International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review
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ISSN: 2231-086X
Frequency: Quarterly
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://www.sciencedomain.org/journal-home.php?id=3
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Item Assessment of Electrolyte Profiles and Kidney Function in Footballers at Rivers State University.(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Onukwufor, OD; Cyprian, KBackground: Exercise leads to progressive loss of water and electrolyte from the body as sweat is secreted to promote heat loss and cool the body. Prolonged exercise could lead to alteration in electrolyte concentrations and this could negatively affect physiological processes. This study was aimed at assessing urine specific gravity, renal function and electrolyte disturbances among football players training at the football field in Rivers State university. A total of one hundred (100) footballers training at different football pitch in Rivers State University were involved in the study after prior informed consent was gotten from them. Blood samples were collected from all the subjects prior to the exercise from antecubital veins while post-exercise blood samples were collected within 5 minutes after the exercise. The blood samples were processed and analyzed for serum electrolytes, urea and creatinine using standard spectrophotometric methods, while the anion gap was calculated from the value of serum electrolytes obtained. Urine samples were also collected pre- and post- exercise and analyzed for specific gravity using the combi-10 lateral dipstick. Data was statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. Results show no significant difference in mean concentrations of serum electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl- and HCO3-), anion gap, urea and creatinine levels in pre exercising subject’s samples when compared with the post exercising samples (P> 0.05). However, the mean levels of the urine specific gravity increased significantly in post exercise period when compared with the pre exercising condition (P < 0.05). The findings of this work suggest that footballers have normal renal function, however they are dehydrated after one and half hour of soccer as seen in their elevated urine specific gravity. Players are therefore encouraged to increase fluid intake after soccer to maintain adequate hydration status necessary for optimal physiological processes.Item Nutritional Quality of « Tchonron », a Cultural Sauce Made from Adenia cissampeloïdes and Hibiscus asper Leaves Cooked with and without Potash(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-01) Diallo, DBT; Koné, FMT; Djédjé, BPG; Don, ORA; Kouamé, LP.Leafy vegetables are an essential component of food and health security in many African countries. The Senoufo people of northern Côte d'Ivoire are well known for their high consumption of leafy vegetables, especially in « Tchonron » sauce, a traditional and cultural food prized by the Senoufo for its nutritional and therapeutic value. Unfortunately, it remains little known and little consumed by the Ivorian population. Although databases on the composition of raw foods (leafy vegetables) are available, data on cooked foods in Côte d'Ivoire are still lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional potential of « Tchonron » sauce prepared from Adenia cissampeloïdes (STAC) and Hibiscus asper (STHA) leaves. To prepare the « Tchonron » sauce, the leafy vegetables were pre-cooked for 20 min with or without potash and then ground. Peanut powder was then added to the crushed leaves and cooked for 10 min. The resulting sauces were dried and the powders obtained were used for analysis according to standard dietary recommendations. The results showed an increase in ash content from STHA (10.64 ± 1.25%) to STHAP (12.32 ± 1.39%) and STAC (15.70 ± 0.20%) to STACP (16.67 ± 1.02%), in fiber STHA (32.66 ± 1.29%) to STHAP (41.58 ± 1.41%) and STAC (29.85 ± 1.6%) to STACP (38.53 ± 1.62%) and in minerals in sauces prepared with potash. The content of other nutrients decreased, especially vitamin C STHA (33.51 ± 0.8%) to STHAP (17.29 ± 1.08%) and STAC (38.53%) to STACP (29.85%), unsaturated STHA (1047.03 ± 0.65%) and STHAP (898.53 ± 4.5%) and STAC (221.76 ± 4.5) to STACP (168.61 ± 0.7%). In addition, all samples had a SAIN score > 5 and a LIM score < 7.5, which is a recommended profile for health. These results showed that « Tchonron » sauce is an important source of nutrients. However, cooking « Tchonron » sauce with potash resulted in more nutrient losses than cooking without potash. An increase in the LIM score of sauces cooked with potash was also observed, so these potash-based sauces should be limited. On the other hand, sauces based on H. asper showed the best nutritional profiles.Item Phytochemical Analysis and Ocular Benefits of Terminalia chebula Extracts for Myopia Treatment: In vitro and In silico Approaches(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) T K, SF; Sarkar, N; Pradeep, M; B, PTerminalia chebula, commonly known as Haritaki, is a medicinal plant with a long history of use in Ayurvedic medicine for various health conditions. It is rich in bioactive compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, demonstrating significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a prevalent refractive error that typically begins in childhood and can lead to an increased risk of other ocular complications if severe. While genetic and environmental factors contribute to myopia, inflammation, and oxidative stress within ocular tissues may exacerbate its progression. Given Haritaki's documented therapeutic properties, this study investigates its potential in treating myopia. This research explores the phytochemical composition and biological activities of Terminalia chebula extracts concerning myopia treatment. Utilizing Soxhlet extraction with methanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate solvents, followed by GC-MS analysis, this research identified key bioactive compounds in T. chebula. