International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal

Permanent URI for this collection

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/151214

ISSN: 2321–7235

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.sciencedomain.org/journal-home.php?id=29

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 183

Drosophila melanogaster as a Substitute Model Organism for Autism Spectrum Disorder
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Aworeni, EO; Ojo, FO; Foluso, JI; Hassan, LA; Omoola, OO.
The surge in the prevalence of neurodevelopmental conditions including Autism Spectrum Disorder; a Disarray typically defined by a wide variety of conditions marked by difficulties in social skills, repetitive behaviors, disorganized speech, and challenges with nonverbal communication has increased the quest to elucidate its underlying mechanisms and create effective treatments by maximizing different animal models. In recent decades, animal studies on autism spectrum disorder maximizing different animal models have increased. Despite the number of animal models in these findings, lasting alleviating measures have not been actualized, the known animal models are also associated with several limitations such as being too expensive, too unwieldy to handle, and characterized by a prolonged reproductive cycle, while in some areas of the world, they are becoming harder to acquire. In this regard, research is now focusing on the need to search for animal models unaffected by the stated limitations associated with the well-known animal models. Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly) as a model organism in neurodegenerative, and neurodevelopmental diseases have been used by a few studies. This review examines the significance of fruit flies as a more effective model for studying ASD.
Comparative Analysis of Treated and Untreated Industrial Effluents on Cerebellar Architecture in Wistar Rats: Assessing Neurotoxic Impact and Structural Alterations
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Okoseimiema, SC; Uahomo, PO.
Background: Industrial effluents contain hazardous contaminants that pose significant risks to environmental and public health, including neurotoxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the histopathological effects of treated and untreated industrial effluents from Notore Chemicals and Petrochemical Industry and Port Harcourt Refinery and Petrochemical Company Limited on the cerebellar cortex of Wistar rats. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into five groups and administered 100% effluent via oral gavage for 28 days. Histological analyses were conducted on days 3 and 28 to assess structural changes in the cerebellar cortex. Results: Results on day 3 showed varying degrees of neuronal degeneration, vacuolation, pyknosis, and karyorrhexis, with untreated effluents causing more severe neurotoxic effects. By day 28, progressive neurodegeneration and vascular congestion were observed, indicating worsening toxicity over time. Conclusion: These findings highlight the potential neurotoxic risks of industrial effluents, emphasizing the need for stricter waste management regulations to mitigate long-term neurological impairments.
Integrative Psychocardiology: Strategies for Managing Mental and Cardiac Risks in Oncology Patients
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) Cuthrell, KM.
A Holistic Approaches to Mitigate Mental and Cardiac Health Risks in Cancer Patients are discussed. Cardiovascular problems are notable adverse consequences of cancer therapies, encompassing chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy. Psychocardiology emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary strategy that incorporates oncologists, cardiologists, psychologists, and other healthcare professionals. Psychocardiology examines the impact of psychological factors, including stress, anxiety, and depression—prevalent among oncology patients—on the exacerbation of cardiovascular risks. Investigations in psychocardiology are enhancing our comprehension of the molecular and behavioral pathways that connect mental, cardiac, and oncological health.
Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Resveratrol in Aluminium Chloride-Induced Alzheimer-Type Neurodegeneration in Adult Male Wistar Rat
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Temidayo, ET; Babatunde, O; Mojisola, O; Samuel, BA.
Aims: Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by deficiency in memory and cognition coupled with neuron loss. Previous studies reported that resveratrol is renowned for its pleiotropic effects and diverse health benefits to mankind especially in reversal of neurodegenerative disorders. The study is tailored towards investigating the ameliorative role of Resveratrol in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. Methodology: Forty (40) adult male Wistar rats (150±20g) were divided into four groups (n=10) and Drug administration spanned for a 45 days period. Group A served as the placebo to which normal saline only was administered, Group B served as the negative control group and received 200mg/kgbw of AlCl3 only, Group C received a combination of 200mg/kgbw of AlCl3 and 50mg/kgbw of resveratrol and Group D received 50mg/kgbw of resveratrol only. All animals were subjected to Neurobehavioral tests (Morris Water Maze and Y-Maze). At the end of the experiment, all animals were sacrificed and organs were harvested. Results: Biochemical estimations of antioxidant levels (GSH, CAT and SOD), stress markers (MDA), Monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine) and histomorphology were done. Results showed that AlCl3 administration brought about a decrease in antioxidant enzyme levels and neurotransmitters (except norepinephrine) while resveratrol countered these effects (P=.05). Oxidative stress marker levels were however elevated by AlCl3 administration while resveratrol initiated a decrease (P=.05). Neuro-behavioural assessments such as Morris water maze and Y maze test indicated a decline in long-term and short-term memory due to AlCl3 administration while resveratrol served to improve these functions (P=.05). Conclusion: These results confirmed that potent capacity of resveratrol in reversing neurodegeneration in a wistar rat model of Alzheimer disease due to its antioxidant properties. Given its well documented presence in dietary sources such grapes etc, and its recognized antioxidant benefits, these findings suggest its potential as a neuroprotective agent in humans. Further translational research, including clinical trials is necessary to explore its efficacy, optimal dosage and long-term effects in Alzheimer’s disease management.
