International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
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Chief Editor: Dr. Bhaven Kataria
Print ISSN: 2319-2003 (Print)
Frequency: 6 issues a year
Language: English
Open Access Peer-reviewed journal
Web site: https://www.ijbcp.com/index.php
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Recent Submissions
Item An expert consensus on managing cough in Indian pediatric practice: airway disease education and expertise 2.0 (2024)(Medip Academy, 2024-12) Ganapathy, S; Mathur, A; Chakarvarty, A; Joshi, DK; Gala, M; Muchhala, SS; Kotak, BP.Cough in children is one of the most frequent presenting symptoms in health care settings. Coughing can significantly affect a child's sleep and level of activity, which often causes parents’ distress. Promptly addressing chronic cough may enhance the quality of life in children and reduce the considerable stress on parents. In 2017, airway disease education and expertise (ADEX) NEXT recommendations for diagnosis, management, and follow-up of persistent (chronic) cough were published. For the present work 27 modified Delphi consensus statements were prepared, and a survey was undertaken involving 30 expert pediatricians from across India. The opinions of the expert panel on the updates related to pediatric chronic cough awareness, diagnosis, and management were collected. Consensus was predetermined to be obtained if more than 75% of the participants agreed or remained neutral for the statement. All the statements were supported by the latest data from the literature search. All the statements reached consensus after an agreement of more than 75%. Consequently, all the opinions from experts were consolidated and expert recommendations were framed. Children presenting with cough should be treated in accordance with child-specific guidelines. The present expert recommendations can be utilized by pediatricians to make well-informed decisions when treating pediatric patients with cough. The management of cough in children should be determined by the underlying cause, where a prompt and efficient therapy can result in early resolution.Item Retracted: A comparative study of propranolol versus amitriptyline at a low dose for prophylaxis of episodic migraine at a tertiary care centre(Medip Academy, 2024-10) Banu, N; Shaifali, I; Chandra, S; Saxena, A.The article "A comparative study of propranolol versus amitriptyline at a low dose for prophylaxis of episodic migraine at a tertiary care centre" has been retracted by the Editor-in-Chief due to violations of the policies and practices of the International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. The retraction follows a complaint from the study institution regarding the presentation of false information in the study details, issues with ethical approval, and discrepancies in authorship.Item Overview of the human papilloma virus: types and its treatment(Medip Academy, 2024-12) Lolla, S; Ilindra, A; Bajracharya.The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease in the United States and one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted infections (STDs) globally. Warts are cutaneous and occasionally mucous lesions brought on by HPV, with 2-20% of elementary school students getting them. There are three types of warts: non-genital warts, flat warts, and plantar warts. Non-genital warts are hyperkeratotic, exophytic, dome-shaped papules or plaques commonly associated with HPV-1, 2, 4, 27, or 57. Flat warts appear as flesh-coloured, erythematous to brown, or hyperpigmented smooth papules with a flat top and a diameter of 2 to 5 mm. Plantar warts, also known as verrucae plantaris, are cutaneous lesions on the plantar aspect of the foot that result from a human papillomavirus infection of keratinocytes (HPV).Genital warts are transmitted through sexual contact, while autoinoculation and vertical transfer do occasionally happen. After engaging in sexual activity with an infected partner, about 70% of people experience anogenital warts. Treatment for HPV includes imiquimod cream formulations, photodynamic treatment (PDT), green tea, chemical cautery, fluorouracil cream, cryotherapy, and surgical treatment. Common warts are hyperkeratotic, exophytic, dome-shaped papules or plaques commonly found in fingers, dorsal surfaces of hands, knees, or elbows. Flat warts are flesh-coloured, erythematous to brown, or hyperpigmented smooth papules with a flat top and a diameter of 2 to 5 mm. Plantar warts are unique in their location and appearance, primarily affecting high-pressure locations on the palms and soles and are uniquely linked to HPV type 1.Item Unveiling maternal morbidity: insights from a descriptive cross-sectional study of postpartum women(Medip Academy, 2024-10) Thomas, R; Soman, S; Abraham, B; Mathew, J; Jacob, P.Background: The repercussions of obstetric problems and inadequate management during birth are carried over into the normal 42-day postpartum period, adding to the burden of maternal ill-health, which also includes levels of maternal mortality and complications during postpartum period. Our study was done to determine the common morbidities that postpartum subjects undergo and make awareness to health care practitioners and prevent complicated scenarios.Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in rural areas of Eraviperoor Grama Panchayath community pathanamthitta, Kerala, India. There were 150 people in the study's sample. The study involved women who are in their postpartum phase (months 0–8).Results: Our study of 150 participants found that 65% of deliveries were through C-sections. Despite 56% of postpartum women expressing high satisfaction with their overall health, concerns include nipple cracks (80%), urinary tract infections (56%), bacterial infections (12.5%), stitch allergies (6.5%), anemia (18%), leg edema or erythema (2%), difficulty urinating (18%), burning during urination (13%), and breast pain (4%) as prevalent morbidities.Conclusions: The present findings enable healthcare professionals to examine postpartum women's physical and emotional health more comprehensively, enabling them to enhance their quality of life.Item Evaluation of invitro antidiabetic activity using silver nanoparticles of Galinsoga parviflora leaf extract(Medip Academy, 2024-10) Bhat, WH; Ahmed, SS.Background: Diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, can lead to severe complications if untreated. G. parviflora, a plant from the Astereaceae family, is traditionally recognized for its medicinal properties, including hypoglycemic effects. This study investigates the antidiabetic potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized from G. parviflora leaf extract. To evaluate the in-vitro antidiabetic activity of silver nanoparticles from G. parviflora by assessing their ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase inhibitory activities, and glucose uptake using the everted gut sac method. Methods: Silver nanoparticles were synthesized from G. parviflora and tested for ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase inhibitory effects using colorimetric methods. Glucose uptake activity was assessed with an everted gut sac model from chicken ileum. Statistical analysis employed one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: The nanoparticles exhibited significant ?-amylase inhibitory activity, with 90.2% inhibition at 200 µl and 91.9% at 400 µl, surpassing the standard drug Acarbose. They also showed dose-dependent ?-glucosidase inhibitory activity, achieving 34.5% inhibition at 200 µl and 32.6% at 400 µl. Glucose uptake analysis revealed significant reductions at 150 minutes for both the standard drug and nanoparticles compared to the control (p<0.05). However, at 300 minutes, only the standard treatment maintained significant differences. Conclusions: Silver nanoparticles of G. parviflora exhibit significant in vitro antidiabetic activity by inhibiting key digestive enzymes and reducing glucose uptake. These findings suggest their potential for developing novel antidiabetic therapies.Item Cost analysis of drugs used in management of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and marketed in India(Medip Academy, 2024-10) Tupe, D; Bhave, K; Pandit, P.Background: Heart failure is characterised by significant morbidity, mortality, poor functional capacity, reduced quality of life, and high cost of lifelong medications. No studies have been performed yet on cost analysis of oral drugs used in management of HFrEF (Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction). So, we analysed cost variations of different brands of such drugs which are marketed in India.Methods: It was an analytical study in which maximum and minimum costs in rupees per 10 tablets/capsules of each drug in same strength, manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies in India, were obtained from “Current Index of Medical Specialties” (CIMS) January to April 2023, Indian Drug Review (IDR 2023) and Drug Today (January– April 2023 Cost ratio and % cost variation were calculated for each drug. % Cost variation= Maximum cost- Minimum cost × 100/ Minimum cost. Cost ratio= Price of the costliest brand/ Price of the least costly brand.Results: Totally 652 brands of HFrEF management drugs from different classes were evaluated. Telmisartan 80 mg had highest cost ratio of 44 and 4300% cost variation, while Spironolactone 25 mg had lowest cost ratio of 1.29 and 31.11% cost variation.Conclusions: Our study showed significant cost variation in different brands of the same drugs that are used in the management of HFrEF. To lessen economic burden and to improve adherence to treatment, also considering the demographics, it is desirable for doctors to prescribe least costly brands/ generic drugs, to meet the health-care needs of such patients.Item Exploring the effect of peppermint oil massage on pulmonary function in patients with bronchial asthma: insights from a case series(Medip Academy, 2024-12) Chidambaram, Y; Prabathas, RJDR; Palanisamy, K; Balasubramaniam, S; Kuppusamy, M.Bronchial asthma (BA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and obstruction, leading to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Management typically involves inhaled corticosteroids, but their adverse effects necessitate exploring alternative therapies. Aromatherapy massage, particularly using peppermint oil, may offer therapeutic benefits due to its anti-inflammatory and broncho dilatory properties. This study investigates the impact of upper back massage with peppermint oil on pulmonary function in BA patients. Three female patients with a history of poorly controlled BA participated in this case series. Each patient received a 20-minute upper back massage with peppermint oil daily for 10 days. