Thai Journal of Nursing Research

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Coping Behaviors and Family Well-Being of Urban Thai Families
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-25) Sunee Lagampan; Sawitree Buranakarn; Punyarat Lapvongwatana; Patchaporn Kerdmongkol
This study investigates the relationships between coping behaviors and family well-being of urban Thai families. A descriptive correlational study was guided by the theory of Lazarusû stress and coping. Samples of 100 families residing in an urban area of one district in Bangkok were recruited by purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out by using interview forms consisting of items on sociodemographics, Coping Behavior Scales, and Family Well-being Assessment (FWA). The findings reveal that the husbands and wives reported similar coping behaviors and family well-being. There were significant correlations between coping behavior and family well-being for both husbands and wives (r = 0.35 and r = 0.30 at p \< .01, respectively). When sociodemographics factors were adjusted, both problem-focused coping and emotional-focused coping could account for the family well-being of the husbands (R²=0.270, F=17.792, p \< .001). Similarly, problem-focused coping, emotional-focused coping, and sufficient family income could account for the family well-being of the wives (R²= .182, F=7.142, p \< .001). The study suggests that family should be counseled and educated to use appropriate coping behaviors when faced with stressful life events for enhancing their family well-being.
Participative Model of Child Protection in Northern Thailand
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2009-10-05) Naruemon Auemaneekul; Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.; Wilawan Senaratana; Associate Professor, Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.; Yuwayong Juntarawijit; Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.; Kasara Sripichyakan; Associate Professor, Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.; Barbara J. Ensign; Associate Professor, Department of Psychosocial \& Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Abstract: This community-based, participatory research was undertaken with the aim to develop a model for promoting child protection in Northern Thailand. Semistructured interviews, focus group discussions, participant activities and observations,group meetings and brainstorming were conducted among children, parents, villagers and key community leaders of one rural community in Chiang Mai province,Thailand. Content analysis was utilized for analyzing qualitative data. The model demonstrated three levels of protective factors for child protection. At the individual level, both children and parents needed to be equipped with the skills and knowledge of child protection. At the family level, the focus was onpromoting family warmth and applying sufficient economy. At the community level, the emphasis was on promoting public awareness, encouraging a child protection network, and developing a community child protection master plan. Community mobilization supported the sense of belonging and sustainability of the project. The participation evaluation indicated change outcomes in terms of more network interest, raising public awareness, improving capacity, disseminating knowledge, and committing and implementing community child protection policy.The study outlines implications for nursing research, education and practice regarding child protection. Culturally appropriate activities and programs also were encouraged.
The Effects of Tai Chi on Sleep Quality, Well-Being and Physical Performances among Older Adults
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-25) Sunuttra Taboonpong; Napatharin Puthsri; Wipawee Kong-In; Aimorn Saejew
The elderly face physiological decline leading to problems such as chronic illness, poor physical performance and emotional disturbance. Thepractice of Tai Chi is generally considered psychologically and physiologically beneficial for older adults but scientific reports on its benefits are still limited. This quasi-experimental study, a pre-post test with control group design investigated the effects of low intensity and short term Tai Chi practice on sleep quality, general well-being and physical performance. The subjects were purposefully selected from elders who lived in residential care facilities in accordance with the study inclusion criteria. There were 25 elders in each experimental and control group. The experimental group engaged in 22 minutes Tai Chi training at least three times a week for 12 weeks. The control group engaged in their usual activities, without Tai Chi. The Pittsberg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and General Well-Being Scale (GWBS) questionnaires were used to assess the subjects’ sleep quality and well-being. The physical performances including 2 minutes step test, lung capacity, and sit and reach test were measured by a professional staff from a Provincial Sport Authority. These measures were taken at the first and fourteenth weeks of the study. Independent and paired t-tests were used in data analysis. The two groups had no difference in personal characteristics and baseline outcome measures. The experimental group showed significantly greater change score of the PSQI (p \< .01) and step test (p \< .05). The change scores of the GWBS, lung capacity, and sit and reach test between the two groups showed no differences. The results indicated that a low intensity Tai Chi exercise for 12 weeks could improve sleep quality and physical performance on balance and flexibility of legs in older adults.
