International STD Research & Reviews

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https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/151219

ISSN: 2347-5196

Frequency: Quarterly

Language: English

Open Access Peer-reviewed journal

Web site: https://www.sciencedomain.org/journal-home.php?id=27

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Comparison of Microscopy, Culture and Molecular Methods for Diagnosing Gonorrhea
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-11) Lachyan, A; Muralidhar, S; Verma, P; Rajan, S; Sharma, D; Joshi, N; Khunger, N.
Gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, continues to be a significant global public health concern. The timely and accurate diagnosis of this infectious disease is crucial for its effective management. Traditional methods, especially culture, were historically considered the gold standard for diagnosing gonorrhea. However, the introduction of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), such as Real-Time PCR, has revolutionized diagnostic approaches. Currently, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends NAAT as the primary diagnostic method, with culture reserved for specific cases, particularly for testing antimicrobial susceptibility in instances of suspected treatment failure. The International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections (IUSTI) provides guidelines for the use of NAAT or culture, depending on clinical scenarios. This study conducted a retrospective comparative analysis of various diagnostic methods at the Apex Regional STD Centre in New Delhi, India, spanning from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022. Culture, Real-Time PCR, and smear examination were compared for the diagnosis of gonorrhea. A total of 33 samples were included in the analysis, with the following percentages: culture (92.02%), PCR (100%), and smear examination (100%). An intriguing finding was that 7.98% of samples were culture-negative but PCR-positive, highlighting a significant disparity between the two methods. This observation underscores the limitations of relying solely on culture for gonorrhea diagnosis and the potential consequences, including treatment delays, disease transmission, and the development of antibiotic-resistant strains. In summary, this study underscores the critical need for accurate and reliable diagnostic methods for gonorrhea. It emphasizes the evolving diagnostic landscape, with NAATs emerging as essential tools. The findings from multiple studies stress the complementary roles of different diagnostic methods and the necessity of adapting to evolving diagnostic techniques. This research highlights the importance of collaborative approaches to enhance accuracy and address the evolving challenges of gonorrhea diagnosis. Ultimately, the significance of laboratory testing extends beyond individual patient care to broader public health goals and the prevention of sexually transmitted infections.
Knowledge of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Risk Perception among Undergraduates of University of Ibadan, Ibadan, South West, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-05) Omeneki, FO; Ipingbemi, AE; Abonyi, EE.
Background: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) among young adults have continued to be on the increase and serious remain public health concern. The study assessed the knowledge and risk perception of STIs among undergraduate students in the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 1085 students were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, perceived risk and knowledge on STIs. Data was entered into IBM-SPSS version 23 and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test was used to evaluate categorical variables, p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Out of 1085 questionnaires distributed, 1050 were returned giving a response rate of 96.8%. Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) was the most frequently mentioned STI (898, 86.3%). Majority (967, 94.0%) agreed that some STIs manifest with symptoms. The most identified symptom was abnormal vaginal/penis discharge (731, 78.0%). Majority (1006, 97.4%) indicated that STI treatment should be sought first from hospital. Majority (1007, 96.5%) recognized sexually active persons with multiple sex partners are at high risk of STI acquisition, 522 (51.1%) recognized oral sex as a risky behavior. The mean knowledge score of the participants was 8.8±2.7. Conclusion: Participants identify sexual risky behaviors and practices as predisposal to STIs. There is a knowledge gap of STIs among participants which may be improved by reviewing the educational curriculum of a mandatory course which was participants’ main source of education on STI.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection among Female Students of Prince Abubakar Audu University, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-06) Amana, GU; Ozougwu, JC; Nwachukwu, I; Imakwu, CA; Okeke, OA.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence rate and associated risk factors of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among undergraduate female students at Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria. Methods: This cross-sectional and institutional-based study involved female students who consented to screening. A total of four hundred (400) high vaginal swab samples were randomly collected from consenting female students and analyzed by wet mount preparation. Demographic and clinical information about the participants was obtained using prepared questionnaires. Results: It was observed that the overall prevalence of T. vaginalis infection among the 400 female participants was 170 (42.5%). The age ranges 14–18 and 24-28 had the highest prevalence of 50%, while the age range 19–23 had the least prevalence of 41.2%. The Ebira tribe had the highest prevalence of 60%, while the lowest prevalence was 0.0% among Hausa and others. Islam had the highest prevalence of 66.7%, while Christianity had the lowest prevalence of 40.5%. Students at the 100 level had the highest prevalence of 50%, and those at the 200 level had the least prevalence of 38.5%. There was no significant association between T. vaginalis infection and predisposing factors such as douching, sanitation, and sexual habits. However, the study did find that females who did not use sanitary pads were at a significantly higher risk of infection, while females who did not douche their vagina with antiseptic or deodorant products had a slightly higher risk of infection. Conclusion: It is clear from the results of the present study that Prince Abubakar Audu University's undergraduate female students are at a high prevalence of 42.5% for Trichomonas vaginalis infection. The study offers crucial information about the incidence of T. vaginalis infection and the risk factors connected to it among female participants in the study area. The high prevalence of infection highlights the need for increased awareness and education about the infection and its prevention in the study area.