Mood Stabilizers: Use, Drug Interactions, and Lithium Toxicity
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) Querido, JM; Castro, TD; Vaz, JB; Silva, JR da; Nascimento, GNL do.
Aims: This study aims to investigate the pharmacological management of Bipolar Affective Disorder (BAD) with a focus on lithium carbonate therapy, addressing the risks of toxicity, the role of polypharmacy, and the importance of patient adherence to treatment. The work also emphasizes the need for proper monitoring and education for patients undergoing lithium therapy in Psychosocial Care Centres (CAPS). Methodology: A combination of clinical observations and laboratory tests, including the Osmotic Fragility Test, were conducted in CAPS facilities in Palmas (TO) and Mutuípe (BA) to assess the medications commonly used in the treatment of BAD. A review of literature and analysis of medication prescriptions were also incorporated to explore polypharmacy and medication interactions. Serum lithium levels and renal function were monitored to identify potential risks of toxicity. Results: The study revealed that polypharmacy is prevalent in the treatment of BAD, with patients frequently prescribed lithium alongside other medications such as antipsychotics and antidepressants. Lithium toxicity was identified as a significant concern, with laboratory tests showing evidence of erythrocyte damage. Despite the efficacy of lithium in stabilizing mood and preventing relapses, the narrow therapeutic window necessitates careful monitoring. The study also highlighted the importance of multidisciplinary care and therapeutic workshops in improving patient adherence. Conclusion: Lithium carbonate remains a cornerstone of BAD treatment, but its use requires vigilant monitoring to prevent toxicity and ensure therapeutic efficacy. Healthcare professionals must educate patients about the risks associated with lithium, emphasize adherence to prescribed regimens, and monitor closely for adverse reactions. Integrated care approaches, including psychotherapeutic interventions and family support, are essential for enhancing patients’ quality of life and supporting long-term psychiatric recovery. Further research is needed to optimize lithium therapy protocols and minimize risks associated with polypharmacy.
A Systematic Review on Pharmacological Interventions in Borderline Personality Disorder: Efficacy, Safety, and Management Challenges
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) BS, AR; BS, DK; BS, NA; BS, MOA; BS, IE; MD, OA.
Background: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a complex psychiatric condition characterized by emotional instability, impulsivity, and interpersonal difficulties. Pharmacotherapy is commonly used in addition to psychotherapy to manage specific symptom domains of BPD. This systematic review aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pharmacological interventions in BPD. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using Ovid Medline. The initial search identified 1,689 papers, which were screened based on relevance to the topic, resulting in 12 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The final 12 articles were grouped into three overarching themes: the efficacy of antipsychotics, the effectiveness of non-antipsychotic treatments, and challenges in pharmacological management. Results: The review revealed mixed outcomes for pharmacotherapy in BPD. Antipsychotics showed some efficacy in reducing emotional dysregulation and impulsivity, though side effects were noted. Non-antipsychotic treatments, including lamotrigine, showed limited efficacy, while ketamine showed potential effectiveness for refractory cases. Challenges in pharmacological management were prominent. Discussion: Pharmacotherapy can play a role in symptom management for BPD, especially for severe cases unresponsive to psychotherapy alone. However, the evidence remains inconsistent, and no medication has demonstrated comprehensive efficacy across all symptom domains. Conclusion: Pharmacological interventions for BPD offer symptom relief for certain patients, particularly with antipsychotics. However, due to the inconsistent evidence and concerns about long-term safety, pharmacotherapy should be carefully individualized and combined with psychotherapy.