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were assessed via DPPH, and TCA, with all three extracts demonstrating superior efficacy. In silico ADME evaluation and molecular docking studies using Discovery Studio revealed several promising ligands, particularly from methanol and ethyl acetate extracts, showing favorable drug-like properties and strong interactions with myopia-related target proteins. These findings suggest T. chebula extracts hold potential for developing novel myopia treatments. This study lays the groundwork for future pre-clinical and clinical investigations to validate T. chebula's therapeutic efficacy in ophthalmology, potentially offering a natural alternative in myopia management.Item In Silico Screening of Rauwolfia Serpentina Phytochemicals as Orexin Receptor-2 Agonists for the Management of Narcolepsy(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-02) Yadav, Pawan; Mohammad, Azram; Mohd, Faraz; Nadeem; Kashif, Abbas; Mohd, Mustafa; Mudassir, Alam; Khan, SarfarazThe neuropeptide orexin/hypocretin plays a crucial role in numerous physiological processes such as regulation of sleep/wakefulness, appetite and emotions. Dysregulation of orexin signaling has been implicated in hypersomnia, especially in narcolepsy, characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), sudden loss of muscle tone while awake (cataplexy), sleep paralysis, and hallucinations. Lack of orexins contributes to the development of narcolepsy, thus small-molecule orexin receptor agonists are promising therapeutics for narcolepsy. In this study, we employed several bioinformatics tools to screen and identify effective phytochemicals of Rauvolfia serpentina that may act as Orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) agonists. In silico methods such as protein?ligand interaction analysis, drug?likeness evaluation, ADMET analysis, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and biological activity prediction, have been employed extensively. Among all screened phytochemicals from R. serpentina, both tetraphylline and yohimbine were identified as promising drug candidates due to their favorable ADMET profile, high docking scores, permeability of the blood?brain barrier, and significant RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and SASA values. However, the study is solely based on in silico study, therefore in vitro and in vivo experimental studies are suggested to validate the potency and efficacy of these medications.Item Evaluation of Bacterial Contamination Risk in Milk Preparations and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in the Neonatal Unit of Treichville University Hospital, Côte d'Ivoire(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Ibourahema, C; Kouamé, K; Athanase, K, kra; Stéphane, FFI; Carole, GMV; Guessennd, N; Tiekoura, koné. B; Konate, I; Kone, D.Background: Breastfeeding remains the physiological and optimal mode of infant feeding, conferring critical benefits for early health, growth, and neurodevelopment (Victora et al., 2023). For mothers, exclusive breastfeeding is associated with enhanced postpartum weight loss, a decreased risk of breast and ovarian cancers, improved glucose metabolism, and lower incidence of cardiovascular disorders (Rollins et al., 2022; Binns et al., 2020). Despite these advantages, alternative feeding methods are often employed in hospital neonatal units, particularly when breastfeeding is not feasible. In such contexts, the safety of infant milk substitutes becomes paramount. Consequently, an evaluation of milk preparation systems and hygiene practices within the neonatology unit was conducted. The risk of microbial contamination associated with milk preparation procedures was assessed using a structured questionnaire administered to preparation staff, focusing on hygiene protocols, equipment handling, and environmental sanitation. Aims: The aim of our work is to ensure the safety of milk formulas used for newborn nutrition in the neonatal department of Treichville University Hospital. Study Design: This manuscript sheds light on a deeply important issue. The safety of milk preparations given to newborns in a hospital setting. By revealing the presence of harmful bacteria and their resistance to antibiotics, it brings attention to the hidden risks in neonatal care, especially for fragile infants. The study emphasizes the need for better hygiene and monitoring practices to protect newborns from preventable infections. It’s a timely and necessary contribution to improving infant health and hospital safety. Place and Duration of Study: In this study, sample collection was conducted at the Treichville University Hospital Center (Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire) from Novembre 2017 to May 2018. To ensure the reliability and representativeness