Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
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Chief Editors: Prof. Ke-He Ruan, Prof. Alyautdin Renad N and Dr. Ali Nokhodchi
ISSN: 2456-9119
Frequency: Quarterly
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://www.journaljpri.com/index.php/JPRI
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Item A Systematic Literature Review of Current Therapeutic Approaches for COVID-19 Patients(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Soltani, Saber; Zakeri, Amir Mohammad; Karimi, Mohammad Reza; Rezayat, Sara Akhavan; Anbaji, Fateme Zomorodi; Tabibzadeh, Alireza; Yousefi, Parastoo; Zakeri, Armin; Jafarpour, Ali; Norouzi, Mehdi; Erfani, Yousef; Poortahmasebi, VahdatBackground:In December 2019, the pneumonia outbreak reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. WHO introduced a novel coronavirus and the virus named Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in January 2020. There are not any specific antiviral agents for coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19). Objective:Our review aimed to discuss treatment options and the efficacy of currently prescribed drugs and supportive care in COVID‐19 patients. Study Design:A literature review of the articles in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE conducted. Results: Lopinavir/ritonavir combination was the most frequently used drug, followed by Arbidol and Oseltamivir and Methylprednisolone. Lopinavir/Ritonavir outcome showed the fever and respiratory infection improve in day two and day eight, respectively. Also, negative PCR of SARS‐CoV‐2 in days six and 7day was seen and finally these patients discharged in 10 days. Conclusions: Lopinavir/Ritonavir was the most improving administrated antiviral combination, which might be a good option for COVID-19 due to its availability. Although supportive care such as O2supplementary and IV fluid therapy has improved outcomes. There are not evidence forsuggesting a new treatment or a new drug, which mean the necessity of further investigations for drug research in a clinical trial for a conclusion about the optimum treatmentItem The Adverse Effect Reporting for the Most Commonly Used Antibiotics(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Ahmed, Nehad J.; Fouda, Mohammed I.; Fouda, Dina I.; Foudah, Ahmed I.Aim:Antibiotics save lives, but the excess use of antibiotics leads to more side effects. Patients benefit from medications but also complain about their adverse effects. This study aims to explore the reports of the adverse effects for the most commonly usedantibiotics in Saudi Arabia.Methodology:The Data regarding the adverse events reports were collected from The National Pharmacovigilance Centerin Saudi Arabia. The data include the major allergic reactions and gastrointestinal side effects for the most commonly used antibiotic classes.Results:The total number of allergic and gastrointestinal adverse effects in 2017 and 2018 for the included antibiotic drugs is 583 reports. The majority of the reports were for penicillin antibiotics (39.96) particularly Amoxicillin/Clavunate Conclusion:The most common adverse effects of antibiotics are allergic and gastrointestinal effects. It is important to report any adverse drug reactions either by health care providers or patients to the Saudi Pharmacovigilance CenterItem Effect of a Period of Magnesium Supplementation on Muscle Strength and Resistance of Bodybuilders(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Dehkordi, Seyyed Mehdi RazaviObjective:The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of magnesium supplements on the muscular strength of active men.Materials and Methods:Samples were matched into two groups. Magnesium supplements (containing 47 mg of calcium and 250 mg of magnesium oxide produced by al-Hawi Company) were given to the experimental group and the placebo that was completely similar to the supplements for thecontrol group. The tablets are given to every other subject individually and they performed strength training. Supplements were ingested before strength training in the gym and the supplements were consumed with a glass of water. The statistical population of the study included male bodybuilders’ athletes who are regularly excising three days a week in Shahre Kord sports clubs. 