Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
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Chief Editors: Prof. Ke-He Ruan, Prof. Alyautdin Renad N and Dr. Ali Nokhodchi
ISSN: 2456-9119
Frequency: Quarterly
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://www.journaljpri.com/index.php/JPRI
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Item An Approach to Anti-Diabetic Potential of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall Leaves by In vitro Models(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Siddiq, A; AM, N; M, A; GS, S; P, S; MR, M.Aim: To evaluate the antidiabetic potential of Putranjiva roxburghii leaves using In vitro models, focusing on their ability to inhibit key enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Study Design: The current research program is an attempt to screen In vitro anti-diabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Putranjiva roxburghii wall leaves by using – ? amylase inhibitory activity and starch iodine assay. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, SJM College of Pharmacy Chitradurga, between July to October. 2024 Methodology: In this study, the crude extract was obtained by using the soxhlet extraction method using 70% ethanol, The extract was used to analyse the antidiabetic activity using in-vitro models namely ?-amylase inhibition activity and starch iodine assay, all the experiments were performed in triplicates. The effect of leaf extract was compared with the standard drug metformin. Results: The results of ?-amylase inhibition activity showed that the extract inhibits the ? amylase enzyme in a concentration (0.3,0.6,0.9,1.2 and 1.5mg/ml) with a percentage inhibition range (6.02%-55.55%) for extract which is not significantly different as compared to metformin (16.12% - 69.89%). Similarly, for starch iodine assay the extract inhibits the ?-amylase enzyme in a concentration (same as above) with a percentage inhibition range (16.66%-75%) for extract which is not significantly different as compared to metformin (22.57% - 85.71%). Conclusion: From the above finding of the study, Putranjiva roxburghii wall leaf extract has the ability to inhibit ?-amylase enzyme and exhibits antidiabetic activity.Item Challenges, Approaches & Applications of Orotransmucosal Drug Delivery System(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Mahmud, H; Himi, AS; Rana, MS; Kamrunnahar; Rifat, MMH; Islam, S.Orotransmucosal drug delivery is an alternative method used for a systemic drug delivery system. It is used as a favored route for non-parenteral administration of emergency drugs and agents. It can be used both for lipid-soluble and water-soluble drugs. It increases drug solubility and reduces in permeability of the lipid bilayer membrane. Mucosal surfaces are often rich in blood supply, allowing for rapid drug transport into the systemic circulation and in most cases avoiding degradation by first-pass hepatic metabolism. These systems contact with absorbent surfaces improves absorption at the application site and increases dwell time. It involves several physiological features of the oral cavity. Technical difficulties and biological impediments can be used as broad categories to group oral administration issues. Orotransmucosal drug delivery system uses an absorption rate four times that of the skin. It is easily accessible and heals rapidly from trauma and injury. It has a smaller surface area than the skin and can only be exposed for brief periods of time. Thus, this delivery method is the best for medications with high therapeutic potency. Efficient orotransmucosal drug delivery can be achieved in the oral cavity's buccal, sublingual, palatal and gingival regions. Mastication or chewing food can improve or impair medication absorption in the oral cavity. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems can be lost or damaged when used to fill chewing gum with drugs that are released when the chewing gum is chewed. This report also provides input for future orotransmucosal drug developments to treat oral mucosa diseases.Item Parenteral Nutrition in the Health-Care Setting: A Comprehensive Review(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Karrar, HR; Nouh, MI; Albogami, MM; Aldosari, AA; Alshalawi, MS; Abdulmajeed, GA; Khalifa, RM; Hazazi, RA; Mahzara, AM.Parenteral Nutrition (PN) is a critical therapeutic technique that delivers necessary nutrients straight into the circulation, bypassing the gastrointestinal system. This strategy is critical for people who are unable to acquire appropriate nourishment through oral or enteral routes owing to a variety of medical issues. PN first appeared in the mid-twentieth century, primarily to help those who were very malnourished or recuperating from significant surgery. As medical understanding of nutrition grew, so did the complexity and customization of PN