Hindustan Antibiotics Bulletin

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Characterisation of a new bioactive actinomycete AUB N5/8 from marine sediments.
(2003-02-12) Ellaiah, P; Adinarayana, G; Kumar, J Prem; Saisha, V; Vasu, P
Actinomycetes were isolated from marine sediments off Machilipatnam coast of Andhra Paradesh by plating on Starch-Casein Agar medium. From which one isolate AUB N5/8 was selected for detailed morphological, cultural, physiological and biochemical studies. The genera encountered were, Streptomycetes. Studies were compared with known strain S. baarinenisis (ISP 5232). It showed enough significant difference to create the status of a separate species for our isolate AUB N5/8. Hence it was designated as Streptomyces kavutarensis Sp.nov.
Investigation on the gastroprotective and antidiarrhoeal properties of Aegle marmelos unripe fruit extract.
(2003-02-12) Dhuley, J N
The Study was designed to verify the gastroprotective and antidiarrhoeal effects of unripe fruit extract of Aegle marmelos Corr. The gastroprotective function of this extract was evaluated in rats against gastric mucosal damage induced by hypothermic restraint stress, absolute ethanol, and indomethacin, whereas the antidiarrhoeal activity was investigated by studying the influence on gastrointestinal transit as measured by a charcoal marker and on castor oil-induced accumulation of intestinal fluid in mice and also on contractile responses evoked by acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, and barium chloride in isolated guinea-pig ileum, the results demonstrated that pretreatment of animals with unripe fruit extract (50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) produces a significant inhibition of gastric lesion induced by ethanol but not those induced by restraint stress or indomethacin and suggest a probable involvement of a prostaglandin-independent mechanism of gastroprotection. At similar doses, both the intestinal transit as well as the accumulation of intestinal fluids induced by castor oil in mice were significantly inhibited by raw fruit extract. Furthermore, the extract antagonized the contractile responses evoked by different agonists on guinea-pig ileum in vitro and its inhibitory potential for the drugs are in the order of acetylcholine > histamine > serotonin > barium chloride. Taken together, these results point out a possible antidiarrhoeal effect of unripe fruit extract of A. marmelos Corr., since inhibition of intestinal motility and secretion can control clinical diarrhoea.
Antifungal activity of Boerhavia diffusa against some dermatophytic species of Microsporum.
(2003-02-12) Agrawal, Anurag; Srivastava, Shalini; Srivastava, M M
Various extracts petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethyl alcohol) of aerial and root parts of Boerhavia diffusa was sereened for Antitungal activity (Inhibition in sporulation) against dermatophytic fungi Microsporum gypseum, M. fulvum and M. canis by using broth dilution method. Extracts of aerial part not show any noticeable antifungal activity. Ethyl acetate extract of root part of the plant was found to be most effective of against target fungal species. The maximum inhibition of mycelial growth was observed for M. gypseum (78.83%) followed by M. fulvum (62.33%) and M. canis (42.30%) of ethyl acetate in the test concentration of 1000 microg/ml 24 hours of incubation. The sporulation of target fungal species decreases with increasing supplementation of phytoextract, confirms the presence of some antifungal phytochemical moiety in roots of the plant.
Antifungal activity of some actinomycetes isolated from various habitats.
(2003-02-12) Jain, P K; Jain, P C
A total of 287 actinomycetes were isolated from 79 samples collected from five different habitats i.e., cultivated field soil (CFS), garden soil (GS), compost (CM), decaying organic matter (DOM) and stored agricultural products (SAP) of different localities of Sagar, Madhya Pradesh (23 degrees 50 degrees N latitude and 78 degrees 40 degrees E longitude). These were screened for antagonistic activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Microsporum gypseun and Trichophyton sp. using 'Cross streak method'. Out of these, a total of 166 isolates were found antagonistic to Candida albicans, while 164, 134 and 132 actinomycetes showed antagonistic properties against A. niger, M. gypseum and Trichophyton sp., repectively. A total of 17 isolates showed very strong anticandidal activity causing total inhibition in the growth of C. albicans and hence, distribution of isolated test actinomycetes in different habitats and the cultural and antagonistic properties of selected 17 promising strains are reported here.