40 subjects were selected from people who were interested to participate in the research. After selecting the samples, they are randomly divided into two groups A and B (double-blind method). The strength of the athletes was measured by the CPR machine based on the 1-RM and their resistance by more repetition ofbench press with a standard device using 1-RM by 0.5 Kg in the gym. Results:The results of Wilks' lambda test showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in one of the measurements related to arms muscle strength and chest muscle strength, while there is no a significant difference between the two groups in measurements related to muscle strength and resistance of the upper body, which means that magnesium supplementation for 8 weeks has had a significant effect on the strength of the hands and chest muscles of the bodybuilders ‘athlete.Conclusion:Magnesium supplementation can affect the strength of upper body’s muscles of men.Item Incidence of Candida Species Infections in a Military Hospital in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Ahmed, Nehad J.Aim: The present study aims to demonstrate the incidence ofCandidaspecies associated with infections in a Military hospital in Alkharj.Methodology: This is a retrospective study that was conducted to assessthe prevalence ofCandidaspecies in a Military hospital in Alkharj –Saudi Arabia. The isolates from various clinical specimens in 2018 and 2019 were studied.Results: The percentage of candida species in the 2 years was 6.21% of isolates. The Candidaalbicanswere 40.87% of the total Candidaisolates. The majority of Candidaspecies cultures were collected from wound/pus/skin or vagina and to lesser extent urine and lower respiratory tract.Conclusion:Candidaspeciesare now common pathogens that cause infections specially in the gastrointestinal tract, vagina and at surgical site. It sometimes may lead to high morbidity and mortality rate. It is important to know the resistance rate for the fungi and it is important to start the implementation of antifungal treatmentprogramsItem Use of Enoxaparin in Obstetrics and Gynecology Department(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Ahmed, Nehad J.Aims: This study aims to demonstrate the use of enoxaparin in obstetrics and gynecology department in Alkharj.Methodology:This is a retrospective study was conducted in a public hospital in Alkharjcity. The outpatient prescriptions were reviewed to evaluate the prescription patternsof enoxaparin. The data were collected and analyzed using Excel software, the descriptive data were represented by frequencies and percentages. Results:About 86.32% of the prescriptions contain enoxaparin syringe were prescribed for female patients. The majority of enoxaparin prescriptions were from obstetrics & gynecology department (79.48%).Moreover, the majority of enoxaparin prescriptions were prescribed by consultants (62.39%).Conclusion:The result of this study show that enoxaparin was prescribed commonly in the obstetrics and gynecology department for female patients because of its efficacy and safety profile. Enoxaparin is safer than other anticoagulants butstill could cause many adverse effects so it is important to increase the health care professional awareness about its useItem Guava Seeds Derived Phytochemicals against Dysentery(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Mishra, Lopita; Nayak, Barsha; Mishra, Bibhu Prasad; Bhattacharya, Dipankar; Pandey, MukundjeePhytochemicals are the secondary metabolites that are known as nonnutritive but extremely beneficial for the defensive system for the organism. These phytochemicals can be obtained from all the plants and they play a major role in curing differnt diseases. The extract of the guava seed contains various phytochemicals that can cure the disease like dysentery, caused by the protozoa parasite, namely Entamoeba histolytica. “Biovia Discovery Studio” was used for the molecular docking process. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” suggested that Heptadecanoic acid can effectively deactivate the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme further inhibiting the biological process of the causative organismItem Eclipta alba Derived Phytochemicals against Jaundice(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Mohanty, Sutapa; Mukesh Kumar Biswal; Sanchayita Nayak; Bhagyeswari Behera; Ushasree Mandal; Pradhan, SrimayPhytochemicals otherwise known assecondary metabolites means the small organic molecules that are not essential for growth, development and reproduction but can protect from various diseases. Infact these phytochemicals are the key source of medicine. Secondary metabolites from Eclipta alba plant extract are traditionally used to cure Jaundice which is caused by Leptospira interrogans. The curative property of Eclipta alba against Leptospira interrogans was proved by molecular docking method in “Biovia Discovery Studio”. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” recommended that pentadecan, heptadecane, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-petadecanone can successfully deactivate the thioredoxin-disulfide reductase enzyme thereby disrupting the cellular function as well as the lifecycle of causative organismItem The Rate of Adherence to Antibiotics and Reasons for Non-adherence among the Public(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Ahmed, Nehad J.Aim:Poor adherence to antibiotics is common and related to poorer clinical outcomes such as increasing the bacterial resistance.To explore the rate of adherence to antibiotics and to know the reasons that lead to antibiotic non-adherence among the public.Methodology:This is a retrospective study include an online questionnaire survey for the