbe, P.; Djile, J. R.; Konan, B. Y.
In order to propose a plant extract as an alternative to the use of antibiotics used in broiler breeding, an experimental study was carried out in the department of Azaguié and the choice fell on the aqueous extract leaves of Ocimum gratissimum L (EAOG). To achieve this objective, fifty (50) broiler chicks of Cobb-500 strains were divided into two (02) batches of twenty-five (25) each. Thus, batch I received only the aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum L., while batch II received the prophylaxis recommended for rearing in this locality. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of sterols and polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and catechin tannins in Ocimum gratissimum L. The acute toxicity study carried out on broilers showed that EAOG is not toxic by the oral route in a single dose at a dose of 2000 mg/kg BW. The EAOG caused a significant increase (p<0.05) in the live weight of the treated chickens compared to the controls. In addition, the results showed a significant reduction in the mortality rate and feed conversion ratio of chickens treated with EAOG compared to controls. Finally, concerning the biochemical and leukocyte parameters, the results showed a significant increase in the levels of urea and AST, lymphocytes, white blood cells, neutrophils and basophils of chickens treated with the extract compared to those treated with the usual antibiotics. The aqueous extract of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum could be recommended to poultry farmers as an alternative to the usual antibiotics.
Minerals Composition of Solanum aethiopicum L. and Amaranthus hybridus L. Leaves from Burkina Faso
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-07) Yaméogo, C. W.; Garanet, F.
Aim: Malnutrition remains a public health problem in children aged under five years in Burkina Faso. Research to find indigenous vegetables with high content of minerals can contribute to fight against children malnutrition. The aim of this study was to assess minerals composition of Solanum aethiopicum L. and Amaranthus hybridus L. leaves grown in Burkina Faso. Methodes: The leaves have been collected in three markets of Ouagadougou. For the two plants, the dry leaves have been analysed for the following minerals content: Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Phosphor (P), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn). The analyses have been done using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer and flame photometer methodes. Results: The results showed high mean concentration in K, Ca and Mg in the leaves of the two plants. For Solanum aethiopicum leaves, the concentration in K, Ca and Mg was respectively 3064; 1048 and 666 mg/100 g. The trace elements content were also high: Fe (12 mg/100 g) and Zn (20 mg/100 g). For Amaranthus hybridus leaves, the concentration in K, Ca and Mg was respectively 3573; 606 and 475 mg/100 g. The leaves of Solanum aethiopicum had the highest content of following minerals: Ca, Mg, Na, P, Fe and Zn compared to Amaranthus hybridus leaves. Conclusion: This study showed that both plants are good sources of important minerals. They are essential to be included in the diet of children to promote growth and contribute to fight against malnutrition.
Sub-Chronic Safety Assessment on the Use of Solanum aethiopicum (L.) Leaf Extract as Blood Booster in Male Wistar Rats
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-06) Ibezute, A. C.; Dannon, A. S.
Aim: The effect of Solanum aethiopicum (SA) on the haematological indices of Wistar rats was investigated in this study. Methodology: A total of 20 male Wistar rats with an average 172.45±0.15 g were distributed into four groups (A – D) and allowed to acclimatize for two weeks. Group A served as the control, while groups B, C, and D were given aqueous extracts of SA at doses of 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 225 mg/kg per body weight, respectively, every 48 hours for 30 days. After the exposure period, a final evaluation and sacrifice of the rats was performed. Blood sample collection was carried for full blood count and blood film preparation. Results: The result of this study showed that leaf extract of Solanum aethiopicum caused a significant increase in white blood cells (18.18±0.78 - 27.08±2.68 x 103/?l), especially lymphocytes (13.58±2.48 - 30.95±4.65 x 103/?l) in group of rats when compared to control. On the contrary, there was a non-significant reduction in red blood cells (7.78±0.04 - 7.19±0.45 x 106/?l), hemoglobin (16.92±0.62 - 14.55±0.95 g/dl), haematocrit (41.49±0.29 - 38.38±1.68 %), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (21.71±0.91 - 20.30±0.10 ?g) when compared to the control. Platelet (451.25±87.25 - 724.75±249.25 x 103/?l) and Plateletcrit (0.36±0.07 - 0.50±0.17 %) was significantly higher in treated group, while mean platelet volume (8.21±0.31 - 6.98±0.07 ?m3) and platelet distribution width (18.68±1.38 - 15.93±0.73 %) was low when compared with control. Conclusion: The current study has demonstrated that the leaves of Solanum aethiopicum may be safe to consume in regulated amount, as it has been shown to boost blood indices. These plant extracts may be utilized as a blood promoting potentials as it has been shown to strengthens the body's immune system particularly cell-mediated immunity, have no hemotoxic impact on the red blood cell and its indices and improve the ability for the body to repair itself as seen from the platelet count and its indices.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Cauliflower
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-01) Nahar, Hashi S.; Mostarin, T.; Khatun, K.; Kabir, S.; Akter, S.; Banu, K.; Roy, S.; Ahmed, A.; Abdus, Samad M.