Protecting Your Health: A Comprehensive Review of Sexually Transmitted Illnesses
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-04) Ikokwu, GM; Oseghale, ID; Ralph-Okhiria, OH; Ighile, EF.
Sexually transmitted Infections are a class of diseases that are spread through sex. They can infect anyone who is sexually active regardless of age, gender, or sexual orientation. Common STIs include gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, HIV/AIDS, and human papillomavirus (HPV).Many STIs have no visible symptoms, which means that individuals can unknowingly transmit the infection to their sexual partners. STIs can have serious health consequences if left untreated, including infertility, chronic pain, and a higher chance of contracting HIV.Prevention measures include using a condom while having sex, regular testing, and vaccination for HPV. Early diagnosis and treatment can effectively manage STIs and reduce the risk of complications. It is essential to educate individuals about the importance of practicing safe sex and seeking medical care if they suspect they have an STI.
Social Cultural Norms Associated with Early Marriages among Adolescents: Case Study of Chadiza District, Eastern Province of Zambia
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-06) Daka, C; Kalinda, R; Thankain, K.
Zambia is ranked 16th among countries with the highest rate of child marriage in the world. According to some studies conducted, child marriage rates in the country stand at 42 per cent of women aged between 20 and 24 years married by the attainment of the age of 18 years old. The main objective of this study was to investigate social cultural norms associated with sexuality and child marriages among adolescents in Chadiza district, Eastern province of Zambia. The mixed method design both quantitative and qualitative was used because it provides the researcher with a more comprehensive view of the phenomena being studied in this case, social cultural norms associated with sexuality and child marriages. A Systematic sampling technique was used where every third household was selected for inclusion in the study sample and 150 respondents from which 100 girls and 50 boys were selected by applying a fixed interval. The study findings indicated that most cultural practices in the study area especially initiation ceremonies provoked a girl child to opt for an early sexual debut and early marriage. On the age at first sexual debut, results showed that the minimum age to engage in sexual intercourse by the respondents was 12 years while the maximum age was 22 years for both genders. The study further unearthed the reality that girls’ initiation ceremonies exposed most girls to risk behaviours. After graduating from initiation ceremonies girls wanted to experiment whether they were really sexually able to handle any man since that is what they were taught in their initiation ceremonies a situation which led to early sexual debut among young girls and subsequently to early or teenage pregnancies and early marriages. The study recommends that the Zambian government through the responsible Ministry should regulate initiation ceremonies that pass on bad cultural practices to the adolescents and girls in particular. While appreciating the role initiation ceremonies play in preparing the adolescents for adult responsibilities, there is need to restructure the curriculum for initiation ceremonies to include sexual reproductive health rights and responsibilities.
Prevalence of HIV and Hepatitis B Infections among Children in Bayelsa State, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-08) Udujih, HI; Opuama, M; Ndubueze, CW.