Buddhist Mothers’ Experience of Suffering and Healing After the Accidental Death of a Child
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2009-10-05) Kallaya Wiriya; Faculty of Nursing, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla,; Urai Hatthakit; Assistant Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.; Wantanee Wiroonpanich; Assistant Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.; Lee Smith-Battle; Professor, School of Nursing, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
Abstract: Numerous nursing studies have examined suffering, but none have addressed the suffering and healing Buddhist mothers experience after the accidental death of a child. The purpose of this study was to gain understanding of the meaning of sufferingand the practices of healing and suffering, among Buddhist mothers after such a loss. Buddhist concepts provided the philosophical framework, and Gadamerian hermeneutic phenomenology provided the methodological framework, for this investigation.Ten Buddhist mothers were recruited from a government hospital in Songkhla province, Thailand. In-depth interviews were conducted and data were analyzed using hermeneutics. Five themes that reflected the meaning of suffering amongBuddhist mothers, after the accidental death of a child, were identified. They included: the mother’s heart was torn into pieces; the mother’s body was frozen andshe was uncertain she would survive; happiness in the mother’s life was missing; the mother’s anger and rage at self and others; and, the mother worried and wondered about the next life of her deceased child. The mothers were found to heal their suffering by: transforming their relationship with the deceased child; elevating the deceased child to be a very good child capable of going to heaven; making merit in order to pass the benefit to the deceased child; self-healing through understanding and mind cultivation; and, seeking support. The findings promote the understanding of the suffering and coping of Buddhist mothers whose child accidentally died.
Disclosure of Wife Abuse among Northeastern Thai Women
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-30) Nilubon Rujiraprasert; Kasara Sripichyakan; Kannika Kantaruksa; Chavee Baosoung; Kaysi Eastlick Kushner
Abstract not available
Premenstrual Syndrome among Thai Nurses: Prevalence, Impact and Self-management Strategies
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-30) Benjamaporn Butsripoom; Somchit Hanucharurnkul; Manee Arpanantikul; Wicharn Choktanasiri; Thavatchai Vorapongsathorn; Nittaya Sinsuksai
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common health problem among reproductive women, and may adversely affect female nurses experiencing stress from their occupation, due to its interference with one’s endocrine function. The purposes of this descriptive prospective study were to: (a) explore the occurrence, intensity and impact of PMS, and (b) describe the type and effectiveness of PMS self-management strategies used by participants. One hundred and sixty-one, 20-45 year old, Thai nurses were recruited from four hospitals in Bangkok. Data related to the occurrence, intensity and impact of PMS were obtained, for two consecutive menstrual cycles, through the use of the Women’s Daily Health Diary (DHD), the General Data Record (GDR) and the Negative Impact section of the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP). The type and effectiveness of PMS self-management strategies used by the participants were obtained, by way of a telephone interview, using the researcher created Self-Management Measures Questionnaire (SMMQ). Results revealed the prevalence of PMS to be 16.8%, with the most common symptoms being irritability, fatigue, painful or tender breasts, anger, bloating or swelling of abdomen, tension and rapid mood change. The highest intensity of PMS symptoms included: increased appetite, craving for specific food or tastes, painful or tender breasts, irritability and feeling out of control. Although, interference with relationships was a commonly reported impact symptom of PMS, the most disturbing symptom reported was irritability. The most common self-management technique used to alleviate irritability was to decrease time spent with others. The findings suggest symptom prevalence, intensity and impact were dependent on the individual’s perceptions at the time. In addition, no one particular strategy or self-management was found to be most effective in managing any given disturbing symptom, as symptoms were managed with a variety of strategies and self-management techniques.