With the use of integrated nutrient management, cauliflower the growth and yield can be boosted. Due to their complementing effects, the ideal combination of different organic and inorganic sources of nutrients may significantly boost cauliflower growth and yield. The experiment consisted of 13 treatments viz. T1= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha (Recommended dose of NPKS as control), T2= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + CD (5 t/ha), T3= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha), T4= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + MSC (4 t/ha), T5= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + CD (5 t/ha), T6= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha), T7= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + MSC (4 t/ha), T8= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + CD (5 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha), T9= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha), T10= N120P60K100S20 kg/ha + MSC (4 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha), T11= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + CD (5 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha), T12= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha) and T13= N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + MSC (4 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having single factor with three replications. Data were recorded on growth, yield components of cauliflower and significant variation was observed for most of the studied characters. Under this investigation, it was revealed that the highest yield (36.34 t/ha) with net return (Tk. 524202) and BCR (3.59) was obtained from T12 (N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha) + Bio. (5 kg/ha) treatment. On the other hand, the lowest yield (13.50 t/ha) with net return (Tk. 137869) and BCR (2.04) was obtained from T1 (N120P60K100S20 kg/ha) treatment. So, economic analysis revealed that T12 (N120P60K100S20B0.6Mo0.54 kg/ha + VC (4 t/ha) + Bio-fertilizer (5 kg/ha) treatment appeared to be the best for achieving the higher growth, yield and economic benefit of cauliflower.
Physicochemical and Nutritional Properties of Baby-Led Cookies Produced from Rice, Banana and Cashew-nut Flour Blends
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-07) Oladebeye, A. O.; Oladebeye, A. A.
Aim: Cookies from rice, banana and cashew-nut flour blends were prepared as alternative to gluten-free baby-led food for children. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria and Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Food Technology, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria between August, 2022 and January, 2023. Methodology: Baby-led weaning cookies were formulated from flour blends as 100% raw rice (RRC), 50% rice and 50% wheat (RWC) and 40% rice, 20% cashew and 40% unripe banana (RCB) and their physical properties, sensory attributes, proximate properties, mineral compositions, vitamin profiles and anti-nutrients were determined and compared with 100% commercial cookie (CMC) with the view to substituting wheat flour with suitable flour blends with enhanced nutritional quality. Results: The peak diameter (10.40±0.20 mm), thickness (6.37±0.06 mm) and weight (17.65±0.04 g) were obtained in RCB. Spread ratio was highest (2.66±0.11) and lowest (1.42±0.01) in CMC and RWC respectively while spread factor decreased from 100% in CMC to 77.19% (RRC), 53.46% (RWC) and 62.47% (RWC). The grittiness, texture, aroma, taste and general acceptability of RCB were significantly similar to those of CMC (P < 0.05). Na, K, Mg and Zn contents increased in RCB. Proximate compositions (%) of the cookies formulated varied significantly from CMC. Peak crude protein (14.49±0.59), crude fibre (4.03±0.02) and fat (32.22±0.00) in RCB, ash (3.28±0.02) and carbohydrate by difference (58.15±0.13) in CMC and moisture (18.19±0.11) in RRC. The peak values of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12, C) were most abundant in RCB. The proportions (mg/g) of phytate, oxalate, tannins and phenols in the cookies formulated were comparatively lower than the lethal dose, implying that the cookies would be safe for consumption. Conclusion: RCB cookie had excellent nutritional quality, which, as a novel baby-led weaning cookie, could serve as a suitable alternative to commercial cookies.
Impact of Cooking Conditions on Proximate Composition and Textural Properties of Chicken Breast Meat
(Sciencedomain International, 2023-06) Alugwu, S. U.; Okonkwo, T. M.; Ngadi, M. O.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of cooking conditions on proximate composition and textural properties (cohesiveness and chewiness) of chicken breast meat. Eight packs of industrial skinless chicken breast meat were cooked by air frying (AF), baking (BK), deep fat frying (DF) and grilling (GR) at 170, 180 and 190oC for 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 min. The chicken breast packs were frozen and sliced into dimensions, thawed, cooked and analysed by a two way analysis of variance. The results revealed that cooking methods significantly (p < 0.05) decreased moisture and protein contents from 75.14 to 58.25 % and 89.17 to 82.98 %, but increased fat content from 4.26 to 7.78 %, ash content from 1.95 to 2.39 %, carbohydrate content from 4.63 to 6.95 %, cohesiveness content from 0.40 to 0.52 and chewiness value from 3.63 to 6.05 kg. An increases in cooking temperatures and times decreased moisture content from 60.58 to 56.34 % and 75.14 to 47.40 % and protein content from 83.77 to 82.11 % and 89.17 to 79.45 %. Similarly, increases in cooking temperatures and times significantly (p < 0.05) increased fat content from 7.00 to 8.44 % and 4.26 to 10.12 %, ash content from 2.15 % to 2.59 % and 1.95 to 2.67 %. This study showed that increases in cooking temperatures decreased non-significantly (p > 0.05) carbohydrate content from 7.02 to 6.92 %, but increases in cooking times increased carbohydrate content from 4.63 to 7.76 %. An increases in cooking temperatures and times increased cohesiveness content from 0.50 to 0.54 and 0.40 to 0.63, chewiness value from 5.50 to 6.77 kg and 3.63 to 8.54 kg, respectively. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in chewiness values of samples cooked by AF and GR methods. The best cooking method/ temperature / time for low nutrient losses was BK, 170oC and 4 min

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