International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review
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ISSN: 2231-086X
Frequency: Quarterly
Language: English
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Web site: https://www.sciencedomain.org/journal-home.php?id=3
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Item Studies on Serum T3, T4, TSH, Progesterone and Oestrogen in Cardiovascular Disease Patients(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-02) Nnadi, Prince Henry; Nwachukwu, Maryjane; Ikaraoha, Chidiebere Ikechukwu; Mbachu, Jaachi Winifred; Mmerenini, Kris Azubuike; Ndubueze, Chizaram Winners; Iwuji, Charlotte ChinwenduAim: This research was done to ascertain if thyroid hormones and female sex hormones (progesterone and estrogen) play a role or are a risk factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Study Design: This is an observational study, specifically a case-control study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at Enugu State University Teaching Hospital for six months. Methodology: Blood samples were collected from 20 persons with cardiovascular disease. The sera from the study subjects were estimated for T3, T4, and TSH using the ELISA technique. The same parameters were estimated in 20 healthy individuals, and the results from both groups were analysed using SPSS version 21. Results: There were no significant differences in serum T3, T4 and TSH, Progesterone and Estradiol (p=0.236, p=0.834, p=0.412, p=0.995 and p=0.512, respectively) in cardiovascular disease patients compared with controls. There were no significant differences in serum T3, Progesterone, Estradiol and TSH (p=0.443, p=0.291, p=0.612 and p=0.550, respectively) in male cardiovascular disease patients compared to female cardiovascular disease patients. There was a significantly higher level of T4 (p=0.042) in male cardiovascular disease patients compared to female cardiovascular disease patients. A significant negative correlation of serum TSH with T4 (r=-0.759, p=0.000) in cardiovascular disease patients. There was no significant correlation of serum TSH with T3 (r=-0.131, p=0.560) in cardiovascular disease patients. There was a significant positive correlation of Serum Progesterone with Estradiol (r=0.815, p=0.000) in cardiovascular disease patients. Conclusion: T4, T3, and TSH serum levels may not be associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases in this environment. Also, serum progesterone may have a linear association with estradiol in cardiovascular disease patients.Item The Relationship between the Wash, Morbidity, and Childhood Undernutrition among the Wogo, an Island Community in Western Niger(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-02) Djelifa, Hamidou; Chaibou, Yaou; Ibrahim, Alkassoum; Alio, Almou Abdoulaye; Maimouna, Garba Ballarabe; Almoustapha, Ittina Rabiou; Zouleyha, Dodo Hambali; Mamadou, Lewami; Sabo, Haoua; Sadou, HassimiIn Niger, diseases linked to poor WASH (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene) practices are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children under five.This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between WASH and morbidity and the nutritional status of children aged 0 to 59 months in the rural island commune of Wogo de Sinder, located in the Tillab閞y region in the West. of Niger.This cross-sectional descriptive study involved a representative and random sample of mothers of children aged 0 to 59 months. A questionnaire was completed through a structured interview. The data were collected with ODK software and then analysed with SPSS and Epi Info version 7.2.A total of 250 mothers were enrolled. The study shows that most mothers surveyed used surface water (90%) for drinking water, while 10% used groundwater. Around 49.2% of mothers said that their home is on the banks of the river, compared to 36.8% who lived less than 30 minutes away. Their main water storage containers are jars and buckets, with 42.4% and 36.6%, respectively. Among the respondents, 40.4% did not practice any water treatment, 53.2% filtered the water with a cloth, and 6.4% treated the water with bleach. Only 21.6% of mothers washed their hands with soap after using the toilet or feeding the infant. About 72% of households did not have a latrine. Wasting, underweight and stunted growth affected 31.2%, 41.6%, and 43.2% of children whose mothers did not wash their hands with soap. Morbidity affected 35.2% of children whose mothers used surface water for drinking water.WASH knowledge and practices remain inadequate in the rural commune of Sinder and negatively affect the nutritional and health status of children under 5.Item Sexual Invigorating Potentials of a Combined Extract of Sabicea calycina and Carpolobia lutea on Male Wistar Rats in Crude Oil Challenged Environment(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-01) Kpomah, E. D.; Osioma, E.; Agoro, E. S.The effect of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of combined ethanol extract of S. calycina and C. lutea were investigated on mating behavioural parameters and sex/reproductive hormone