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were conducted before and after the intervention, measuring forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), the FEV1/FVC ratio, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and forced expiratory flow (FEF 25-75%). All patients showed improvement in pulmonary function post-intervention. Case 1: FVC increased from 80% to 97%, FEV1 from 67% to 82%, and PEFR from 72% to 93%. Case 2: FVC improved from 69% to 81%, FEV1 from 64% to 76%, and FEF 25-75% from 40% to 50%. Case 3: FVC rose from 74% to 78%, FEV1 from 55% to 60%, and PEFR from 56% to 63%. Upper back massage using peppermint oil appears to enhance pulmonary function in individuals with bronchial asthma.Item Alzheimer’s disease: newer modalities in treatment(Medip Academy, 2024-12) Syed, AR; Agha, AAA; Mohamed, IMS; Srinivasamurthy, SK.Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains insurmountable despite a long history of research and clinical development. It is projected to rise in the coming decades of public health due to the aging population worldwide. Understanding the basic tenets of the disease and targeting key steps remains a time-tested approach even for AD. Apart from the currently available treatment options namely NMDA blockers, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, recently monoclonal antibodies that target A? amyloid protein are approved. This review highlights the key features of currently approved drugs along with promising drugs in clinical development.Item A panoramic view of the strategies for epithelial ovarian cancer: a review of current challenges(Medip Academy, 2024-12) Mustafa, M; Habib, S; Moinuddin; Singh, Y.Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains a formidable challenge in the field of gynecological oncology, accounting for a significant proportion of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Despite advances in surgical techniques and chemotherapeutic regimens, the prognosis for patients with advanced-stage disease continues to be dismal, underscoring the urgent need for novel and more effective treatment strategies. This editorial review examines intriguing therapeutic modalities that have the potential to improve treatment outcomes as well as overcome the current difficulties in managing EOC. It presents a brief but comprehensive examination of current research literature about epithelial ovarian cancer, challenges, disease recurrence, molecular complexity, and emerging therapeutic modalities. The importance of gene- and stem-cell therapy in pursuing effective ovarian cancer treatments still holds the platform. While traditional chemotherapy remains crucial for advanced cases, surgical interventions remain pivotal for early-stage patients. Treatment options include innovative DNA polymerase (alpha/delta/epsilon) inhibitors, personalized treatments, and immunotherapies toward advanced cases for quality survival. The challenges posed by epithelial ovarian cancer and late diagnosis necessitate a continuous quest for improved therapeutic options. Emerging approaches such as gene and stem cell therapies show promise in reshaping treatment paradigms. Further exploring localized treatment modalities presents avenues for enhancing improved patient payoff.Item Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices of generic drugs and their potential nocebo effects among second year medical students in a rural tertiary care teaching hospital: a cross-sectional study(Medip Academy, 2024-12) Griglani, DL; Patel, NN; Bhave, AL; Bhavasar, RP.Background: As drugs contribute significantly to healthcare costs, reduction in their cost by using generics offers a significant advantage so evaluation was done of knowledge, attitude, and practices of generic drugs and their potential nocebo effects among second year medical students in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: A prospective, observational, and questionnaire-based study was conducted after approval by the Institutional Ethics Committee. Pretested and validated questionnaire consisting of 26 questions about generic drugs was filled by 92 participants. The filled questionnaires were collected and analyzed on Microsoft Excel sheet. Results: Majority (90.2%) students had heard about generic drugs, however, only 18.5% students thought there was a nocebo effect associated with the use of generic drugs. Majority of the study population had a positive attitude towards use of generic drugs and believed them to be equally efficacious as branded drugs in addition to not having more side effects than branded drugs, though their current practices did not reflect this knowledge and attitude. 