International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review
Permanent URI for this collection
ISSN: 2231-086X
Frequency: Quarterly
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://www.sciencedomain.org/journal-home.php?id=3
Browse
Recent Submissions
Item Effect of Vegetable Rapeseed and Olive Oil-Based Waxes on the Post-Harvest Preservation of Mangoes in Côte d'Ivoire(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Didier, KK; Gaston, KK; Jean-Martial, KKF; Jacques-Edouard, YK; Patrick, N; Martial, K; Daouda, KCôte d'Ivoire is the third largest supplier of mangoes to the European Union. However, its export to the European market is prone to significant losses due to its perishable nature. This problem prompted this study, which aims to improve the quality of mangoes exported to cold rooms by coating them with wax based on vegetable oils. For this purpose, Kent variety mangoes were coated with different doses of wax based on vegetable oils: Rapeseed + Olive 100g/l and Scholar Max 230 SC as a reference product. The treatments evaluated during this study are treatment T0: Untreated control, treatment T1: Scholar Max 230 SC at 0.15%, treatment T2: wax based on vegetable oils at 10%, T3 treatment: wax based on vegetable oils at 15%, T4 treatment: wax based on vegetable oils at 5% and T5 treatment: Combination of the wax based on vegetable oils at 10% and Scholar Max 230 SC, at 0.15%. The treated fruits were stored at 8°C for 15 days in a cold room to mimic export conditions. The evaluations were extended to 6 days after the fruits were removed from the cold room. The results revealed that weight loss and color of fruits were uniform for all treatments. While the loss of firmness was significantly low (8,29%) with the fruit coated with wax based on vegetable oils at 5%. The soluble sugar content, pH and titratable acidity were statistically identical to those of the uncoated fruits. It appears that the coating at wax based on vegetable oils at 5% before cold storage also makes it possible to maintain the quality of the fruit by reducing the impact of anthracnose and inducing lower browning rate.Item Ameliorative Effect of Chromolaena odorata on Liver and Kidney Function Parameters of Acetaminophen Induced Toxicity in Rats(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) N. I., A; A. C., N; J. C., I; O. C., E; R. S., E.Chromolaena odorata is a medicinal plant reported to have diverse pharmacological functions including detoxifying and ameliorating potentials. The use of Chromolaena odorata as a medicinal plant for the treatment of different ailments has gained attention worldwide from time immemorial. The study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata leaves on acetaminophen-induced hepatocellular and renal injury in male albino Wistar rats. The aqueous extract of C. odorata was prepared using conventional methods. Phytochemical and proximate analysis of the leaves of C. odorata were investigated using standard methods. The liver and kidney function analysis were carried out using several standard diagnostic methods. The result of the phytochemical analysis revealed that flavonoids (10.91±0.00)g/100g content of C. odorata leaves was significantly (p<0.05) the highest followed by alkaloids (7.45±0.00)g/100g, cardiac glycosides (5.22±0.00)g/100g and saponins (4.96±0.00)g/100g. Proximate analysis showed that carbohydrate (63.34±0.00)% content was significantly (p<0.05) the highest compared to moisture (11.75±0.00)%, protein (10.15±0.00)%, fibre (5.63±0.00)%, fat (5.29±0.00)% and ash (3.85±0.00)% content. The ALT activity (43.33 ± 2.60)IU/L, AST (62.33±7.13) IU/L activity, ALP (42.00±1.53)IU/L activity, D.Bil (1.93±0.09)mg/dl and T.Bil (3.13±0.18)mg/dl concentration of the acetaminophen-induced untreated animals were significantly (p<0.05) higher compared with the ALT activity (21.67 ± 1.33)IU/L, AST (21.67±1.33) IU/L activity, ALP (19.33±3.76) IU/L activity, D.Bil (0.93±0.09)mg/dl and T. Bil (2.57±0.15)mg/dl concentration of the group treated with 300mg/kg bodyweight of the aqueous extract. Treatment with 100mg/kg and 300mg/kg bodyweight of the aqueous extract of C. odorata for a period of four weeks significantly ameliorated the alterations in the liver function and kidney function caused by acetaminophen toxicity. The extracts restored to a greater extent the damages caused by acetaminophen toxicity as was revealed from the results of the liver and kidney function tests (urea and creatinine). The extract modulates the essential biochemical parameters and organ-system functions of acetaminophen-induced toxicity in rats favourably towards recovery and improved health.Item Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder (MOLP) Supplementation on Haematological Profile in Transition Osmanabadi Goats(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Santre, MG; Sanap, MJ; Gaikwad, NZ; Khodke, MV; Gadegaonkar, GM; Suryawanshi, RD; Jadhav, PVAims: The present study aimed at investigating the effect of feeding Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) on different haematological parameters during pregnancy in Osmanabadi goats at COVAS, Udgir, dist. Latur (Maharashtra state). Study Design: A total of 16 pregnant goats were randomly divide into two groups, comprising 6 animals each. Control (concentrate mixture without MOLP) and 20% MOLP supplemented group (concentrate mixture + 20% MOLP) /animal/day. Place and Duration of Study: Experimental animals were selected and fed on standard ration and supplements with MOLP at Livestock Farm Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir. Dept of Veterinary Biochemistry, from July- October, 2024. Methodology: The experiment started after confirmation of pregnancy (1 month) till 2 weeks post parturition. Haematological parameters (haemoglobin, PCV, TEC, TLC, DLC, MCV