formulations, allowing for personalized nutritional support depending on metabolic demands. The indications for PN are diverse, including gastrointestinal diseases, cancer therapies, severe illnesses, neurological issues, and pediatric demands. Patients suffering with Crohn's illness, short gut syndrome, and severe malnutrition caused by cancer therapies frequently rely on PN to maintain their nutritional status. Furthermore, critically sick patients in intensive care settings typically encounter elevated metabolic demands, needing efficient nutritional therapies that oral feeding cannot deliver. While PN has considerable advantages, such as increased recovery, malnutrition prevention, and quality of life, it is not without hazards. Infections, metabolic abnormalities, and liver dysfunction are all possible complications, emphasizing the importance of thorough monitoring and following best practices in PN administration. A multidisciplinary approach including healthcare specialists from several professions is required to achieve the best outcomes for patients seeking PN. Looking ahead, technological developments, personalized dietary techniques, and artificial intelligence integration promise to improve the safety and efficacy of PN. Continuous research and innovation are required to solve current difficulties and enhance the overall quality of care for patients requiring parenteral feeding. As the healthcare environment shifts, PN will remain an important component of nutritional support, requiring continuing attention and development in clinical practice.Item A Study of Adverse Drug Effects in Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) H, SN; Nischal, A; Nischal, A; Singh, A; Sachan, AK.Aims: To identify and record adverse effects/adverse drug reactions in patients receiving pharmacotherapy for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) visiting Psychiatry Out patient department of King George’s Medical University, Lucknow and to assess the causality of adverse drug reactions reported by these patients. Study Design: A prospective observational study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology, in collaboration with Department of Psychiatry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow between February 2023 to January 2024. Methods: Patients receiving pharmacotherapy for Obsessive Compulsive disorder were recruited into the study after satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria and observed for Adverse drug reaction. Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) was used to rate the severity and type of symptoms of OCD. The UKU Side Effect Rating Scale was used for assessing the side effects of medications prescribed to OCD patients and the causality of the observed adverse effects. Quantitative data summarized as Mean and Chi-Square test used for analysis of Qualitative data. Results: A total of 72 patients were included in the study out of which 37(51.3%) developed adverse drug reactions during the study period. Most of the adverse drug reactions occurred in 18-30 years group (62.1%) with majority in male group(54%). Psychic type adverse drug reactions were commonly observed (54%) with majority reported with fluoxetine (72.9%) and dyspepsia (24.3%) was the most commonly observed adverse drug reaction. On causality assessment, most of the adverse drug reactions belonged to possible type (75.7%). 75.7% adverse drug reactions required symptomatic treatment and remaining 24.3% resolved spontaneously. Conclusion: This study provides a representative profile of the adverse drug reactions which can be expected in obsessive compulsive disorder patients receiving pharmacotherapy. Nearly half of the study participants experienced adverse effects. Regular monitoring of ADRs in psychiatry OPD and educating the patients about ADR can reduce the risk and it may improve the quality of care, reduction in cost of treatment, adherence to drugs and improved outcome.Item An In-Depth Review on Recent Developments in Oral Ketoprofen Delivery: Strategies for Enhanced Therapeutic Performance(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Elballa, W; Salih, M; Elawni, AE.Ketoprofen, a widely prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), suffers from limited oral bioavailability due to poor solubility and a short half-life, leading to frequent dosing and potential gastric irritation. This review examines recent advancements in oral Ketoprofen delivery, reporting clear findings in bioavailability improvement and gastric protection. Controlled-release systems—such as Zn-alginate beads, polysaccharide hydrogels, and monolithic osmotic tablets—demonstrated sustained drug release with reduced gastric side effects, extending anti-inflammatory action up to 7 hours. Oral-dissolving formulations, including fast-disintegrating tablets and electrospun fibers, showed enhanced