63% also said that following this study, they were likely to prescribe or consume generics as future doctors and patients. Conclusions: The participants had sufficient knowledge and positive attitude towards use of generic drugs. Knowledge regarding the possible nocebo effects of generic drugs was lacking.Item Pregnancy and nutrition: a comprehensive review(Medip Academy, 2024-12) Amin, F; Tali, TA; Ara, R.Nutrition plays a critical role in ensuring a healthy pregnancy and optimizing outcomes for both the mother and the foetus. This review explores key aspects of pregnancy nutrition, including the importance of essential nutrients such as folic acid, iron, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids. It examines the impact of maternal dietary patterns on fetal development and highlights the role of specific dietary interventions in managing conditions like gestational diabetes. The review also addresses the importance of nutritional supplements and food safety practices to prevent foodborne illnesses. Additionally, cultural and socioeconomic factors influencing prenatal nutrition are discussed, along with the significance of hydration and the effects of maternal weight on pregnancy outcomes. By integrating current research and guidelines, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how nutrition affects pregnancy and offers insights for improving prenatal care and health outcomes.Item A rare case report of diclofenac induced Steven Johnson syndrome(Medip Academy, 2024-12) Deuri, J; Aziz, S; Deka, D.Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS) and Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are acute life-threatening mucocutaneous diseases characterized by extensive necrosis involving the mucous membrane and epidermis. In this case, a 54-year-old female after intake of prescribed diclofenac tablet presented with multiple reddish maculopapular eruptions over face, abdomen, both limbs, over lips and oral cavity associated with pain and intense pruritus. This case is a rare presentation of drug induced SJS caused by commonly prescribed NSAID, diclofenac. Patient’s condition improved after withdrawal of offending drug and prompt treatment. This case suggests that emphasis on early detection, assessment and timely management of adverse drug reactions is of upmost importance. Thus, establishment of proper vigilance centre and regular monitoring is necessary and taking caution in prescribing drugs as well in elderly groups.Item Pharmacognostic, phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke(Medip Academy, 2024-12) Shah, RR; Ogale, S; Makwana, AB.The family Lamiaceae encompasses a diverse array of therapeutic plants, with the genus Ocimum being particularly esteemed. The plant known as Kapur Tulsi in India, Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke is a perennial woody shrub characterized by its essential oil, which predominantly contains camphor, along with linalool, limonene, eugenol, 1,8-cineole, and camphene. This review aims to provide current information on the taxonomy, botany, distribution, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicological profile of O. kilimandscharicum. The information presented was critically analyzed to understand the current research on this species and to explore potential future opportunities for this plant in pharmaceutical research. A comprehensive literature search was conducted and relevant information was collected through an extensive exploration of bibliographic databases, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science, Semantic Scholar, Europe PMC, and Scopus. The literature suggests that the plant contains a range of compounds that underpin its broad spectrum of pharmacological effects. These phytoconstituents have been widely employed in the treatment and management of numerous conditions. This review consolidates the latest information on its phytochemical and pharmacological activities, traditional applications, and scientific research. The review highlights the significant phytoconstituents of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke and summarizes the evidence supporting its pharmacological potential. The findings suggest that the plant's diverse compounds contribute to its extensive use in traditional medicine and underscore its potential for therapeutic applications in various diseases.Item Piperacillin-tazobactam fixed dose combination induced skin reaction in a patient with split thickness skin grafting: a case report(Medip Academy, 2024-12) Solanki, V; Sinha, A; Rathva, T; Kanjariya, D.Piperacillin is a semi-synthetic ureido-penicillin. It has a broad spectrum against gram negative bacilli particularly P. aeruginosa. It is one of the most broadly active of the currently available penicillin with regard to other bacterial species like proteus, klebsiella, H. influenzae and gonococci. Tazobactam is ?-lactamase inhibitor and combined with piperacillin to increase spectrum of the drug. Patient was 25 years old female, admitted in orthopaedic department for treatment of traumatic leg injury of left limb. Leg was amputated in the accident, so after 1-month split thickness skin grafting was done at plastic surgery department. For prophylaxis piperacillin-tazobactam IV 4.5 gm 8 hourly given, on 2nd post operative day patient reported rashes on neck, trunk, both upper and lower extremities, sparing the mucous membrane. Patient was prescribed anti pruritic and anti-allergic medication for ADR management. It is necessary to use such kind of drugs cautiously in patients whose health is deteriorated by this medication.Item Formulation and evaluation of herbal gel containing ethanolic extract of Momordica charantia against socransky’s periodontal pathogens of the oral cavity-an in vitro study(Medip Academy, 2024-12) Karvekar, S; Thakker, J; Pattar, V; Krishna, V; Dhaleria, RK.Background: Periodontitis is a multifaceted disease initiated by periodontal pathogens which when left untreated results in inflammation of the supporting tissues of the teeth, resorption of alveolar bone, loss of the periodontal ligament attachment, periodontal pocket formation and/or recession of the gingiva. Hence, the