Sociodemographic Correlates and Prevalence of Work-Related Stress among Child Healthcare Workers in Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) C., O.
Background: Work-related stress (WRS) refers to the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when job demands exceed workers' capabilities, resources, or needs. WRS in healthcare is associated with low job satisfaction, reduced efficacy, and poor health outcomes. This study aimed to assess WRS and its sociodemographic correlates among child healthcare workers in Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 231 child healthcare workers attending the 51st Paediatric Association of Nigeria conference in Kano, Nigeria. Respondents were from all six geopolitical zones and included pediatric consultants, residents, and nurses. WRS was assessed using a validated Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Of the respondents, 138 (59.7%) were female, and 93 (40.3%) were male. Consultants made up 41.6% of the sample, while 83.1% were married. Most respondents (41.6%) were aged 30-39 years. WRS prevalence was 37.7%. It was significantly higher among females, participants aged 30-39, unmarried individuals, and those working in facilities below secondary care level. Conclusion: Work-related stress among child healthcare workers in Nigeria is prevalent, particularly in women, younger professionals, and those in primary healthcare settings. Regular stress management programs and interventions aimed at improving work-life balance are recommended to mitigate WRS in this group.
Bulimia Nervosa Causing Unknown Threat to Oral Health: A Comprehensive Review
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-03) Thornton, OR; Li, W.
Bulimia nervosa (BN) is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, and excessive exercise. The oral and dental repercussions of BN can be profound, and dental professionals are often the first healthcare providers to detect clinical signs associated with this condition. Despite growing awareness, BN remains underdiagnosed in the dental setting due to insufficient knowledge of its systemic and oral manifestations, as well as the stigma attached to mental health disorders. This comprehensive review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of bulimia nervosa, highlighting the key oral manifestations, diagnostic tools, interdisciplinary treatment approaches, and the role of the dental practitioner in early identification and management. Recent literature (from 2010 onward) is synthesized to offer evidence-based insights, guiding clinical practice and promoting better patient outcomes. The ethical and legal considerations relevant to managing patients with BN are also discussed. This review concludes by underscoring the importance of an integrated, multidisciplinary approach and the need for further research to refine preventive strategies and optimize patient care.
Vitamin C and E Abrogate Myelin, Oligodendrocyte and Inflammatory Markers of Rohypnol Exposed Amygdala in Adult Rats
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-03) ABUGU, JI; NNABUIHE, ED; IJEOMA, E; OGBUOKIRI, DK; ECHEFULACHI, AA; EZEAGU, DK; Nwoko, SO; Chime, SC; EGBEWATT, EA; Otong, ES; APEH, GE; NWODOM, OK.
Rohypnol, scientifically known as flunitrazepam, is a potent benzodiazepine medication primarily prescribed for the treatment of severe insomnia and as a pre-anesthetic medication. However, its reputation has been tarnished by its misuse as a recreational drug and its association with drug-facilitated crimes, particularly sexual assault. However, its potent sedative effects can lead to memory impairment, loss of motor coordination, and respiratory depression, especially when combined with alcohol or other central nervous system depressants. This study aims to investigate and establish the mechanism and novel potential of vitamins C and E on the myelin, oligodendrocytes, and inflammatory markers of the Rohypnol-exposed amygdala. Twenty-five male adult Wistar rats were divided into five groups: the control group was exposed to normal grower mesh and water, 1 mg/kg of Rohypnol, 1 mg/kg of Rohypnol + 100 mg/kg of vitamin C, 1 mg/kg of Rohypnol + 100 mg/kg of vitamin E, and 1 mg/kg of Rohypnol + 100 mg/kg of vitamins C and E, and the test groups were exposed for 28 days. In the last three days of exposure, neurobehavioural tests were conducted. Animals were euthanized, and their hearts were flushed with saline 24 hours later after the last exposure. The brains were harvested by making an occipitofrontal incision for biochemical and histological assessment. The fixation was done in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 48 hrs following the brain mapping to isolate the brain tissue of interest. The vitamin C- and E-exposed rats showed significant (p<=0.05) progressive improvement in their behaviors, including the oxidative stress markers, when compared to the control. In conclusion, this study has shown that good antioxidants such as vitamins C and E are very much effective as neuroprotective agents and thus have great antioxidant ameliorative properties for the Rohypnol-induced amygdala of the Wistar rats.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Treatment of Depression during Inpatient Psychotherapy: Results from a Psychosomatic Hospital
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-03) Palm, U; Menke, A; Brem, A-K; Padberg, F; Vogelmann, U.