dissolution rates and improved patient compliance, particularly benefiting individuals with swallowing difficulties. Complexation with polymers (e.g., polyacrylamide-grafted gum and sodium alginate) created pH-sensitive microbeads that released 83% of Ketoprofen at neutral pH, supporting gastro-protective effects. Lipid-based formulations, such as nanostructured lipid carriers and self-emulsifying systems, effectively improved solubility and permeability, enhancing Ketoprofen’s absorption by up to 2.4 times. These findings underscore the potential of tailored delivery systems in optimizing Ketoprofen's therapeutic efficacy, safety, and patient adherence.Item Comparative Analysis of Analytical Method Validation Requirements Across ICH, USP, ChP and ANVISA: A Review(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Elumalai, S; Dantinapalli, VLS; Palanisamy, M.This comprehensive guide provides a detailed comparison of analytical method validation requirements across four major regulatory bodies: the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH), United States Pharmacopeia (USP), Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP), and Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA). The study examines key aspects of method validation, including scope, validation parameters, acceptance criteria, and regulatory compliance. These guidelines have been chosen due to major differences between regulations requirements and ICH guidelines, leading to a huge challenge for the Health Authority and the locally established Pharmaceutical Companies to implement these guidelines. Implementing the revised or upcoming ICH guidelines will benefit the industry and health authorities. Recent revisions by the guidelines will help to align with other chosen regulatory authorities to reduce duplicate work and contribute to the global regulatory harmonization, which will bring a great benefit to the regulatory bodies review process, industrialist approval and important medicines approval will be faster available to the patients.Item A Prospective Observational Study on Incidence, Implications and Management of Seizures Following Stroke(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Sunny, A; Alan, J; Arali, MS; Babu, S; Ahmed, SK; Naik, V.Background: Seizures following a stroke often indicate a more severe incident, typically resulting in extended hospital stays and a heightened risk of long-term disability. Management strategies generally include the use of anti-epileptic drugs to mitigate the frequency and severity of seizures. Objectives: this study aims to evaluate the incidence and risk factors assosciated for seizures after stroke, differentiating between acute symptomatic seizures and late seizures. Additionally, it assess dependency levels of patients after stroke and management of seizures after stroke. Methodology: We conducted prospective observational study for 6 months which includes patients who were diagnosed with cerebrovascular accident, past history of cerebrovascular accident, experienced single or recurrent seizures of different types. Results: Out of 150 patients observed, 67 experienced seizures following stroke. Majority of these patients were male (99) predominantly aged between 50-75. Hypertension was found to be the major risk factor affecting 106(75.2%) individuals.Ischemic stroke were common. In terms of seizure occurrence, 27 patients experienced acute symptomatic seizure and 40 late onset seizure. Activity of daily living was assessed using Barthel Index Scale in which total dependency showed statistically significant relevance (P =0.01). Conclusion: In summary, the leading cause of seizure in adults is stroke. While both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke may increase the risk of seizure, our study reveals that occurrence of seizure is greater following ischemic compared to hemorrhagic. A clinical pharmacist plays a vital role in determining prophylactic AED treatment for stroke patients and monitor to improve patient’s quality of life.Item Nelarabine in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: An Analysis of the Literature(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Karrar, HR; Nouh, MI; Kufyah, MT; Alshehri, AM; Zuhair, RM; Alanazi, AH; Alahmari, FA; Alqarni, MYB; Alzahrani, SJS; Ghzwani, AG; Almuqati, AO; Aldhuwayhi, MI; Alharbi, TOA; Alotaibi, KM.T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) represents a highly aggressive hematological malignancy predominantly affecting adolescents and young adults. Despite advancements in treatment modalities, including multi-agent chemotherapy, the prognosis remains unfavorable, particularly for individuals with relapsed or refractory disease. The intricate nature of T-ALL, marked by genetic heterogeneity and early dissemination, necessitates the investigation of novel therapeutic agents to improve treatment