current study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of Momordica charantia leaves extract on Socransky’s periodontal pathogens and formulating a herbal gel for subgingival local drug delivery for the potential treatment of moderate periodontitis. Methods: M. charantia leaves were authenticated from a recognized taxonomist. They were coarsely powdered following which an ethanol-based extract preparation was done. The extract obtained was then assessed for minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration followed by gel formulation which was then subjected to time kill assay and zone of inhibition on periodontal pathogens, the efficacy of which was comparatively evaluated against 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate. Kruskal-Wallis Test was employed with the statistical significance set at p?0.05. Results: The concentration of M. charantia ethanolic extract against periodontal pathogens was determined to be 1 gm/100 ml and a statistically significant difference was found in the effectiveness between the gel so formulated and CHX. Conclusion: The antibacterial activity was evident in the ethanolic extract of M. charantia which when used to formulate a herbal gel against anaerobic periodontal pathogens demonstrated efficacy comparable to that of CHX.Item Subclinical hypothyroidism and plasma levels of commonly prescribed anti-seizure medications(Medip Academy, 2024-12) Natarajan, A; Priyadharsini, R; Xaviar, S; Sugumaran, R.Background: Epilepsy remains the most common neurological problem worldwide. Most commonly prescribed antiseizure medications (ASMs) like phenytoin, sodium valproate, and carbamazepine show high inter-individual variability in bioavailability due to genetic and epigenetic factors resulting in either therapeutic failure or toxicity. In our study, we aim to determine the association between subclinical hypothyroidism and the plasma levels of these commonly prescribed ASMs, leading to either therapeutic failure or adverse drug reactions. Methods: We collected demographic data, details about the antiepileptic medication, and plasma levels of ASMs (phenytoin, carbamazepine, and sodium valproate) from patients on antiseizure medications who came for routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) estimated plasma levels of the antiseizure medications as per the TDM laboratory standard operating procedure (SOP) and thyroid function test (TSH) by a standard enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Results: Of the 158 patients who had TDM, 75.31% were taking sodium valproate, 15.18% were on phenytoin, and 9.49% were on carbamazepine monotherapy. In our study, we found that 12 patients (7.59%) had TSH levels between 4 to 10 mIU/l, indicating subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). The plasma drug levels of all 12 patients who had SCH were found to be below the therapeutic range. Conclusions: This study has established a significant association between ASMs, particularly sodium valproate, and thyroid dysfunction, specifically SCH, in patients with epilepsy. Our findings suggest that prolonged ASM therapy can lead to thyroid disturbances, warranting careful monitoring of thyroid function in these patients.Item Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding travel medicine among health care workers in a tertiary care centre(Medip Academy, 2024-12) Sadiq, S; Bhagat, V; Rani, N.Background: International travel whether for business, work or other reasons is increasing very rapidly. Along with this the risk for travel related illness has also increased exponentially as a very few travellers seek pre and post travel advice and our health care workers can play an important role in this field. To access the current knowledge, attitude, practice of travel medicine among health care workers. Methods: The participants were briefed about the purpose of the study prior to its commencement. The questionnaire was framed in 2 sections. Section I covered the demographic profile while section II pertained to knowledge, attitude and practice. The questions were developed focusing on the domains that were already used in similar published literature. A Google form link was sent to the participants and they were given a time span of 2 days to completely fill the Google Form. Results: Nearly all the participants had a fair knowledge regarding travel medicine (52.1%), associated diseases with it (68.6%) and the most common medicines to be prescribed during travel (65.3%). But (71.9%) were still unaware about the recommended guidelines related to travel medicine. A great number of participants (90%) were of the impression to create awareness among HCWs about presentation of illness in travellers. Most of the HCWs (72.7%) were aware of the issues that needed to be addressed in pre-travel consultation which could help to reduce the risk of illness and injury during travel. Most of HCWs (81%) were of the belief to encompass training related to travel medicine to be incorporated in medical curriculum. Conclusion: HCWs has fair knowledge and positive attitude and practices with more trainings in the form of workshops and CMEs on Travel Medicine.Item Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of over-the-counter drugs and dietary supplements among non-healthcare college students in Chitradurga(Medip Academy, 2024-12) Varghese, AM; V, S; N, H; R, Y; S, V.Background: The market for