Screening of actinomycetes isolated from soil samples of Ajmer, Rajasthan for antimicrobial activity.
(2003-02-12) Parvateesam, M; Bulchandani, Bhagwan Das
Several strains of actinomycetes were isolated from soil samples collected from various localities ofAjmer district. These isolates were tested for their antagonistic proerties against few test organisms viz. Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger. Some of these actinomycete strains exhibited antimicrobial activity against bacteria, no antifungal activity was observed. Six such isolates were selected for detailed morphological, cultural, physiological and biochemical studies for identification. Five of these were identified as members beloging to the genus Streptomyces and the remaining one belonging to the genus Actinoplanes.
Production of industrially important enzymes by some actinomycetes producing antifungal compounds.
(2003-02-12) Jain, Praveen Kumar; Jain, Richa; Jain, P C
Seventeen strains of actinomycetes antagonistic to yeast and moulds have been tested for their ability to produce amylase, lipase, gelatinase and caseinase using solid media containing starch, Tween-20, gelatin and skimmed milk, respectively, Enzyme producing potential of test strains is expressed in ternis of relative enzyme activity (REA). Actinomycetes strain Streptomyces somaliensis GS 1242 and Streptomyces sampsonii GS 1322 showed higher amylase production (REA 6.5) while maximum lipase activity was noted in Streptomyces strain SAP 1089 (REA 7.0). Gelatinase activity was noted higher is S. sampsonii GS 1322 (REA 9.6) and S. somaliensis GS 1242 (REA 8.8). Enzyme producing potential of these strains has been discussed in terms of their industrial significance.
Healing-promoting action of rhinax with dual action on chronic gastric and duodenal ulcers induced by acetic acid in rats.
(2003-02-12) Dhuley, J N
Healing promoting actions of Rhinax, a multiconstituent herbal preparation, was investigated in chronic gastric and duodenal ulcer models induced by acetic acid in rats and the effects were compared with those of famotidine by gross of histological evaluation. Rhinax markedly promoted the well balanced healing of gastric ulcer at oral does of 25-100 mg/kg x 2 /day, as evidenced by the reduction of ulcer, regeneration of mucosa and proliferation of connecitve tissue. Rhinax caused an increase in gastric mucosa secretion in all the regenerated mucosa around the gastric ulcers. Famotidine failed to promote the healing of gastric ulcers at 100 mg/kg x 2/ day p.o. Rhinax also significantly accelerated the healing of acetic acid -induced duodenal ulcers as well famotidine. These results indicate that Rhinax is characterised by a potent promoting action on the healing of chronic ulcers, suggesting that the increase in gastric mucus secretion might be associated with the antiulcer action of Rhinax in rats.
Strain improvement studies on production of cephalosporin C from Acremonium chrysogenum ATCC 48272.
(2003-02-12) Ellaiah, P; Kumar, J Prem; Saisha, V; Sumitra, J J; Vaishali, P
Strain development for antibiotic production has been an essential prerequistie for efficient production process. Studies were carried out to produce high antibiotic yield strain by using UV and N-methyl-N1-nitro-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) as mutagens. A superior mutant (PNTG-22) with a productivity of 2.4 time (810-1995 microg/ml higher than, the parent strain was produced.
Survey of antimicrobial streptomycetes from soils of West Bengal: characterization and identification of potent broad spectrum antibiotic producing Streptomyces albidoflavus 321.2.
(2002-02-06) Roy, R N; Sen, S K
Survey of 611 streptomycetes isolates from 330 soil samples from various parts of West Bengal were done for their antimicrobial activity against Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria, unicellular and filamentous fungi. The strain 321.2 showed inhibition against all the test organisms used and found as potent. The morphological, cultural, physiological and biochemical characters were studied, compared with known species and identified as Streptomyces albidoflavus. This strain produces an antibiotic.
Production of indole acetic acid and free amino acids by three thermophilic fungi.
(2002-02-06) Sujatha, E; Girisham, S; Reddy, S M
Sensitivity of ornithophillic fungi to some drugs.