Recent studies focusing on the combination of psychotherapy and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) showed debatable results for an additional effect of tDCS in depression. Here, we aim at evaluating the effects of tDCS adjunct to a multimodal psychosomatic treatment. In this case series, we provide data of patients treated for major depressive disorder in a multimodal inpatient psychotherapy setting, including an intensive group and individual psychotherapy and psychopharmacologic treatment, receiving tDCS as an individual treatment attempt. Seven patients underwent 11-19 tDCS treatments and 3-5 psychotherapy sessions per week during their inpatient stay. One patient achieved response and remission in the Beck Depression Inventory, another patient achieved response criteria. The other five patients had moderate to no improvement. Overall, tDCS was well tolerated but had very limited effect in patients undergoing a multimodal psychosomatic treatment and psychopharmacologic regimen. This case series is limited by the lack of a control group but is in line with previous results questioning the additional effect of tDCS to psychotherapeutic or psychopharmacologic treatment. Furthermore, the combination of multimodal therapies hampers distinction between unspecific effects of care and tDCS.
Prevalence of Postpartum Depression and Associated Factors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study in a Medium-Sized City, Minas Gerais, Brazil
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) Mendes, TC; Ramos, RL; Silva, JSB; Rezende, GMO; Faleiro, IBT; Souto, LR; Elias, LLO; Braga, MA; Carmo, TL; Miranda, H de O; Lima, C de; Macedo, RF.
Aims: To identify the prevalence and the factors associated with postpartum depression (PPD) during the COVID-19 pandemic, in Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brazil. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study that included 183 puerperal women aged 18 and 42 years, who were attended at the city's public maternity hospital, between the months of February and August 2021. The cut-off point used was ? 11 on the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS). The Microsoft Excel program was used to tabulate the data; subsequently, they were transported to the Jamovi program, version 1.6.23.0. Descriptive statistical analysis used measures of central tendency, dispersion and Pearson's chi-square test. The reliability analysis of the EPDS was performed with Cronbach's alpha (?). Results: The prevalence of PPD was 35.5%. Only education level was the sociodemographic factor that obtained a significant association with PPD (?2 (2) = 8.72, p = 0.013). Anxiety about giving birth during the pandemic; fear of the child having COVID-19; fear of being infected in the hospital and desire not to be pregnant for fear of acquiring COVID-19 were associated factors with PPD. Multivariate analysis revealed that postpartum women experiencing anxiety during the pandemic had a 50% prevalence of PPD (cutoff ? 11), corresponding to a 2.46 times higher risk compared to those without anxiety. The results should be interpreted considering their limitations. As a cross-sectional study, it does not allow for the establishment of causality. Data were collected through a bedside questionnaire, which may have influenced participants' responses due to the fatigue experienced after childbirth. Conclusion: The significant occurrence of PPD suggests that health providers should take the following measures: monitor the mental health of postpartum women more carefully; increase the number of psychologists working in the maternity hospital studied; and improve the counter-referral of these postpartum women with PPD so that they can be monitored in primary care in their home municipalities. On the other hand, policymakers should recognize the influence of extreme epidemiological events on the mental well-being of postpartum women and need to adopt structural measures to strengthen public education, ensuring that students develop up to university level.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chlorpromazine (Induced) Neurodegeneration
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-03) UDI, OA; EDEIFO, UD; IKIMI, CG.
Chlorpromazine CPZ, a widely used antipsychotic, has been linked to neurological side effects, including tardive dyskinesia, and evidence suggests a potential for long-term neurotoxic effects. This review synthesizes findings from in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the impact of CPZ exposure on mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy. Studies were identified through comprehensive searches of databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using relevant keywords. The available literature indicates that CPZ can disrupt mitochondrial function, leading to decreased ATP production, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, impairments in mitochondrial fusion and fission, and altered mitophagy. These disruptions contribute to neuronal damage and cell death. Further investigation is crucial to fully elucidate the mechanisms by which CPZ affects mitochondrial integrity and contributes to neurodegeneration. This review highlights the importance of mitochondrial dysfunction as a key pathological mechanism in CPZ-induced neurotoxicity. Understanding these pathways may provide valuable insight for developing strategies to mitigate the neurodegenerative potential of CPZ and related antipsychotic medications.