The prevalence of HBV infection amongst HIV-positive and HIV-negative children was assessed. A total of 322 study samples were collected from discarded residual blood spot samples following routine diagnosis of HIV in children. Statistical differences in the prevalence of HBV between the HIV-positive and HIV-negative samples were calculated using the Pearson chi-square test, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The number of HBV-positive children was 33, giving a prevalence of 10.25%, while the number of HBV-negative children was 289, giving a prevalence of 89.75%. The prevalence of HIV serotype-I was significantly higher in the HBV-positive children (15.96%) than the HBV-negative children (84.04%). The prevalence of HIV serotype II was also significantly higher in the HBV-positive children (8.96%) than the HBV-negative children (91.04%). The prevalence of HIV and HBV co-infection was higher in the female (7.78%) than the male (5.16%). The highest prevalence of HIV and HBV c-infection with respect to age was seen in children within the age range of 1 – 2 years (8.57%), while the lowest prevalence was seen in children between the age range of 3 – 4 years (0%). The finding of a 10.25 % HBV prevalence in this children cohort is clinically significant. The non-statistically significant difference in HBV prevalence between HIV-positive and HIV-negative children suggests that the high prevalence of HBV infection in children may be independent of HIV infection. Therefore, the transmissions of HBV and HIV in children are not closely linked.
Health Education Impact on Stigma and Discrimination against People Living with Humman Immunodeficient Virus Infection among Adolescents in South Western Nigeria- A Community Based Experimental Study
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-11) Amoran, O. E.; Oke, O. O.; Sodehinde, K. O.; Mautin, G. B.; Salami, F. O.; Salako, A. A.
Introduction: Young people in Nigeria constitute an important group due to their vulnerability and sexual inexperience and there are still relatively high levels of misconceptions and stigma. This study was therefore carried out to investigate effect of health education on stigma and discrimination of PLWHAs among adolescents in Ogun State, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a quasi-experimental community-based study. The study was carried out in three (3) phases. A multistage random sampling technique was used in choosing the required samples for this study. Two Local Governments which was selected in the State formed the experimental and control groups. A semi-structured pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data analysis was done using SPSS statistical software version 19. Results: A total of 215 participants were recruited into the study,31.2% were males, 52.6% were adolescents aged 10-14 years and 47.4% were aged 15-19 years, while 67.3% were Christians, both the control and experimental groups were similar[p=0.128]. Stigma scores at baseline were also correlated with knowledge scores. There was a weak negative but significant correlation between knowledge and stigma (r = -0.27, p<0.001). There was a significant reduction in stigma scores for both the intervention (t = 4.92, p <0.001) and control groups at 4 months post intervention (t = 4.33, p < 0.001). There was only a significant difference for family type, where the mean stigma scores were higher among respondents from polygamous homes and those with widowed parents compared to those from monogamous homes (F = 3.22, p = 0.008). Conclusion: The study shows that adolescents from dysfunctional families such as polygamous homes and widowed parents had a significantly higher score. Establishment of Youth Friendly Clinics that would focus more on adolescents from dysfunctional homes is needed among adolescents in Nigeria and other low income population.
Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection among Women of Reproductive Age in Anambra State, South Eastern, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-06) Ozougwu, JC; Imakwu, CA; Nwachukwu, I; Okeke, OA.
Aim: This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among women of reproductive age in some selected hospitals in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Methods: This study, conducted from October to December 2021, involved 200 women aged 20 years and above as participants. Prior to specimen collection, informed consent was obtained from each woman by qualified medical personnel. High vaginal swab sticks, labeled and sterile, were used to meticulously and aseptically collect specimens from the high vaginal area. A few drops of normal saline were added to each swab stick, and within 30 minutes of collection, a wet mount examination was performed to ensure optimal results. For the wet preparation of vaginal discharge, a drop from the sample was applied to a clean glass slide with a cover slip, avoiding the trapping of air bubbles. The wet smear was then examined under a microscope using a low-power objective (x10) followed by a high-power objective (x40) to detect motile T. vaginalis. The vaginal secretion was characterized by the presence of epithelial cells, white blood cells, and red blood cells. The T. vaginalis trophozoite was identified based on its oval shape, flagellation, and distinct jerky movement. Results: The study area had an overall prevalence rate of 11.0% for T. vaginalis infection. Among the selected hospitals, COOUTH had the highest prevalence at 13.24%, while Rock Foundation Hospital had the lowest at 6.67%. Prevalence varied across age groups, with the highest rate of 16.42% found in the 30-39 years age group, and the lowest rate of 5.0% in the 20-29 years age group. Divorced women had the highest prevalence at 60.0%, while singles had the lowest at 4.7% among the marital groups. Among different occupations, traders had the highest prevalence at 12.24%, whereas students and civil servants had the lowest rates at 4.0% and 7.72%, respectively. T. vaginalis infection was only observed in non-pregnant women, with a prevalence rate of 13.3%. Conclusion: T. vaginalis infection is prevalent among sexually active women of reproductive age in the study area. The findings highlight the importance of practicing good personal hygiene and being faithful to a single sexual partner. It is recommended to raise public awareness regarding the prevention and control of T. vaginalis in order to reduce its prevalence among women in the study area.