boosting potentials in both non-bonny light crude oil (NBLCO) and bonny light crude oil (BLCO) environmentally challenged rats. Forty sexually experienced rats weighing 120-135g were arbitrarily allocated into two groups of twenty rats as NBLCO and BLCO respectively, each group were further subdivided into four groups of five rats and administered orally with 50 mL distilled water (control) and the extract of S. calycina and C. lutea at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. After 21 days of treatment protocols, the animals were observed for both precopulatory and copulatory activities, sex hormone was also evaluated. The copulatory activities monitored showed that mount latency, intromission latency and post ejaculatory intervals were significantly decreased by the 100 and 200 mg/kg of the extract in both the NBLCO and BLCO-challenged rats (P < 0.05). All doses significantly increased (P < 0.05) the mount frequency, intromission frequency, and ejaculatory frequency in the NBLCO groups while only the 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight was able. Copulatory efficiency was significantly increased (P < 0.05) by all doses in a dose-related manner in the NBLCO groups while only the 200 mg/kg dose level was able to significantly increase (P < 0.05) the copulatory efficiency in the BLCO groups. The hormonal assay showed that all doses produced a significant increase (P < 0.05) in testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and progesterone, with a concomitantly significant decrease (P < 0.05) in prolactin in the NBLCO groups, however, only the 100 and 200 mg/kg was able to able to achieve significant change (P < 0.05) in these hormonal levels in the BLCO groups. Findings from this study showed that the extract has aphrodisiac potentials and also the ability to restore hyposexual activity in rats challenged with crude oil.Item Mycoplasma and Neisseria Prevalence in Asymptomatic Women and Investigation of their Susceptibility to Tamarindus indica and Syzygium aromaticum Aqueous Extracts(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-02) Djinou, Hermann Joe Djeukoua; Yemele, Didiane Mefokou; Nodem, Steve Francky Sohanang; Talom, Benjamin Tangue; Newe, Rosine Dicko; Yangai, Sodea; Fodouop, Simeon-Pierre ChegaingNeisseria and Mycoplasma are two prevalent bacteria in the female urogenital tract leading to gynecological infections and infertility. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of Tamarindus indica and Syzygium aromaticum extracts against Neisseria and Mycoplasma isolates. It was a cross cectional study on 60 asymptomatic women at the Protestant and Regional Hospital of Ngaoundere. For this reason, a large consecutive sample of patients with several well-defined characteristics was assembled and urine and cervical-vaginal swab were collected using standard procedures. After being isolated on a specific medium, several strains of Neisseria and Mycoplasma were identified based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was tested using the agar-well diffusion method. It was discovered that 70% of asymptomatic women had overall infection, with varying prevalence rates. The prevalence rates of Neisseria and Mycoplasma were 14.29% and 85.71% respectively. The aqueous extracts of Syzygium aromaticum against Neisseria produced inhibitory diameters of 43 mm, 40 mm and 32 mm at doses of 20 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, and 5 mg/mL, respectively while, at the same doses, the aqueous extract of Tamarindus indica produced inhibitory diameters of 16 mm, 14 mm and 13 mm, respectively. The combined extract of Syzygium aromaticum and Tamarindus indica exhibits inhibitory diameters of 25, 23, and 30 mm at 20 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, and 5 mg/mL, respectively. Syzygium aromaticum extract alone showed efficacy against Mycoplasma, with diameters of 16.5 mm, 13 mm and 10.5 mm at concentrations of 20 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, and 5 mg/mL respectively. Inhibition diameters of 18 mm (for fosfomycin and ofloxacin), 22 mm (for chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone) and 26 mm (for levofloxacin) were found using Neisseria isolates. The only drugs that demonstrated efficacy against Mycoplasma were Minocycline and Josamycin. Given these findings, extracts of Syzygium aromaticum and Tamarindus indica can be investigated and used to treat infections caused by Niesseria and Mycoplasma.Item Impact of Khat Chewing on Serum Uric Acid and Albuminuria Levels in Yemeni Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-01) Sa'ad Arafat M A; Obaidi Abdulkaraim Al; AL-Eryani Ekram; Al-Khawlani Abdulkarim; AL-Hamoodi Khater Gh. H.; Yang Qingzhen; Kayd Mohammed Musead A.; Altaher Tibyan Abd Almajed,Mahjaf Ghanem Mohammed; Abedalmula Waha Ismail Yahia; Gorish Babbiker Mohammed TaherBackground: Diabetes mellitus is the major cause of end-stage renal disease and is a common endocrine illness defined by chronic hyperglycemia. In addition to diabetes, substance addiction is considered to be a cause of renal issues. The World Health Organization has classed khat (Catha edulis) as an illicit substance. Khat interferes with regular physiological activities, which may have negative health impacts on organs and systems. Objectives: To determine the effect of khat and uric acid on nephropathy in type II diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: This is an analytical, cross-sectional study that was conducted on 215 males aged 35 to 55 years who had previously been diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus and were visiting AL- Thawra General Hospital in Ibb City. The diabetic person was corresponded in age and BMI by the control participant. The subjects were divided into two groups. There were 105 people with type II diabetes mellitus (59% chewing Khat and 46% not chewing Khat), 110 people were healthy and did not have type II diabetes (44% of them chewed Khat and 66% did not chew Khat). Results: A significant increase in albuminuria and proteinuria within the normal range in the diabetes mellitus Khat Chewer group compared to the diabetes mellitus Non-Khat Chewer group (p?0.001). However, no significant differences were seen in the healthy control group. Conclusion: Khat chewing has a strong effect on those with type II diabetes and increases the progression of kidney nephropathy. There was an association between khat chewing and higher uric acid levels in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients.Item Comparative Effects of Garcinia kola and Garlic Extracts on Some Liver and Haematological Functions in High Salt Diet-Induced Hypertensive Wistar Rats(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-02) Osuji, Chigozirim A.; Kalu, Achi Ngozi; Obioma, Ohaeri Christopher; John, Ohiagu ChukwuemekaGarcinia kola is commonly consumed in Nigeria in social ceremonies, while Garlic is commonly used as a spice in the preparation of certain foods. In this study, the protective effects of extracts of the plants against a high salt diet (8% NaCl) induced hypertension were investigated in rats. Extracts prepared from the plants were subjected to phytochemical screening for acute and sub-acute toxicity studies in rats. In the protective study against salt-induced hypertension thirty-five adult male rats assigned to seven groups of five rats were treated such that, group one served as the normal control group, and group two was the hypertensive control group. Groups three to six were administered graded doses of extracts respectively after induction. While group seven received a combination of the two extracts after induction. Treatment commenced after confirmation of hypertension and lasted for two weeks before animals were sacrificed to collect blood for biochemical and haematological analysis. Results obtained showed that G.kola and Garlic feeding produced in rats following liver and haematological assays as values of these parameters in the test groups did not significantly differ from control values (p<0.05).Item Cryoethanolic Extraction, Purification of Allicin from Allium sativum and HPTLC analysis(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-06) Manikyam, Hemanth Kumar; J, Dhanaseelan; Mani, JayarajThe significance of this research extends beyond the mere extraction and purification of allicin, encompassing its potential applications across diverse industries. Allicin exhibits a plethora of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiprotozoal properties. Its mechanism of action involves the inhibition of thiol-containing enzymes in microorganisms, rendering it effective against a wide array of pathogens. Moreover, allicin has demonstrated promising anticancer properties, eliciting apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation in various cancer cell lines. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects underscore its potential therapeutic utility in mitigating cardiovascular diseases and other inflammatory conditions. This study presents a novel method for extracting and purifying allicin from raw garlic cloves. Dry ice ensures the ethanol to reach its cryo temperature (hilled to sub-zero temperatures ranging from -40癈 to -80癈). The process involves the use of ethanol, dry ice and ascorbic acid as solvents, vacuum stirring, and subsequent crystallization. The final product, a hygroscopic powder, was analyzed using High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) to determine allicin content. The extraction yielded 5 grams of whitish hygroscopic powder from 21 grams of crude extract, with an allicin content of 5%. Chromatographic conditions included a mobile phase of acetonitrile: water: Formic acid (30:8:2) and derivatization with ninhydrin, with detection under UV light at 366 nm. This method provides an efficient way to isolate and purify allicin for various applications.Item Effect of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Fruit Homogenate on Hypotonicity� induced Haemolysis of Red Blood Cell(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-06) Agatemor, Uzuazokaro Mark-Maria; Nwodo, Okwesili Fred ChiligueBackground: Several findings and reports show that people with high intake of Cucumis sativus (Cucumber) have relief in pains, swelling