(2002-02-06) Patel, Avni; Agrawal, S C
The occurrence of ornithophillic fungi and related dermatophytes was evaluated from the poultry farm soil samples. Two test species of Microsporum were tested by 'Spore germination' and 'Disc diffusion method' against the two well known antifungal antibiotics i.e. griseofulvin and mycostatin (polyene antibiotic). The data showed cent percent inhibition of fungal spore germination and increased zone of inhibition at higher doses. The antimicrobial drugs including acetyl salicylic acid, benzoic acid and boric acid were also assessed at different doses against the test organisms. Acetyl salicylic acid and boric acid were found to be toxic at higher doses, while these pathogens seems to be somewhat resistant for benzoic acid. It is suggested that the effective doses of these drugs should also be tried for allergic effects on birds and other animals before commercial use.
Invitro drug sensitivity of Trichophyton species against griseofulvin and ketoconazole.
(2002-02-06) Dodia, Sumita; Bajpai, Ritu; Singh, B Geetha
The in vitro activity of griseofulvin and ketoconazole was investigated against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Robin) Blanchard and T. Simii (Pinoy) Stockdale, Mackenzie and Austwick. A gradual decrease in growth was observed with increase in concentration of both antibiotics. Ketoconazole was the more effective antibiotic than griseofulvin as it observed to inhibit > 50% mycelial weight even at a lower concentration of 100 ppm. While griseofulvin was effective to cause > 50% growth inhibition only at higher dosage of 400 ppm.
Bioactive actinomycetes from Krishna River sediments of Andhra Pradesh.
(2002-02-06) Ellaiah, P; Raju, K V V S N Bapi; Adinarayana, K; Adinarayana, G; Saisha, V; Madhavi, S; Premkumar, J
Sediment samples from Krishna River at Nagayalanka of Andhra Pradesh, India were investigated as a source of actinomycetes to screen for the production of novel bioactive compounds. During our investigation on fresh water actinomycetes from 5 different river sediment samples, a total of 80 actinomycetes were isolated. Out of these 80 isolates, 30 isolates which showed distinct macromorphological characteristics were selected. The antimicrobial and enzymatic activities were studied for all the 30 isolates. The preliminary study for antimicrobial activity by cross streak method indicated that 16 isolates (53.3%) have excellent antagonistic properties. All these 16 isolates were subjected to detailed submerged fermentation studies. It was observed that 12 isolates (40.0%) exhibited antibacterial activity, 9 isolates (30.0%) showed antifungal activity while 5 isolates (16.6%) showed both antibacterial and antifungal activities. All the 30 isolates were also subjected for the determination of enzymatic activities 25 isolates (83.3%) exhibited amylolytic activity while 27 isolates (90.0%) showed proteolytic activity. Among these isolates, six promising isolates were selected for detailed morphological, cultural, physiological and biochemical studies. It was established that these isolates belong to the Streptomyces genus by virtue of their cell wall composition pattern and were identified as strains of different Streptomyces species like S. rochei, S. alanosinicus, S. erumpens, S. griseoplanus, S. gancidicus and S. nigrogriseolus.
Hepatoprotective effect of rhinax on antitubercular drug-induced hepato-toxicity in rats.
(2002-02-06) Dhuley, Jayant N
Rhinax, a polyherbal formulation, exhibited hepatoprotective function when tested against antitubercular drug-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Suppression of GSH and antioxidant enzymes "superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), gultathionle peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were noticed in the liver of antitubercular chemotherapeutic agents (namely isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide) treated animals accompanied with an increase in cytochrome P-450 contents and increased production of lipid peroxidation. Rhinax afforded hepatoprotection by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and, as a result, the animals showed improved antioxidant status.
Production and optimization studies of cephalosporin C by solid state fermentation.
(2002-02-06) Ellaiah, P; Premkumar, J; Kanthachari, P V L; Adinarayana, K
Production of cephalosporin C employing a strain, Cephalosporium sp. NCIM 1039 under solid state fermentation was optimized. Different substrates like wheat bran, wheat grains, rice grains, barley and rice bran were studied to optimize the best substrate. Wheat bran showed the highest antibiotic yield. The physical and chemical parameters were optimized. The maximum productivity of cephalosporin C (750 U/g) was achieved by employing wheat bran and with optimized nutritional and process parameters such as potato starch as additive 1% w/w, urea as additive 1% w/w, incubation period of 7 days, incubation temperature at 30 degrees C, inoculum level 10% w/v, moisture content of solid substrate 80% and pH 7.0.