and MCH) were measured and recorded individually at beginning of the experiment, on 60th day and postpartum 7th day. Results: The results of study revealed that haemoglobin, PCV and TEC showed no significant difference in all experimental groups. The MOLP supplementation resulted into significant (P<0.05) improvement in TLC values on 60th day in contrast to the control group. The DLC (granulocytes, lymphocytes) values were found highly significant (P<0.05) in MOLP supplemented group on 60th day and postpartum 7th day, however, the monocytes values did not differ significantly among the experimental groups. The values of MCV showed no significance difference in all experimental groups. The MCH concentration showed no significance, but the values were higher than the normal range in all experimental groups. Conclusion: The significant increase in granulocytes and lymphocyte counts could be attributed to enhanced immune response during pregnancy and 7th day partum stage in animals. The significant increase in total leucocyte count during pregnancy might be associated with enhanced phagocytosis against infectious diseases. Feeding of MOLP did not affect blood profile in pregnant Osmanabadi goats.Item Impact of Analytical Error in Lipid Levels and LDL-c Calculation on Cardiovascular Risk Classification(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Nikiema-Ndong, R; Bengone, A, syntia, M; Batou, AS; Mickala, BWOL; Mbadinga, AKK; Felix, OAIntroduction: High levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) are associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The LDL-c value is the basis for a classification of the subject into low risk, moderate risk, and very high risk of developing CVD. Nevertheless, analytical error could be reflected in the various calculation parameters. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of analytical error and the method of LDL- c calculation on patient classification. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study with data collection on lipid panels carried out in the laboratories of three hospitals in Gabon, between January 2023 and December 2023. Each data set included concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), HDL-c, LDL-c, and triglycerides (TG) measured simultaneously for each patient. Not included were all patients with TG >4 mmol/L. The LDL-c concentration was determined using the direct method and Friedewald equation. The total analytical error (TAE) used are for TC ? 9%, TG ? 15%, LDL-c ? 12%, and HDL-c ? 13%. Results: A total of 2060 patients made up the study population. Before application of the TAE, the proportion of LDL-c concentration with the direct method against the Friedewald equation was comparable (p=0.14). After application of the positive TAE, the proportion of LDL-c concentration was statistically higher with the indirect method compared to direct method [596 (28.93%) versus 355 (17.23%); p<0.0001]. Thus, applying the positive TAE to the calculation formula and to the direct LDL-c, the Friedewald equation had more patients at very high risk and at high risk compared to the direct method (p<0.0001). However, the negative TAE on the indirect method classified few patients at very high risk and at high risk. We found that, the positive TAE reduced patients at low and intermediate risk and reclassified them at very high and at high risk of developing CVD (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The analytical error and LDL-c calculation method significantly influence patient classification. It revealed that high-risk patients were more likely to be classified as CVD-related. The use of indirect methods led to higher high- and very high-risk patients. The TAE also altered patient classification, shifting some from lower to higher risk. This suggests that TAE should be considered for better patient management.Item Effect of Gasoline Exposure to Level of Inflammatory Response: A Cross Sectional Study of Measurement of C-Reactive Protein in Exposed People of Nigeria(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-07) Chukwuyem, OC; Nwamaka, MIAim: C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are widely recognized as biomarkers of systemic inflammation and have been linked to an increased risk of chronic diseases. However, potential analytical variability and individual biological responses may influence CRP readings particularly in environmental exposure studies. Therefore, careful interpretation of CRP levels is essential when assessing inflammatory responses among gasoline-exposed individuals. This study investigates the impact of prolonged gasoline exposure on inflammatory response, using C-reactive protein (CRP) levels as a biomarker. Methodology: A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted involving 60 apparently healthy participants (31 males, 29 females, aged 18–45). The experimental group comprised petroleum station attendants with gasoline exposure of over one year, further categorized into subgroups based on exposure duration: 1–2 years, 3–5 years, and over 5 years. Venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for CRP concentrations using standard laboratory methods. Results: CRP levels were significantly elevated in the 3–5 years (5.98 ± 2.29 mg/L) and >5 years (5.37 ± 2.88 mg/L) exposure groups compared to the control group (1.25 ± 0.21 mg/L, p < 0.05), indicating a notable inflammatory response in long-term exposed individuals. Conclusion: Prolonged exposure to gasoline vapors is associated with systemic inflammation, as evidenced by elevated CRP levels. These findings emphasize the potential health risks for petroleum workers and the importance of implementing occupational health safety measures and regular health screenings.Item Evaluation of Antiradical Effect and Dosage of Total Polyphénols of Extracts Abrus prectorius Leaves a Plant Used in the Treatment of Diabetes in Côte d’Ivoire(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Marius, L; Marianne, LS; François, KYK; Calixte, B; Noël, ZG; Adama, CAims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiradical effect of extracts aqueous and ethanolic of Abrus precatorius Leaves and to determine the polyphenols. Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Ecology Research Center, Nangui Abrogoua University, BP 109, Abidjan 08, Côte d'Ivoire. The first part of this study was carried out from November 28, 2024 to December 31, 2024; the second part was conducted from January 18, 2025 to Mars 13, 2025. Methodology: The anti-radical effect was determined by scavenging DPPH free radical in the presence of control (Vitamin C) and inhibition concentration 50 (IC50) of each extract was determined. The polyphenols were dosed using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Results: All extracts exhibited marked antiradical effect by scavenging DPPH free radical in a concentration dependent manner. There were recorded IC50 values of 0.813 mg/ml for aqueous extract and 0.283 mg/ml for ethnolic extract which are different from Vitamin C (7.10-3 mg/mL). Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. precatorius leaves are rich in polyphenols with levels of 178.34 ± 1.67 mg GAE/g and 163,28 ± 1,31 mg GAE/g respectively. The extracts of A precatorius show anti-radical effect in DPPH test with good polyphenol content, characterized by high levels of flavonoids (93.44 ± 1.83 mg QE/g) and condensed tannins (16,31 ± 0,24 mg CE/g) with aqueous extract. Conclusion: The antiradical effect observed with extracts of A. precatorius leaves rich in polyphenols could justify its antioxidant activity which would be at the origin of the antidiabetic properties attributed to the plant.Item Parinari curatellifolia, Biosafety and Pharmacological Efficacy against Biological End Points of Pneumonia(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-07) CHIFAMBA, J; MUKARO, FParinari curatellifolia is a widely utilized medicinal plant in Zimbabwe. The major traditional applications include the management of key biological end points of pneumonia, a critical global health concern particularly in the sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia regions where it contributes to over 14% of under-five deaths. Pneumonia is characterized by inflammatory biomarkers such as elevated procalcitonin and C-reactive protein. Given the limitations and challenges associated with current paediatric pneumonia treatments, there is an urgent need for safe, effective, and affordable alternatives capable of modulating the disease’s biological endpoints. This study investigated the phytoconstituent profile, the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of P. curatellifolia. Various wet chemical techniques were employed to screen for the pharmacologically active secondary metabolites; the anti-inflammatory activity was determined through the egg albumin assay using diclofenac as a standard. The antibacterial effectivity was assessed through the agar well diffusion method against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae and the acute oral toxicity evaluation was done using an amended OECD technical guideline 423 (the limit test). The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of diverse biomedically relevant secondary metabolites. Biosafety assessment in Sprague Dawley rats confirmed the absence of acute oral toxicity effects at a fixed dose of 4000 mg/kg body weight. The lyophilised hydroethanolic bark extract also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity at 8000mg/kg body weight comparable to diclofenac at 2000mg/kg. The antibacterial tests confirmed antibacterial inhibition with a zone of inhibition diameter of 21mm and 17mm for S. aureus and K. pneumoniae respectively. It was therefore concluded that the numerous bioactive secondary metabolites present in P. curatellifolia bark possess anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and potentially antioxidant properties and are toxicologically safe. This study validates the use of Parinari curatellifolia as a potential complementary treatment in the management of key biological endpoints of pneumonia in traditional Zimbabwean medicinal practices.Item Post-Translational Modifications as Molecular Mediators in the Pathogenesis and Complications of Diabetes(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Ara, MR; Bushra, KT; Kabir, MADiabetes mellitus is a multifactorial metabolic disorder marked by chronic hyperglycemia and associated complications that affect millions globally. Recent advances in molecular biology have highlighted the central role of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the pathogenesis and progression of all major types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. This review focuses on three pivotal PTMs- glycation, phosphorylation, and acetylation, along with their interrelated roles in disrupting insulin signaling, promoting inflammation and driving diabetic complications. Glycation leads to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that impair protein function and trigger the RAGE-mediated inflammatory cascade. Phosphorylation, when dysregulated by nutrient excess and stress-activated kinases, disrupts insulin signal transduction and exacerbates insulin resistance. Acetylation, particularly of histones and metabolic regulators, modulates gene expression patterns linked to the metabolic memory of prior hyperglycemic insults. We explore how these PTMs influence molecular and cellular mechanisms contribute to long-term complications, and offer novel diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. By understanding