efficacy and enhance survival rates. Standard intervention primarily encompasses chemotherapy and, in some instances, stem cell transplantation; however, the occurrence of early relapse emphasizes the critical need for alternative therapies that target the fundamental biology of T-ALL.Recent advancements in understanding the molecular and genetic underpinnings of T-ALL have facilitated the formulation of personalized therapeutic approaches and immunotherapeutic strategies. Nelarabine, a pro-drug of arabinosyl guanine (ara-G), has emerged as a promising candidate for relapsed or refractory scenarios. This agent specifically targets T-cells, integrating into their DNA to obstruct synthesis and repair processes, thereby effectively eradicating rapidly proliferating cancer cells. Laboratory investigations highlight nelarabine's robust anti-leukemic properties, while early clinical trials reveal substantial recovery rates, especially among pediatric patients. Notably, a pivotal study conducted by the Children’s Oncology Group demonstrated considerable efficacy in the treatment of relapsed T-ALL, particularly when administered in conjunction with corticosteroids and vincristine, indicating improved treatment outcomesItem Evaluation of Saudi Arabian Pharmacists' Awareness and Expertise about Ledipasvir Sofosbuvir(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Alrwilli, SR.Introduction: Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir is a fixed-dose combination of two antiviral drugs with different mechanisms of action. It is used to treat chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection in adults as a fixed-dose combination tablet containing 90 mg ledipasvir and 400 mg sofosbuvir. Objective of the Study: To assess and evaluate the actual knowledge of pharmacists in Saudi Arabia about different aspects regarding ledipasvir sofosbuvir combination. Method: Cross sectional survey was conducted from November 2022 to November 2023. A total of 180 pharmacists participated in the study. The inclusion criteria are to be a licensed and currently practicing pharmacist or clinical pharmacist and exclusion criteria is being pharmacist technician or pharmacist aid. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire, especially designed for this study. The questionnaire was divided into 2 parts. Data were analyzed using excel Categorical variables using frequency distribution and percentages. Results: In this study 34 % of pharmacists were community pharmacists while 50% were hospital pharmacists. Males accounted for 52% of pharmacists. Highest proportion (58%) of the participants were in the age group (25 to 30 years) and majority (72%) had one to five years of practice years. The average of good knowledge about indications, dosage and administration of ledipasvir-sofosbuvir equal 57%. The average of good knowledge about drug interactions of Ledipasvir-sofosbuvir equal 54%. The average of good knowledge about drug interactions of Ledipasvir-sofosbuvir equal 58%. The overall average of good knowledge (correct answers) of all pharmacists included in the study regarding ledipasvir-sofosbuvir equal 56%. Conclusion: As a conclusion, large proportion of the study sample lack adequate knowledge in certain important aspects of ledipasvir sofosbuvir which is an FDA approved interferon-free regimen for patients with chronic HCV. This might negatively affect the role of pharmacists in patient counseling and education.Item Phytochemical and Antioxidant Evaluations of Chromolaena odorata and Huntaria umbellata(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Eze, IL; Onyegbule, FA; Ezugwu, CO; Chibuzor, JV; Aziakpono, OM.With the increasing demand for herbal medicine, it is imperative to validate the presence of the most anticipated antioxidants present in plants, which motivated the aim of this study. Hence, the efficacy of Chromolaena odorata and Hunteria umbellata were validated. Natural antioxidants in medicinal plants, such as polyphenols and flavonoids, mitigate oxidative stress and serve as alternative treatments for various diseases. We obtained crude extracts through cold maceration and qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screenings for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. Antioxidant profiles were assessed using DPPH and FRAP assays for In vitro and MDA, SOD, and CAT assays for In vivo. The liquid (ethanol) extracts from these plants were tested to confirm the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides in the ethanol extracts of Chromolaena odorata leaves and Hunteria umbellata seeds. The decreasing effect of DPPH experienced in both plant extracts validates the presence of free radical scavenging activities and ferric-reducing antioxidant potential in a concentration-dependent manner. Chromolaena odorata demonstrated superior inhibition in both DPPH (88.89 ± 0.26%) and