participantswho were prescribed oral antimicrobial drugs during the last year.The data was collected and analyzedusing Excel sheet software and the Descriptive data were presented by frequencies and percentages.Results:The majority of the respondents stated that they sometimes forget to take their antibiotics.Moreover, 78.3% of them said that sometimes they forget to carry their drugs when they go out. They reported many reasons for noncompliance but the major reasons were “they do not need to continue treatment once the condition improves” followed by “they are too busy in study or work”.Conclusion:Numerous factors lead to antibiotic noncompliance, but the main reasons were related to the public knowledge and attitude. Therefore, antimicrobial stewardship programs should focus on the patient education to solve the problem of non-complianceItem The Outpatient Use of Furosemide in a Public Hospital(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Ahmed, Nehad J.Aim:The prescribing pattern of furosemide helps the prescribers in the monitoring and evaluation of the drugs and helps them in recommending the necessary modifications. So the aimof the present study is to demonstrate the outpatient use of furosemide in a public hospital.Methodology:This is a retrospective study was conducted in a public hospital in Alkharj city. The outpatient prescriptions were reviewed to demonstrate the prescription patternsof furosemide. The study included all outpatient prescriptions that contains furosemide in 2018.Results:Furosemide was prescribed in 46.27% of diuretics prescriptions in the outpatient setting. The majority of the patients were female patients.Most of the patients were more than 39 years old. Most of the furosemide prescriptions were prescribed mainly by resident prescribers, mainly in the cardiology department.Conclusion:Furosemide is an important medication for treating cardiovascular diseases specially in the presence of edema. It is important to increase the awareness of health care professionals and patients regarding the use of furosemide. Moreover, it is important to increase the awareness of the public regarding the importanceof adherence to furosemideItem The Anxiety and Stress of the Public during the Spread of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Ahmed, Nehad J.; Alrawili, Abdulrahman S.; Alkhawaja, Faisal Z.Aim: This study aims to assess the public anxiety and stress during the spread of novel Coronavirus (COVID‐19).Methodology:The survey was prepared using CDC “Daily Life & Coping with Coronavirus Disease 2019” section. The data were collected and analyzed using Excel software. The descriptive data were represented by frequencies and percentages.Results:About 91% of the 304 respondents fear and worry about their own health and the health of their families and about 82.24% of them are worried about the effect of the disease spreading on work and study.The majority of the respondents think that people infected with the Coronavirus will experience social rejection and avoidance from others (61.51%) but only 12.5% think that people with the disease may be deprived of health care, education, housing and work.Conclusion:COVID-19 spreading increase the stress and worry of the public regarding their health, their family health and negative economic effect of the disease. It is important to increase the awareness regarding COVID-19 and to improve the communication of health care professionals and the public with infected patientsItem Eclipta alba L. Derived Phytochemicals against Campylobacter Causing Diarrhea(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Nayak, Sanchayita; Sahu, Subhashree; Biswal, Mukesh Kumar; Dash, Sonali; Parida, Sagarika; Pattanayak, SabitaPhytochemicals from Eclipta albaL.plant extract are traditionally used to cure Diarrhea. It is caused by Campylobacter. Molecular docking method applied using “Biovia Discovery Studio”. “High positive values of -CDocker energy and -CDocker interaction energy” suggested that 6, 10, 14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone can effectively deactivate the Argininedecarboxylase enzyme (protein database code 3N29) thereby interrupting the life cycle of the organismItem Capsicum anum L. Derived Phytochemicals against Haemophilus influenzae Causing Bronchitis(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Nayak, Debadatta; Hota, Debesh Kumar; Sahu, Tophani; Jal, Soumya; Bhattacharyay, DipankarPhytochemicals from Capsicum anum L. plant extract are traditionally used to cure bronchitis. Bronchitis is caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Molecular docking method applied using “Biovia Discovery Studio”. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” suggested that myrcetin and quercetin can effectively deactivate the Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase enzyme thereby interrupting the life cycle of aemophilus influenzaItem Eclipta alba L. Derived Phytochemicals against Escherichia coli Causing Diarrhea(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Rani, Krishna; Mohanty, Aischarya; Parida, Sagarika; Mohanty, Manisha; Sahu, Subhashree; Nayak, Sanchayita; Mohanty, SutapaPhytochemicals from Eclipta albaL.plant extract are traditionally used to cure Diarrhea. It is caused by Escherichia coli.Molecular docking method applied using “Biovia Discovery Studio”. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” suggested that Pentadecanone can effectively deactivate the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme (protein database code 4GKV) thereby interrupting the life cycle of the organismItem Murraya koenigii Derived Phytochemicals against Dysentery(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Mishra, Ashima; Mohanta, Diksha; Mishra, Sarthak Siddhant; Jha, Sunil; Bhattacharyay, DipankarPhytochemicals are any of various biologically active compounds found in plants. These are produced by plants and have biological activity. It has been reported that Murraya koenigii leaf extract is traditionally used to cure dysentery. Dysentery is an intestinal inflammation, primarily of the colon. It can lead to mild or severe stomach cramps and severe diarrhoea with mucus or blood in the faeces. It is the infection in the intestinal tract. One enzyme, which is involved in its biochemical pathway, is known as alcohol dehydrogenase (which have pdb id.1Y9A). The molecular docking was studied by biovia discovery studio. In which the interaction is done between the phytochemical of the plant with the enzyme. The stability of the interaction was evaluated based on –CDocker energy and –CDocker interaction energy.Item Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Cinnamon) Derived Phytochemicals against Aspartate Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase of Aspergillus fumigatus Causing Aspergillosis(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Jena, Biswajit; Muni, Minati Rani; Prusty, P. K.; Jha, Sunil; Bhatttacharyay, DeepankarAspergillosis is an infection caused by a type of fungus. The illnesses is caused by aspergillosis infection and usually attack the respiratory system, but their signs and severity vary greatly. It has already been established that plant Cinnamomum zeylanicum belonging to the Lauraceae family has the potential to help controlling aspergillosis. This work is focused on the identification of the particular phytochemical responsible for inhibiting and decreasing the effect of aspergillosis. Molecular docking method applied using “Biovia Discovery Studio”. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” suggested that cinnamic acid can effectively deactivate aspergillosis.Item Hepatic & Renal Toxicity of Energy Drinks, a Serious Health Risk, Wistar Albino Rats Study(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Al-Saikhan, Fahad I.The recent years have seen a significant increase in the individual consumption of energy drinks across the globe. As a result, notable concerns continue to rise both among the public and among the scientific community, concerning the health effects that energy drinks pose to individuals. This study therefore examines the adverse effects of energy drinks on health, using ten normal albino rats as specimens. The specimen was then divided into two groups consisting of five rats each, with one group was given energy drinks while the control group was given normal drinking water days for a period of 21 days. The specimen was then sacrificed and their blood samples used for biochemical and histological studies. The study findings reveal that energy drink consumption significantly increased the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea and creatininelevels when compared with the control group. In addition, the study demonstrates that energy drink consumption significantly decreased body weight and organ to body weight ratios when compared with the control group. The study further recognizes that the consumption of energy drink is associated with significant alterations in serum toxicity markers, bodyweight, organ body weight and histopathological changes. The study therefore recommends that need for public health education to educate individuals; especially youths about the risks of consuming highly caffeinated energy drinks. The study also recommends the need for further studies in order to minimize the harm excess and long-term consumption of energy drinks presented to the publicItem Investigating the Effect of Follow-up Care on the Self-concept of Patients under Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-02) Moghaddam, Yusef Haghighi; Mobadersani, Neda; Askari, Behnam; Rasouli, JavadIntroduction: Since coronary artery angina pectoris is a chronic disease, it negatively affects patients` self-concept. In this study, the effect of follow-up care on the self-concept of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting was investigated.Materials and Methodology:In this study, the clinical trial was measured using self-concept questionnaire considering the effect of follow-up or constant care on 60 patients under coronary