the intricate crosstalk between these PTMs, this review advocates for integrated strategies targeting glycation, kinase signaling and epigenetic modulation to improve diabetes management and outcomes.Item Mitigation of Doxorubicin-induced Cardiovascular Damage Using Commelina diffusa Extract in Wistar Rats(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) E. O., W; E., C TDoxorubicin, which is also called an anthracycline antibiotic, is widely applied in the treatment of cancers of different types, including leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors. However, the mechanism underlying doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and myocardial cell death. Another mechanism is by inhibition of mitochondrial ATP production. This study determined the mitigation of doxorubicin-induced cardiovascular damage using Commelina diffusa extract in Wistar Rats. Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats weighing 160 and 200g were purchased from the Biochemistry Animal House, University of Port Harcourt. The rats were acclimatized for weeks, given free access to rat feed and water. The rats were then divided into 5 groups on the basis of body weight. Five groups of five rats per group. Groups 1 and 2 served as normal and negative controls. Rats in groups 3-5 were induced with doxorubicin and treated with the extract at 166mg/kg, 250mg/kg, and 500mg/kg for 21 days. All analyses were carried out based on standard methods. All Data are represented as means ± error of mean (M±E) and were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 20.0 USA. Descriptive statistics was done by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multiple comparison was done using Turkey Post hoc at (p?0.05) confidence interval. The cardiac IL-6, C-reactive protein, CTn-I and CTn-T of the negative control were 153.06±0.03 pg/dl, 83.64±0.03 mg/ml, 472.25±0.03pg/mL, and 442.64±0.04pg/Ml respectively while those treated with extract at 500mg/kg for 21 days were 117.93±0.02pg/dl, 41.04±0.01mg/ml, 447.08±0.03pg/mL, and 410.72±0.03 pg/Ml respectively. The MDA and GSH levels of the negative control were 23.83±0.02 mmol/l and 73.63±0.03 ?g/mg protein, respectively. The mean CAT and SOD activities of group 5 were 96.06±0.03 mg/promin and 9.04±0.03 mg/g respectively. The IL-6, C-reactive protein, CTn-I, CTn-T, CAT and SOD activities of group 5 treated at 500mg/kg for 21 days were significantly ameliorated. Aqueous extract of Commelina diffusa ameliorated cardiovascular damage facilitated by doxorubicin exposure, hence could serve as a herbal agent in the treatment of cardiovascular damage.Item Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Chemical Components of Oils from Allium sativum L., and Allium cepa L.(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-07) M.E., O; M.C., E; D.M., D; V.M., Y; R.T, E; P.M., D; M, A; A., M; A.A., ZGarlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) are herbaceous monocotyledonous plants of the Genus Allium and are used the world over for culinary, medicinal and agricultural activities. This study investigated the constituent chemical compounds in the extracted oils of fresh garlic bulbs, and fresh onion bulbs. The fresh garlic and onion bulbs used in this study, were bought at Yankura market in Kano, Kano State, Nigeria. The oils of garlic, and onion were extracted using cold maceration. Constituent chemical compounds of the oils of garlic, and onion were identified using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the database of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Thirty-three chemical compounds, with varying area percentages, were identified in the oil of garlic with retention time ranging from 5.96 to 36.27 minutes. Also, thirty-three chemical compounds with varying area percentages, were identified in the oil of onion, with retention time ranging from 8.3 to 36.49 minutes. Eight chemical compounds namely 9-Octadecenoic acid, N-Hexadecanoic acid, Dodecanoic acid, Tetradecanoic acid, Bromoacetic acid, 9-Oxabicyclo[6.1.0]nonane, Eicosene (E)-, and Carboxylic acid were identified to be common to both the garlic oil, and the onion oil. However, the onion oil had more compound concentration of these chemical compounds common to them both in most cases, than the garlic oil. This factor may confer more bioactivity on the onion oil than on the garlic oil.Item Piliostigma thonningii Biosafety and Efficacy on Common Actinic Damage Endpoints(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Chifamba, J; Nhara, TE; Zengeni, SPiliostigma thonningii from the Fabaceae and Caesalpinioideae sub-family is a huge deciduous tree from the woodlands of Southern Africa that can grow up to 10 meters tall with a rounded crown and a short, often crooked trunk. Prevalent in disturbed areas. P. thonningii is medicinally used in African traditional medicine to treat wounds, ulcers, gastric pain, gingivitis and as an antipyretic. The current study systematically, technically evaluated the potential use of the plant in managing photo damage end points through biosafety and pharmacological activity assessments. Various classical analytical techniques were used to screen for the presence of pharmacological secondary metabolites. The DPPH method was used to determine the anti oxidancy, the egg albumin test was used to determine the anti-inflammatory activity, OECD guideline 426 and 406 were used to determine the acute oral toxicity and the dermal toxicity of the lyophilised extract. The phytoscreening confirmed the presence of numerous biomedically relevant secondary metabolites including, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, phytosterols, proteins and amino acids, carbohydrates, glycosides, terpenoids and lignans. The biosafety study using albino rat models confirmed that