Perspectives on Wisdom-Health of Thai Buddhist Nurses through Meditation
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-30) Sirilak Kitsripisarn; Warunee Fongkaew; Chawapornpan Chanprasit; Sally H. Rankin
The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore Thai nurses’ perspectives regarding the meaning of wisdom-health, the characteristics of persons who have wisdom-health, and the importance of wisdom-health to Thai people’s overall general health. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to recruit twelve Thai registered nurses who regularly practice meditation. Data were collected through in-depth interviews along with observation and ethnographic records. Data were analyzed using Spradley’s method of content analysis. The main findings illustrated that the meaning of wisdom-health based on the perspective of Thai nurses is defined as having mindfulness (satti) and clear comprehension (sampajanna). Mindfulness focuses on being aware of, and reminding oneself to know and concentrate on the present moment, while clear comprehension means thinking reflectively on cause and effect. Both mindfulness and clear comprehension enable one to understand the nature of truth or “wisdom” so as to live with happiness. The characteristics of persons who have wisdom-health include 1) using wisdom to live their lives, 2) applying morality and ethical behavior to their lives, and 3) having inner peacefulness. Further, wisdom-health is crucial to the overall general health of Thai people because it helps them attain well-being by way of choosing the right means to solve their health problems both physically and mentally. Realizing the nature of truth leads people to be compassionate toward themselves, their fellow human beings and the environment, which, in turn, can contribute to a peaceful society. The results of this study provide an understanding of wisdom-health from the perspectives of Thai nurses who practice meditation. Also, these findings could provide a foundation for developing guidelines, regarding assessment and nursing care related to wisdom-health, that lead to holistic care of clients.
Living with the Differences: Thai Adolescents' Experiences of Living with Transfusion-dependent Thalassemia
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-30) Ratanachadawan Yunak; Ratanawadee Chontawan; Kasara Sripichayakan; Areewan Klunklin; Pamela Jordan
Although transfusion-dependent thalassemia causes physical and psychosocial impacts, little is known about adolescents’ experience in living with the disease. The knowledge of how adolescents live with their illness is expected to benefit patient focused nursing interventions to promote adolescents’ well-being. The purpose of this study was to understand and explain Thai adolescents’ experience of living with transfusion-dependent thalassemia. Grounded theory methodology was employed to generate a substantive theory to capture that experience. Data were gathered from thirteen Thai adolescents through in-depth interviews and analyzed concurrently through constant comparative analysis to generate a substantive theory. The adolescents were recruited by purposive and theoretical sampling. Theoretical saturation was a criterion to finish data collection. Living with the differences emerged as a core category of the substantive theory, and consists of four related categories: illness understanding; a sense of differences; emotional experiences; and, managing the differences. The findings provide better understanding of the experiences of Thai adolescents attempting to meet social expectations of normalcy in living with transfusion-dependent thalassemia. This understanding adds to prior knowledge of the disease and other chronic illnesses, and contributes to the development of nursing interventions to support adolescents to achieve well-being as they navigate life.
Health Meanings and Practices among Midlife Professional Thai Women
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-30) Jantararat Chareonsanti; Sujitra Tiansawad; Chawapornpan Chanprasit; Christine V. Newburn–Cook; Kaysi Eastlick Kushner
Midlife professional women face many challenges including changes in physical functions, chronic illness and increasing demands from both professional and family roles. Understanding women’s health meanings and health care practices within their sociocultural context is important. A qualitative research design, informed by general principles of feminist inquiry, was used to explore the experiences of professional women regarding their health meanings and health care practices. Twenty midlife professional Thai women, working as teachers and nurses in northern Thailand, were recruited purposively between May 2005 and February 2006. In-depth individual interviews were conducted and data were processed based on Morse and Richards’ analysis guide. Results included the themes: “being able to maintain normality,” as the meaning of health; and, “rearranging my way of life,” as the health care practices. “Being able to maintain normality” was found to be the women’s ability to manage multiple roles productively and capability of having a normal state of physical functioning and emotional stability. “Rearranging my way of life” was evidenced through the women’s readjustment of their eating styles, initiation of consumption of nutrients and vitamin supplements, effort to have more exercise, precautionary accident risk activities and modification of known ways of reducing stress. Findings have significant implications for policy-makers and health care professionals to provide health promotion programs which consider the meaning of health and health care practices for women.