Predictors of Poor Adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment among HIV Positive Patients at Tamale West Hospital, Ghana
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-08) Asirifi, SKA; Mortoti-Amuzu, JA; Yakubu, S.
Background: Adherence to Antiretroviral therapy is necessary to reduce the viral load of people diagnosed with HIV and help boost the persons’ immunity against opportunistic infections due to the virus. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of adherence to ART and its associated factors among HIV clients at the Tamale west hospital. Methods: The current study employed a descriptive study design, and sampled a total of 104 clients receiving ART in the Tamale West Hospital in the Northern Region of Ghana. Results: The results showed that weekly adherence was 94.2%, monthly adherence (76%), quarterly adherence (71%), half yearly adherence (51.9%) and only 33.7% have religiously adhered to ART medication from the initiation of their treatment. The treatment profile of the clients revealed that the majority of them (44.7%) had been receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for a duration of 5 years. Additionally, 25.2% had been on ART for 1 year, while 22.3% had been on the treatment for a period ranging from 6 to 10 years. Educational level [(CI: -0.101, 0.001), p<0.052], forgetfulness [(CI: 0.186, 0.581), p<0.001], side effects [(CI: 0.072, 0.400), p<0.005], education on medication [(CI: 0.015, 0.540), p<0.038], confidentiality of services [(CI: 0.012, 0.543), p<0.041], and cost of transportation to treatment centre [(CI: 0.006, 0.167), p<0.035] were significantly associated with treatment adherence to ART among the clients. Conclusions: The adherence rate as determined in the current study did not meet the expected target set by the Ghana National AIDS control programme. A continuous friendly ART services and an intervention to cater for the transport cost of clients would have helped improve adherence among the study clients.
Evaluation of Socio Demographic Characteristics of Male Dhat Syndrome Patients with Their Sexual Quality of Life: A Hospital Based Study
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-07) Deshmukh, R; Rastogi, MK; Gahalaut, P; Pardal, PK; Singh, A.
Background: Dhat syndrome is a culture-bound syndrome characterized by various debilitating symptoms like loss of desire, low self-esteem, loss of interest in any activity, feelings of guilt, and lack of pleasure. Aims: To evaluate Sociodemographic profile of in patients of dhat syndrome. To evaluate pattern of Sexual Quality of life in patients presenting with signs and symptoms of Dhat syndrome. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Department of Dermatology and Department of Psychiatry, Shri Ram Murti Smarak, Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhojipura, Bareilly. It was a time-based study and we enrolled 153 individuals in our study over a period of 1 year (March 2021 – February 2022). Methodology: The study was conducted in the Department of Dermatology and Department of Psychiatry, Shri Ram Murti Smarak, Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhojipura, Bareilly. SQOL-M questionnaire was used and findings were evaluated. Results: This study yielded data for 153 patients with Dhat syndrome. Most of the patients belonged to younger age groups, belonging to rural backgrounds with lower socioeconomic classes. The mean SQOL-M score was 34.72 ± 5.38. There was significant variation amongage, marital status but no significant variation among education. Among patients between age group 16 - 35 years, 94.59% were anxious and 98.20% were worried, while 90.48% of the patients between 36 – 65 years felt like they have lost something. Conclusion: Dhat syndrome has been prevalent in the world for a long time, especially in the Indian subcontinent. This study is an effort in evaluating the effect of Dhat syndrome on patients’ life. The sexual quality of life of most of the patients fell under good class.