P. thonningii is nontoxic with an LD50 above 5000mg/kg. The hydroethanolic extract demonstrated high anti-oxidant, high anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities, which were comparable to the standards, ascorbic acid, diclofenac and ceftriaxone, respectively. The results confirm presence of relevant bioactive secondary metabolites in lyophilized extracts of the leaf parts of P. thonningii which possess satisfactory anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-oxidant profiles which are all relevant in retarding actinic damage. It was hereby substantiated that the lyophilised extract of P. thonningii is biologically active in photo damage retardation and safe thereby justifying its topical use in traditional medicine.Item Comparative Study of P. ostreatus and Empagliflozin on Liver in Diabetic Rats(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Ijeoma, EL; Comfort, M-I.Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic and hepatoprotective potential of Pleurotus ostreatus ethanolic extract in comparison to the standard drug empagliflozin in high-fat diet and streptozotocin (HFD-STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The focus was on assessing changes in body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), liver function markers, lipid profile, and hepatic histopathology. Study Design: A Controlled experimental animal study. Place and Duration of Study: College of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Lagos, between December 2024 and April 2025. Methodology: Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), low- and high-dose Pleurotus ostreatus (POL: 200 mg/kg; POM: 400 mg/kg), and low- and high-dose empagliflozin (EGL: 20 mg/kg; EGM: 40 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced using a high-fat diet followed by streptozotocin (40 mg/kg). Body weight and FBG were monitored weekly. At the end of the study, blood samples were analyzed for liver function markers (ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, albumin) and lipid profile. Histopathological examination of liver tissues was also performed. Results: Over four weeks, all treated groups (POL, POM, EGL, EGM) demonstrated progressive weight gain, whereas the diabetic control group experienced significant weight loss and high mortality. FBG levels significantly decreased in all treatment groups except EGM, which showed an initial drop followed by rebound hyperglycemia, suggesting a possible dose-dependent variation. Liver enzymes ALT and AST were significantly reduced (p=0.001) in all treated groups. ALP levels were elevated (p=0.001), possibly indicating increased biliary activity. Bilirubin increased significantly (p=0.05) only in the POL group. Albumin levels increased significantly in POM (p=0.01) and EGM (p=0.05), suggesting improved hepatic synthetic function. Lipid profiles remained unchanged across groups (p ? 0.05), indicating maintained lipid homeostasis. Histological analysis revealed preserved liver architecture in treated groups, especially in POL, which exhibited minimal hepatocellular damage. Conclusion: Pleurotus ostreatus extract demonstrated significant antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effects, comparable to empagliflozin in HFD-STZ-induced diabetic rats. These findings support its potential as a natural, cost-effective alternative for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially in settings with limited access to synthetic drugs.Item Biochemical Potentials of Ethanol Leaf Extract of C. aconitifolius in Phenylhydrazine Induced Anemia in Rats(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-07) Ezeigwe, OC; Nwobodo, VOG; Iloanya, ELAim: Anemia is a common health challenge caused by a decrease in hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and red blood cells. Some medicinal plants have antianaemic properties and can be used as a remedy to treat anemia. This study investigates the anti-anemic properties of ethanol extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (EECA) leaves in phenylhydrazine-induced anemic rats. Methods: Acute toxicity (LD50) was done using Lorke’s method. Twenty-five (25) male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups of five rats each and used for the antianemic studies. Group A, B, and C served as the normal control, anemic untreated (negative control), and anemic group treated with 1ml/kg emzoron (positive control), respectively. Groups D and E were treated with 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg of ethanol extract of C. aconitifolius respectively by oral gavage once a day for 14 days. Anemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg phenylhydrazine for four consecutive days in groups B to E. At the end of 14 days treatment, biochemical analysis were done using standard diagnostic methods and haematological parameters were analysed using an automated haematology analyzer (Mindray-BC-5300). Results: The result of the LD50 study showed that the extract may not be very toxic. The extract was able to restore the impaired biochemical parameters caused by phenylhydrazine to normal after 14 days of treatment. The antianemic effects of EECA was demonstrated by significant increases (p<0.05) in the hemoglobin (HGB), packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell (RBC) count of the extract-treated groups after 14 days of treatment compared to the anemic untreated control group. There was a better increase in the hemoglobin levels of 100 mg/kg EECA (13.40±0.35) compared to 200 mg/kg EECA (12.50±0.45). Also, the packed cell volume increased more in 100 mg/kg EECA (40.97±0.87) compared to 200 mg/kg EECA (38.73±1.63). A better increase was observed in the red blood cell count of 100 mg/kg EECA (5.83±0.35) compared to 200 mg/kg EECA (5.55±0.44). Conclusion: The EECA