Social Networks and Social Support Influncing Health-Promoting Behaviors among Thai Community-Dwelling Elderly
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-30) Kattika Thanakwang
This study aimed to examine whether a proposed conceptual model can explain mechanisms by which social networks and social support influence health-promoting behaviors among Thai community-dwelling elderly. Four hundred and sixty-nine elders from Nan Province, Thailand, were recruited by multi-stage random sampling. Berkman’s work on social relations related to health provided the theoretical framework of this study. Structural equation modeling, using LISREL, was used to examine the causal relationships in the hypothesized model. The results suggesting the final model had a good fit with the data and could explain 74% of the variance in health-promoting behaviors. Kinship networks, through kinship support and sense of well-being, were found to have indirect effects on health-promoting behaviors. Kinship support, through a sense of well-being, also was found to have an indirect influence on health-promoting behaviors. Friendship networks and friendship support demonstrated both direct and indirect influences on health-promoting behaviors. Interestingly, friendship networks and support were found to influence support for the elderly person by family members. Elderly persons’ sense of well-being demonstrated a strong positive direct effect on health-promoting practices. The findings indicated that kinship support had a clear direct influence on the elderly person’s sense of well-being, whereas friendship networks had a noticeable effect on health-promoting behaviors. To enhance the elderly person’s health-promoting behaviors, nurses and multidisciplinary healthcare providers should design intervention programs to foster social relations, especially by promoting familial support and the elderly person’s psychological well-being. This should also be done by facilitating friendship network activities in communities.
Relationship among Maternal Depressive Symptoms, Gender Differences and Depressive Symptoms in Thai Adolescents
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2009-10-05) Nopporn Vongsirimas; Faculty of Nursing, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.; Yajai Sitthimongkol; Associate Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.; Linda S. Beeber; Professor, School of Nursing University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.; Nonglak Wiratchai; Professor Emeritus, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.; Sopin Sangon; Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Abstract: To examine the pattern of relationships among factors related to depressive symptoms in adolescents of mothers with depressive symptoms, the structural equation model of adolescent depressive symptoms was tested. The conceptual framework, for this study, drew on the Interpersonal Theory of Depression. Through use of stratified sampling, 460 Thai adolescents, and respective mother, were selectedfor participation. All adolescents completed the: Demographic Data Questionnaire; Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale; Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; Maternal Supportive BehaviorsQuestionnaire; Negative Event Scale; and, Parental Bonding Instrument. Each mother completed the: Demographic Data Questionnaire; and, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Data were analyzed using LISREL. A goodness of fit wasobtained with the model. The adolescents’ depressive symptoms accounted for over 60% of the variance.A strong effect of maternal depressive symptoms on depressive symptoms among Thai adolescents, as well as on mediation by intervening variables, was found. The results also enhanced understanding of how to develop and target nursing interventions to prevent development of depressive symptoms, and optimize mental health, among Thai adolescents, when their mother suffers from depressive symptoms.
Effectiveness of a Physical Activity Promotion Program on Perceived Self-efficacy, Physical Activity and Physical Fitness among Thai Adolescent Girls
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-30) Narumon Teerarungsikul; Rutja Phuphaibul; Carol J. Loveland-Cherry; Renu Pookboonmee; Kallaya Kijboonchoo; Dechavudh Nityasuddhi
The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to investigate the outcomes of a physical activity promotion program on perceived self-efficacy, physical activity and physical fitness among Thai adolescent girls. The study sample was recruited from grades seven and eight in two public schools in Chonburi province, Thailand. Simple random assignment was used to assign students from one school as the experimental group and students from the other school as the control group. Both groups received general information on physical activity. However, the experimental group also received the physical activity promotion program based on Pender’s Health Promotion Model and Bandura’s Self-efficacy Theory. Data were collected at baseline, on the eighth week when the intervention ended, and on the 12th week. The results revealed that, by the eighth week, the experimental group’s scores for perceived self-efficacy, physical activity and light activity were significantly higher than those of the control group. However, these effects could not be maintained by the 12th week. Furthermore, the physical fitness scores were not significantly different between the experimental and control groups at the eighth and 12th weeks. The findings suggest the program resulted in short-term enhanced perceived self-efficacy and physical activity, among Thai adolescent girls, at eight weeks post-intervention. Therefore, implementation of this program to promote perceived self-efficacy and physical activity, among adolescent girls in school, is encouraged since the students became interested and active in participating in the activities. However, this program should be further developed to sustain changes in perceived self-efficacy and physical activity, including increased physical fitness.