In vitro evaluation of sulfadrugs against fungi causing otomycosis.
(2002-02-06) Jain, Sudhir K; Agrawal, S C; Jain, P C
The efficacy of four sulfadrugs i.e., sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfaguanidine and sulfamoxole were taken in different doses (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm) to test their effectiveness against five pathogenic organisms for the control of mycelial growth and sporulation. Amongst the drugs tested sulfamethoxazole seems to be most effective against most of the test fungi showing 96.78, 90.53, 86.62, 54.16 and 43.91 percent inhibition in mycelial growth of P. nigricans, A. flavus, A. corymbifera, A. niger and C. albicans, respectively at its 2500 ppm dose in the basal medium. Gradual reduction in sporulation in all the test organisms almost in all the sulfadrugs have caused inhibition in sporulation, in comparison to their respective controls. Maximum inhibitory effect of sulfadiazine was recorded in A. niger showing 77.26 percent inhibition in the mycelial growth at a dose of 2500 ppm. Sulfaguanidine at its higher dose i.e., 2500 ppm proved to be most toxic against A. corymbifera causing 56.39 percent inhibition in the mycelial growth, while the same dose could not be found much effective against other test fungi. Sulfamoxole was found to be quite effective against most of the test fungi causing 47.16 to 85.86 percent inhibition in the mycelial growth. A gradual inhibition in the vegetative growth and sporulation or budding in all the test fungi was noted by increasing the concentrations of the test sulfadrugs.
Production of asparginase by four anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria.
(2002-02-06) Munjam, Srinivas; Vasavi, D; Girisham, S; Reddy, S M
Bioactive rare actinomycetes from indigenous natural substrates of Andhra Pradesh.
(2002-02-06) Ellaiah, P; Raju, K V V S N Bapi; Adinarayana, K; Adinarayana, G; Prabhakar, T; Premkumar, J
This investigation reports the occurrence of bioactive rare actinomycetes from different indigenous natural substrates of Andhra Pradesh. During the course of our investigation on 20 terrestrial soil samples, 5 marine samples and 3 fresh water samples, a total of 92 rare actinomycetes belonging to Micromonospora, Nocardia, Actinomadura and Thermoactinomyces genera were isolated. The antimicrobial and enzymatic activities were studied for all the isolates. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were studied preliminarily by cross-streak method followed by submerged fermentation studies employing standard cup-plate method for the assay. It was found that 34 isolates (36.95%) showed excellent antibacterial activity and 29 isolates (31.52%) showed good antifungal activity. Proteolytic and amylolytic activities were also studied. It was observed that 79 isolates (85.86%) showed proteolytic activity and 75 isolates (81.52%) showed amylolytic activity.
In vitro evaluation on inhibitory nature of some Neem formulations against plant pathogenic fungi.
(1999-02-25) Bhonde, S B; Deshpande, S G; Sharma, R N
Different Neem formulations derived from the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) have been found to be potential fungicides against a broad spectrum of plant pathogenic fungi. Some Neem formulations viz. Achook (0.15% EC), Bioneem (0.03% EC), Nimbecidine (0.03% EC) and Neemark (0.03% EC) were examined against some plant pathogenic fungi such as (Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani, Curvularia lunata, Helminthosporium sp. and Sclerotium rolfsii). Among these Achook (0.15% EC) was found to be more active in terms of Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) value followed by Bioneem, Neemark and Nimbecidine. Remarkably, although all these formulations are oil based, Neem oil itself did not exhibit any fungicidal activity.
Activity of some plant extracts against dermatophytes.
(1999-02-25) Lachoria, R; Jain, P C; Agrawal, S C
The occurrence of fungal diseases is a serious problem of the present medicine because of the development of drug resistance against the antifungal activities in the pathogen. As compared to antibacterial antibiotics, there are only a few antibiotics which are used against fungal infection besides there is a serious problem of the development of resistance in fungal pathogen against the known antifungals, hence there seems a great demand of some alternative chemotherapeutic agent. The possibility of getting certain active principle in plants are immense, earlier workers have shown the presence of antifungal activity in various plants of varied nature suggest that the search for antifungal of plant origin should continue to explore their potential.

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