Retired but Not Rested: Life Satisfaction, Depression and Quality of Life in an African Context
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-03) Oluwole, LO; Kumolalo, FB; Obadeji, A.
Objective: This study explored life satisfaction, depression, and quality of life (QoL) among retired public servants in southwest Nigeria. It also examined how financial support, social support, gender, and religiosity affect well-being after retirement. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed 153 retired public servants aged 50 and older. Standardized instruments were used, including the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and Control Autonomy Self-Realization Pleasure Scale (CASP-12). Participants were grouped based on the presence or absence of financial (gratuity and pension) and social support. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and correlation analyses (SPSS v25, p = 0.05). Results: The mean age was 67.8 ± 5.4 years, and the average service length was 34.1 years. Female retirees reported significantly higher levels of depression and life satisfaction than males. Paradoxically, retirees without social or financial support exhibited higher QoL scores. Religiosity was positively correlated with autonomy, pleasure, and self-realization. Pension receipt was negatively correlated with QoL domains such as autonomy and control. Autonomy and pleasure were the most strongly interrelated QoL domains (r = 0.817). Conclusion: Complex interactions among financial stability, social dynamics, and personal beliefs influence psychological well-being and quality of life in retirement. Findings challenge assumptions that financial or social support universally enhances well-being. Public health policies should address these nuanced realities by fostering autonomy, supporting timely pension disbursements, and integrating spiritual and psychosocial resources into elderly care programs in similar low-resource settings.
Climate Psychiatry: The Impacts of Climate Change Intergenerational Trauma's Impact on Reproductive, Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-03) Cuthrell, KM.
Climate change is an inexorable global phenomenon with far-reaching implications for mental and physical health as well as biodiversity. Extreme weather patterns, including natural disasters, account for a wide-range of reproductive, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative conditions, emphasizing the need for neurological assessments of the brain, reproductive evaluations, and psychological interventions. Environmental exposures, including temperature variations, air quality, humidity, droughts, floods, and wildfires, pose challenges for insurers. Prolonged heat disrupts physiological homeostasis, leading to psychological distress, aggression/violence, suicide, non-suicidal self-injuries, intergenerational trauma, and increased mental health-related hospital admissions. Floods and storms are linked to post-traumatic stress disorder, eco-anxiety, ecological grief, sleep abnormalities, and depression, particularly in communities experiencing socioeconomic deprivation, forced migration, and increased urbanization. The bidirectional relationship between climate change and mental health disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, including men’s sperm quality and motility, pregnant women, and developing fetuses. Individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds face greater exposure to climate-induced psychological stressors with limited access to mental health resources, exacerbating pre-existing disparities, suicide rates, and climate-related age-based discrimination. Addressing disparities is essential to ensure equitable mental health outcomes in the face of climate change with emphasis on sociocultural, socioeconomic, and ecological contexts while considering the paradigm shifts of human intelligence and artificial intelligence.
Crosstalk of the Neuronal Microenvironment in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease and Prospective Intervention Strategies Advancing Mitochondrial Dynamics: A Comprehensive Review
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-03) Uddin, T; Srite, RP.
Mitochondria play a fundamental role in cell bioenergetics and respiratory processes, both of which are necessary for the myriad of metabolic responses that sustain cellular vitality. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal cells facilitates the generation of reactive oxygen species, which are simply known as ROS, by a cellular irregularity called oxidative stress when there is an imbalance between the production of ROS and the body’s capacity to neutralize them. Thus, a reduction in the energy supply in the form of ATP can lead to damage to cellular components such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids. Mitochondrial dynamics, including fission and fusion, can also be affected by this cellular occurrence. Alzheimer’s disease, a neurodegenerative disease that begins with the assembly of pathogenic proteins and neurofibrillary tangles, or NFTs, highlights significant oxidative stress across the body, which is incidentally linked to the vulnerable regions of the brain affected by the condition. AD shows oxidative harm at levels that are distant from those of coercive controls, inferring the involvement of additional factors (biological or genetic). Practically harmful mitochondria, which seem more useful in generating reactive oxygen species known as ROS but less productive in generating energy storehouses such as ATP, are early and recognizable indicators of diseases that damage mainly the hippocampus area in the brain, in which new memories form.