Self-Care and Quality of Life in Patients with Heart Failure
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-30) Chantira Chiaranai; Jeanne Salyer; Al Best
Self-care for those with heart failure (HF) is challenging. Despite predictions that better self-care can positively influence quality of life (QOL), there is a lack of evidence supporting this assumption. Further investigation may help identify those vulnerable to a diminished QOL, due to an inability to incorporate self-care in management of their HF. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the self-care process (e.g., self-care maintenance and self-care management) and examine relationships among demographic characteristics, social support, self-care processes, self-care self-confidence and QOL. In addition, demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as social support, were evaluated for their effects on QOL (disease-specific, physical functioning and mental-emotional functioning). The sample (n=98), for this cross-sectional cohort study, was recruited from the HF/Transplant Program at Virginia Commonwealth University Health System. Subjects were asked to complete six mailed survey questionnaires including a: 1) Demographic Questionnaire; 2) Charlson Co-morbidity Index; 3) Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Social Support Survey; 4) Self-Care of HF Index; 5) MOS Short-Form-12 Health Survey; and, 6) Living with HF Questionnaire. The results revealed: 1) better disease-specific QOL was predicted by being less likely to require self-care management strategies, better self-care self-confidence, lower NYHA functional class and less comorbidity; 2) better physical functioning QOL was predicted by lower NYHA functional class, better self-care maintenance, better self-care self-confidence and being less likely to require self-care management strategies; and, 3) better mental-emotional functioning QOL was predicted by lower NYHA functional class and being male.
Development of the Thai Family Support Scale for Elderly Parents (TFSS-EP)
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-30) Patcharee Komjakraphan; Sang-arun Isalamalai; Umaporn Boonyasopun; Joanne K. Schneider
Family is a major resource of support for elderly Thai parents. Although international research has shown several functional aspects of family support, little is known about the functional aspects of family support in the Thai culture. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop an instrument for assessing family support for elderly Thai parents. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were employed in the development and testing of the Thai Family Support Scale for Elderly Parents (TFSS-EP). Items were derived, based on a literature review and interviews with 35 elderly parents, addressing perceptions about types of family support provided by adult children. Factor and item analysis were conducted, with 500 subjects, to determine the structural domains of the instrument. Test-retest reliability of the instrument was determined among 10 elderly parents. Construct validity was determined by comparing differences in the total TFSS-EP’s score between two groups of elderly parents [those living with children (n=30) and those living in a shelter home (n=30)]. The final instrument contained 61 items that explored family support. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 3-factor solution, which accounted for 57.03% of the total variance. Test-retest reliability was stable, between 2 times among 10 respondents over one week, indicating a high degree of stability for all TFSS items. It was noted that elderly parents, who were living with their adult child, had higher scores on the instrument, compared with those living in a shelter home. Thus, the TFSS-EP appears to be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring family support for elderly Thai parents.
Music Therapy with Female Surgical Patients: Effect on Anxiety and Pain
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-30) Lim Hook; Praneed Songwathana; Wongchan Petpichetchian
Pain and anxiety are common phenomena for surgical patients. Although music has been shown to be useful and have advantages, as an intervention for managing anxiety and pain, no study was located, using repeated measures. This study examined the effect of music therapy, at multiple times, on reducing pre- and post-operative anxiety, and post-operative pain sensation and pain distress, in 102 Malaysian female surgical patients. A pre/post-test design, with subjects randomly placed into either the music therapy group (n=51) or the control group (n=51), was used. Those in the music therapy group listened to self-selected music twice daily the day before surgery and for 3 days post-operative. Visual Analogue Scales were used to measure anxiety before and after the music intervention, as well as pain sensation and pain distress during the post-operative period. State-trait anxiety, during the pre- and post-operative periods, also was measured. Data were analyzed using the T-test and F-test for comparison between groups and across time. The results showed that the music group reported lower pre-operative anxiety than the control group. The music group demonstrated reduced post-operative anxiety, pain sensation and pain distress. Music was found to have a cumulative effect, post-operatively, across the variables. In summary, listening to self-selected music the day before surgery and continuing for 3 days post-operatively was effective in reducing anxiety, pain sensation and pain distress. The findings suggest the use of music, as a complementary empirically-based nursing intervention, for reducing pre-operative anxiety, post-operative pain sensation and post-operative pain distress among female adult surgical patients.