FRAP (90.16 ± 0.76%) assays compared to Hunteria umbellata. In vivo studies showed dose-dependent antioxidant effects, with 500 mg/kg of Chromolaena odorata exhibiting the best results across MDA, SOD, and CAT indices. This study concludes that Chromolaena odorata leaves possess higher antioxidant activity and phytochemical content than Hunteria umbellata seeds, supporting their potential use in antioxidant therapies.Item Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Terminalia superba Engler & Diels (Combretaceae): A Potential Therapeutic Approach for Cerebral Malaria(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Rolland, KG; Dieudonné, SK; Abou, B; Joseph, DA.Cerebral malaria is one of the most severe complications of malaria, primarily caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The search for alternative or complementary treatments to classical antimalarial therapies is crucial in light of the emergence of drug resistance. Terminalia superba, a tropical medicinal plant, has traditionally been used to treat various diseases, including those with parasitic etiology. This study aims to evaluate the potential of Terminalia superba in managing cerebral malaria. Ethanolic extracts of T. superba were obtained by maceration of the bark of the plant in 70% alcohol. Cytotoxicity and neuroprotection tests were conducted on neurons (SH-SY5Y-neurons) using the MTT method. The activity against neuroinflammation was assessed through the LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) test, measuring cytokines TNF-?, Interleukin 8, Interleukin 6, and Interleukin 1?. The ethanolic extract of Terminalia superba exhibited non-toxic activity on neurons with an IC50 greater than 200 µg/mL. This extract protected astrocytes against oxidative stress induced by H2O2 (500 µM). Cell survival increased from 35% to 45%, 59%, 61%, and 73% at concentrations of 3.125, 12.5, 50, and 200 µg/mL, respectively. Terminalia superba also reduced the overproduction of cytokines by LPS-stimulated neurons, demonstrating its efficacy against neuroinflammation. The ethanolic extract of Terminalia superba, in addition to being non-cytotoxic, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties on neurons. These properties could play an important role in the management of cerebral malaria. Further studies should lead to the development of a drug against cerebral malaria based on the bark of T. superba.Item Case Report of Locally Advanced Breast Cancer in a 53-Year-Old Women: Diagnosis and Treatment Approach(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Shil, R.; Ankar, R.Breast cancer has become the most prevalent cancer among all types of cancer in India, and it poses a serious health concern among women. Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) and advanced breast cancer collectively represent over 70 percent of all cases of breast cancer. In this case report, we presented a 52-year-old female with no significant medical history apart from type II diabetes mellitus who suddenly discovered a lump in her left breast. Initially, the lump was 2 x 1 cm and had progressed to 4 x 3 cm in the left breast. Therefore, she was started with paclitaxel neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Following this, she had undergone left-modified radical mastectomy surgery and was recovering well.Item A Comprehensive Review on Biosimilars: Present & Future(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Garai, P; Chakraborty, A; Banerjee, M; Mukherjee, P.For providing treatment about most complex disease like cancer, hormone inadequacy, kidney problems, life-threatening and many types of rare illnesses biologics are conducting a major role of the biopharmaceutical market. But there are many problems faces that’s are a highly complex process, patent expires, cost effective etc. for those type of reason and more patient demand a similar drug is making which is as similar as biologics drug, simple making process, and less costly. A biologic is a medicine that is biosimilar medical product which is subsequently adaptation of the biologic product or almost an identical substitute of the original product which is manufactured by other brand of company. Although biosimilar drug has FDA approved for manufacturing but they also have to require a different approval for those drug marketing, since they are the reason why they are not a generic form of biologics. Biosimilar drug are not exact copy the originator drug, they are similarly designed the innovator drug. This paper mainly highlighted to the current scenario of biosimilar drug in biopharmaceutical field also the future result of this similar biologic drug in biopharmaceutical field. Biosimilars are hardly offer to promising that it was a beneficial and less cost-effective site for patient and doctors also.Item Withdrawal Effects on Antioxidative and Histochemical