was well tolerated by the animals as was seen from the results of the biochemical parameters. The extract also improved the haematological parameters of the animals. The animals that were treated with 100 mg/kg bodyweight yielded a far much better result by totally restoring the haematological parameters of the phenylhydrazine-induced anemic rats to normal without any observable alterations in the biochemical parameters investigated.Item Hormonal and Lipid Interactions in Patients with Concurrent Hypothyroidism and Type 2 Diabetes: A Focus on Prolactin and Testosterone Levels(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Jamatia, M; Khan, MN; Kumar, AObjectives: This study investigates the intricate biochemical interplay and endocrine dysregulation between hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes, focusing on the roles of prolactin and testosterone as key hormonal biomarkers in metabolic regulation. It aims to elucidate how these hormonal imbalances contribute to glucose dysregulation, lipid abnormalities, and increased cardiovascular risk associated with overall metabolic dysfunction. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism, type 2 diabetes, or both. Biochemical parameters, including fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), HbA1c, lipid profiles, prolactin, testosterone, and thyroid function tests (TSH, FT3, FT4), were analyzed. Correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationships between metabolic markers and hormonal levels. Results: Patients with concurrent hypothyroidism and diabetes exhibited significant elevations in FBS, PPBS, HbA1c, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides, indicating compounded metabolic dysregulation and heightened cardiovascular risk. Elevated prolactin levels correlated with metabolic stress, suggesting an adaptive endocrine response to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Additionally, testosterone deficiency was observed in diabetic and hypothyroid patients, reinforcing its role in metabolic syndrome-related hypogonadism. Triglycerides emerged as a key metabolic marker, showing significant correlations with glucose and thyroid parameters. Conclusion: The interplay between prolactin, testosterone, and lipid metabolism highlights the need for a multidisciplinary approach in managing patients with coexisting hypothyroidism and diabetes. Routine endocrine evaluations focusing on these critical hormonal biomarkers, alongside lipid management strategies and targeted hormonal interventions, may enhance metabolic control and reduce long-term cardiovascular risk. Identifying prolactin, testosterone, and triglycerides as potential biomarkers could facilitate early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies.Item Analysis of Biochemical Variability and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from the Vegetable Food Chain in Niamey, Niger(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Alio, AA; Moustapha, RM; Djalifa, HS; Abdel-Kader, AS; Chaibou, Y; Mahamadou, AF; Seini, SH; Hassimi, SEscherichia coli (E. coli), is important both in terms of its frequency and the severity of the conditions it causes. It is a commensal of the human digestive tract. The presence of E. coli in food products indicates direct or indirect faecal contamination due to hygiene deficits during product preparation. The objective of this study was to analyze the biochemics variability and level of antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from vegetables produced and sold in Niamey. A total of 124 vegetable samples and 29 irrigation water samples were collected and analyzed. The biochemical characteristics were searched on the API24 gallery. The antibiotic resistance phenotype was determined using the standard Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion method. Approximately, 05.64% of vegetable samples were contaminated with E. coli, with tomato samples most affected (08.57%), followed by onion samples (08.33%). The study of the biochemical characteristics divides the strains into three (3), of which Group 1 is characterized by the absence of DHA and Groups 2 and 3 by the presence of DHA. The most frequently observed resistance phenotypes concerned CRO, AMC, ATM, SXT and TET. The presence of multi-resistant strains of Escherichia coli in vegetables testifies the potential risk associated with the consumption of these vegetables. It is important to look for the potential resistance and virulence genes of these strains for better management of infectious diseases.Item Phytochemical Screening, GC-MS Analysis and In vitro Antioxidant Studies of Ethanol Extract of Icicinia mani (Earth Balls) Tubers(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) AKPANABIATU, MI; UBON, JA; UFOT, UF; ESEN, RO; BASSEY, UE; JUMBO, BJ; MICHAEL, NV.Introduction: Icicinia mani also known as Efik-isong in Ibibio is a potential feed material for animals including humans. There are reports that commercial producers of garri, a major staple food in Southern Nigeria combine large quantities of Icicinia mani tubers with cassava to increase their production. In this study, we conducted the phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of Icicinia mani (Earth balls) tubers using standard methods to ascertain the safety or otherwise of this plant material. Methodology: Finely ground Icicinia mani tubers (1000 g) was extracted with 80 % ethanol and the filtrate was concentrated using a rotary evaporator (LabTech EV400H). The dried extract was refrigerated at 4 oC until required for use. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening were conducted using standard protocols. Analysis of the extract was by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the important functional groups and phytochemical constituents. In vitro antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assays. Results: The results of phytochemical screening indicate the presence (g/100 g) of alkaloids (29.703), flavonoids (8.911), tannin (5.455), steroids (0.007), saponin (13.269), cardiac glycosides (18.889), cyanogenic glycosides (0.002), oxalate (0.0004) and anthocyanin (10.00). GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of one hundred and five (105) compounds of which 1,2-Benzisothiazole, 3-(hexahydro-1H-azepin-1-yl)-, 1,1-dioxide had the highest retention time (23.712), Ethyl 2-(2-chloroacetamido)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(4-fluoroanilino) propionate had the highest molecular weight (356.70), while n-Hexadecanoic acid the highest peak area (4.92). The FRAP, DPPH, and NO scavenging assays indicated that the extract was capable of neutralizing free radicals. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of Icicinia mani tubers contains useful phytochemicals which synergistically confers strong antioxidant potentials on it, hence, the extract may be considered a potential natural source for developing additives in the food and pharmaceutical industries, offering an alternative to synthetic compounds for enhancing health benefits and mitigating oxidative stress. Further investigations on the minerals and proximate analysis as well as the effects of the extracts on biochemical parameters are on-going in our laboratory.Item Process Optimisation for Obtaining Biodegradable Products with Caustic Soda and Cereal Bran Mediated Starch Jellyzation(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Askarov, IR; Khamdamova, MD qiziThe volume and scale of disposable tableware production worldwide are increasing, and polymer materials, which are products of oil refining, are used as the main raw materials. Polymer products are organic materials made based on natural or synthetic high-molecular compounds, and are distinguished by several advantages of their materials in industry and production. However, the release of chemical and household toxic substances during the disposal process after use, and the fact that their decomposition period is on average more than 500 years, is a very serious environmental problem. To eliminate such an environmental hazard, as an alternative solution, today, based on the study of the chemical composition and properties of many natural and harmless biocomponents, the possibilities of replacing polymer products with other harmless copolymers and biopolymers are being widely studied and put into practice. This scientific article analyzes the technology for the production of environmentally friendly disposable containers using the bran of some cereal plants, in particular, wheat and corn, which is a secondary product, and using two methods of obtaining biopolymer (ecopolymer) compositions with the participation of caustic soda and starch paste, and based on the processes of natural gelatinization of starch in the composition of cereal bran. During this study, two methods for producing biodegradable containers from wheat bran were conducted and analyzed. The first was the production of 100% natural eco-containers using the starch glue mentioned above, and the second was the laboratory analysis of the container production line as a result of processing under physicochemical effects based on appropriately prepared mixtures of wheat and corn bran with water. A mixture (gelation) of starch and water in different proportions at a temperature of 50°? to 60°? was accepted for dishes made as starch glue. The second method of preparing starch glue is the method using animal gelatin, in which gelatin that has undergone the swelling process is poured into the prepared starch paste, mixed and cooked in a water bath at 100-120 0 C for 30 minutes. It is noteworthy that for the first time in the country, specific ratios and technological conditions have been proposed for the production of biodegradable containers based on local, inexpensive secondary grain resources that decompose under the influence of biological natural resources within a period of 1 to 3 months.The creation of biodegradable containers from the bran obtained as a result of the large-scale cultivation of grain products in the country, several times cheaper than samples made abroad, of high quality, without disposal problems, completely harmless and environmentally friendly.Item Effect of Aqueous Extract of Carica papaya and Gongronema latifolium Leaves on Some Serum Enzymes and Lipid Profiles of Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Induced Wistar Rats(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) EZEONWUMELU, EC; OMEODU, SI; EMMANUEL, JC.Aim: To investigate the aqueous leaf extract of Carica papaya (pawpaw) and Gongronema latifolium (utazi) in the treatment of Wistar rats induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-liver damage so as to ascertain the effect of both extracts on selected biochemical parameters. Study Design: Twenty-five (25) wistar rats with mean weight of 125g were used for the study, grouped into 5 of 5 rats each. Group 1 served as the normal control which was given the standard feed and water ad libitum; group 2 served as the test control, was induced with CCl4 intraperitoneally but untreated with the extracts; while groups 3 to 5 were induced with CCl4, and treated daily intraperitoneally with the leaf extracts with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% for 14 days after 7 days of acclimatization. Place and Duration of Study: The animal house of the Biochemistry Department, University of Port Harcourt; and Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), between March and August 2019. Methodology: After 14 days of treatment with both extracts in Groups 3-5, the 25 animals were sacrificed upon