Examining the Moderating Role of Mindfulness in the Relationship between Workplace Stressors and Subjective Well-being
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-03) Dembickis, A.
Aims: This study examined the impact of workplace stressors on employees’ subjective well-being and evaluated the mediating role of coping strategies and the moderating role of mindfulness within this relationship. Study Design: A cross-sectional quantitative survey design was employed. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Lithuania between January and April 2025. Methodology: A total of 181 employees from various professional sectors participated in an online questionnaire survey. Standardised instruments were used to measure workplace stress, coping strategies, mindfulness, and subjective well-being. Data were analysed using multiple regression, mediation, and moderation models via the PROCESS macro. Results: Analysis revealed that workplace stressors were significantly associated with lower subjective well-being. Coping strategies partially mediated this relationship, with problem-solving and social support linked to higher well-being, and avoidant coping and emotional venting linked to lower well-being. Mindfulness moderated these effects by reducing reliance on maladaptive coping strategies under stress. Conclusion: The findings suggest that workplace stress negatively affects well-being, but this effect is shaped by the type of coping strategies used and moderated by mindfulness. Interventions promoting adaptive coping and cultivating mindfulness may buffer employees against the psychological costs of occupational stress.
Advances in Understanding and Treating Alzheimer’s Disease: From Pathogenesis to Novel Therapeutics and Biomarkers
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-03) S, Y; HN, S; N, A; Yadav, TB; NS, LP.
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive and unrelenting memory loss, gradually weakens cognitive and independent functioning. There is currently no cure despite decades of research, and existing medicines simply alleviate symptoms. A complex interaction between hereditary variables (APOE ?4, PSEN1, PSEN2) and controllable risks (e.g., obesity, hypertension, and sleep disorders) leads to the disease. Fundamentally, tau tangles, amyloid-beta (A?) plaques, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction are what cause AD and eventually cause the death of neurons. A major obstacle in treating AD is ensuring drugs can penetrate the brain’s protective barrier. To combat this, innovative drug delivery methods include liposomes and nanoparticles, that would ensure therapeutic brain levels and reduce adverse effects are being investigated. Disease. Disease-modifying treatments, involving monoclonal antibodies such as aducanumab and lecanemab, are beginning to show promise in slowing disease progression. Another frontier in AD management is early detection. Diagnoses can be made more quickly and accurately thanks to advanced biomarkers in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and advanced imaging methods. Donanemab, an anti-amyloid mAB that targets amyloid plaques and has demonstrated promise in reducing cognitive deterioration, is a noteworthy advancement in the treatment of AD. Viral vectorization shows promise for Alzheimer's treatment, addressing the urgent need for better therapies due to AD's growing economic and societal impact, requiring interdisciplinary collaboration. There are still issues, though, such as late-stage detection, high drug trial failure rates, and financial limitations. Biomarker-driven therapies, tailored therapy, and advanced technology like digital health monitoring and artificial intelligence are the future of AD research. Integrating interdisciplinary work in neurology, genetics, and bioengineering brings us one step closer to turning AD from an incurable illness into a treatable one. Although there are obstacles in the way, cooperation and innovation hold out hope for a better future in the battle against Alzheimer's.
Effect of Alkaloid-rich Fraction of Dacryodes edulis Leaves on the Microstructure of the Hippocampus and Blood Glucose Levels of STZ-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-03) Eru, EM; Ekpenyong, TI; Agbor, CA; Fischer, CE; Oku, ME; Paulinus, SO; Isaiah, ED; Uruakpa, KC; Nnenna, WA; Umoh, NM; Agaba, EA; Igiri, AO.