Deficits in Acetaminophen Induced Neurotoxicity in Cerebellar Cortex of Adult Wistar Rats(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) O.O, O; P. B, F; S. E, E; S.O, A; S.U, N; A.S, A; A. J, D; R.B, B; S.O, A; V.T, A.Introduction: Neurotoxicity refers to the harmful effects of chemical, biological, or physical agents on the nervous system. Acetaminophen, a common pain reliever whose abuse has been linked to neurotoxicity at high doses, causing oxidative stress and neuronal damage. Aim: The present study aimed to assess the withdrawal effects of Acetaminophen use on the Cerebellar cortex of adult wistar rats. Methodology: Thirty (30) Adult wistar rats weighing 200±50g were assigned into three groups (n=10) of Control (C), Treatment 1(T1) and Treatment 2 (T2). The control group C received distilled water, while Treatment groups T1 and T2 received 200mg/kg of acetaminophen for 4 weeks. However, treatment group T2 were allowed a 2-week acetaminophen withdrawal period. At the end of exposure, all animals were sacrificed via cervical dislocation and eventual removal of cerebellar specimens which were processed for some Neurohistochemical staining reactions as well as Biochemical Quantifications of LDH enzyme and Antioxidative stress markers (SOD & CAT). Quantitative analyses of all data obtained including Body weight, brain weight and Cerebellum weight were analysed using GraphPad® (version 8) and plotted using ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test. Significance was set at p<0.05* (95% confidence interval). Result: Results showed a significant increase in body weight (P=.05) and a decrease in cerebellum weight (P=.01) in both acetaminophen groups. SOD and CAT activity decreased significantly (P=.01) in the T1 groups while T2 groups shows a significant increase, LDH activities decreased significantly (P=.01) in both groups. The Neurohistochemical findings showed severe degeneration, loss of the Purkinje neurons and poorly differentiated DNA on the T1 group compared to control group C while the withdrawal group showed onset of regenerative changes in neurons improved differentiation in DNA stained. Conclusion: The study's findings suggest that long-term acetaminophen use can lead to neurotoxic effects on the cerebellum, but partial recovery is possible upon withdrawal.Item Counterfeit Anabolic Steroids in Brazil: A Forensic Perspective on Quality and Risks(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Câmara, LC.The illicit use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) poses a significant global health challenge, particularly due to the widespread availability of counterfeit products in underground markets. This review examines AAS seized in Brazil, a country with a notable prevalence of use, especially among gym and sports center attendees. Thus, the main objective of this brief review is to map studies published on the seizure and chemical analysis of AAS sourced from the underground market in Brazil. A comprehensive analysis of studies revealed high levels of adulteration in seized products, including the absence of declared active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), the addition of undeclared substances, and contamination with harmful agents such as toxic chemicals or biological impurities. Many of these products significantly diverged from their labeled composition, leading to risks of therapeutic failure, unexpected side effects, or potentially severe health consequences, such as cardiovascular toxicity or organ damage. The findings align with international trends, highlighting the urgent need for effective measures to address this issue. Regulatory agencies and law enforcement must enhance their collaboration to prevent the production and distribution of counterfeit AAS. Additionally, the implementation of advanced forensic methodologies, such as chromatography and spectrometry, is essential for identifying adulterated products and ensuring safer oversight of these substances. Public awareness campaigns are equally critical, aiming to educate consumers on the dangers of counterfeit AAS and discourage their use. This review underscores the pressing need for multidisciplinary approaches that include rigorous regulation, education, and research into harm-reduction strategies. Protecting public health requires a comprehensive understanding of the risks posed by illicit AAS and concerted efforts to mitigate their impact.Item Comparative Analysis of Gene Networks in Humans and Model Organisms for Aging Studies(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Gopal, M; Anand, DA.Aging is the cause of the loss of vitality on a day-to-day basis, a risk factor for developing chronic diseases and ultimately leading to death. This inevitable biological process is yet to be completely understood. A hypothesis states that manipulation of aging process can enable maintain