of the data, samples were systematically collected every day between 8:00 and 10:00 a.m. Methodology: Out of a total of 59 samples, 36 milk preparation samples grouped into 6 batches and 23 samples from hands, nostrils and ambient air were collected and analyzed in accordance with microbiological standards for foodstuffs. Analysis of the batches showed a predominance of S. aureus, followed by E. coli and finally P. aeruginosa. Presumptive isolates were identified by biochemical tests, and antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Antibiogram Committee of the French society of Microbiology. . Results: Microbiological analyses revealed high microbial loads in the milk formula, including Escherichia coli (3.6 × 10? UFC/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.95 × 10³ UFC/mL), and Staphylococcus aureus (3.6 × 10³ UFC/mL). Enterococcus faecalis was not detected. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed a high level of resistance among the isolates, particularly to ?-lactam antibiotics. A significant proportion of E. coli isolates (35%) exhibited an extended-spectrum ?-lactamase (ESBL)-producing phenotype. Furthermore, 44,4% of S. aureus strains displayed resistance to aminoglycosides, consistent with a kanamycin-tobramycin-gentamicin (KTG) resistance phenotype. Additional ESBL-producing phenotypes were also identified among P. aeruginosa isolates. Overall, these strains demonstrated multidrug resistance, representing a serious threat to effective antibiotic therapy in clinical settings. Conclusion: The results obtained showed a predominance of E. coli with an average microbial load of 3,6 x 104 UFC/mL, followed by S. aureus (3,7 x 103 UFC/mL) and finally P. aeruginosa (7,95 x 103 UFC/mL). However, a diversity of bacterial strains in the environment was observed. Given the high microbial load of the strains compared with food microbiology standards, milk intended for newborns is judged to be of unsatisfactory sanitary quality.Item Microbial Cellulase Production - Microorganisms, Technologies and Factors: A Review(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Ezea, IBCellulase consists of three enzymes: ?-glucosidase, endo-1, 4-?-D-glucanase (endoglucanase) and exo-1, 4-?-D-glucanase (exoglucanase). These three enzymes are involved in the hydrolysis of cellulose by synergetic action for accomplished and effective hydrolysis of cellulose. Cellulose is converted to simple sugar or glucose, which can be fermented into cellulosic products such as bioethanol or biofuel. Because of the important of cellulase, there is the need to elaborate more on cellulase production. Therefore, the aim of this research was to review microbal cellulase production microrganisms, technologies and factors. Bacteria such as Cytophaga hutichinsonii, Acetivibrrio cellulotytieus, Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas fluorescens etc. and Fungi, including Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus have been used for cellulase production. Substrate for cellulase production include the wastes of the following; green gram husk, black gram husk, rice bran, wheat bran, Rice husks, Banana peels, wheat husks, Corn waste and saw dust etc.There are two main fermentation techniques in cellulase production; submerged and solid state fermentation. Duration of fermentation, pH, temperature, nitrogen and moisture are among the factors that affect cellulase production. Cellulases have been utilized in various commercial sectors including agriculture, brewing, laundry, pulp and paper, biofuel and textile industry. Cellulases have diversified applications in the food industry.Item Physicochemical and Biochemical Changes in Fresh Onion (Allium cepa L., Alliaceae) Bulbs Produced from Four Dry-Seasonal Varieties in Korhogo, Northern Côte d’Ivoire(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-01) Koulotioloma, S; Ysidor, KN; Zadjéhi, KE-B; Martial, YSD; Nafan, D; Mohamed, C.Aims: Onions are fresh vegetables whose post-harvest storage life is closely related to the variety and season of production. The study aims to investigate the effect of storage upon the nutrients in fresh onion bulbs for better management of the local onion production. Study Design: Fresh onion bulbs of four dry season varieties, namely Dayo, Safari, Red Star and Red Jewel, were produced and stored to study variations in physicochemical and biochemical properties during storage. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the experimental site and laboratory of the University Peleforo GON COULIBALY for four (4) months from June to September 2022. Methodology: Bulbs of all four varieties were bagged after production and stored in a warehouse at ambient conditions. During the storage, the physicochemical and biochemical descriptors in onion samples were assessed at 30 days intervals. The statistical treatment consisted of comparing the means using the ANOVA test, studying the correlation between the parameters analyzed and principal components analysis at the 5% significance level. Results: The results revealed significant changes of the parameters assessed from the investigation, according to both the storage duration and onion variety (p<0.001). The lipid and protein contents increased from overall onion bulbs during the storage. Dayo and Safari onion bulbs recorded more significant dry matter (11.59 and 13.19g/100g FM) than the Red varieties (9.70 to 11.31 g/100g FM). The total polyphenols content