Assessment and Therapeutic Probability Related to Sexually Transmitted Infections: An Overview
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-06) Srivastav, Y; Singh, J; Yadav, S.
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are the primary cause of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Sexual contact is the primary means of transmission. The causes of STIs can be viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and other body fluids can all be carriers of a sexually transmitted infection. STIs Have a long history that began in Ancient Civilizations. WHO projected that 374 million new cases of one of the four STIs gonorrhoea (82 million), syphilis (7.1 million), trichomoniasis (156 million), and chlamydia (129 million) will be reported in 2020. In India, STIs and Reproductive Tract Infections RTIs pose a significant threat to public health. In India, approximately 6% of adults have experienced at least one STI or Reproductive Tract Infection RTI, translating to roughly 30–35 million occurrences annually. A sexually transmitted infection (STI) may manifest as an unusual discharge from the penis, anus, or vagina. discomfort while urination. a rash, bumps, or skin growth around your bottom or genitalia (anus). strange bleeding in the vagina. Anus or genitalia itch. boils, rashes, or warts near your anus or genitalia. Many STIs caused by bacteria or parasites, including gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis, can be cured with antibiotics, frequently in a single dose. In this work, we evaluate the status, potential treatments, and aetiology of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
HIV Risk Perception and Assessment among Youths in Rivers State, Nigeria: A Comparative Cross-sectional Study
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-03) Adeniji, FO; Ogubuike, C.
Introduction: HIV/AIDS remains a major global public health issue with increasing cases among young people. Several risky sexual behaviours put these youths at higher risk of HIV infection affecting their health and general well-being. Perception of health risk is a key dimension of most health behaviour models. This study assessed the risk factors of HIV infection, HIV risk perception and assessment among youths in Rivers State, Nigeria. Methods: This was a comparative descriptive cross-sectional study investigating HIV risk perception among youths in a rural and an urban local government in Rivers State. A multistage sampling technique was used in the selection of the youths from two LGAs. A structured, pre-tested, questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondent. Data was subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics set at P < 0.05 using SPSS version 21 and EPI INFO version 7.0. Results: Respondents mean age was 19.04 + 3.34 and 18.50+ 2.86 years rural and urban community respectively. There were more female respondents 52.2% in the rural area and more male respondent 59.2% in the urban area. More youths in the rural than the urban (56.2% vs. 39.5%; p=0.018) were sexually active. The proportion that did not use condoms consistently in the last 12 months preceding the survey was more in the rural than the in urban area (72.6% vs. 46.6%; p<0.001). A larger proportion of youths in the urban areas than the rural areas (79.7% vs.61.5%) perceived themselves to have little or no risk. However, more of rural youths than urban youths (51.4% vs.36.6%) were assessed to be high risk. The sensitivity of perceived risk in the rural was higher than in the urban (37.4% vs.30.6%) while the specificity of perceived risk in the rural was lower than in the urban (63.3% vs.88.0%) population. Conclusion: We found differences in the sexual risk factors to HIV among youths. Youths in rural area are more likely than their urban counterpart to underestimate their personal risk of contracting HIV. Training intervention to improve HIV/AIDS knowledge, risk perception and reduction in risky sexual behavior among the youths is crucial.
Knowledge, Attitude and Usage of Female Oral Contraceptive Pills among Female Hawkers in the Central Business District, Kumasi, Ghana
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-05) Arthur-Norman, P; Otu, DAB; Owusu, FWA; Aboagye, AA; Aboagye, RA.