physiological function and perhaps prevents age related diseases. Currently, model organisms are being used in the investigation of the genetic and molecular mechanism of the aging process. In this study, the adequacy of the major model system, the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and the rodent mouse (Mus musculus), was analyzed using Jepetto software through comparison of all the genomes of the model organisms with all the genomes of human genome by network statistics of string interactions. The software mapped the gene set of humans and the two model organisms on an interaction network and computed the gene properties by network density, centrality nodes and clustering coefficient. Of all three genomes, the human gene network is the largest and dense with the highest number of neighbors. On the other hand, the mouse and drosophila network are relatively smaller and in terms of density, the former is less dense, and the latter is sparse. The average number of neighbors of both model organisms are similar and approximately 25% of the human network. In the distance/shortest path length between the nodes, there was a decreasing order of connectivity in drosophila to mouse to human. The node with the path length 2 exhibited the highest frequency in all the organisms. In between centrality distribution, the nodes of the human network were observed to be closer. On comparison, mouse network is closer while the drosophila network is widely spread. The information spread between the nodes is measured by the closeness centrality distribution plot and the human network found to have highest closeness centrality than the other two species. Neighborhood connectivity distribution. The network clustering coefficient of genes of drosophila was much more widespread than the other two species.Item Harnessing the Power of Nutraceuticals: A New Approach to Obesity Treatment(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) D., M; D.N., S; Deveswaran, R; Basavaraj, BV.The increasing prevalence of obesity highlights the urgent need for effective and sustainable management solutions. This review explores how nutraceuticals derived from various sources can play a key role in addressing obesity and its related health issues. Compounds like curcumin, green tea extract, psyllium fibre and omega-3 fatty acids have shown promising effects in weight management by regulating appetite, enhancing metabolism, reducing inflammation and improving insulin sensitivity. Obesity is a complex condition influenced by genetic, environmental and behavioural factors, making it difficult to treat. Nutraceuticals help by targeting specific pathways involved in inflammation, lipid metabolism and hormonal regulation, providing a safer, more natural alternative to traditional treatments. However, challenges like poor absorption, inconsistent results and the potential side effects still exist. Further advancements in exploring opportunities to enhance the effectiveness and accessibility of obesity management through nutraceuticals are yet to be undertaken. This review emphasizes the importance of rigorous clinical testing, regulatory oversight and better consumer education to enhance the benefits of nutraceuticals in obesity management. By integrating these natural compounds with comprehensive lifestyle changes, including improved diet, regular exercise and behavioural therapy, sustainable weight loss and improved overall health can be achieved.Item Formulation, Evaluation and Stability Studies of Dutasteride Loaded Niosomal Gel(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-12) Syed, AQ; Basha, SAA; Mannan, A.Introduction: Dutasteride, a synthetic 4-azasteroid belonging to the class of 5-?-reductase, a BCS class II drug, is used in treating Androgenetic Alopecia and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Aims: The study aims to formulate, evaluate and perform stability studies of Dutasteride-loaded topical niosomal gel. Methodology: Formulation components such as, surfactants and cholesterol were tested for any drug/excipient interactions. Ether injection method was employed to prepare Niosomes. Five formulations were prepared and then assessed for their particle size, SEM, zeta potential, PDI, entrapment efficiency, drug content and in vitro diffusion studies. The optimized formulation F3 Consisted of Dutasteride, span 40 and cholesterol in the ratio 1:4:2. The optimized formulation (F3) was incorporated into a gel. Three gel formulations (FG1, FG2 and FG3) were prepared and were assessed for pH, viscosity, spreadability, drug content and in vitro diffusion studies. The optimized niosomal gel (FG2) consisted of 0.3% Optimized Niosomes and 0.75% Carbopol 934. The drug release kinetics studies were performed for the optimized gel. Finally, stability studies were performed at 30°C ± 2°C / 65% RH ± 5%. Results: The optimized niosomes showed