artery bypass grafting in Seyed-al-shohada heart centerof Urmia. Eight to twelve weeks after the operation, the follow-up care, which is an Iranian native model was administered through telephon. Data collection tools included patients` demographic data collection form as well as self-concept questionnaire consisting of 25 Likert-scale items of 1 to 5 (totally positive, positive, neutral, negative, totally negative), which measured 25 features. Results: In the current study, the mean age of patients in both groups (intervention and control) was 59.68±7.43 and 59.48±5.79years old, respectively.In addition, the mean weight of patients in both groups (intervention and control) equaled 77.82±10.67and 75.22±7.53 kg. According to the results of the mean, the perceived threat after the intervention was 45.16±4.28 in the intervention group and it was 40.43±5.22 in the control group, showing a significant statistical difference between two groups (p<0.001). The perceived challenge after the intervention was 70.86±6.82 in the intervention group and it was 67.13±6.37 in the control group, showing a significant statistical difference between two groups (p=0.028). Conclusion: Themean of self-concept score increased after the intervention and the observed results could have positive effects on the treatment of patientsItem Coffea arabica L. Derived Phytochemicals against Haemophilus influenza Causing Conjunctivitis(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Nayak, Sutapa; Barik, Elora; Pattanayak, Biren; Swain, Sitaram; Bhattacharyay, DipankarPhytochemicals from Coffea arabica plant extract are traditionally used to cure conjunctivitis. It is caused by Haemophilus influenza. Molecular docking method applied using “Biovia DiscoveryStudio”. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” suggested that caffeine and chlorogenic acid can efficiently deactivate the shikimate dehydrogenase enzyme which will result in interruption of the life cycle of the microorganismItem Mood and Anxiety Disorders among the Public(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Ahmed, Nehad J.; Alrawili, Abdulrahman S.; Alkhawaja, Faisal Z.Introduction:Mood disorder is one of the most prevalent and the most disabling disorders that affect humankind health, so it is important to know its symptoms, how it is treated suitably and how it can be assessed. This study aims to assess the mood of the public.Methodology: This study includes an online questionnaire, the questionnaire questions were prepared using the mood self-assessment of NHS and after that converted to online google formResults: About 20.8% of the respondents reported that they have been bothered by feeling down, depressed or hopeless in nearly every day. About 59% of them reported that they experienced an anxiety attack.Conclusion:The results of this study show a high percentage of anxiety and depression among the public. It is important to increase the public awareness about anxiety and depression and how to deal with these disorders.Item Experimental Studies to Define the Role of Calcium (Ca2+) and Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Blockers (vCa-CCB) against Neurosteroid Induced Obesity(SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2020-05) Chidrawar, Vijay R.; Ali, AkbarIntroduction:Obesity is closely associated with various types of illness, primarily caused by more calorie intake than body burn. In adipocytes, Calcium (Ca2+) is an important second messenger involved in theregulation of many physiological functions which are essential for survival. In the present research, we have investigated the role of Ca2+ions in obesity by manipulating cytosolic Ca2+ion concentration by selective blocking/advancing the Ca2+ions through the voltage-gated calcium channels. Voltage-gated calcium channel (vCa) plays a key role in regulating intracellular and extracellular Ca2+concentration.Cytoplasmic level of Ca2+was manipulated by supplying calcium carbonateand by using vCa blockers i.e. nifedipine-(N-type-vCa-CCB) and ethosuximide (T-type, vCa-CCB).Methods:Obesity was induced by progesterone in female mice and test drugs were co-administered with progesterone whereas sibutramine was used as standard. The treatment was carried out for 28 days, during and afterthetreatment periodvarious parameters were studied viz food consumption, change in body weight and temperature, the effect on WAT (white adipose tissue, adiposity index, histology of fat pad) and fecal lipid content.Results:Calcium carbonate treated group has shown promising effects in the decrease in body weight by increasing fecal lipid content and lipolysis which was reflected by an increase in body temperature. Ethosuximide also offered significant protection by decreasing the food intake but has not shown any notable effect on fecal fat content, whereas nifedipine has not offered any protection against the obesity induced by neurosteroid.Conclusion:Calcium carbonate has significant anti-obesity activity by including thermogenesis, and increasing fecal lipid content