OTC drugs and dietary supplements is rapidly growing. However, there exists a lack of adequate awareness among the general public regarding the advantages and potential drawbacks associated with these products, particularly among the younger generation, who heavily rely on the internet for information. Therefore, this study sought to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of college students regarding OTC drugs and dietary supplements, including prevalence and associated factors. Methods: A prospective interventional study with 306 participants was conducted. Data were collected using a self-designed and pre-validated questionnaire and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28. Descriptive and inferential (T-test) statistics were use. Results: The prevalence of usage of OTC drugs and DSs was found to be 98.4% and 61.4% respectively. Easy accessibility (42.2%), safe and well tolerable (32.5%) were the main factors that influenced them to turn to SM with OTC drugs. The respondent’s preference for DSs was primarily driven by their desire to maintain good health (33.6%). Internet (22.2%) and healthcare professionals (21.9%) were the two most reported sources that students relied on to obtain information about DSs. The result revealed poor knowledge and a positive attitude towards OTC drugs and DSs among all participants. Conclusions: A high prevalence of self-medication with OTC drugs and dietary supplements use was highlighted. Notable issues and improper practices were recognized. The findings indicate a need for education to enhance knowledge about OTC drugs and DSs and to encourage safe practices.Item Analysis of antidiabetic drug utilization patterns in type 2 diabetes patients: a perspective on real-time prescribing practices(Medip Academy, 2024-12) Surajo, B; Khan, Z; Shadab, M; Khan, N; Sada, M; Ahmad, M; Akhter, MS; Parveen, A.Background: Type 2 diabetes is a most common health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, evaluation of drug utilization pattern is very crucial and significant in order to promote the rational use of drugs in treatment of diabetes, and offer insights in to the actual patterns of drug use. The objective is to evaluate drug utilization pattern of antidiabetic drugs among type 2 diabetic patients at Integral Institute of Medical Science & Research. Methods: This is a prospective observational study involving 100 subjects conducted for a period of 6 months after approval by Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) of Integral University at IIMS and R Hospital. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Data gathered was examined using descriptive statistics and compared to the standard guidelines. Drug utilization pattern was studied and evaluated to analyse the pattern of drug therapy among type 2 diabetics. Results: Antidiabetic drugs were given 198 times among the 100 participants, averaging 2 antidiabetic drugs per prescription, Insulin therapy (58.58%) and Metformin (20.20%) were the most prescribed medications, combination therapy was common, with 66% of patients particularly with Glimepiride (DPP4 Inhibitor) at 10.61%. Most prescriptions were given by generic name (55%) and 90% of the drugs prescribed were from the WHO essential medicines. Most patients were aged 51-60 years, with a nearly equal gender distribution. Conclusion: The study highlights the prescribing patterns and characteristic use of antidiabetic medications. These findings provide valuable insights into the current prescribing practices in type-2 DM treatment and can contribute to optimizing treatment strategies for better patient outcomes.Item Important factors associated with using kratom among the U. S. population aged 12 years and above in 2019(Medip Academy, 2024-10) Dhankikar, S; Arewar, A; Quinn, M; Besekar, S; Patel, D.Background: The psychoactive Southeast Asian herb known botanically as Mitragyna speciosa, or Kratom, has recently gained appeal as an illicit drug across the world. Demographic factors may explain the increased use of Kratom. Many demographic characteristics and risk factors are associated with kratom use and mental health. This analytical inquiry used the 2019 NSDUH database to identify and investigate the factors linked with Kratom misuse in the United States.Methods: This cross-sectional study monitored the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) dataset, involving a multistage representative area probability sampling method. The data was collected from the non-institutionalized U.S. population aged 12 and above, comprising 98% of the study group. The study used a sample size of 56,136, filtered on inclusion/exclusion criteria. The study findings would offer valuable insights for epidemiologists, policymakers, and the wider community to improve behavioural health.Results: The study found that 66.45% of Kratom users were unmarried, with 33.555% being married, widowed, or divorced. The low p-value of 0.0001 suggested a link between Kratom consumption and marital status. Individuals without mental health education used Kratom at a higher rate (78%), but no significant relationship was found. Males consumed Kratom at a higher rate (58.76%), while females consumed 41.24%.Conclusions: The study highlighted the impact of demographic factors like age, marital status, gender, income, and mental health education on Kratom consumption, with implications for public health policy.