an Entrapment efficiency of 63.2%, zeta potential -22.7 mV, particle size 300.4 nm, drug content 86.23% and 96.23% drug release in 8 hours. The optimized niosomal gel (FG2) consisted of 0.3% Optimized Niosomes and 0.75% Carbopol 934. The gel showed pH 4.7, viscosity 66213 cps, spreadability 15.7g.cm/sec, drug content 91.4% and percent drug release 91.45% in 24 hours. The drug release kinetics studies showed that the optimized gel formulation (FG2) followed Higuchi model with R2 value of 0.9975. The stability studies indicated that the optimized niosomal gel was stable for 90 days. Conclusion: The stability studies confirmed the drug content and the physical nature of the gel for 90 days. Thus, the formulation can be regarded as stable and effective for drugs meant for topical application. Dutasteride gel formulations have the potential to enhance drug bioavailability by facilitating greater penetration of drugs with restricted permeability.Item Patterns of Corticosteroid Prescriptions among Patients at Community Pharmacies in Lahore, Pakistan(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-10) Bibi, G; Shahzadi, H; Nadeem, A; Naveed, M; Abid, L; Nazeer, J; Iqbal, A; Munir, T; Afzaal, T; Saqib, Z; Ali, AZ; Iqbal, MZ.Background: Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal gland and are used to treat many diseases, including autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases. Besides their role in many diseases, long-term use, misuse, and overuse cause side effects including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and osteoporosis. Objective: The aim of current study is to evaluate the prescription pattern of corticosteroids in different community pharmacies, among patients, in Lahore. Methods: The cross-sectional stratified convenient study performed using a validated questionnaire to analyse the prescription pattern of corticosteroids in patients at different community pharmacies in Lahore. Total 92 patients are participating in this study. Results: A total of 92 patients take part in the study. In this research 67.4% females are participated. The average age of patients is above 30 years. Asthma is the most common reason for corticosteroids administration (19.6%) followed by rheumatoid arthritis (12.0%) whereas in inflammatory bowel disease they are least prescribed (1.1%). Prednisolone is the most prescribed drug (33.7%) and Oral route is the frequently given route. Conclusion: Our data shows that the prescription pattern of corticosteroid must be improved. Health care providers should pay attention to counseling of patients and guide them about dose tapering to avoid adverse effects.Item Evaluation of Community Pharmacist’s Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding the Pharmacotherapy Management of Gouty Arthritis in Lahore, Pakistan(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-10) Tayyab, ST; Gill, WA; Siddique, M; Nasir, M; Arif, A; Khan, E; Saghir, A; Rafique, H; Hamza, A; Iqbal, MZ.Background: Gouty arthritis is a prevalent but frequently misdiagnosed condition particularly in developing countries. As a medical expert pharmacists are essential to patient medication management, patient education, and treatment protocol adherence but insufficient information is present on related to gouty arthritis in Pakistan. Objective: The purpose of the study is to evaluate retail pharmacists (KAP) knowledge, attitude, practices regarding gouty arthritis in Lahore community pharmacies. It also examines the relationship between KAP scores and demographic characteristics finding gaps in pharmacist knowledge and treatment of arthritis. Methods: A study with a cross-sectional design was carried out on retail pharmacists working in community pharmacies throughout Lahore. Data on their knowledge attitude and practice regarding gouty arthritis were gathered using a structured questionnaire. The data were summarized using descriptive statistics. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test evaluated normality, in addition to measures of skewness and kurtosis. Statistical analysis involved Fishers exact test and the Chi-square test to ascertain relationships between KAP scores and demographic factors. Effect size was measured using Cramer's V and Phi-square. Results: There is no significant association between demographics of pharmacists and knowledge. There is no association between our study variables and attitude. The post-hoc comparison of p values of different demographics shows no association with the practice regarding gouty arthritis. Conclusion: Despite their generally positive attitudes toward patient care community pharmacists have a notable knowledge gap regarding gouty arthritis. Enhanced training and education are required to improve community pharmacies handling of gout. Limitation such as sample size and response bias should be addressed in future research.