Background: The use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) can prevent pregnancy and improve menstrual health. Their effectiveness, ease of use, and reversibility make them a preferred choice. Accessible birth control options for all individuals, regardless of age or finances, is crucial. Understanding cultural attitudes and usage patterns of contraceptives is vital for effective reproductive health care, including emergency contraception options. Aims: This study evaluated the awareness, perceptions, and usage of oral contraceptives among women (female hawkers) in the central business district of the Kumasi Metropolis. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Central Business District (CBD) of Kumasi Metropolis encompassing the following areas: Adum Shopping Centre, Kejetia lorry station and Central market between the periods of 15th December 2023 and 12th April 2024. Methodology: This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design to evaluate knowledge, attitude and the use of the common female oral contraceptive pills among female street hawkers in Kumasi’s CBD. A semi-structured face-to-face interview technique was utilized. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and Microsoft Excel software (2016). Results: The study surveyed 114 participants, with 91.67% below 40 years of age. Most were single (66%), and 30% were married. Over half (54.7%) had used oral contraceptives, while 41.3% had not. Among users, 79% followed the instructions for use as directed by a healthcare professional, but 21% did not. A third (33.3%) reported contraceptive failure, whereas two-thirds (66.7%) did not. A majority (85.2%) believed in a link between contraceptive use and infertility. Usage time of OCP varied as 28.8% used before, 5% during, and 65% after intercourse. Conclusion: Majority of the respondents were found not to choose oral contraception as their means of contraception and those who chose it had limited knowledge about its usage and thus influenced compliance and adherence greatly.
Uptake, Adherence and Retention of Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis among Female Sex Workers in the Greater Gaborone City, Botswana
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-01) Tiro, MB; Mashalla, YJ; Tapera, R; Seloilwe, E; Dikobe, W.
Introduction: Female sex workers are estimated to be 30 times more likely to be living with Human Immuno-deficiency Virus than other women of reproductive age and face an increased burden of sexually transmitted infections. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis was introduced in Botswana in 2018 as an addition to combination-prevention strategies. Since then, no study was carried out to assess the efficiency of PrEP as an intervention. This study aimed to assess the uptake, adherence and retention of daily oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis among female sex workers in the Greater Gaborone City, Botswana. Methods: Retrospective, quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out Between August 2018 and May 2020. Purposive sampling was used to select the study site and exhaustive sampling was used to select recorded participant’s data. Descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 26), frequency and proportions were used to organise and analyse the data. Multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the association between variables and p =.05 was considered significant. Results: 207 Female sex workers participated in the study. Adherence to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis was high (72.9%) but retention was low (16.9%). Unemployed female sex workers adhered more to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and age group 18-29 was less likely to be retained in the programme. Perception of no longer at substantial risk to Human Immuno-deficiency Virus infection, loss of interest to continue with Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, drug side effects and busy life schedules were major reasons for non-retention. Conclusions: Lack of motivation challenged effective Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis retention. Widespread messaging to communities and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis scale-up are necessary to generate demand and support for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis uptake among Female sex workers.
Comparison of Sensitivity and Specificity of Direct Microscopy and Culture Methods as Diagnostic Tool for for Diagnosing Trichomoniasis among Females of Reproductive Age, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-12) Onosakponome, E. O.; Nyenke, C. U.; Ikpeama, R. A.; Nathaniel, C. D.; Lawson, S. D.
Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted parasitic disease caused by Trichomonas vaginalis and is distributed worldwide. This study was a comparison of direct microscopy and culture methods in diagnosis of trichomoniasis in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study was adopted involving the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis using culture and direct microscopy techniques among females attending Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH), Port Harcourt after ethical approval was sought and obtained. Samples were analyzed using direct wet preparation and culture technique. Sociodemographic data were obtained using well-structured questionnaires. A total of 650 specimens were examined, 450 were urine samples and 200 were high vaginal swab (HVS) samples which were examined directly under the microscope and cultured in Trichomonas medium (Oxoid CM0161) at 37ºc for 7 days. Out of 450 urine specimens examined, 4 were positive using direct microscopy with a prevalence of 0.9% (P>0.05), while 22 were positive using culture technique with a prevalence of 4.9% (P<0.05). 5 out of 200 HVS were positive using direct microscopy with a prevalence of 2.5% (P>0.05), while 18 were positive using culture technique with a prevalence of 9% (P<0.05). Direct microscopy and culture techniques recorded a moderate agreement (?=0.412) and was statistically significant (P<0.05). Culture of HVS recorded the highest sensitivity of 94.44% with specificity of 99.45%, while direct microscopy of HVS recorded a sensitivity of 80% with specificity of 99.49%. Culture of urine recorded a sensitivity of 90.91% with specificity of 99.53%, while direct microscopy of urine recorded a sensitivity of 75% with specificity of 99.78%. Conclusion: It is recommended that culture should be incorporated as an additional method for routine testing of Trichomonas vaginalis in our health care centres for improved monitoring and control of the disease.