Perceived Role Perception and Role Performance of Family Member-Directly Observed Treatment (FM-DOT) Observers
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-30) Nanthiya Phromrak; Urai Hatthakit; Sang-arun Isaramalai
This study aimed to describe the perceived role perception and role performance of Family Member-Directly Observed Treatment (FM-DOT) observers. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 65 subjects who had been assigned to be FM-DOT observers for a family member with pulmonary tuberculosis who attended the outpatient tuberculosis clinic at six hospitals in the lower southern part of Thailand. Three questionnaires were used in this study: Demographic Data Questionnaire, Role Perception of FM-DOT Observer Questionnaire (RPC-FMQ), and Role Performance of FM-DOT Observer Questionnaire (RPF-FMQ). The content validity of the questionnaires was tested by a panel of three experts in the field. Cronbach’s alpha of the RPC-FMQ, and PF-FMQ were found to be 0.71 and 0.74, respectively. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The findings revealed that the FM-DOT observers total and subtotal role perception scores were at a moderate level. The total score of role performance and the subtotal score of treatment regimen support were at a fair level; the subtotal score of psychosocial support was at a moderate level, while the subtotal scores for financial support and case finding were at a poor level. Moreover, no significant relationships were found among role perception and the various aspects of role performance.
Development and Psychometric Testing of the Healthy Aging Instrument
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-30) Ladda Thiamwong; Wantana Maneesriwongul; Porntip Malathum; Sutthichai Jitapunkul; Thavatchai Vorapongsathorn; Anita L. Stewart
The purpose of this study was to develop, refine, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Healthy Aging Instrument (HAI). The HAI is a multidimensional instrument that attempts to measure the process of healthy aging in a Thai context. Themes emerged from focus groups and in-depth interviews, which were used to develop an item pool. The HAI was reviewed for content format by five experts and for clarity and readability by 10 older adults. The content validity index among the experts was high. After the pretest, the HAI consisted of 46 items. To test construct validity and internal consistency, the HAI was completed by 403 Thai older adults in a Province of Southern Thailand. Evaluation of construct validity through principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation and using factor loading greater than .40 yielded 9 factors and 35 items: 1) Being Self-Sufficient and Living Simply, 2) Managing Stress, 3) Having Social Relationships and Support, 4) Making Merit and Good Deeds, 5) Practicing Self-Care and Self-Awareness, 6) Staying Physically Active, 7) Staying Cognitively Active, 8) Having Social Participation, and 9) Accepting Aging, which jointly explained 62% of the variance in the process of healthy aging. Cronbach’s alpha for each of the subscales ranged from .69 to .80 and the overall HAI was .88. The HAI demonstrated adequate internal consistency reliability and showed evidence of content and construct validity. The instrument requires less than 15 minutes on average to administer and had no item-level missing data rates. These findings suggest that the HAI adequately captures a newly identified construct and should be useful for investigators to measure healthy aging in a Thai context. However, the HAI was developed from older adults only in a province of Southern Thailand, thus, the issue of culture and context should be considered for implication of this instrument.