which their blood and a liver sample per group were taken for biochemical analysis. Biochemical tests such as Glucose, Alanine and Aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Triacylglycerol (TAG), Cholesterol (CHOL), High and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C) were assayed using Randox and Agappe kits, and autoanalysers. Results: Upon CCl4 induction, a significant increase in the parameters levels (P<0.05) was shown while following the extracts administration, a significant decrease (P>0.05) in such levels except for HDL was shown. Conclusion: The management of liver damage by the aqueous leaf extract of both plants was effective with increased concentration as the ameliorative effect was visible.Item Antifungal Activity and Biosafety Assessment of Vernonia adoensis(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) CHIFAMBA, J; MUTONONO, R; CHINYAVANHU, C; SIZIBA, M; ZENGENI, SDermatophytes and other pathogenic fungi species are neglected tropical infections that grow on skin, hair, nails, mucous membranes, appendages and other body surfaces, causing various diseases in over a billion people annually. Common treatments are not only inaccessible but there are rising incidences of resistance to these antifungals. Vernonia adoensis, a plant indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions and prevalent in Southern Africa has widely been used as an effective treatment for fungal infections in traditional medicine in Southern Africa, however its toxicity profile and effectivity against pathogenic fungi remains unscientifically systematically validated. In this study, the phytochemical constituents of pharmacological relevance were identified through wet chemical analysis techniques, the toxicity profile was determined through OECD guidelines as well as Draize dermal irritation and skin sensitivity tests, the antifungal activity was assessed through the agar well diffusion method against Aspergillus fumigatus, with miconazole as a standard. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined through the egg albumin test with diclofenac as a standard. It was confirmed in this study that lyophilized hydroethanolic extracts from V. adoensis possess numerous phytoconstituents of pharmacological relevance including flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. The extracts demonstrated significant inhibitory effects against Aspergillus fumigatus comparable to miconazole. Our findings indicate that the lyophilized extracts were non-toxic at doses up to 5000 mg/kg, and the skin irritation tests confirmed that V adoensis has negligible skin irritation potential. The extracts also demonstrated considerable anti-inflammatory activity at doses within the toxicity safety zone. Based on the foregoing it was concluded that Vernonia adoensis possess relevant, pharmacologically active metabolites with regards to common end points of fungal infections. The hydroethanolic extracts possess no adverse dermal sensitivity issues and is toxicologically safe according to the Hodge and Sterner toxicity scale. V. adoensis therefore presents a safer, efficacious alternative as an antifungal agent for pharmacological use.Item Influence of Potassium Fertilisation on the Induction of Phenolic Markers of Resistance to Internal Browning in Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.)(Ms. M. B. Mondal, 2025-06) Souleymane, C; Samuel, KOK; André, SB; Edwige, YS; Hilaire, KT.The post-harvest quality of pineapple is often compromised by physiological disorders, including internal browning, which affects not only the appearance of the fruit but also its nutritional quality and consumer acceptability. Internal browning is a major limiting factor in the post-harvest quality of pineapple, negatively impacting its marketability. This study aims to evaluate the effect of potassium fertilisation on the induction of phenolic compounds associated with resistance to browning. The experimental field was established on sandy and low-fertility land at the Nangui Abrogoua University experimental farm (5º23'21''N; 4º11'09''W), Abidjan-Côte d'Ivoire. Four levels of potassium supply (20, 28, 34 and 40 g K?O/plant) were tested on MD2 and smooth Cayenne varieties. After harvest, fruits were stored at a low temperature of 10°C for 14 days, then at 22°C for 5 days before browning symptoms were assessed. Phenolic metabolites were then characterised using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (U-HPLC). After preservation, samples of the pulp from each fruit were taken in “dice” form and placed in a freeze-dryer (Alpha Christ 1-2 plus) for 2 days. Samples were analysed on two coupled U-HPLC chains. The results showed that an increasing amount of potassium fertiliser in pineapple cultivation significantly reduced the severity of fruit browning. Symptoms disappear from 34 g K?O/plant. Analysis of phenolic profiles reveals increased biosynthesis of flavonoids such as rutin, myricetin, genistin, gallic acid, protocatechic acid, genistein, quercetin, kaempferol, taxifolin, epicatechin and quercitrin. These are identified as markers linked to resistance to internal rusting in pineapple. Furthermore, the MD2 variety proved more tolerant to browning than the smooth Cayenne, probably due to an initially richer phenolic composition. These results indicate that optimising potassium intake could be an effective strategy for limiting post-harvest losses and improving the quality of fruit intended for export. A better understanding of the interactions between mineral nutrition and phenol metabolism could lead to the development of optimised cultivation strategies for the pineapple industry. Further studies on the enzymatic mechanisms involved in internal browning will allow refining these recommendations and optimising post-harvest fruit management.