Haematological Perturbations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Positive Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in Edo State, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-01) Chikezie, K; Uche, CL; Ekeleme, NC; Okite, UP; Abali, IO; Jibiro, P; Airaodion, AI.
Aim: This study sought to investigate the haematological perturbations in HIV-positive patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Edo State, Nigeria. Methodology: This cross-sectional case-controlled study was conducted at the HIV clinic of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. The research enrolled 150 HIV-positive patients and an equal number of sex and age-matched HIV-negative control subjects. Inclusion criteria encompassed individuals aged 18 years and older, confirmed HIV-positive, and receiving ART for at least six months. Exclusion criteria excluded those with sickle cell disorder, recent transfusions, or ongoing sepsis/malaria. Data collection involved self-administered questionnaires, HIV diagnosis via WHO-approved Nigerian National testing algorithms, and comprehensive haematological assessments. The obtained data were analysed using SPSS software, employing descriptive statistics and t-tests with a significance level of 0.05. Results: Results revealed significant differences in demographic variables, duration of HIV infection, smoking history, and alcohol consumption between HIV-positive patients and control subjects. Furthermore, CD4+ T lymphocyte counts showed substantial variations, indicating immunological differences. Haematological parameters such as haemoglobin levels, packed cell volume, white blood cell, platelet counts, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate exhibited statistically significant differences between the two groups. Additionally, a sub-analysis of HIV-positive patients based on CD4+ T lymphocyte counts highlighted specific haematological changes associated with varying immunological statuses. Conclusion: The findings underscore the impact of HIV and ART on haematological parameters, emphasizing the need for comprehensive monitoring and management strategies. This research contributes valuable insights into the context of HIV management in Nigeria, aiding healthcare professionals in optimizing patient care.
Sero-prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus among Students Undergoing Medical Examination in a Tertiary Institution
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-05) Huldah, HA; Renner, BB.
Aims: To assess the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus among students undergoing medical checkup in a tertiary institution. Study Design: The investigation utilised a cross-sectional study design technique. Methodology: In this present study, 2114 participants were included in the age range 15-49 years. Serological method was used to detect the presence of HIV using a rapid diagnostic technique using determine. Tile method was used to determine the ABO and Rhesus D antigens in the individuals. Results: Out of the 2114 participants sampled, the population studied according to various departments within the university were ME 95 (5%), EM 181 (9%), LIB 101 (5%), SPE 63 (3%), ENG 296 (14%), BIO 423 (20%), CHE 150 (7%), COM 305 (14%), MGT 236 (11%) and ACC 236 (12%). The prevalence of HIV among tertiary institution students is 1%. Conclusion: This research gives an insight into the prevalence of HIV among students in tertiary institution for strategic intervention.
Navigating Complexities in HIV Care: Challenges, Solutions, and Strategies
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2023-12) Singh, H; Chauhan, CK; Choudhary, K; Meena, G; Phadke, P; Lachyan, A; Khunger, N.