also increased in Red Star onion bulbs from 43.86 to 53.62 mg/100g FM at day 120 but decreased from the other onion varieties. According to the Principal Components Analysis, Red Star and Red Jewel onions on days 60, 90 and 120 displayed the highest levels of phenolic compounds. Conclusion: Dayo and Safari bulbs with greater dry matter rates during storage appear as suitable for storage. Nevertheless, the polyphenols profiles increased from the Red Star and Red Jewel onions and are also appreciable. Data on production potential and post-harvest losses could better guide variety selection.Item Role of Endophytes ININ Abiotic and Biotic Stress Alleviation(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Baladaniya, US; Shinde, M; Mistry, S; Dobariya, JEndophytes, typically fungal or bacterial microbes residing within plant tissues without causing disease, hold promise for revolutionizing crop production. They enhance host plant survival against biotic and abiotic challenges by directly improving nutrient uptake and modulating plant hormones. Indirectly, they contribute to plant health by deterring pathogens with antibiotics and enzymes, reducing nutrient availability for pathogens and activating defense mechanisms. This review delves into their diverse mechanisms, offering sustainable alternatives to chemical interventions. Understanding their role in stress alleviation is crucial for advancing agricultural practices and ensuring global food security.Item Evaluation of Proinflammatory Cytokines before and after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Stable Angina(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Talab, TA; Thuwaini, MM; Khadem, HSBackground: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. It is the most common complaint among patients with cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of several pro-inflammatory mediators as follow-up markers after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with stable angina. Study Design: The study was conducted on 50 patients diagnosed with stable angina who attended the Nasiriyah Cardiology Center between November 2021 and May 2022. Methods: IL-1?, IL-6, and IL-8 were determined by ELISA before PCI and one day and one week after PCI. Results: Compared to healthy controls, patients with stable angina had increased levels of IL-1?, IL-6, and IL-8 before PCI. One day after PCI, IL-1? levels returned to normal compared to controls, while IL-6 and IL-8 levels remained higher than controls. One week after PCI, IL-1?, IL-6, and IL-8 levels returned to normal values ??compared to controls. On the other hand, statistical analysis showed that serum IL-1? levels decreased significantly compared to the pre-PCI period, while IL-6 and IL-8 levels remained significantly higher than their pre-PCI levels. When cytokines were measured one week after PCI, IL-1?, IL-6, and IL-8 levels were decreased below pre-PCI levels, and all cytokines returned to normal levels compared to controls. In general, elevated serum cytokine levels reflect the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis, represent a causal component of unstable angina, and are positively associated with the course of coronary artery disease. Levels of proinflammatory mediators decline rapidly after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), suggesting they are good markers for follow-up after PCI in patients with stable angina.Item Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Bromelain from Pineapple Fruit Peel: Enzymatic Activity and Antibiotic Synergy(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) O.V., O; F.L., O; B.I., O; D.M., S; V. M., D.Aims: This study investigates the therapeutic potential of bromelain extracted from pineapple fruit peel (Ananas comosus), focusing on its enzymatic activity, stability, and ability to enhance antibiotic efficacy. Study Design: This was an experimental laboratory-based study designed to explore the extraction, characterization, and antimicrobial effects of bromelain. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Enzymology unit laboratory FUTA over a period of 4 months that allowed for extraction, purification, and analysis of bromelain's properties, including its antibiotic-enhancing effects. Methodology: Bromelain was extracted from pineapple fruit peel and assayed as crude enzyme. The enzyme was then purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialysis. Enzymatic activity was assessed at different temperatures (20-90°C) and pH levels (pH 1.0-12.0), with optimum conditions determined. The antibiotic-enhancing effects were evaluated by testing bromelain against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, examining its impact on antibiotic absorption and its synergistic activity when combined with 14 various antibiotics including Ampiclox, Erythromycin, Amoxicillin, Septrin, Augmentin, and Tarivid. Results: The one step purification of bromelain achieved a 2.33-fold purification, the optimum enzymatic activity of occurred at 40°C, with stability maintained between 30-60°C while activity declined at 70°C. The maximum enzymatic activity was observed at pH 7.0, with reduced activity at extreme pH values. Bromelain significantly enhanced the absorption of antibiotics, showing synergistic effects, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, bromelain exhibited inherent antibacterial properties and greater efficacy when used alongside antibiotics susceptible to Gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of bromelain as an antimicrobial agent, particularly for combating bacterial infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. The enzyme's antibiotic-enhancing and inherent antibacterial properties suggest its possible clinical applications, warranting further research to understand its mechanism of action and explore therapeutic uses.Item ABSTRACT as the Ultimate Display Case of a Biochemistry Article: A Concept Analysis(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Suryowati, TAims: to revisited logical basis and comprehensive suggestions, with examples, for writing the background, methods, results, and conclusions sections of a proper abstract in a biochemistry articles. Discussion: Common abstract characteristics is short, straightforward and concise standalone writing as summary of a scientific paper, but in the eye of its potential reader, only the provocative tittle and followed by an interesting abstract which arouse their attention and this is the one and only reason for them to continue or discontinue reading the whole scientific articles. For the vast majority of readers, the paper does not exist beyond its abstract. For few in number of dedicated readers who wish to read beyond the abstract, the abstract actually sets as the display case which is actually become the tone for the rest of the paper. So, the main and ultimate duty of the author is to make certain that the abstract section is properly representative of the entire paper, by way of writing it carefully with deep logic and furnish them in the wow effect manner. For this reason, the abstract should have some general qualities with marked differentiating factor, scientifically and marketingly.Item Influence of Tree Leaf Surface Characteristics and Wettability in Heavy Metals Accumulation in Tropical Urban Environment(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Achille, KN; Fidèle, TBZ; Maxime, AD; Sabas, BYS.The urban air pollution is a major environmental concern, particularly in the developing countries and in their major cities. In these cities, plants can play a key role in removing pollutants. This study aims to evaluate how surface characteristics of leaves and wettability influence heavy metals accumulation in two tree species (Jatropha interrigima and Ficus benjamina) growing in urban environments. The sampling were performed at roadsides and Parks. Firstly, leaf heavy metal was quantified and the wettability was determined by drop contact angles (DCA). Secondly, the relationship between leaf metal and wettability was found. The two species showed distinct trends in leaf heavy metal accumulation. During the study, the leaf heavy metals content of J. interrigima, a species with adaxial hairy leaf surfaces, was arithmetically higher than that of F. benjamina, a species with waxy leaf surfaces. The DCA on leaves increased with leaf on the abaxial and abaxial surface for both species which, remained highly-wettable (40° < DCA < 90°). However, the DCA on F. benjamina was higher when compared with those of J. interrigima at roadsides. A significant and positive relationship existed between leaf heavy metals content and DCA surface of leaves of both species.Item Effect of Turmeric Powder (Curcuma longa) as Growth Promoter in Cross Bred Hampshire Pigs(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Kalita, M; Saikia, B; Sarma, BBackground and Aim: The issue of drug resistance and search of alternative growth promoters has diverted many researchers to the use of herbal feed additives in feeding of livestock. The research is conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of turmeric as growth promoter on growth performance, feed conversion ratio and economics in cross bred Hampshire pigs. Materials and Methods: A total of twenty - four Hampshire (cross bred) male pigs about 3 months of age, were randomly divided into four groups; control and treatment groups E1, E2 and E3 with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% respectively per 100 kg of feed. The study was conducted in AICRP ( All India Co – ordinated Research Project) farm, Khanapara, College of Veterinary Science, Khanapara, Guwahati – 22. Results: Body weight was measured every fortnightly. Digestibility was significantly lower in control groups and high in E2 group (1 %). The average daily gain in body weight and feed conversion efficiency of pigs were 369.44± 7.94, 441.67±9.38, 511.11±11.11 and 444.44±7.03 g; 4.01±0.26, 3.23±0.15, 3.03±0.04 and 3.4±0.16 in control, E1, E2 and E3 groups respectively. Significant (P<0.05) difference was observed between control and treatment groups in respect of average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency. Conclusion: The inclusion of the turmeric powder (Curcuma longa) into the diet of growing pigs as feed additive have a positive effect in growth of pigs. but best result was observed in E2 group which was given 1% turmeric powder.Item Biochemical Characterization of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Grown in Chad(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-01) Allamine, YM; Allamine, HM; Doutoum, AA; Nazal, AM; Djelassem, F.Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is grown for its seeds, which are used in human food as well as in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In Chad, sesame is considered a promising sector. It is one of many plant resources that can be exploited for food and economic purposes. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the biochemical quality of sesame. The biochemical characteristics of seeds of local varieties with black seeds and S-42 with white seeds from Kournari (Sahelian zone) and Kélo (in the Sudanian zone) were evaluated from laboratory analyses. The moisture content of the samples was determined by differential weighing. Ash content was determined by differential weighing at room temperature. The crude protein content was calculated from the nitrogen contents obtained after mineralization of the samples by the Kjeldahl method. Total lipids are extracted by Soxhlet. Carbohydrate content was estimated by the FAO. The energy value per 100 g of the sample was also determined by the FAO method. The crude fiber content was determined according to the Weende method Wolf. The results were analyzed using the Excel spreadsheet XLAT and R software version 4.4.0. The results showed that the seeds of sesame varieties have average protein contents ranging from 22.195 and 26.397%. The lipid contents obtained varied from 48.679 to 52.769%. The carbohydrate content of sesame seeds varying between from 19.686 to 12.528%. The energy value of sesame varieties is greater than 400 Kcal. It is between 490.981 Kcal/100g (Kélo SN) to 508.126 Kcal/100g (Kélo S 42). This study showed that sesame seeds (local black seed variety and S 42 varieties) produced in Chad are an excellent source of nutrients and highly energetic. Soluble dietary fibers varied between 4.15 ± 0.22 and 3.37 ± 0.22 g/100g. Correlation analysis showed that energy value appears to be moderately influenced by ash (0.651) and crude fiber (0.654) content. Considering their biochemical composition, this oilseed could be exploited in nutrition and food formulation.Item Evaluation of Antitoxoplasmic Potential of Selected Antimalarial Medicinal Plants from Togo: Artemisia annua L., Jatropha curcas L., Moringa oleifera Lam., and Sarcocephalus latifolius (Smith) Bruce(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Mlatovi, Dégbé; Tété-Bénissan, Amivi; Debierre-Grockiego, Françoise; Berthine, Toubaté Boé; Mawuli, Wotsa Akakpo Akouvi; Débare, Héloïse; Aklikokou, Kodjo; Dimier-Poisson, Isabelle; Gbeassor, MessanviIntroduction: Toxoplasmosis, a prevalent zoonotic disease, poses significant health challenges, particularly in Togo with high prevalence. Limited public awareness and suboptimal treatments necessitate exploring novel therapeutic avenues. This study investigated Togolese medicinal plants, especially those traditionally used to cure malaria, as potential sources of antitoxoplasmic agents, leveraging ethnobotanical knowledge and scientific validation for accessible drug discovery. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening quantified key groups: phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and polysaccharides in ethanolic extracts. In vitro biological activities were evaluated, including antioxidant capacity (AAPH & DPPH assays), cytotoxicity (UptiBlue assay), hemolytic potential, and antitoxoplasmic activity against Toxoplasma gondii in Human Foreskin Fibroblasts using the CPRG method. Cytokine secretion (TNF?, NO) from RAW264.7 macrophages was also assessed. Statistical analysis employed Kruskal?Wallis and Tukey’s post hoc tests. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed ethanolic extracts, particularly from Artemisia annua, Moringa oleifera, and Sarcocephalus latifolius, to be rich in phenols and tannins. Jatropha curcas ethanolic extract showed high flavonoid content. In vitro assays demonstrated high antioxidant activity in ethanolic extracts, with Artemisia annua outperforming ascorbic acid in AAPH assay. Ethanolic extracts of Artemisia annua, Jatropha curcas, and Sarcocephalus latifolius exhibited significant antitoxoplasmic activity, Artemisia annua being the most potent. Discussion: This study demonstrated a correlation between phytochemical profiles and biological activities. Ethanolic extracts, abundant in phenols and tannins, displayed enhanced antioxidant and antitoxoplasmic properties, particularly in Artemisia annua. The show in vitro validation of antitoxoplasmic activity in antimalarial plants like Vernonia amygdalina and Sarcocephalus latifolius suggests pharmacological overlap. These findings highlight the synergistic value of ethnobotany and scientific methods in discovering bioactive compounds for parasitic diseases and oxidative stress, reinforcing the importance of traditional medicine and biodiversity. Conclusion: This research successfully reveal the anti-toxoplasmic potential of Togolese medicinal plants, notably, Artemisia annua, Sarcocephalus latifolius, Jatropha curcas. The results support further phytochemical investigations, in vivo validation, and clinical trials to fully realize the therapeutic potential and advocate for integrative healthcare strategies addressing global health challenges like toxoplasmosis.Item Chemical Characterisation of Shea Nut (Vitelaria paradoxa) Kernel oil from High-producer Trees in the Tchôlogo Region, Ivory Coast(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Serge, AOA; Roger, KB; Martin, DK; Georges, AN.Aims: The aim of the study was to determine the chemical characteristics of the oil from the kernel of shea nuts from high-producer trees in the Tchôlogo region, with a view to proposing appropriate ways of adding value. Study Design: Eight composite nut samples were analysed. These are: large ellipsoid tchologo (LELT); large spheroid tchologo (LSPT); large oblong tchologo (LOBT); large ovoid tchologo (LOVT); thin ovoid tchologo (MOVT); thin spheroid tchologo (MSPT); thin ellipsoid tchologo (MELT); thin oblong tchologo (MOBT). Place and Duration of Study: University of Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, from September 2024 to January 2025. Methodology: The work consisted of determining the oil content, saponification, iodine, acid and peroxide indices, the main fatty acids and vitamins A.D.E.K of the oil obtained from shea nuts. Results: The results showed that the shea nut kernel oil content of the 8 samples ranged from 40.83% to 50.03%. Shea nut kernel oil contains a high level of unsaturated fatty acids, with high proportions of linolenic acid (21.23% to 39.34%) and high saponification values (216.11% to 291.35%). The oils are also rich in vitamins A and D Conclusion: These oils are of lesser quality for food use because they contain a high level of free fatty acids, resulting in high acid values. The almond oil in the MOVT sample has a high saponification value and is suitable for making soap.Item Acute, Sub-acute and Chronic Hepatotoxicity Profiling of Commelina diffusa Aqueous Extract in Wistar Albino Rats: A Comprehensive OECD 425 TG Study(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) E., O. W; E., C T.This study investigated the acute, sub-acute, and chronic hepatotoxicity profiling of Commelina diffusa aqueous extract in Wistar albino rats: a comprehensive OECD 425 TG study. Fourty (40) adult non-pregnant Wistar rats weighing 120 and 170g were purchased from the Biochemistry Animal House, University of Port Harcourt. The rats were divided into ten groups of five rats per group. Group 1 served as normal control while group 2-4, 5-7, and 8-10 were orally administered 166, 250, and 500mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Commelina diffusa for 7, 14, and 21 days. All biochemical analysis were carried out based on standard methods. The mean homogenate ALT, AST, and ALP activities of the control were 41.26±0.02U/L, 662.73±0.02U/L, and 38.93±0.04U/L respectively while the extract administered group at 500mg/kg for 21 day were 19.12±0.02U/L, 33.54±0.04U/L, and 21.37±0.03U/L respectively, which were significantly different from the control. The mean homogenate MDA, GSH levels, GPx, CAT, and SOD activities of the control were 29.93±0.02mmol/l, 46.74±0.03?g/mg protein, 59.32±0.03IU/g, 85.45±0.02mg/pro.min, and 27.53±0.02 mg/g respectively while the extract administered at 500mg/kg for 21 days were 17.26±0.03mmol/l, 62.83±0.02?g/mg.protein, 76.81±0.04IU/g, 107.8±60.05mg/pro.min, and 57.86±0.03 mg/g respectively, which were significantly different from the control. The mean plasma total cholesterol, HDL, VLDL, and triglyceride levels of the control were 63.01±0.02 mg/dl, 36.16±0.03 mg/dl, 8.62±0.02 mg/dl, and 28.52±0.02 mg/dl while those of the extract administered at 500mg/kg for 21 days were 72.14±0.03 mg/dl, 52.08±0.02 mg/dl, 14.37±0.05 mg/dl, and 47.43±0.02 mg/dl respectively, which were significantly different from the control. Commelina diffusa extract enhanced the metabolism of all the assayed parameters, hence it is less toxic at 500mg/kg.Item Nutritional Impact of Vegan Diet Compared to Milk: A Review(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Pandya, HH; Shendurse, AM; Javiya, RN; Prajapati, RJ; Mathukiya, VJThe rise in veganism has raised significant interest and debate regarding its impact on human health and nutrition. Veganism, a stricter form of vegetarianism, excludes all animal products, including dairy, eggs and honey. While the vegan population continues to grow globally, misconceptions about its nutritional adequacy remain prevalent. A comprehensive approach to the nutritional aspects of veganism, compares it with traditional milk-based diets and highlights the challenges of maintaining adequate nutrition on a vegan diet. While vegan diets can offer health benefits, they often lack essential nutrients such as vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium and certain protein, which are readily available in dairy products. Milk is often considered as a nutritionally complete food, provides high-quality proteins, essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals crucial for overall health. Notably, the absence of dairy in a vegan diet can lead to deficiencies, especially in vulnerable populations such as infants, children, elderly persons, pregnant women and athletes. Hence, experimental evidences and research needs to be conducted to better understand the clinical relevance of the vegan diet. In addition, detailed guidelines should be established to accommodate the various dietary compositions across the vegan spectrum. Also, accurate information relating to vegan food products is needed to be disseminated to public through various resources of communication.Item Iron Status of Pregnant Women at Nsukka, Enugu State, South East Nigeria(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-01) C., Uzoigwe, K; Okoroh, PN; Anakor, DO; Uzuegbu, IE; Ekeke, KL; Osuji, CA.Background: Anaemia is a serious health issue, particularly in remote areas such as Nsukka, Enugu State, South East geopolitical zone of Nigeria as a result of poor awareness. A comprehensive study on the iron status of pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Nsukka, is rare. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the iron status of pregnant women living at Nsukka in Enugu State, South, East Nigeria via monitoring prevalence and severity of anaemia in pregnant women in first, second and third trimester using haemoglobin and ferritin concentration as bio- indicators of anaemia among the subjects, effect of age, gestational age and intake of routine drugs on haemoglobin and ferritin concentration of the subjects. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 127 pregnant women, within the ages of 20-49years, grouped based on the stages of pregnancy namely first trimester 30 pregnant women (23.6%), second trimester 40 pregnant women 31.5%, and third trimester 57 pregnant women (44.9%), attending antenatal clinic in Nsukka Divisional Health Centre were recruited for the study using simple random technique. All data and statistical analyses were conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software, version 27. Descriptive statistics such as means and percentages were calculated and reported by groups. Test of statistical significance was carried out using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Pearson test was performed to assess the correlation between haemoglobin, ferritin concentrations with other stated variables. Results: The age distributions of the 127 pregnant women were 20 – 24 years (26.8%), 25 – 29 years (37%), 30 – 34 years (20.4%), 35 – 39 years (12.6%), 40 -44 years (2.4%) and 45 – 49 years (0.8%). Study revealed that 39.4% of the pregnant women were anaemic because their haemoglobin concentration was less than 11 g/dl. Exactly 27.6% of women were anaemic based on ferritin concentration below 15 µg/l. None of the subjects were anaemic in first trimester, 26% of the subjects were anaemic in second trimester while 11.3% of the subjects were anaemic in third trimester. Based on ferritin level alone, 66.6% of the subjects were anaemic in first trimester, 46% in second trimester while 53.5% of the subjects in third trimester were anaemic. Conversely, 16.7% of the subjects in first trimester, 22% in second trimester and 23.9% in third trimester were anaemic based on low haemoglobin and ferritin level respectively. Haemoglobin concentration significantly (p < 0.05) showed negative correlation with age effect and positive correlation with ferritin concentration although not significant (p > 0.05). Gestational age correlated with haemoglobin and ferritin concentration showed negative correlation which was not significant (p > 0.05). Intake of routine drug correlated with haemoglobin and ferritin respectively showed negative and positive correlation respectively, although not significantly different (p > 0.05). Conclusion and Recommendations: Maternal iron status is heavily affected by pregnancy even in a high-resource, generally iron-supplemented population. Our study revealed that anaemia during pregnancy was highly prevalence in Nsukka, Enugu State because more than halve of the subjects screened were anaemic in both first, second and third trimester. Early screening of pregnant women for iron status using serum or plasma ferritin standard measure of iron deficiency according to the world Health Organization is highly encouraged. There is a need to educate and implement strategies that will improve iron status of pregnant women for the safety of the mother and the unborn child.Item Nutritional Potential of 15 Local Plant Species in Preventing Mineral Deficiencies in Young Children in Niger(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-04) Idé, SOUMANA SOUROUNDA; Barhamou, GARBA HASSANE; Abdoul Razak, AMADOU MOUSSA; Saadatou ALKASSOUM SANGARE; Mahamane Sabiou, SANI MAAZOU; Yaou, CHAIBOU; Sambo, Babouga Garba; Karimou, Soumana; SADOU, Hassimi; AGBEKPONOU, AMEYAPOH YAOVI; SEINI, SABO HaouaMacroelements and trace elements are essential for the body to function properly. The aim of this study was to determine the mineral composition of the products of 15 local species and their contribution to combating mineral deficiencies. Iron, phosphorus and zinc were determined by UV/visible spectrophotometer. Sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The rate of coverage of children's daily mineral requirements was determined according to Canadian government recommendations. The results show that Hyphaene thebaïca pulp contains the highest proportion of potassium (8000mg/100g M); and phosphorus in Arachis hypogaea seeds (662.72mg/100g) and Ziziphus mauritiana kernels (336.71mg/100g). Magnesium levels were highest in Adansonia digitata pulp (283.10mg/100g) and Hyphaene thebaïca (216.27mg/100g), while calcium levels were highest in Adansonia digitata pulp (194.39mg/100g) and Neocarya macrophylla kernel (128.26mg/100g). Sodium levels were highest in Arachis hypogaea seeds (344.91mg/100g). In addition, the highest iron contents were found in the kernel of Anacarduim occidentale (6.40mg/100g) and the seeds of Glycine max (5.80mg/100g) and Pennisetum glaucum (5.80mg/100g). The highest zinc levels were found in almonds, notably Anacarduim occidentale (2.30mg/100g) and Zizyphus mauritiana (2.79mg/100g). More than 80% of the products from the species in this study meet more than 45% of the daily phosphorus requirements of children aged 7 to 12 months. Almonds from Anacarduim occidentale and Neocarya macrophylla provide over 40% of daily iron and zinc requirements for all age groups. These plant products could therefore be used in strategies to combat micronutrient deficiencies and even malnutrition.