Aim: the aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of alkaloid-rich fraction of Dacryodes edulis on body weight, blood glucose level and the microanatomy of the hippocampus of STZ-induced Diabetic Wistar rats. Methodology: 25 adult male Wistar rats were used for the experiment. These rats were randomly assigned into 5 groups, each containing 5 rats designated as A, B, C, D and E. A group served as the normal control and were allowed access to drinking water and food adlibitum. Diabetes was induced in groups B to E through intraperitoneal administration of 60 mg/kg of Streptozotocin (STZ) for 7 days. Group B served as the untreated group, while groups C and D received 1000mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of alkaloid-rich fraction of Dacryodes edulis. Group E was administered 50 mg/kg of metformin. Results: the results revealed increase body weight, elevated glucose levels and atrophied pyramidal cells in the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus, along with numerous vacuoles containing lipid deposits in the untreated group B compared to the control group A, groups C, D and E exhibited potential ameliorative effects from the alkaloid-rich fraction of Dacryodes edulis and metformin, though the effect was dose dependent. Conclusion: Alkaloid-rich fraction of Dacryodes edulis is highly effective in reducing glucose levels, regulating body weight and protecting hippocampal neurons from neurodegeneration in STZ-induced diabetic adult male Wistar rats.
Neuroprotective and Anticonvulsant Effects of Guava Leaf Extract (Psidium guajava): Implications for Seizure Management and Cognitive Health
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Nnenna, WA; Bassey, IF; Eru, EM; Agbor, CA; Nnenna, WO; Isamoh, TE; Umoh, NM; Asukwo, CE; Odom, EI; Igiri, AO.
Introduction: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures that severely impact quality of life. The increasing need for safer and more effective anticonvulsant therapies has led to the exploration of herbal remedies. This study investigates the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of Psidium guajava leaf extract using a pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) model of induced seizures in rats. Methods: Twenty-five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: a normal control, an epileptic control, a standard drug (Diazepam), and two groups treated with low (200 mg/kg) and high (400 mg/kg) doses of guava leaf extract. After a week of treatment, seizures were induced using PTZ (65 mg/kg), and seizure parameters were recorded. Cognitive function was assessed using the Novel Object Recognition Task. Histopathological evaluations were conducted on the hippocampus, and statistical analyses were performed with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: The PTZ group exhibited increased seizure frequency and duration compared to controls, with significant differences (p < 0.05). Both doses of guava leaf extract significantly reduced seizure activity (p < 0.05), with the high dose showing markedly greater efficacy. Cognitive assessments revealed improved memory and habituation indices in extract-treated groups relative to the PTZ control (p < 0.05), while Diazepam treatment resulted in cognitive impairments. Histological analysis revealed severe neurodegeneration in the PTZ group, whereas guava leaf extract groups showed reduced degeneration and better-preserved neuronal architecture (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Psidium guajava leaf extract exhibits significant anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties in a PTZ-induced seizure model, suggesting its potential as a complementary therapy in the management of epilepsy. The findings underscore the need for further studies to explore the extract's mechanisms of action and its applicability in clinical settings.
Chronic Inhalation of Carbon Soot PM2.5 Induces Weight Loss and Cerebellar Cytoarchitectural Disruption in Humans: A Scientific Perspective on Wistar Rats
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-03) Okoseimiema, SC; Uahomo, PO.
Background: Carbon soot particulate matter (PM2.5) from crude oil combustion poses significant health risks; however, its systemic and neurological effects remain understudied. This study investigated the impact of chronic carbon soot PM2.5 inhalation on body weight and cerebellar cytoarchitecture in Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were acclimatized and randomized into four groups: one control group and three experimental groups exposed to different PM2.5 concentrations (1.221 ± 0.169, 1.290 ± 0.214, and 1.282 ± 0.235 mg/m³) via a whole-body inhalation system for 4 hours/day over 28 days. Body weight was recorded daily, and cerebellar tissues were processed histologically using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining post-sacrifice, whereas body weight data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test (p<0.05). Results: Control rats exhibited normal weight gain (120.10 ± 2.00 g to 140.20 ± 3.05 g). All the PM2.5-exposed groups presented significant weight loss, which was most pronounced in Experimental Group 3 (113.15 ± 1.56 g to 105.80 ± 1.56 g, p<0.05). Histological analysis revealed dose-dependent cerebellar damage: mild vacuolation in Group 1, Purkinje cell degeneration in group 2, and severe cytoarchitectural disruption (pyknotic granular cells, necrosis) in group 3. Conclusion: Chronic carbon soot PM2.5 exposure induces systemic toxicity (weight loss) and progressive cerebellar neurodegeneration in a dose-dependent manner. These findings underscore the urgent need for stricter air quality regulations in regions with high industrial emissions and highlight the potential role of PM2.5 in metabolic and neurological disorders.

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