HIV/AIDS remains a persistent global public health challenge, notwithstanding substantial advancements in prevention and treatment. The UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets, aiming for 95% of all individuals with HIV to be aware of their status, 95% of those diagnosed receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 95% of those on ART achieving viral suppression, necessitate overcoming diverse challenges and barriers. This viewpoint examines the multifaceted obstacles impeding HIV care engagement and the care cascade, encompassing issues related to testing, linkage to care, retention in care, and viral suppression. Additionally, potential solutions and strategies are proposed to address these challenges and advance towards the Sustainable Development Goal of ending the HIV epidemic by 2030. In conclusion, this viewpoint underscores the intricate challenges inherent in achieving the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets and progressing towards ending the HIV epidemic by 2030. The exploration of testing, linkage to care, retention in care, and viral suppression reveals a complex web of obstacles that require attention. The suggested solutions and strategies presented in the manuscript highlight a forward-looking approach, providing a roadmap to surmount these challenges. Despite the formidable nature of the task, a concerted effort is essential to realize the goals outlined in the Sustainable Development Agenda. By addressing these challenges head-on, the global community can move closer to ensuring that individuals living with HIV receive optimal care and contribute to the ultimate objective of ending the HIV epidemic.
Liquid-based Cytology Profile of Street Sex Workers in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-01) Chiedu, NL; Ogie, IT; Ifeoma, OS; Azubuike, OV; Eno, ES; Rosemary, SO; Funsho, DO; Chidimma, IC.
Aim: To investigate street sex workers in Benin City Edo state Nigeria using liquid-based cytology method. Study Design: Analytical cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Histopathology Sub-Department, University of Benin, Benin City and the Histopathology Laboratory, University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH)., between December 2016 and May 2017. Methodology: This study was conducted in the local government areas that make up the Benin metropolitan City in Edo State. A simple random sampling method was used to recruit the 113 participants, after which the questionnaire was used as the data gathering tool. The liquid-based cytology method was used for sampling following the cervix examination by a gynecological nurse. Data were analyzed using Frequency tables, and factor analysis using Minitab version 17.0 and the statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: From a total of 113 participants within the street sex workers ring in Benin City, acute cervicitis was predominant 7/113(6.2%) closely followed by the chronic 4/113(3.5%). The prevalence of SSWs living with cervicitis in Benin City 11/113(9.7%) revealed that Teenage SSWs were 5/113 (4.4%) and Migrant SSWs 11/113 (9.7%) and were affected by age and duration of sexual practices (p= 0.583; p= 0.204). The prevalence of HPV sera-positivity revealed that 3/113(2.7%) is infected and is largely distributed amongst the age group 21-30years. A hundred percent (100%) of the SSWs agreed to having heard about condoms and have been using it; while regular condom usage was revealed in the HPV sera-negative group amounting to 101/110 (92%) and 2/3(66.7%) amongst the HPV sera-positive group. Conclusion: In conclusion, cervicitis is the only cervical lesion observed in the street sex workers with HPV infection predominantly affecting the age group (21-30years). Also, teenage prostitution is on the increase and HPV infection amongst the street sex workers in Benin City, Nigeria.
Prevalence of Multi Drug Resistance Escherichia coli Bacteriuria among Antenatal Women in a Tertiary Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria
(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-01) Okoani, BA; Ogbuabor?, AO; Anoh, VN.
Background: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common health problem among women. Pregnant women are at increased risk due to the physiological changes associated with pregnancy. The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of E. coli UTI and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern among pregnant women at the antenatal clinic of the Enugu State University of Science and Technology Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out on a total of 200 pregnant women with and without symptoms of UTI. Mid-stream urine samples were collected and inoculated into Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) and MacConkay. Colony counts > 102 cfu/ml of urine were regarded as significant bacteriuria. Pure isolates of bacterial pathogen were characterized by colony morphology, gram-stain and standard biochemical procedures. The method of agar disc diffusion susceptibility testing was used to determine the antibiotic resistance and sensitivity of the isolates. Results: The overall prevalence of UTI was 15.4% while 48.5% were symptomatic cases and 5.0% asymptomatic cases. E,Coli was the most frequently isolated organism with a prevalence of 53.4% (111 samples) while other pathogens accounted for 46.6% (89 samples). E. coli showed the highest resistance to the antibiotic Ampicillin 100%, 78% to Tetracycline and 70% to Rocephine but a low resistance of 16.7% against Nitrofurantoin and Ceftriazone respectively. Conclusion: UTI due to E. coli in pregnant women in Enugu is relatively high and shows high resistance to routine antibiotics. It is therefore, strongly recommended to undertake a routine culture as part of the antenatal care for pregnant women.

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