and other inflammatory signs. Human red blood cell membrane stabilization has been used as a method to investigate the mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory drugs. The anti-inflammatory activity of cucumber has been demonstrated in previous study. In this study, we aimed at assessing the effect of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit homogenate on hypotonicity � induced haemolysis of red blood cell.Methods: Whole fresh blood (3 ml) was collected from healthy volunteer into plastic tubes containing 0.1 volume of 3.8% trisodium citrate and used within 8 hr. The blood sample was centrifuged at 3000 x g for 10 min and the supernatant (plasma) discarded. The pellet was washed twice by resuspending in a volume of normal saline equal to the volume of the supernatant (plasma) and centrifuged at 3000 x g for 10 min. The pellet (0.1 ml) was resuspended in 2.5 ml of normal saline and used as the red blood cell (RBC).Results: The results revealed that cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit homogenate significantly (p ? 0.05) inhibited hypotonicity-induced red blood cell haemolysis when compared to indomethacin (a known standard drug).Conclusion: Cucumber has membrane stabilization effect on the red blood cell.Item Effect of UV-C Radiation Intensity on Post-harvest Quality of Two Eggplant Varieties (Solanum aetipicum anguivi L and Solanum macrocarpon L)(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-06) Jo雔, Kouacou Kouadio; Patrick, N'zi Kouadio; Victoria, Bancal; Didier, Mb間ui�-A-Mb間ui閨|Kablan, TanoIn C魌e d扞voire, eggplant is one of the most cultivated and consumed vegetables. However, this vegetable is very perishable. This work was developed to evaluate the effect of different UV-C concentrations on the conservation of eggplants with a view to identifying which one would provide better conservation of eggplants grown in C魌e d'Ivoire. In this study, two eggplant varieties Solanum aetiopicum anguivi L (Klongbo) and Solanum macrocarpon L (Gbokouman) were treated with three doses of UV-C (960 Kj m-2; 1920 Kj m-2 or 2880 Kj m-2) in order to determine the optimal dose: non-deleterious while preserving or enhancing the qualitative attributes of the vegetable. The proximate composition and the infection rate were determined according to standard and referenced methods. Treatment at 960 Kj m-2 had no significant effect on fruit quality attributes compared to untreated fruit, while treatment at 2880 Kj m-2 accelerated fruit color changes and loss fruit mass. The treatment at 1920 Kj m-2 allowed the fruits to better preserve their quality over time. During this treatment, the infection rate was reduced by 45 % for the 揋bokouman� variety and 40 % for the 揔longbo� variety. With this same dose of UVC, mass loss was reduced by 10.74% for the 揔longbo� variety and 33.48 % for the 揋bokouman� variety. An increase in the content of phenolic compounds as well as that of antioxidant activity was also observed. The dose of 1920 Kj m-2 is therefore the optimal dose which would allow the 揋bokouman� and 揔longbo� eggplant varieties to be preserved for a long period of marketing and conservation.Item Phytochemical Composition, Antibacterial Activities against Multi-Resistant Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii of the Bark Extract of Ficus platyphylla Dell. Holl.(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-06) Bredou, Jean Brice; Adou, Demel Axel; Sahi, Zlankeuhon J閞鬽e; Yebou�, Koffi Appolinaire; Kabran, Guy Roger Mida; Boua, Benson BouaFicus platyphylla Ficus platyphylla belongs to the Moraceae family which contains nearly 1400 species divided into around forty genera. It is used to manage several diseases in folklore medicine. This study focused on the phytochemical screening and evaluation of the antibacterial potential against Pseudomona aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii of hydroethanolic extract from Ficus platyphylla (FP) bark. Phytochemical and antibacterial activity were carried out according to the literature procedure. Qualitative analyses of FP revealed the presence polyphenols, flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, alkaloids, sterols and terpenes. Quantitative analysis by spectrophotometry showed a phenolic compound content to be 0.878 � 0.02 mg EAG/g DM. The flavonoids content was 0.084 � 0.02 mg EQ/g DM, while flavonic aglycones, anthocyanins and condensed tannins were 0.014 mg EQ/g DM, 0.018 mg EQ/g DM and 0.189 mg EC/g DM, respectively. In vivo antibacterial activity showed that (FP) was ineffective against six (06) multi-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii.Item Short Estrous Cycle Post-ovulation in Peri-pubertal Sahiwal and Jersey Crossbred Heifers(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-01) Sharma, Pururava; Kumar, Pravesh; Sharma, Akshay; Negi, Vijender; Kumar, Harish; Sood, PankajThis investigation focuses on analysing the follicular dynamics exhibited during peri-pubertal period in Sahiwal and Jersey crossbred heifers. The aim of the study was to assess first ovulation in the heifers following puberty (N=20; 10 for each breed). Heifers were subjected to alternate day trans-rectal ultrasonography (TRUS) when the diameter of dominant follicle surpassed 9 mm diameter. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) was performed to observe and assess first ovulation in heifers. The size of the first pre-ovulatory follicle in Sahiwal and Jersey Crossbred heifer in peri-pubertal stage was 10.52�13 and 10.15�51 mm, respectively and the corpus luteum attained its maximum size of 13.89 and 11.26 mm, was significantly different (p<0.01) at day 8.6�4 and 8.2�48 in Sahiwal and Jersey crossbred heifers, respectively. The regression of corpus luteum (CL) adjudged by the Colour Doppler initiated on 10.6�4 and 11.0�63 day for Sahiwal and Jersey crossbred heifers, respectively. Some other follicular dynamics parameters i.e. day of wave onset, number of follicles recruited, inter-wave duration along with maximum diameter of dominant follicle, day of maximum diameter, growth rate, length of growth and static phase, duration of static phase and onset of atresia was recorded, however, no significant difference (p>0.05) was recorded between breeds. On an interesting note, the next estrous cycle for heifers did not lead to ovulation despite having follicular size more than10 mm in both the breeds. Conclusion: In peroration, peri-pubertal Sahiwal and Jersey crossbred heifers had notably precocious luteal regression after first ovulation, without subsequent ovulation in next estrous cycle.Item Chemical Evaluations of Boiled Hemidactylus frenatus and Scolopendridae cataracta Solutions and their Histopathological Effects on Livers and Kidneys of Rats(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-05)This study evaluated the chemical profiles of boiled Hemidacylus frenatus (wall gecko, WG) and Scolopendridae cataracta (centipede) solutions and their effects on the liver and kidneys of albino rats. The GC-MS analyses of the solutions revealed that notable among the compounds present in boiled whole wall gecko solution (BWWGS) were hexadecanoic acid, 11-octadecanoic acid and methyl stearate. Hexadecanoic acid, 9,10-epoxy-18-(trimethylsiloxy)-, methyl stearate, 6-Octadecenoic acid and n-hexadecanoic were relatively present at high levels in boiled degutted wall gecko solution (BDWGS) while 9-octadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and methyl stearate were also present in boiled centipede solution (BCS). Histological examinations of the kidneys and liver showed that the most notable effects of these solutions after 28-day exposure of the rats were haemorrhage in both organs, vacuolar degeneration in the kidneys and degeneration of the hepatocytes; in dose-dependent manners. The BWWGS and BCS induced hepatic and renal morphological changes in organs of the rats that were treated with them; indicating that the solutions contained toxic substances. The toxic effect was more pronounced with BWWGS relative to BDWGS; suggesting that the gut of WG might have contained agents responsible for the higher toxicity of its boiled solution. In conclusion, the boiled wall gecko and centipede solutions were toxic to the organs of the rats because of the toxic substances detected in them.Item Isolation of Aspergillus sp from some Decomposing Fruits and Vegetables from Banana Rhyzosphere Soil for Citric Acid Production(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-05) Kouman, Wimb閘� 蓀iphanie; Y閔�, D閟ir閑; Niaba, Koffi Pierre Val閞y; Gbassi, Komenan Gildas; Beugr�, Grah Avit MaxwellAims: The general objective of this study is to isolate certain strains capable of producing citric acid.Place and Duration of Study: Sample collection was carried out on two types of organic matter. Sampling was done from February to April 2021 in 3 municipalities in Abidjan with 10 samples per site.Methodology: To carry out this work, isolation and purification of Aspergillus sp strains were carried out. Macroscopic and microscopic identifications of the mold isolates were carried out. The search for aflatoxin-producing molds was carried out. The analysis ended with a screening of molds capable of synthesizing citric acid.Results: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp1 and Aspergillus sp2 showed no fluorescence, while Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus candidus and Aspergillus fumigatus showed fluorescent spots, indicating the presence of aflatoxin.Conclusion: Aspergillus isolates capable of producing citric acid were isolated during this study. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp1 and Aspergillus sp2 do not produce aflatoxin and have the capacity to synthesize citric acid.Item Effect of Fruit Harvest Time on the Nutritional and Agronomic Quality of Oleaginous Citrullus lanatus Seeds(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-05) Philippe, Eba Krou; Bertin, Yao Koffi; Martin, Dje Kouakou; Georges, Amani N抔uessanOilseeds of Citrullus lanatus are highly prized in African societies for their nutritional and socio-economic importance. In an attempt to improve their yield, remaining very low mainly due to lack of good nutritive and germinative quality seeds, the effect of fruit harvest time was studied. After growing plants of ?wl陊l� cultivar on Nangui Abrogoua University experimental site, fruits were harvested at six different times [15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days after anthesis (DAA)] then fermented to produce seeds for germination test concerning agronomic aspect and biochemical analysis for nutritional quality. Agronomically, results showed that delaying harvest time (from 15 to 40 DAA) significantly (P < 0.001) improved fruit weight (from 512.20 to 760.50 g) and their seed content (from 71.75 to 230.70 seeds/fruit), as well as size (from 10.69 to 11.42 mm) and weight (from 5.16 to 6.37 g) of dry seeds what lead to their optimum viability (89.50%). Nutritionally, apart from ash which didn抰 vary, C. lanatus seeds reached their highest levels of flavonoids (0.03 mg/100g) and tannins (0.022 mg/100g) at 15 DAA, followed by protein (30.66%), lipids (56.60%) and vitamin C (2.25 mg/100g DM) ones at 35 days while dehydrating to reach the lowest moisture content (5.51%). Hence, this variety seeds reach their nutritional maturity earlier, already at 35 DAA, while their optimal germination quality occurs later at 40 DAA.Item Assessing the Impact of Annona muricata Aqueous Extract on Liver Enzymes in Wister Rats Exposed to Paracetamol Over Dose(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-05) Ajayi, Abigael A.; Ajayi, Benjamin A.; Ajayi, Tolulope F.Aims: This study examines the effect of the aqueous leaf extract of Annona Muricata on liver enzymes in wister rats using the spectrophotometric method. Methodology: 20 Wister rats were divided into groups A, B, C, and D, of 5 rats each, housed, fed, and the experimental groups administered treatments orally in distilled water (10 ml/kg) by means of orogastric cannula for 14 days. 500g of the plant powder was submerged for 72 hours 1500ml of distilled water. The sample was taken with a rotating evaporator, an electrical evaporator extraction apparatus. With water heated to 45癈, the solvent was removed. Before use, a paste-like sample was made and kept in a refrigerator at 4 degrees Celsius. The animals in group A were used as the control. The animals in group B were given feeds + 20mg of paracetamol, and the animals in group C were administered 100mg of paracetamol + silymarin. In comparison, the ones in group D were given 150mg of paracetamol + Annona muricata extracts. The animals were then sacrificed 48 hours following the final dose. A blood sample was collected, allowed to coagulate, and then the serum was separated, while the liver was excised and utilized for biochemical analyses.Results: The alanine aminotransferase activities (ul) recorded 9.0�71, 14.67�5, 13.50�58, 15.75�50 for animals in groups A, B, C, and D respectively with corresponding activities of aspartate aminotransferase (ul) of 7.25�50, 27.33�04, 20.00�71, 17.25�71. Results revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) in the activities of ALT and AST of all the treated groups. Thus, the aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata could be hepato-protective. The silymarin could also be hepatoprotective, but it is less effective than Annona muricata. The untreated group, B, showed elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, confirming paracetamol's hepatotoxic activity. Conclusion: The ethanol leaf extract of Annona muricata decreased the activities of liver enzymes in male wister rats, suggesting its hepato-protective tendency. It also does not encourage body weight loss.Item Phytochemical and Antioxidant Investigations of Extracts from the Leaves of Macaranga heterophylla (M黮l. Arg.) (Euphorbiaceae), A Medicinal Species used in C魌e d'Ivoire(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-05) N抍ho, Agui� Guy-Rodolphe; N抔aman-Kouassi, Kohu� Christelle Chantal; N抔uessan, Benoit Banga; Sarkodie, Joseph Adusei; Adi-Dako, Ofosua; Mamyrbekova-B閗ro, Janat Akhanovna; B閗ro, Yves-AlainAims: This work aims to investigate the phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of the leaves of Macaranga heterophylla.Methodology: For this purpose, phytochemical screening by detection tests and thin layer chromatography (TLC), determination of total phenols content, total flavonoids content and condensed tannins content, and assessment of antioxidant potential by DPPH and reducing power tests were carried out on aqueous crude extracts, ethanolic crude extracts and selective extracts of the leaves of M. heterophylla.Results: The percentage yields obtained with ethanol (70%) (28.90 and 24.70% for the ethanolic decoction and ethanolic macerate respectively) are higher than those obtained with water (24.30 and 21.10% for the aqueous decoction and aqueous macerate respectively). The phytochemical screening highlighted the presence of several phytochemical families such as phenolic compounds (coumarins, flavones, tannins), quinones, sterols and polyterpenes, saponosides, glycosides, cardiotonic glycosides and oligosaccharides. Quantitative analysis of total phenolics, total flavonoids and proanthocyanidols showed that their respective levels in the leaves of M. heterophylla varied depending on the solvent and the extraction technique. Concerning total phenolics, the aqueous decoction and ethanolic macerate gave the best total phenol contents (129.04 � 9.53 and 119.82 � 2.63 mg EAG/g DM respectively); for total flavonoids, the aqueous decoction gave the best content (33.03 � 1.61 mg EQ/g DM), while for condensed tannins, the aqueous macerate gave the best content (0.87 � 0.02 mg ECT/g DM). With regard to DPPH antioxidant activity, the results showed that the ethanolic decoction has more pronounced antioxidant activity than the aqueous decoction, while the aqueous macerate showed better antioxidant activity than the ethanolic macerate. Concerning the reducing power test, the opposite trend was observed.Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that M. heterophylla is a concentrate of secondary metabolites with antioxidant properties, which would explain its use in traditional medicinal practice.Item From Zimbabwean Indigenous Knowledge: Scientific Substantiation of the Aphrodisiac Efficacy and Safety of Pittosporum viridiflorum in Male Rat Models(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Chifamba, J; Zengeni, SIntroduction: Pittosporum viridiflorum, the multi habitat thriving plant species is widely believed to have been the source of sexual prowess for the polygamous kings and elites of the mighty medieval empire known as 慓reat Zimbabwe�. Despite the lack of systematic scientific validation, the macerated roots fractions continue to be the aphrodisiacs of choice among Zimbabweans.Aims: To scientifically validate the aphrodisiac claims using male rats� sexual performance investigation protocols. To evaluate the toxicity profile and to identify the pharmacologically active metabolites present in the lyophilized hydro-ethanolic crude extracts.Methodology: Four concentrations of prepared Pittosporum viridiflorum root extract doses of 200, 400, 800 and 2000mg/kg as well as a commercial 5 mg/kg sildenafil citrate (standard) and distilled water (control) dosages were gavaged to male rats (n = 5 animals per group) for 21 days. The crude extract was subjected to screening protocols for various secondary metabolites of pharmacological relevance as well as acute oral toxicity profiling using OECD 425 TG. The sexual behaviour, mating parameters and hormonal changes in the male rats were evaluated accordingly.Observation and Results: Compared with the control, a significant increase in mating behaviour, mating performance and the serum hormonal levels were observed in test animals which showed a dose?dependent bias. The phytoscreening evaluation confirmed the presence of saponins, phytosterols, flavonoids, di-terpenoids, tannins, and polyphenols. The Extract was toxicological safe with an LD50 above 2000mg/kg body weight.Conclusion: Pittosporum viridiflorum has excellent aphrodisiac activity on rats and is toxicologically safe for oral use. The abundant phytochemicals found are known to be pharmacologically active with regards to modulation of sexual hormones as well as sexual enhancement. It was further concluded that the traditional belief is valid, the plant can indeed be used as an alternative to modern medicines for various sexual dysfunctions and sexual performance enhancement.Item Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract of Rauwofia vomitera Leaves (MERVL) Using In-vivo Based Assays(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-05) Celestine, Ugwu Obiora; Jacinta, Ukpabi-Ugo Chigozie; Lilian, Asadu Chidinma; Jude, Ali Ibeabuchi; Keneolisa, Asogwa Felix; Walter, Ugodi Gerald; Emmanuel, Obasi Uchenna; Gloria, Ogbonna Chidera; Kingsley, Nwokedi Chukwuebuka; Assumpta, Anosike ChiomaBackground of the Study: The response of the body to harmful stimuli, such as tissue damage or a pathogenic infection is known as inflammation. Rauwofia vomitera is a medicinal plant that is native to large areas of tropical Africa and it belongs to the family of Apocynaceae. It is a medicinal herb used in traditional Nigerian medicine to treat a variety of diseases, including inflammatory disorders.Aim of the Study:The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of Rauwofia vomitera leaves (MERVL) using in-vivo based assays. Methodology: The anti-inflammatory effect of (MERVL) was ascertained using the Egg albumin -induced inflammation using in vivo assay. A total of thirty (30) adult male albino rats (130-170g) were divided into five (5) groups of six (6) rats each for the in-vivo anti-inflammatory assay. Group 1 normal; Group 2 was given 10 mg/kg body weight of Indomethacin and Groups 3, 4 and 5 were given 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of MERVL) respectively. Acute toxicity was carried out using standard method.Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Pharmacology Lab, Enugu State of University of Science and Technology Agbani Nigeria, between March 2021 and August 2021.Results: The percentage yield of the extract was 10.8%. The result of the quantitative and qualitative phytochemical screening of methanol extract of R. vomitoria leaves showed that Phenol (1590 � 55.66) Flavonoid (1168 � 11.43) and Tannin (1466 � 40.73) were present in high concentration whereas, Alkaloid (549 � 4.21) Glycoside (315 � 61.38) and Terpenoid (162 � 1.38) were present in moderate concentration. Saponin (1.16 � 0.23) and Steroid (0.84 � 0.03) were present in low concentrations. Acute toxicity tests showed no toxicity and mortality at doses up to 5000 mgkg-1. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the mean paw oedema was observed for all the treatment groups from 1 hour to 12 hours when compared to the normal group. The result shown that groups treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w of extract inhibit the inflammation in a non-dose dependent manner with percentage mobilization of 5.7%, 14.1% and 6.2% respectively.Conclusion: The study's results demonstrate that MERVL exhibits remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities and the extract yielded a better reduction in edema and increases mobilization in leukocyte in response to agar suspension. It also demonstrates that MERVL has a modulatory effect on the vascular changes that accompany inflammation. The plant's anti-inflammatory properties could potentially result from the interaction of different photochemical substances present. The findings suggest that, if used, the plant may serve as a source of anti-inflammatory agents.Item Evaluation of Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Constituents in Saccharum officinarum L. Exposed to Roadside Traffic-Derived Ambient Air Pollution(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Singh, Deepak; Sharma, Manoj KumarSaccharum officinarum L. is a useful crop and a member of the Poaceae family that yields sugar molecules with a high concentration. The present study focused on the analysis of qualitative and quantitative phytochemical substances. For the comparative analysis of the crop, we have selected traffic road and non-traffic road sites (control). The qualitative phytochemical substances showed the analysis of protein, carbohydrate, iodine, phenol, tannin, flavonoids, saponin, glycosides, steroid, terpene, and alkaloid, quantitative phytochemical substances of (total phenolic content total mean value 0.03644 ? 0.03240 and total flavonoid content total mean value 0.04772 ? 0.03952). The quality of qualitative and quantitative phytochemical substances in crops growing near traffic roads was reduced. The negative effects of traffic-related air pollution on crop vegetation are clearly shown in this record. Crop vegetation varies between traffic roads and control sites based on analysis of qualitative and quantitative phytochemical substance data.Item Is Waist to Height Ratio Better than Other Indices of Obesity in Determining Cardiovascular Risk?(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2024-04) Salawu, Abdulkareem; Ojedokun, Samson; Akande, Joel; Oloyede, TaiwoBackground: The indices of obesity (measured by Body Mass Index, waist circumference, and weight-to-height ratio) have been observed to be strongly associated with cardiovascular risk. Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of general obesity while waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) are used to measure central obesity, with the latter suggested to be the indicator for the prediction of cardiovascular risks. This study aimed to determine the advantage of WHtR for cardiovascular risk over the use of other indices of obesity.Methods: The study was a cross-sectional descriptive design carried out among 441 participants at the Metabolic Research Laboratory LTH Ogbomoso excluding pregnant or breastfeeding mothers, thyroid disease, those diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia, those on blood-pressure, blood-glucose or lipid-lowering medications; those on weight-control medications or supplements. A structured self-administer questionnaire was distributed to obtain socio-demographic data of participants. Physical examination was done with anthropometry measurements. Fasting blood samples were obtained for blood glucose and lipid profiles. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21.Results: The study included 441 subjects with male to female ratio of 1:1.47 mean age of 37.92�.80 and 34.72�.16 respectively. Blood pressure, pulse rate, height and other obesity indices except waist circumference were all statistically significantly higher in the males than in the females p <0.05. There was a statistically significant difference in the BMI between the sexes for all categories with the majority of female subjects having abnormal BMI and waist circumference. There was a statistically significant relationship between all the obesity indices (BMI, WHtR & WC) and the cardiovascular risk factors excluding TG and HDLC P <0.05.Conclusion: It was observed that all indices of obesity measured in this study were sensitive and significant in determining cardiovascular risk. It could be concluded that WHtR does not have a special or greater advantage over BMI and WC as all indices showed a significant association with cardiovascular risks. Also, the level of statistical significance suggested that either of these obesity indices could be used independently as a predictor of cardiovascular risk.