Predictors of Early Stages of Smoking Uptake among Thai Male Adolescents
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-30) Pornnapa Homsin; Wichit Srisuphan; Joanne M. Pohl; Sujitra Tiansawad; Jayanton Patumanond
Smoking uptake is a complex behavioral process comprised of several stages and remains a major public health problem, especially among Thai adolescents. Specific intrapersonal, attitudinal and social factors may function differently at various stages of smoking uptake. Thus, this study of 1,012 predominantly Buddhist Thai male secondary school students, who were living with their parents and had an average age 12.72 years, aimed to: identify the prevalence of various early stages of smoking uptake , examine predictors of various early stages of smoking uptake, and examine predictors of progression from one early stage of smoking uptake to another . Most were in the non-susceptible pre-contemplation stage, followed by the stages of initiation/tried, susceptible pre-contemplation, experimentation/addiction, and contemplation/preparation. Predictors of the susceptible pre-contemplation stage were: prevalence estimate, attitude toward smoking, parental approval of smoking and parental smoking. Tried stage predictors included: offers of smoking, attitude towards smoking, peer smoking and level of academic success. Predictors of the experimentation/addiction stage involved: attitude toward smoking, offers of smoking, peer smoking, parental smoking and level of academic success. Offers of smoking and parental approval of smoking were factors influencing advancement from the susceptible pre-contemplation stage to the initiation/tried stage, while peer smoking and attitude toward smoking predicted transition from the initiation/tried stage to the experimentation stage. Since only two students were in the contemplation/preparation stage, made the number was too small to demonstrate any significant findings, no predictors of this stage were calculated. The findings may prove useful in developing primary prevention smoking programs for Thai male adolescents.
Physical Activity Questionnaire Development and Testing among Elderly Community-Dwelling Thais
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-30) Vanida Visuthipanich; Yupapin Sirapo-ngam; Porntip Malathum; Kallaya Kijboonchoo; Thavatchai Vorapongsathorn; Kerri M. Winters-Stone
This descriptive cross-sectional research aimed to develop and test a self-report physical activity questionnaire (SPAQ) among elderly community-dwelling Thais. The study involved two phases. Phase I, questionnaire development, consisted of six steps: 1) defining the concept; 2) generating an item pool; 3) defining the choices of responses to items; 4) reviewing items; 5) conducting a pilot study; and, 6) selecting items for analyses. Inter-rater agreement and item-level for content validity index for the first draft of the SPAQ (47 items) were .99 and .89, respectively. Face validity was conducted with the second draft of the SPAQ (48 items). A pilot study, based on the dimensions, household, occupation, leisure time, and transportation, was conducted with the third draft (77 items). To obtain the final draft of the instrument (55 items), content categorization of activities was conducted with the third draft of the SPAQ, based on the literature’s descriptions of the dimensions of physical activity and the deletion of items participants, in the pilot study, did not perform. Phase II, psychometric property evaluation, used Pearson’s correlation coefficient to analyze the concurrent validity, predictive validity and test-retest reliability. An acceptable concurrent validity coefficient was obtained by examining a relationship between the SPAQ and Actigraph readings. The SPAQ presented good predictive validity, as indicated by its correlation with the six minute walk test. However, a non-significant correlation between the SPAQ and both physical function and body fat was found. The 7-day test-retest reliability coefficient of the SPAQ indicated good reliability. Although the concurrent validity presented a modest coefficient, the SPAQ was shown to be relatively convenient, simple and suitable for administration. These results were similar to those found among Western populations.
Effect of the Presence of Family Members, During the First Stage of Labor, on Childbirth Outcomes in a Provincial Hospital in Songkhla Province, Thailand
(The Thailand Nursing Council, 2010-03-30) Sopen Chunuan; Yaowares Somsap; Sutham Pinjaroen; Sawita Thitimapong; Sudjai Nangham; Fonthong Ongpalanupat
In Thailand, most public hospitals do not allow family members of pregnant women to be present during intrapartum. Thus, women, during labor and delivery, have to face childbirth in an unfamiliar environment surrounded only by strangers. The purpose of this study, in Songkla Province, was to compare between women, who had a relative present during the first stage of intrapartum and those who did not, anxiety levels, labor pain, satisfaction with the childbirth experience, duration of the first stage of labor, type of delivery, use of Pethidine and the babies’ Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes. A quasi-experimental design was implemented using 114 pregnant women (experimental group n=56; control group n=58). Four questionnaires and a visual analog scale were used for data collection. Content validity of each questionnaire was judged by five experts in intrapartum care. To assure reliability of the questionnaires and feasibility of the research procedure, a pilot study was conducted using the questionnaires with 20 postpartum women. Data analyses were accomplished using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed a significant difference in anxiety scores between the experimental and control groups. No other significant differences were found. The results suggest having a relative present, during intrapartum, reduces a women’s anxiety. However, the findings did not support the positive effect of having a relative present during intrapartum, regarding other childbirth outcomes.

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